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Thermal Properties of Matter

11 THERMAL PROPERTIES
OF MATTER

MODE OF HEAT TRANSFER


Heat is a form of energy which transfers from a body at higher temperature to a body at
lower temperature. The transfer of heat from one body to another may take place by any
one of the following modes.
(1) Conduction
(2) Convection
(3) Radiation
Conduction :- The process in which the material takes an active part by molecular action
and energy is passed from one particle to another is called conduction. It is predominant in
solids.
Convection :- The transfer of energy by actual motion of particle of medium from one
place to another is called convection. It is predominant is fluids (liquids & gases).
Radiation :- Quickest way of transmission of heat is known as radiation. In this mode of
energy transmission, heat is transferred from one place to another without effecting the
inter-venning medium.
Conductions Convections Radiation
* Heat Transfer due to * Heat transfer with out
*Heat due to density difference.
temperature difference. any medium
*Due to free electron or
* Actual motion of particle * Rays form
vibration motion of molecules
*Heat transfer in solid body * Heat transfer in fluids
* All
(Hg esa Hkh) (Liquid + gas)
*Slow process * Slow process * Fast process (3 × 108 m/sec.)

*Irregular path * Irregular path * Straight line (like light radiation)


* It make also shadow

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Thermal Properties of Matter
THERMAL RADIATION
The process of the transfer of heat from one place to another place without heating the
intervening medium is called radiation.
Section – A
Special points about Radiation
(1) Hot body emit energy is called as thermal radiations.
*(2) Medium is not require for the propogation of thermal radiation and can travale in vacuum.
(3) Radiation which posses through any medium, raditions must be slightly absorbed by medium
according to its absorptive power so temperature of medium slightly increases.
(4) Heat radiation are always obtained in infra–red region of electromagnetic wave spectrum
so they are called Infra red rays.
(5) The wavelength range of thermal radiation is greater that light radiation (7800 Å to 4 × 106 Å )
(6) Radiation travels in straight line and speed equal to light radiation.
(7) In order to obtain a spectrum of radiation, a special prism used like KCI prism, Rock salt prism
Flourspar prism. Normal glass prism or Quartz prism can not be used (because it absorbed some
radiation).
(8) Radiation intensity measured with a specific device named as Bolometer.
(9) Thermal radiations is incident on a surface, it exerts pressure on the surface, which is known
as Radiation Pressure.
(10) Radiation shows all optical properties and radiation intensity from a point source
obey's inverse square law [I  1/(d) 2 ]
 Device for measuring thermal Radiation :-
 Bolometer
 Differential air thermometer
 Thermopile
 Crook's radiometer
 Boyle's radio micro meter
 Pyrometer => It's measure only high temperature. [RPMT-2008]

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Thermal Properties of Matter
 Types of thermal Radiation :- Two types of thermal radiation.

 Spectrum of electro magnetic wave's (By Mexwell's Concept)


1. Maxwell on the basic of his electromagnetic theory proved that all radiations are
electromagnetic waves and their sources are vibrations of charged particles in atoms and
molecules.
2. The wavelength corresponding to maximum emission of radiations shifts from longer wavelength to
shorter wavelength as the temperature increases. Due to this the colour of a body appears to be changing.
6 Cosmic –Ray X–Ray6 6 U.V.6 Visible light6 Infra-red6 Micro6 Radio&T.V.
Rays Rays VIBGYOR thermal waves waves
radiation
0 1Å 100 Å 4000Å 7800Å 4106 Å       
 Wavelength range of Radiations : to 
 Wavelength of heat radiations : 7800 Å to 4 × 106Å
 Width of visible region : 4000 Å
 VIBG .YOR T, 

White = 1600 °C

Re d 7800
  2
 Voilet 4000
 Basic Fundamental definition :-
(i) Energy Density (u) : J/m3
The radiation energy of whole wavelength present in unit volume at any point in
space is defined as energy density.

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Thermal Properties of Matter

(ii) Spectral energy density (u ) : J/m3 Å u   u d
J/m 3
0

(iii) Absorptive power or absorptive coefficient (a) : Unit Less


The ratio of amount of radiation absorbed by a surface (Qa) to the amount of radiation
incident (Q) upon it is defined as the coefficient of absorption. i.e. (a = Qa/Q)
Qa
(iv) Spectral absorptive power (a) : a = Also called monochromatic absorptive
Q
coeffecient.

At a given wavelength a   a d For IBB a and a = 1, unit of a =


0

unitless
(v) Emmisive power (e) :– J/m2 sec.
The amount of heat radiation emitted by unit area of the surface in one second at a
particular temperature.
(vi) Spectral Emmisive power (e) :- J/m2 sec Å
The amount of heat radiation emitted by unit area of the body in one second in unit
spectral region at a given wavelength.
Emissive power or total emissive power


e   e d
0

(vii) Emissivity (e) Relative emissivity (er) : (Imp.)

Q GB eGB Emitted radiation by gray body


er = = =
Q IBB EIBB Emitted radiation by ideal black body

[where GB = Gray body or general body, IBB = Ideal Black body]


(i) No unit (iii) For IBB er = 1 (iv) range 0 < er < 1
 Spectral, Absorptive & Transmittive power of a given body surface
Due to incident radiations on the surface of a body following phenomena occur by which the
radiation is divided into three parts.
(a) Reflection
(b) Absorption
(c) Transmission

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Thermal Properties of Matter

(amount of incident
radiation) Q Q r (amount of reflected radiation)

From energy conservation – Qa (amount of


absorbed
radiation)

Qt (amount of transmitted radiation)

Q r Qa Q t
Q = Qr + Qa + Qt =>   1 r+a+t=1
Q Q Q
Reflective Coefficient\ Reflection power (r) = Qr/Q,
Absorptive Coefficient\Absorption power (a) = Qa/Q,
Transmittive Coefficient\ Transmisstion power (t) = Qt/Q

r = 1 and a=O, t=O  Perfect reflector


a = 1 and r = O, t=O  ideal absorber (Ideal Black Body)
t = 1 and a = O, r=O  perfect transmitter (Diathermanous)

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Total radiations incident on body = 400 J, 20% radiation reflected and 120 J absorbs
Then find out % of transmittive power
Sol. Q = Qt + Qr + Qa  400 = 80 + 120 + Qt  Qt = 200 is 50% Ans
2. 25% absorb, 25 Cal passes out transmits and total incident radiation Q = 500 J
Then find out % of reflective power
Sol. 500 = 105 + 125 +Qr  Qr = 500 – 250

250
reflective power   100  50% Ans.
500
 Ideal Black Body (IBB) :
– For a body surface which absorbs all incident thermal radiatiions at low temperature
irrespective of their wave length and emitted out all these absorbed radiations at high
temperature assumed to be an ideal black body surface.
– The identical parameters of an ideal black body is given by
a = a = 1 and r = 0 = t, er = 1
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Thermal Properties of Matter
– The nature of emitted radiations from ideal black body
surface only depends on its temperature
– The radiations emitted from ideal black body surface called IBB

as either full or white radiations.


Ferry's IBB

– At any temperature the spectral energy distribution curve for an IBB surface is always
continous and according to this concept if the spectrum of a heat source obtained to be
continous then it must be placed in group of IBB like kerosene lamp; oil lamp Heating
filament etc.
– There are two experimentally ideal black body (a) Ferry's IBB (b) Wien's IBB.
– At low temperature IBB surface is a perfect absorber and at a high temperature it
proves to be a good emitter.
– An Ideal Black Body need not be black colour (eg. sun)
 Prevost's theory of heat energy exchange :– (Except 0 Kelvin)
– According to Prevost at every possible temperature there is a continuous heat
energy exchange between a body and its surrounding and this exchange carry on
for infinite time.
– The relation between temperature difference of body with its surrounding decides whether
the body experience cooling effect or heating effect in the given investment.
– When a cold body is placed in the hot surrounding, the body radiates less energy and
absorbs more energy from the surrounding, therefore the temperature of body increases.
– When a hot body placed in cooler surrounding. The body radiates more energy and
absorb less energy from the surroundings. Therefore temperature of body decreases.
– When the temperature of a body is equal to the temperature of the surrounding. The
energy radiated per unit Time by the body is equal to the energy absorbed per unit time by
the body, therefore its temperature remains constant.

T0
T (body)
(surrounding)

IMPORTANT NOTES
1. At absolute Zero temperature (0 kelvin) all atoms of a given substance remains in ground
state, so, at this temperature emission of radiation from any substance is impossible, so
prevost's heat energy exchange theory does not applied at this temperature, so it is called
limited temperature of prevosts theory.

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Thermal Properties of Matter

2. With the help of prevost's theory rate of cooling of any body w.r.t. its surroundings can be
worked out (applied to Stefen Boltzman law, Newton's law of cooling.)

KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
At a given temperature for all bodies the ratio of their spectral emissive power (e )
to spectral absorptive power (a ) is constant and this constant is equal to spectral
emissive power (E ) of the ideal black body at same temperature

FG e IJ 6 = FG e IJ
Ha K Ha K
 
= constant = constant
 1  2

e  a Imp.

IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT KIRCHOFF LAW


1. For a constant temperature the spectral emissive power of an ideal black body is a constant
parameter
2. The practical confirmation of Kirchhoff's law carried out by Rishi apparatus & the main
base of this apparatus is a Lessilie container.
3. The main conclusion predicted from Kirchhof's law can be expressed as
Good absorber 
 Good emitter

Bad absorber 


 Bad emitter

(at Low temperature) (at High temperature)

Specific Applications of Kirchoff Law -


(i) Fraunhoffer's lines :
Fraunhoffer lines are dark lines in the spectrum of the sun. When white light emitted
from the central core of the sun (Photosphere) passes. Through its atmosphere
(Chromosphere) radiations of those wavelengths will be absorbed by the gases present,
resulting in dark lines in the spectrum of sun.
At the time of total solar eclipse direct light rays emitted from photosphere cannot
reach on the earth and only rays from chromosphere are able to reach on the earth
surface. At that time we observe bright fraunhoffer lines.
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Thermal Properties of Matter

(CS)
(a) During Normal Condition :- 6000 K
– Dark lines ND ( Number ) Dark lines Na
observed 107 K
Ca
– Absorption spectra called (FL) (PS)
l K
Tota r
(b) Total Solar Eclipse : sole se Vapour state
p
moon Ecli
(At time of total Solar Eclipse surface 200 K

area of moon totaly covers the CS - Chromosphere


PS - Photo Sphere
photosphere)
– Bright lines NB ( Number )
– Emission spectra, ( Always ND = NB )

(ii) (a) Sand is rough and black, so it is a good absorber and hence in deserts, days
(When radiation from sun is incident on sand) will be very hot. Now in accordance
with Kirchhoff's Law, good absorber is a good emitter. So nights (when send emits
radiation) will be cold. That is why in deserts days are hot and nights cold.
(b) Above same concept is applied to ewaxQyh okyk
(iii) Colour Triangle %&
Primary Colour The colour present in the spectrum which when passed through
a prism do not get dispersed.
Complementary Colour  Those two colour present in the spectrum which when
mixed produce white light.

Red (R)
C + Y + M = White
Mergenta Yellow (Y)
(R+G) G + R Sunlight (Yellow)
(M) white (W)
B + Y  White
Y + M  Red
Blue (B) Cyan (C) Green (G)
(B + R)

IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Green body appears green because it reflects or transmits green and absorbs all colours.
2. When a green body is heated in a dark room then it appears red (or vice versa).

Red  Green 
Yellow  Blue
A red body absords green light strongly at room temperature .When it is heated, it emits
green light.
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Thermal Properties of Matter
3. For a body, if it absorb specific colour radiations, if this radiations incident on given body in a
dark room then it appears to be black ( i.e. invisible )
Black
Black

Green light Red light

Red rose Green leaf


Section – B
STEFAN'S LAW
The amount of radiation emitted per second per unit area by a black body is directly
proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
E  T = Temperature of IBB (in K)
4 E = Amount of emitted radiation
E  T
(i) Unit of E = watt/m2
(ii) Stefen's constant and value of  = 5.67 x10-8 watt /m2k4 , dimension = M1L0T–34
(iii) This law is true for only ideal black body.
(a) Prevost's concept is not applied :–
Total radiation energy emitted out by IBB surface of area A in time t is
given by
Q = EAt Joule
QIBB =  A T4 t Joule (er = QGB/Q IBB)

Q GB = er AT 4 t Joule

(b) Prevost's concept is also applied :–


When Temperature of surrounding T0 (Let T0 < T)
Rate of emission of radiation from IBB surface E1 =  T4 J/m2 sec.
Rate of emission of radiation from surrounding E2 = T04 J/m2 sec.
Net rate of loss of radiation from IBB surface must be E = E1 - E2 = T4-
T04
E =  ( T4 - T04 ) J/m2 sec.
Net loss of Radiation energy from entire surface area in time t is given by Q
= EAt
QIBB = A ( T4 - T04 ) t Joule QGB = erQIBB

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Thermal Properties of Matter

QGB = er A  ( T 4 - T04 ) t Joule

Let in time dt the net heat energy loss for ideal BB is dQ and because of this its temperature
falls by d.

 dQ d 
dQ =  A(T4 - T04) dt Joules  dQ  MS d, dt
 M.S. 
dt 

Note:- (i) If all of T, T0, M, S, V, , are same forr different shape body then RF & RH will be
maximum in the flat surface.
(ii) If a solid and hollow sphere are taken with all the parameters same then hollow will
cool down at fast rate.
(iii) Rate of temperature fall , RF  1/S d/dt So, dt  s
If condition in sp. heat is  S1 > S2 > S3
It all cooled same temperature i.e. temperature fall is also identical for all then required time
t S  t1 > t 2 > t 3
When a body cools by radiation the cooling depends on :–
(1) Nature of radiating surface  greater the emissivity (er), faster will be the cooling.
(2) Area of radiating surface,  greater the area of radiating surface, faster will be the cooling.
(3)Mass of radiating body,  greater the mass of radiating body slower will be the cooling.
(4) Specific heat of radiating body  greater the specific heat of radiating body slower
will be the cooling.
(5) Temperature of radiating body,  greater the temperature of radiating body faster
will be the cooling.

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Thermal Properties of Matter
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS –
1. Find out ratio of rate of loss of heat and rate of fall in temperature. (different body A cube,
Sphere and Cylinder) (For Given Dimensions)

2. If temperature of IBB is increased by 50%, what will be % increase in Quantity of radiations


emitted from its surface. [RPET–98, RPMT–2001, MP–PMT–2003]
15 4 4
Sol. IMP. E  T4 and  E' (1.5)4T4   
10
T 4   23  T 4  81
16
T 4  5T4

E' E  5T 4  T 4 
 100% =    100% = 400% Ans. increase by 400%
E  T4 
3. If temperature of IBB is decrease by T to T/2 than worked out percentage loss in emissive
rate
4
T T4
Sol. E T , 4 E'     Remaining is 6% ( Approx.)
2 16

 E  E   1  15
 E   100%   1  16   100%  16  100%  94% Ans.
   
4. Calculate the energy radiated per second from the filament of an incandescent lamp at
2000K, if the surface area is 5.0 × 10–5 m2 and its relative emittance is 0.85 & = 5.7 × 10–8
W m–2 K–4.
Sol. Given A = 5.0 × 10–5 m2,  = 5.7 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4, e = 0.85, T = 2000 K.
4
We know, E = AerT
E = 5.0 × 10–5 m2 × 0.85 × 5.7 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4 × (2000)4 K4
E = 38.76 W = 38.76 J s–1

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5. Calculate the temperature at which a perfect black body radiates at the rate of 5.67 W cm–
2
. Stefan's constant is 5.67 × 10–8 J s–1 m–2 K–4.
Sol. Given E = 5.67 W cm–2 = 5.67 × 10+4 W m–2
 = 5.67 × 10–8 J s–1 m–2 K–4

E
Using, E = T4; T4 =

14 14
 E  5.67  10 8 
or T=   =  4  = (1012)1/4 = 1000 K. Ans.
  5.67  10 

NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING


RATE OF COOLING :– Rate of cooling (d/dt) is directly proportional to excess
of temperature of the body over that of surrounding. (when (  0 ) | 35  C )

d
Rate of cooling (–0)
dt

   temperature of body[in C] 


 
 0  temperature of surrounding 
    excess of temperaure ( >  ) 
 0 0 

If the temperature of body decrease d in time dt then rate of fall of temperature

d  4er A 03 
= - K  ( - 0 )  K   
dt  MS 

where negative sign indictates that the rate of cooling is decreasing with time.

temp. falls to 1  2
1 2 , = 6 This is called radiation correction,
t 2

 1  2  '  1  2 
 t    K  2  0  Imp.
   

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Thermal Properties of Matter
Limitations of Newton's Law :–
(i) Temperature diffrence should not exceed 35° C, [( – 0)  35° C]
(ii) loss of heat sould only be by radiation.
(iii) This law is an extended form of Stefan–Boltzman's law.

IMPORTANT POINTS
1. The curves drawn at various black body temperatures between the intensity of radiation and
their wavelength or frequency are known as spectral energy distribution curves.
2. I.B.B. spectrum is a continuous emission spectrum and energy distribution in it depends
only on the absolute temperature of black body.
3. As the wave length increases, the amount of radiation emitted first increase, becomes
maximum and then decreases.
4. At a particular temperature the area enclosed between the spectral energy curve shows the

spectral emissive power of the body. Area   E d  E  T 4


0

Wein's Law :-
1. Wein's Displacement Law : The wavelength corresponding to maximum emission of
radiation decrease with increasing temperature[m  ]. This is known as Wein's
displacement law.
m T  b where b = Wein's constant,

(b = 2.93 x 10-3 m. kelvin) dimension of b = M0 L1 T0 

Relation between frequency & temperature : m  T m


Frequency

C
m = b'T,
 m = b'T
Temperature (T)

2. Wein's 5th power Law and energy distribution law :- The maximum amount of radiation
emitted by the black body at wavelength (m) is directly proportional to the fifth power of the
temperature This is known as Wein's energy distribution law.

E m
Em  T 5 T  m  E m 

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Thermal Properties of Matter
E m  maximum Emissive power  T5 (Imp.)

E  Total Emissive power  T4


Applications of Wein's Law :-
1. To compare temperature of given stars by observing their colour because colour of star
identify its temperature. TB > TW > TR
2. The temperature developed by explosion of atomic bomb can be worked out.
m = 5.2Å, then T = ? Ans. 107K

SOLAR CONSTANT 'S'


d
The sun emits radiant energy continuously in space of which an in
significant part reaches the earth. The solar radiant energy received R

per unit area per unit time by a black surface held at right angles to T

the sun's rays and placed at the mean distance of the earth (in the A
Earth

absence of atmosphere) is called solar constant. A'

The solar constant S is taken to be 1340 watts/m . 2 [RPMT-2006]


Temperature of the sun :–
Let R be the radius of the sun and 'd' be the radius of Earth's orbit around the sun. Let E be
the energy emitted by the sun per second per unit area. Then, the total energy emitted by the
sun in one second = E.A = E × 4R2.
(This energy is falling on a sphere of radius equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit around the
sun i.e., on a sphere of surface area 4d2)

4 R2  E E R2
So, The energy falling per unit area of earth = = [AIPMT-2007]
4 d2 d2
By definition, this is the solar constant S

E R2
i.e., S= But E = T4 According to Stefan's Law
d2

L S  d OP
1
 T 4 R2 Sd2 2 4
S= or 4
T = or T= M
d2  R2 N  R Q 2

Now S = 1340 Wm–2 = 1.4 KWm–2 ,


= 1.94 cal/min. cm2 ~ 2 cal/min. cm2

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Thermal Properties of Matter
On substituting these values above we get T, the surface temperature of the sun. It comes
out to be equal to 5791 K.
In this way, the surface temperature of sun has been estimated.
Increasing order of Planets distance with respect to Sun :-
Nearest :-
(1) Mercury - (Smallest) (2) Venus (3) Earth (4) Mars
(5) Jupiter - (Biggest) (6) Sacurn (7) Uranus (8) Neptune
SECTION - B
THERMAL CONDUCTION

– The process by which heat is transferred from hot part to cold part of a body through the
transfer of energy from one particle to another particle of the body without the actual move-
ment of the particles from their equilibrium positions is called conduction.
– The process of conduction only in solid body (except Hg)
– Heat transfer by conduction from one part of body to another continues till their temperatures
become equal.
Variable state : It is the state in which temperature of each cross section of the rod increases
with temperature but temperature of any cross-section of the rod decreases with incrreasing
distance from hot end to cold end.
Steady state : When temperature of the each cross-section of the bar becomes constant but
different for different cross-sections area is called thermal steady state.
Diffusivity : The ratio thermal conductivity to thermal capacity per unit volume of a material
is called diffusivity.

k
D
s

It is measure of rate of change of temperature when the body is not in steady state.
– Equation of thermal conduction :

A hot cold B
L
dQ  dT 
T1 T2  KA  
 dx  dt  dX 
d
flow of heat
(steady state condition) dQ KA
 (T1  T2 ) (V . Imp.)
dt L
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Thermal Properties of Matter
where dQ/dt  rate of Heat flow
dT/dXÞ  Temperature Gradient, This is vector quantity (unit °C/m)
A  cross section area
L  Length (In heat flow dirction)
K  Thermal conductivity of material
– Temperature gradient. –
The decrease in temperature with distance from hot end of the rod is known as temperature
dT
gradient. It is denoted by – or In the direction of heat energy flow, the rate of fall in
dx

temperature w.r.t. distance is called as Temperaure gradient.


– Thermal conductivity (K) – It's depends on nature of material.
* The order of thermal conductivity in Ag > Cu > Au > Al
* Unit of (K)  JS–1 m–1 K–1, and dimension – M1L1T–3q–1
max. for Ag (410 W/mk)

max. for Ag (410 W/ mk)


* K
min. for Freon –12(0.008 W/ mk)

GOLDEN KEY POINTS


(a) For an ideal or perfect conductor of heat the value of K = ¥
(b) For an ideal or perfect bad conductor or insulator the value of K = 0
(c) Imp. For cooking the food, low sp. heat and high conductivity utensil is most suitable.

APPLICATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTION

* In winter, the iron chairs appear to be colder than the wooden chairs.
* Cooking utensils are made of aluminium and brass whereas their handles are made of wood.
* Ice is covered in gunny bags to prevent melting of ice.
* We feel warm in woollen clothes.
* Two thin blankets are warmer than a single blanket of double the thickness.
* We feel warmer in a fur coat.
* Birds often swell their feathers in winter.

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Thermal Properties of Matter
* A new quilt is warmer than old one.
Note : Air is bad conductor of heat

– Weidamann – Fronz – lorentz law :–


At a given temperature the ratio of thermal conductivity to electrical conductivity
is constant.

K  Thermal conductivity
K   
  Electrical conductivity
K / T  const. K   
T  Absolutetemperature

– Ingen Hausz Experiment :–


If several rods of different thermal conductivities are coated with wax and the one end of all
these rods are maintained at the same temperature, then the lengths of the rods upto which wax

1 K1
has melted is proportional to the square roots of  = K2
2

– Thermal Resistance (R) :– The thermal resistance of a body is a measure of its opposition of the
flow of heat through it.

L
R (Imp.)
KA

(a) Heat flow through slabs in series : Than equivalent thermal conductivity of the
system is
Re = R1 + R2

L1  L2 L1 L2
Q Q = KA + K A
t K1 K2 t KeA 1 2

T1 L1 L2 T2 Li
T0 L1  L 2
Ke = L / K  L / K =  Li
1 1 2 2
Ki

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Thermal Properties of Matter
(b) Heat flow through slabs in parallel : Than equivalet thermal conductivity.
1 1 1 L
Re
= R1
+ R2
R=
KA
A1 K1 Q
Q t Ke K A K A
t (A1 + A2) = 1 1 + 2 2
A2 L L L
K2
T1 T2 K1 A 1  K 2 A 2 KiAi
L Ke = =
A1  A 2 Ai
– Growth of Ice of Lakes :–
dQ dT
= – KA
dt dx

Heat dQ = mL and m = vr = A.x.r


Air at – T°C

x2
x1 ICE AxL dT
= – KA
x Water (0°C) dt dx

L
dt   xdx taking intregation
KdT
t2 L x2
 dt   xdx
t1 KdT x1
1 L
t2 – t1 = (x 2 – x12) ,
2 KT 2

1 L 2
t (x2  x12 ) and t  (x22 – x12)
2 KT
* Time taken to double and triple the thickness ratio t1 : t2 : t3 :: 12 : 22 : 32
so :: 1 : 4 : 9

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. One end of a brass rod 2m long and having 1 cm radius is maintained at 250°C. When a steady
state is reached, the rate of heat flow across any cross–section is 0.5 cal S–1. What is the
temperature of the other end k = 0.26 cal s–1 cm–1 °C–1.
Q
Sol. = 0.5 cal s–1; r = 1 cm
t

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Thermal Properties of Matter
Area A = pr2 = 3.142 × 1 cm2 = 3.142 cm2
L = Length of rod = 2m = 200 cm,
T1 = 250°C, T2 = ?

We know
Q
=
b
KA T1  T2 g
t L

Q x 0.5 cal s1  200 cm


or (T1 – T2) = × = = 122.4°C
t kA 0.26 cal s1  C 1  3.142 cm2

\ T2 = 250°C – 122.4°C = 127.6°C


2. Steam at 373 K is passed through a tube of radius 10 cm and length 2 m. The thickness of the
tube is 5 mm and thermal conductivity of the material is 390 W m–1 K–1, calculate the heat lost
per second. The outside temperature is 0°C.

Sol. Using the relation Q =


b g
KA T1  T2 t
L

Here, heat is lost through the cylindrical surface of the tube.

A = 2pr (radius of the tube) (length of the tube)

= 2p × 10 cm × 2 m

= 2p × 0.1 × 2m2 = 0.4 pm2

K = 390 W m–1 K–1

T1 = 373 K, T2 = 0°C = 273 K,

L = 5 mm = 0.005 m and t = 1 s

390 W m 1  0.4  m2  (373  273) K  1s


\Q=
0.005 m

390  0.4   100


= Ws = 98 × 105 J.
0.005

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Thermal Properties of Matter
3. The thermal conductivity of brick is 1.7 W m–1 K–1, and that of cement is 2.9 W m–1 K–1. What
thickness of cement will have same insulation as the brick of thickness 20 cm.

Sol. Since Q =
b
KA T1  T2 t g
L

For same insulation by the brick and cement Q, A (T1 – T2) and t do not change.

K
That is, shoule be a constant.
L

Thus, if K1 and K2 be the thermal conductivities of brick and cement and L1 and L2 be the
required thickness then :

K1 K2
L1 = L1

1.7 W 1 K 1 2.9 W m 1 K 1
or =
20 cm L2

2.9
\ L2 = × 20 cm = 34.12 cm.
17
.

4. Two vessels of different material are identical in size and wall–thickness. They are filled with
equal quantities of ice at 0°C. If the ice melts completely, in 10 and 25 minutes respectively
then compare the coefficients of thermal conductivity of the materials of the vessels.
Sol. Let K1 and K2 be the coefficients of thermal conductivity of the materials,
and t1 and t2 be the time in which ice melts in the two vessels.
Since both the vessels are identicel, so A and x in both the cases is same.
Now

Q=
b
K1 A 1  2 t 1 g =
b
K 2 A 1   2 t 2g
L L

K1 t2 25 min 5
or K1t1 = K2t2 or K2 = t1 = =.
10 min 2

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Thermal Properties of Matter
5. Two plates of equal areas are placed in contact with each other. Their thickness are 2.0 cm
and 5.0 cm respectively. The temperature of the external surface of the first plate is –20°C
and that of the external surface of the second plate is 20°C. What will be the temperature of
the contact surface if the plate (i) are of the same material, (ii) have thermal conductivities in
the ratio 2 : 5.
Sol. Rate of flow of heat in the plates is

Q
=
b
K1 A 1  
=
g
K 2 A   2b g ........(1)
t L1 L2
(i) Here q1 = –20°C, q2 = 20°C
L1 = 2 cm = 0.02 m, L2 = 5 cm = 0.05 m.
K1 = K2 = K.
 eqn. (1) becomes
b
KA 20   g = KAb  20g
0.02 0.05
 5(–20–q) = 2(q – 20)
–100 – 5q = 2q – 40
7q = –60
q = –8.6°C.
K1 2 2
(ii) K2 = 5 or K1 = K
5 2
 eqn (1) becomes
b
2 5 K 2 A 20   g = K Ab  20g
2
0.02 0.05
–20 – q = q – 20 or –2q = 0
 q = 0°C
6. An ice box used for keeping eatables cold has a total wall area of 1 metre2 and a wall thickness
of 5.0 cm. The thermal conductivity of the ice box is K = 0.01 joule/metre–0C. It is filled with
ice at 0°C along with eatables on a day when the temperature is 30°C. The latent heat of
fusion of ice is 334 × 103 jules/kgm. The amount of lice melted in one day is (1 day = 86,400
seconds) [MP PMT 95]

dQ KA 0.01  1
Sol.  d   30  6 joule@sec.
dt L 0.05
Q = 518400 joule] Q = mL (L - latent heat)
Ans. = m = 1552 gm.

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Thermal Properties of Matter
RAPID REVISION PACKAGE
1. In radiation, the heat is transferred from one part to the other though electromagnetic waves
and without heating the intervening medium.
2. Stefan's law ; E = s T4 where E is the energy emitted per second from unit surface area of the
black body and T is the temperature. Stefan's constant = s = 5.67 × 10–8 w m–2 k–4
3. According to the Newton's law of cooling.
d
  K '  T  T0  the constant K' appearing in above equation depends upon the nature of
dt
surface and the surroundings conditions.
4. Wein's law : lm T = b where b is called weins constant, Its value is 0.002898 mk in SI.
e
Kirchoff law of radiation : a  E (constant), where el is emissive power and al is the absorptive

5.

power, for radiations of wavelengths l . The constant El is called the emissive power of a
perfect black body at the same temperature and corresponding to wavelength l.
6. It follows from above equation if al is large than el will also be large i.e., good absorbers of
heat are good emitters also.
7. Solar constant is the solar radiation incident normally per second on one square meter area at
the mean distance of the earth from the sun in free space. It is given by S = 1.937 cal/cm2 -
minute.
2
4 S r 
8. Temperature of sun is given by : T    where r is the mean distance of the earth from
R
the sun and R is the radius of sun.
dQ KA  T1  T2 
9. Heat flow rate by conduction 
dt L
L
10. Thermal Resistance RL =
KA

In series Re = R1 + R2 + ........

R1

1 1 1
In parallel R  R  R  .......
e 1 2

R2

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Thermal Properties of Matter
EXERCISE
1. A piece of metal is heated up to T absolute temperature. Temperature of outer surrounding is
T0 kelvin. The heat energy radiated to outer surrounding will be proportioned to :
(1) (T-T0)4 (2) T4 - T04 (3) (T-T0) 1/2
(4) (T2 - T02)

2. Two rectangular blocks A and B of different metals have same length and same area of cross-
section. They are kept in such a way that their cross-sectional area touch each other. The
temperature at one end of A is 100°C and that of B at the other end is 0°C. If the ratio of their
thermal conductivity is 1 : 3, then under steady state the temperature of the junction in contact
will be -

(1) 25°C (2) 50°C (3) 75°C (4) 100°C

3. Heat conducting metarial is -


(1) Mercury (2) Water (3) Oil (4) Alcohol

4. The coefficient of thermal conductivity depends upon -

(1) Temperature difference of two surfaces


(2) Area of the plate
(3) Thickness of the plate
(4) Material of the plate

5. The layers of atmosphere are heated through -


(1) Convection (2) Conduction (3) Radiation (4) 2 and 3 both

6. A body is in thermal equillbrium with the surrounding :


(1) It will stop emitting heat radiation
(2) Amount of radiations emitted and absorbed by it will be equal
(3) It will emit heat radiations at faster rate
(4) It will emit heat radiations slowly

7. The rate of solar energy falling on unit area of earth's surface is nearly (kilo - watt / m2)
(1) 1.4 (2) 100 (3) 0.13 (4) 0.0001

8. A slab consists of two parallel layers of copper and brass of the same thickness and having
thermal conductivities in the ratio 1 : 4. If the free face of brass is at 100°C and that of copper
at 0°C, the temperature of interface is -
(1) 80°C (2) 20°C (3) 60°C (4) 40°

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Thermal Properties of Matter
9. If a carved black utensil is heated to high temperature and then brought in dark then :
(1) Both utensil and its carving will shine
(2) Only carving will shine
(3) Only utensil will shine
(4) None of the utensil and carving will shine

10. The radii is of two spheres made of same metal are r and 2r. These are heated to the same
temperature and placed in the same surrounding. The ratio of rates of decrease of their
temperature will be
(1) 1 :1 (2) 4 : 1 (3) 1 : 4 (4) 2 : 1

11. Heating two identical balls A and B, A appears blue and B appears red. The relation between
their temperature will be
(1) TA =TB (2) TA > TB (3) TA < TB (4) None of the above

12. Which the following is the order of infrared wavelength ?


(1) 10-4 cm (2) 10-5 cm (3) 10-6 cm (4) 10-7 cm

13. When two ends of a rod wrapped with cotton are maintained at different temperatures and
after some time every point of the rod attains a constant temperature, then -
(1) Conduction of heat at different points of the rod stops because the temperature is not
increasing
(2) Rod is bad conductor of heat
(3) Heat is being radiated from each point of the rod
(4) Each point of the rod is giving heat to its neighbour at the same rate at which it receiving
heat.

14. Which of the following statement is correct for ideal black body :

(1) This absorbs visible radiations only.


(2) This absorbs infrared radiations only
(3) This absorbs half of radiations only and reflects the half
(4) This totally absorbs heat radiations of all the wavelengths

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Thermal Properties of Matter
15. In solar spectrum fraunhoffer's lines are presents because:
(1) Definite absorption takes place in photosphere of sun.
(2) Definite absorption takes place in chromosphere of sun.
(3) These wave lengths are not at all emitted by sun.
(4) Nuclear reactions take place in sun.

16. If the temperature of sun doubles then radiated energy will.


(1) Mainly be in infra red radiation
(2) Mainly be in ultra voilet radiations
(3) Mainly be in x-ray radiations
(4) Be double of the present energy.
17. A body emits light of blue colour on heating. Which light can it emit on further heating ?
(1) Red (2) Green (3) Violet (4) Yellow

18. The area of the glass of a window of a room is 10m2 and thickness 2 mm. The outer and inner
temperature are 40°C and 20°C respectively. Thermal conductivity of glass in MKS system is
0.2. The heat flowing in the room per second will be -
(1) 3 × 104 joules (2) 2 × 104 joules (3) 30 joules (4) 45 joules
19. A substance when at high temperature emits wave lenght l1, l2, l3, and l4 only when this substance
is at low temperature then it will absorb only following wave lengths.
(1) l1 (2) l2 (3) l2 & l3 (4) l1, l2, l3 & l4
20. Temperatures of two hot bodies b1 and b2 are 100°c and 800 c respectively. The temperature
of surrounding is 400 c at t = 0, the ratio of rates of cooling of the two bodies (liquid) R1 : R2 will
be (Use Newton's law of cooling )
(1) 3 : 2 (2) 5 : 4 (3) 2 : 1 (4) 4 : 5

21. If the rates of loss of energy by unit area of an iron ball are E1 E2 and E3 when it cools from
75°C to 70°C, 70°C to 65°C and 65°C to 60°C respectively then:
(1) E1 = E2 = E3 (2) E1 > E2 > E3 (3) E1 < E2 < E3 (4) E1 < E3 < E2

22. If the coefficient of conductivity of aluminium is 0.5 cal/cm-sec-°C, then in order to conduct
10 cal/sec-cm2 in the steady state, the temperature gradient in aluminium must be
(1) 5°C/cm (2) 10°C/cm (3) 20°C/cm (4) 10.5°C/cm

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Thermal Properties of Matter
23. If E is the total energy emitted by a body at a temperature T K and Emax is the maximum
energy emitted by it at the same temperature, then -
(1) E µ T4; Emax µ T5 (2) E µ T4; Emax µ T–5
(3) E µ T–4; Emax µ T4 (4) E µ T5; Emax µ T4

24. Out of the metal balls of same diameter one is solid and other is hollow. Both are heated to the
same temperature at 300°C and then allowed to cool in the same surroundings then rate of
loss of heat will be:
(1) More for hollow sphere (2) More for solid sphere
(3) Same for both (4) None of the above

25. If two metallic plates of equal thicknesses and thermal conductivities K1 and K2 are put
together face to face and a common plate is constructed, then the equivalent thermal conductivity
of this plate will be -

K1 K2

Fi g.

K1K 2 2K 1 K 2
(1) K  K (2) K  K
1 2 1 2

3/ 2 3/ 2
2 2 2
K K 
1 2 K 1  K 22 
(3) (4)
K 1K 2 2K 1 K 2

26. Two metal rods, 1 & 2 of same length have same temp difference between their ends, their
thermal conductivities are K1 & K2 and cross sectional areas A1 & A2 respectively. What is
required condition for same rate of heat conduction in them.

K1 K2 K K
(4) 2 = 2
1 2
(1) K1 = K2 (2) K1 A1 = K2 A2 (3) A = A
1 2 1 2

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Thermal Properties of Matter
27. It is hotter for the same distance over the top of a fire than it is in the side of it, mainly because
(1) Air conducts heat upwards
(2) Heat is radiated upwards
(3) Convection takes more heat upwards
(4)Convection, conduction and radiation all contribute significantly transferring heat upward
28. Four indentical calorimeters painted in different colours, are heated to same temperature and
then allowed to cool in vacuum. Which will cool fastest ?
(1) One which is painted bright
(2) One which is painted thick white
(3) One which is painted thick black
(4) One which is painted bright white

29. The rate of emission of electro-magnetic energy by any body does not depend on:
(1) Area of its surface
(2) Its mass
(3) Its temperature
(4) Its power of absorption of radiation

30. Which of the following statements is false:


(1) Energy of infra-red photons is more than the photon of visible light
(2) Photographic plates are sensitive to ultra violet light.
(3) Photographic plates can be made sensitive to infrared light.
(4) Infrared rays are invisible but can shadow as visible light

31. If el and al be the emissive power and absorption power respectively of a body and El be the
emissive power of an ideal black body then from Kirchhoff's laws
(1) al = El / el (2) al / el = El (3) el / al = El (4) el = El / al

32. The wavelength of radiation emitted by a black body depends on the :


(1) Nature of the surface
(2) Area of the surface
(3) Temperature of the surface
(4) All of the above

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Thermal Properties of Matter
33. A sphere a cube and a thin circular plate all made of same substance and all have same mass.
These are heated to 200°C and then placed in a room, then the :
(1) Temperature of sphere drops to room temperature at last.
(2) Temperature of cube drops to room temperature at last
(3) Temperature of thin circular plate drops to room temperature at last
(4) Temperature of all the three drops to room temperature at the same time

34. A piece of metal and a block of wood are placed in a room. The temperature of both is 450 c
on touching them:
(1) Both will be felt equally hot.
(2) Wooden block will be felt hotter then the metal piece.
(3) Metal piece will be felt hotter than the wooden block.
(4) If will no be possible to differentiate between their hotness.

35. Pyrometer is used in :


(1) Measurement of high temperature
(2) Measurment of low temperature
(3) Measurment of latent heat
(4) Measurement of specific heat.

36. Current is passed through a thermistor (temperature dependent resister) continuously which is
placed in vaccum. Its temperature :
(1) Will increase with time
(2) After increase for some time, will stop rising because it will give its heat to the surrondings
by conduction
(3) Will increase for sometimes and then start falling
(4) Will be constant after some time because of loss of heat by radiation.

37. The temperature of surface of sun in nearly


(1) 10K (2) 100K (3) 1000K (4)6000K

38. If the temperatures of stars of colours white, red and blue are respectively Tw ,Tr, Tb then :
(1) Tb > Tw > Tr (2) Tr > Tw > Tb (3) Tw > Tb > Tr (4) Tw > Tr > Tb

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Thermal Properties of Matter
39. In summers when a man comes out of a cold water tank he feels a sensation of cold because
(1) There is an evaporation of water from his body
(2) The sun rays are not available to him
(3) Above both the reasons
(4) None of the above

40. The cause of air currents from ocean to ground is :


(1) The specific heat of water is more than that of sand
(2) Convection
(3) Radiation
(4) Diffraction

ANSWER KEY

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 3 4 2 1 4 4 2
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 3 2 4 1 2 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 1
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 3 3 1 3 1 4 4 1 1 2

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