Language types

o Machine and assembly languages

o Algorithmic languages

 FORTRAN

 ALGOL

 LISP

 C

o Business-oriented languages

 COBOL

 SQL

o Education-oriented languages

 BASIC

 Pascal

 Logo

 Hypertalk

o Object-oriented languages

 C++

 Ada

 Java

 Visual Basic

o Declarative languages

o Scripting languages

o Document formatting languages

 TeX

 PostScript
  SGML

o World Wide Web display languages

 HTML

 XML

 Web scripting

 Elements of programming

o Control structures

o Data structure

o Language Types

o Machine and assembly languages

o A machine language consists of the numeric codes for the operations that a particular
computer can execute directly. The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary digits
(“bits”), which are frequently converted both from and to hexadecimal (base 16) for
human viewing and modification. Machine language instructions typically use some bits
to represent operations, such as addition, and some to represent operands, or perhaps
the location of the next instruction. Machine language is difficult to read and write,
since it does not resemble conventional mathematical notation or human language, and
its codes vary from computer to computer.

o Assembly language is one level above machine language. It uses short mnemonic codes
for instructions and allows the programmer to introduce names for blocks of memory
that hold data. One might thus write “add pay, total” instead of “0110101100101000”
for an instruction that adds two numbers.

o Assembly language is designed to be easily translated into machine language. Although

blocks of data may be referred to by name instead of by their machine addresses,
assembly language does not provide more sophisticated means of organizing complex
information. Like machine language, assembly language requires detailed knowledge of
internal computer architecture. It is useful when such details are important, as in
programming a computer to interact with input/output devices (printers, scanners,
storage devices, and so forth).

o
o Algorithmic languages

o Algorithmic languages are designed to express mathematical or symbolic computations.

They can express algebraic operations in notation similar to mathematics and allow the
use of subprograms that package commonly used operations for reuse. They were the
first high-level languages.

o FORTRAN

o The first important algorithmic language was FORTRAN (formula translation), designed
in 1957 by an IBM team led by John Backus. It was intended for scientific computations
with real numbers and collections of them organized as one- or multidimensional arrays.
Its control structures included conditional IF statements, repetitive loops (so-called DO
loops), and a GOTO statement that allowed nonsequential execution of program code.
FORTRAN made it convenient to have subprograms for common mathematical
operations, and built libraries of them.

o FORTRAN was also designed to translate into efficient machine language. It was
immediately successful and continues to evolve.

o ALGOL

o ALGOL (algorithmic language) was designed by a committee of American and European

computer scientists during 1958–60 for publishing algorithms, as well as for doing
computations. Like LISP (described in the next section), ALGOL had recursive
subprograms—procedures that could invoke themselves to solve a problem by reducing
it to a smaller problem of the same kind. ALGOL introduced block structure, in which a
program is composed of blocks that might contain both data and instructions and have
the same structure as an entire program. Block structure became a powerful tool for
building large programs out of small components.

o ALGOL contributed a notation for describing the structure of a programming language,

Backus–Naur Form, which in some variation became the standard tool for stating the
syntax (grammar) of programming languages. ALGOL was widely used in Europe, and for
many years it remained the language in which computer algorithms were published.
Many important languages, such as Pascal and Ada (both described later), are its
descendants.
o

o LISP

o LISP (list processing) was developed about 1960 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) and was founded on the mathematical theory of recursive
functions (in which a function appears in its own definition). A LISP program is a function
applied to data, rather than being a sequence of procedural steps as in FORTRAN and
ALGOL. LISP uses a very simple notation in which operations and their operands are
given in a parenthesized list. For example, (+ a (* b c)) stands for a + b*c. Although this
appears awkward, the notation works well for computers. LISP also uses the list
structure to represent data, and, because programs and data use the same structure, it
is easy for a LISP program to operate on other programs as data.

o LISP became a common language for artificial intelligence (AI) programming, partly
owing to the confluence of LISP and AI work at MIT and partly because AI programs
capable of “learning” could be written in LISP as self-modifying programs. LISP has
evolved through numerous dialects, such as Scheme and Common LISP.

o C

o The C programming language was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie and Brian
Kernighan at the AT&T Corporation for programming computer operating systems. Its
capacity to structure data and programs through the composition of smaller units is
comparable to that of ALGOL. It uses a compact notation and provides the programmer
with the ability to operate with the addresses of data as well as with their values. This
ability is important in systems programming, and C shares with assembly language the
power to exploit all the features of a computer’s internal architecture. C, along with its
descendant C++, remains one of the most common languages.

o Business-oriented languages

o COBOL

o COBOL (common business oriented language) has been heavily used by businesses since
its inception in 1959. A committee of computer manufacturers and users and U.S.
government organizations established CODASYL (Committee on Data Systems and
Languages) to develop and oversee the language standard in order to ensure its
portability across diverse systems.
 o

o COBOL uses an English-like notation—novel when introduced. Business computations

organize and manipulate large quantities of data, and COBOL introduced the record data
structure for such tasks. A record clusters heterogeneous data such as a name, ID
number, age, and address into a single unit. This contrasts with scientific languages, in
which homogeneous arrays of numbers are common. Records are an important example
of “chunking” data into a single object, and they appear in nearly all modern languages.

Breakdown of the 9 Most In-Demand Programming

Languages

1. SQL
It’s no surprise SQL (pronounced ‘sequel’) tops the job list since it can be found far and wide in
various flavors. Database technologies such as MySQL, PostgreSQL and Microsoft SQL Server
power big businesses, small businesses, hospitals, banks, universities. Indeed, just about every
computer and person with access to technology eventually touches something SQL. For instance, all
Android phones and iPhones have access to a SQL database called SQLite and many mobile apps
developed Google, Skype and DropBox use it directly.

2. Java
The tech community recently celebrated the 20th anniversary of Java. It’s one of the most widely
adopted programming languages, used by some 9 million developers and running on 7 billion devices
worldwide. It’s also the programming language used to develop all native Android apps. Java’s
popularity with developers is due to the fact that the language is grounded in readability and
simplicity. Java has staying power since it has long-term compatibility, which makes sure older
applications continue to work now into the future. It’s not going anywhere anytime soon and is used
to power company websites like LinkedIn.com, Netflix.com and Amazon.com. For more info behind
Java’s popularity, see our beginner’s guide to Java.

3. JavaScript
JavaScript – not to be confused with Java or mean stack development – is another one of the world’s
most popular and powerful programming languages, and is used to spice up web pages by making
them interactive. For example, JavaScript can be used to add effects to web pages, display pop-up
messages or to create games with basic functionality. It’s also worth noting that JavaScript is the
scripting language of the World Wide Web and is built right into all major web browsers including
Internet Explorer, FireFox and Safari. Almost every website incorporates some element of JavaScript
to add to the user experience, adding to the demand for JavaScript developers. In recent years
JavaScript has also gained use as the foundation of Node.js, a server technology that among other
things enables real-time communication.

4. C#
Dating from 2000, C# (pronounced C-sharp) is a relatively new programming language designed by
Microsoft for a wide range of enterprise applications that run on the .NET Framework. An evolution
of C and C++, the C# language is simple, modern, type safe and object oriented.

5. C++
C++ (pronounced C-plus-plus) is a general purpose object-oriented programming language based on
the earlier ‘C’ language. Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs, C++ was first released in
1983. Stroustrup keeps an extensive list of applications written in C++. The list includes Adobe and
Microsoft applications, MongoDB databases, large portions of Mac OS/X and is the best language to
learn for performance-critical applications such as “twitch” game development or audio/video
processing.

6. Python
Python is a general purpose programming language that was named after the Monty Python (so you
know it’s fun to work with)! Python is simple and incredibly readable since it closely resembles the
English language. It’s a great language for beginners, all the way up to seasoned professionals.
Python recently bumped Java as the language of choice in introductory programming courses with
eight of the top 10 computer science departments now using Python to teach coding, as well as 27 of
the top 39 schools. Because of Python’s use in the educational realm, there are a lot of libraries
created for Python related to mathematics, physics and natural processing. PBS, NASA and Reddit
use Python for their websites.

7. PHP
Created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, PHP was never actually intended
to be a new programming language. Instead, it was created to be a set of tools to help Rasmus
maintain his Personal Home Page (PHP). Today, PHP (Hypertext Pre-Processor) is a scripting
language, running on the server, which can be used to create web pages written in HTML. PHP tends
to be a popular languages since its easy-to use by new programmers, but also offers tons of advanced
features for more experienced programmers.
8. Ruby on Rails
Like Java or the C language, Ruby is a general purpose programming language, though it is best
known for its use in web programming, and Rails serves as a framework for the Ruby Language.
Ruby on Rails has many positive qualities including rapid development, you don’t need as much
code, and there are a wide variety of 3rd party libraries available. It’s used from companies ranging
from small start-ups to large enterprises and everything in-between. Hulu, Twitter, Github and Living
Social are using Ruby on Rails for at least one of their web applications.

9. iOS/Swift
In 2014, Apple decided to invent their own programming language. The result was iOS Swift – a new
programming language for iOS and OS X developers to create their next killer app. Developers will
find that many parts of Swift are familiar from their experience of developing in C++ and Objective-
C. Companies including American Airlines, LinkedIn, and Duolingo have been quick to adopt Swift,
and we’ll see this language on the rise in the coming years.

Any great craftsman has a belt full of tools, each a perfect choice for certain situations. Similarly,
there will never be just a single programming language, and each language will evolve and improve
over time to keep pace with innovation.

Java is the most widely popular programming language in TIOBE Index while Python
is most searched language in PYPL Index. Top ranked Java is closely followed by C
in TIOBE and in PYPL top ranked Python is closely followed by Java. PHP,
Objective-C and Swift has negative trends in both lists.

Acc to PYPL, who publishes separate ranking for five countries, Python is top
languages in four countries (US, Germany, United Kingdom, France) except India
where Java is still at top. In US, United Kingdom and France Python has taken huge
lead over 2nd number Java. These two account for more than 45% global search.
TypeScript and Kotlin are fastest growing languages. TypeScript is most likely to
enter in top 10 in upcoming months.

TIOBE Index : TIOBE ratings are calculated by counting hits of the most popular
search engines. There are 25 search engines that are used to calculate the TIOBE
index. The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of
programming languages. The index started in the year 2001 and updated once a
month.

PYPL Index : The PYPL PopularitY of Programming Language Index is created by

analyzing how often language tutorials are searched on Google. The index is updated
once a month.
o
What is CGI?

"CGI" stands for "Common Gateway Interface." CGI is one method by which a web server can obtain
data from (or send data to) databases, documents, and other programs, and present that data to
viewers via the web. More simply, a CGI is a program intended to be run on the web. A CGI program can
be written in any programming language, but Perl is one of the most popular, and for this book, Perl is
the language we'll be using.

Network Models

When dealing with networking, you may hear the terms "network model" and
"network layer" used often. Network models define a set of network layers and how
they interact. There are several different network models depending on what
organization or company started them. The most important two are:

 The TCP/IP Model - This model is sometimes called the DOD model since it
was designed for the department of defense It is also called the internet
model because TCP/IP is the protocol used on the internet.
 OSI Network Model - The International Standards Organization (ISO) has
defined a standard called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference
model. This is a seven layer architecture listed in the next section.

The TCP/IP Protocol Framework

Like the seven-layer OSI Reference Model, TCP/IP protocols are based on a
layered framework. TCP/IP has four layers, as shown in table below. These
layers are described in the following sections.
Network Interface layer
The lowest level of the TCP/IP architecture is the Network Interface layer. It
corresponds to the OSI's Physical and Data Link layers. You can use many
different TCP/IP protocols at the Network Interface layer, including Ethernet
and Token Ring for local area networks and protocols such as X.25, Frame
Relay, and ATM for wide area networks.

The Network Interface layer is assumed to be unreliable.

Network layer
The Network layer is where data is addressed, packaged, and routed among
networks. Several important Internet protocols operate at the Network
layer:

Internet Protocol (IP):

A routable protocol that uses IP addresses to deliver packets to network devices. IP
is an intentionally unreliable protocol, so it does not guarantee delivery of
information.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):

Resolves IP addresses to hardware MAC addresses.

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP):

Sends and receives diagnostic messages. ICMP is the basis of the ubiquitous Ping
command.

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP):

Used to multicast messages to multiple IP addresses at once.

Transport layer
The Transport layer is where sessions are established and data packets are
exchanged between hosts. Two core protocols are found at this layer:

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):

Provides reliable connectionorienteds transmission between two hosts. TCP
establishes a session between hosts, and then ensures delivery of packets between
the hosts.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP):

Provides connectionless, unreliable, one-to-one or one-to-many delivery.

Application layer
The Application layer of the TCP/IP model corresponds to the Session,
Presentation, and Application layers of the OSI Reference Model. A few of
the most popular Application layer protocols are:

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):

The core protocol of the World Wide Web.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP):

A protocol that enables a client to send and receive complete files from a server.

Telnet:
The protocol that lets you connect to another computer on the Internet in a
terminal emulation mode.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP):

One of several key protocols that are used to provide e-mail services.

Domain Name System (DNS):

The protocol that allows you to refer to other host computers by using names
rather than numbers.

The function of the network protocols include:

  Packaging (IP)

 Transport (TCP,UDP)

 Network Management (ICMP, SNMP, ARP)

 Host Management (RARP, BOOTP, DHCP)

 Network Routing (BGP, EGP, IGP, RIP, OSPF)

 Mail (SMTP)

 Multicasting (IGMP)

 Application (FTP, TFTP, NFS)

IPv6 (IP version 6), defined in RFC 460, is the most recent generation of the Internet
Protocol (IP) defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The first stable
version of Internet Protocol (IP) was IPv4 (IP version 4). Whereas IPv6 is intended to
eventually replace IPv4, they are tightly mingled right now—most engineers run them
together.

Multiple Choice Questions and Answers on Optical Fiber Communication(Part-1)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS BY SASMITA DECEMBER 21, 2016

1) In an optical fiber communication system, which among the following is not a typical transmitter
function?

a. Coding for error protection

b. Decoding of input data
c. Electrical to optical conversion
d. Recoding to match output standard

ANSWER: (d) Recoding to match output standard

2) Which among the following is provided by an optical receiver for the regeneration of data signal
with minimum error?

a. Photo-diode
b. Signal Processing Circuits
c. Linear Circuitry
d. None of the above

ANSWER: (c) Linear Circuitry

3) For a sine wave, the frequency is represented by the cycles per ______

a. Second
b. Minute
c. Hour
d. None of the above

ANSWER: (a) Second

4) Which property/ies of PCM stream determine/s the fidelity to original analog signal?

a. Sampling rate
b. Bit depth
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

ANSWER: (c) Both a and b

5) In single-mode fibers, how does the fraction of energy traveling through bound mode appear in
the cladding?

a. As a crescent wave
b. As a gibbous wave
c. As an evanescent wave
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (c) As an evanescent wave

6) What is the typical value of refractive index for an ethyl alcohol?

a. 1
b. 1.36
c. 2.6
d. 3.4

ANSWER:(b) 1.36

7) If a light travels in a certain medium and it gets reflected off an optically denser medium with high
refractive index, then it is regarded as _______

a. External Reflection
b. Internal Reflection
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

ANSWER: (a) External Reflection

8) In an optical fiber, the concept of Numerical aperture is applicable in describing the ability of
__________

a. Light Collection
b. Light Scattering
c. Light Dispersion
d. Light Polarization

ANSWER:(a) Light Collection

9) Which among the following do/does not support/s the soot formation process?

a. OVPO
b. MCVD
c. PCVD
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (c) PCVD

10) Which type of photonic crystal fiber exhibit/s its/their similarity to the periodic crystalline lattice
in a semiconductor?

a. Index guiding fiber

b. Photonic bandgap fiber
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

ANSWER: (b) Photonic bandgap fiber

11) Which type of fiber optic cable has/have its/their core with the size of about 480 μm to 980 μm &
made up of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)?

a. Glass fiber optic cable

b. Plastic fiber optic cable
c. Plastic clad silica fiber optic cable
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (b) Plastic fiber optic cable

12) In multifiber cable system, which form of outer jacket/s consist/s of polyolefin compounds and
are regarded as halogen free?

a. OFNR
b. OFNP
c. LSZH
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (c) LSZH

13) During the design of FOC system, which among the following reasons is/are responsible for an
extrinsic absorption?

a. Atomic defects in the composition of glass

b. Impurity atoms in glass material
c. Basic constituent atoms of fiber material
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (b) Impurity atoms in glass material

14) Which among the following represent/s the measure/s to minimize the inhomogenities for Mie
scattering reduction?

a. Extrusion Control
b. Increase in relative R.I. difference
c. Removal of imperfections due to glass manufacturing process
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (d) All of the above

15) In Kerr effect, induced index change has its proportionality with respect to _________

a. square of electric field

b. cube of electric field
c. cube root of electric field
d. one-fourth power of electric field
ANSWER: (a) square of electric field

16) Which among the following is regarded as an inelastic scattering of a photon?

a. Kerr Effect
b. Raman Effect
c. Hall Effect
d. Miller Effect

ANSWER: (b) Raman Effect

17) Which kind/s of misalignment assist/s in the reduction of overlap region in fiber?

a. Angular
b. Longitudinal
c. Lateral
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (c) Lateral

18) Which is the correct order of sequential steps for an electric arc fusion technique?

A. Pressing of fiber ends for fusion

B. Application of heat for smoothening of end-surfaces
C. Alignment of broken fiber edges

a. A, B, C
b. B, A, C
c. C, B, A
d. C, A, B

ANSWER: (c) C, B, A

19) Which splicing technique involves the alignment and locking of broken fiber edges by means of
positioning devices & optical cement?

a. Fusion
b. Mechanical
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

ANSWER:(b) Mechanical

20) By using Springroove splicing technique, what is the value of mean insertion loss for multi mode
graded index fiber?
a. 0.01
b. 0.03
c. 0.05
d. 0.09

ANSWER: (c) 0.05

21) In the fiber optic link, power transfer from one fiber to another and from fiber to detector must
take place with _________coupling efficiency.

a. maximum
b. stable
c. minimum
d. unpredictable

ANSWER: (a) maximum

22) In spontaneous emission, the light source in an excited state undergoes the transition to a state
with _______

a. Higher energy
b. Moderate energy
c. Lower energy
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (c) Lower energy

23) Which among the following is a key process adopted for the laser beam formation as it
undergoes the light amplification?

a. Spontaneous Emission
b. Stimulated Emission
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

ANSWER: (b) Stimulated Emission

24) While coupling of LEDs with fiber, on which factor/s does the size of source and lighting angle
generated within the semiconductor depend/s?

a. Geometry of die
b. Refractive index of semiconductor
c. Encapsulation Medium
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (d) All of the above

25) Which among the following results in the removal of LED lens interface for achieving high
coupling efficiency?

a. Spherical lens
b. Cylindrical lens
c. Integral lens LED
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (c) Integral lens LED

26) For a photo-diode with responsivity of 0.50 A/W & optical power of about 12μW, what would be
the value of generated photocurrent?

a. 3 μA
b. 6 μA
c. 9 μA
d. 12 μA

ANSWER: (b) 6 μA

27) Which component of an optical receiver is a linear frequency shaping filter used for the
compensation of signal distortion and Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)?

a. Photodetector
b. Amplifier
c. Equalizer
d. None of the above

ANSWER: (c) Equalizer

28) In digital receivers, which codes are used to designate the sampled analog signals after their
quantization into discrete levels?

a. Binary
b. Decimal
c. ASCII
d. Excess-3

ANSWER: (a) Binary

29) Which feature of an eye-diagram assists in the measurement of additive noise in the signal?

a. Eye opening (height, peak to peak)

b. Eye overshoot/ undershoot
c. Eye width
d. None of the above
ANSWER: (a) Eye opening (height, peak to peak)

30) Which method determines the dispersion limitation of an optical link?

a. Link power budget

b. Rise time budget
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

ANSWER: (b) Rise time budget

31) Which phenomenon causes the dynamic line width broadening under the direct modulation of
injection current?

a. Modal Noise
b. Mode-partition Noise
c. Frequency Chirping
d. Reflection Noise

ANSWER: (c) Frequency Chirping

32) Speckle pattern is generated due to interference of nodes from a coherent source especially
when the coherence time of source is _________ the intermodal dispersion time in the fiber.

a. Less than
b. Greater than
c. Equal to
d. None of the above

ANSWER: (b) Greater than

33) Which among the following is/are determined by the fiber characterization?

a. Fiber integrity & performance for desired transmission rate

b. Installation practices
c. Service Implementation
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (d) All of the above

34) From the tests carried out in fiber characterization, which among the following measures the
total light reflected back to the transmitter caused by the fiber as well as the components like
connector pairs and mechanical splices?

a. ORL
b. OTDR
c. LTS
d. PMD

ANSWER: (a) ORL

35) In fiber fault location, the equation of length (l) for time difference (t) is expressed as L = ct / 2n1 .
Which factor in this equation implies that the light travels a length from source to break point and
then through another length on the return trip?

a. L
b. c
c. t
d. 2

ANSWER: (d) 2

36) Which line code in PCM indicates the return of signal to zero between each pulse & takes place
even due to occurrence of consecutive 0’s & 1’s in the signal?

a. Return-to-zero (RZ)
b. Non-Return to zero space
c. Return to zero inverted
d. Non-return to zero inverted

ANSWER: (a) Return-to-zero (RZ)

37) In the structure of fiber, the light is guided through the core due to total internal ______

a. reflection
b. refraction
c. diffraction
d. dispersion

ANSWER: (a) reflection

38) In the structure of a fiber, which component provides additional strength and prevents the fiber
from any damage?

a. Core
b. Cladding
c. Buffer Coating
d. None of the above

ANSWER: (c) Buffer Coating

39) Which is the transmission medium for VLF electromagnetic waves especially applicable for
aeronautical and submarine cables?
a. Paired wires
b. Coaxial cable
c. Waveguide
d. Wireless

ANSWER: (a) Paired wires

40) Which rays exhibit the variation in the light acceptability ability of the fiber?

a. Meridional
b. Skew
c. Leaky
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (b) Skew

41) If a fiber operates at 1400nm with the diameter of about 10 μm, n1 = 1.30, Δ = 0.80% , V = 3.5,
then how many modes will it have?

a. 6.125
b. 9.655
c. 12.95
d. 16.55

ANSWER: (a) 6.125

42) Which kind of dispersion phenomenon gives rise to pulse spreading in single mode fibers?

a. Intramodal
b. Intermodal
c. Material
d. Group Velocity

ANSWER: (a) Intramodal

43) With respect to single mode and graded index fibers, which parameter specifies the propagation
of polarization modes with different phase velocities & the difference between their effective
refractive indices?

a. Mode field diameter

b. Birefringence
c. Fiber beat length
d. Spot Size

ANSWER: (b) Birefringence

44) On which of the following factor/s do/does the ‘Hydrogen Effect’ depend/s?
a. Type of fiber & Cable Design
b. Operating Wavelength
c. Installation Method
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (d) All of the above

45) Consider the statements given below. Which among them is not a drawback of double crucible
method?

a. Utility in mass production of fibers

b. High attenuation
c. High OH content in drawn fiber
d. Addition of impurity while the fiber is drawn

ANSWER: (a) Utility in mass production of fibers

46) Consider the assertions given below. Which is the correct sequential order of process adopted in
glass fiber preparation?

A. Drawing of fiber
B. Production of pure glass
C. Pulling of fiber
D. Conversion of pure glass into preform

a. B, D, A, C
b. A, B, C, D
c. C, A, D, B
d. D, B, A, C

ANSWER: (a) B, D, A, C

47) At which level of temperature does the oxidation process occur in MCVD?

a. Low
b. Moderate
c. High
d. Unpredictable

ANSWER: (c) High

48) Assuming no ISI, the maximum possible bandwidth of a multimode graded index fiber with 5
MHz, shows the total pulse broadening of 0.1s for the distance of about 12km. What would be the
value of bandwidth length product?
a. 40 MHz
b. 60 MHz
c. 90 MHz
d. 120 MHz

ANSWER: (b) 60 MHz

49) In Rayleigh scattering of light in glass, at which type of temperature does the glass attain the
state of thermal equilibrium and exhibits its relativity to annealing temperature?

a. Junction
b. Fictive
c. Breakdown
d. Decomposition

ANSWER: (b) Fictive

50) Which type of scattering occurs due to interaction of light in a medium with time dependent
optical density variations thereby resulting into the change of energy (frequency) & path?

a. Stimulated Brilliouin Scattering (SBS)

b. Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
c. Mie Scattering
d. Rayleigh Scattering

ANSWER: (a) Stimulated Brilliouin Scattering (SBS)