sat reading

HISTORY
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Mrs. Eman AbuAlfa

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 sat reading

rich vs. poor

Topics & Themes

PATTERNS

THE SECRET PLAN!

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 2015 Practice Test #1

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 1 The Wealthy vs. The Poor
1
Questions 29-37 are based on the following the latter living with the master, and therefore

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passage. subject to the same conditions. When these
This passage is from Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," originally
40 apprentices rose to be masters, there was little or no
published in 1889. Arriving penniless in Pennsylvania from change in their mode of life, and they, in turn,
Scotland in 1848, Carnegie became one of the richest educated succeeding apprentices in the same routine.
people in the United States through the manufacture of There was, substantially, social equality, and even
steel. political equality, for those engaged in industrial
45 pursuits had then little or no voice in the State.
The problem of our age is the proper The inevitable result of such a mode of
administration of wealth, that the ties of brotherhood manufacture was crude articles at high prices. To-day
may still bind together the rich and poor in the world obtains commodities of excellent quality at
Line harmonious relationship. The conditions of human prices which even the preceding generation would
5 life have not only been changed, but revolutionized, 50 have deemed incredible. In the commercial world
within the past few hundred years. In former days similar causes have produced similar results, and the
there was little difference between the dwelling, race is benefited thereby. The poor enjoy what the
dress, food, and environment of the chief and those rich could not before afford. What were the luxuries
of his retainers. . . . The contrast between the palace have become the necessaries of life. The laborer has
10 of the millionaire and the cottage of the laborer with 55 now more comforts than the farmer had a few
us to-day measures the change which has come with generations ago. The farmer has more luxuries than
civilization. This change, however, is not to be the landlord had, and is more richly clad and better
deplored, but welcomed as highly beneficial. It is housed. The landlord has books and pictures rarer
well, nay, essential, for the progress of the race that and appointments more artistic than the king could
15 the houses of some should be homes for all that is 60 then obtain.
highest and best in literature and the arts, and for all The price we pay for this salutary change is, no
the refinements of civilization, rather than that none doubt, great. We assemble thousands of operatives in
should be so. Much better this great irregularity than the factory, and in the mine, of whom the employer
universal squalor. Without wealth there can be no can know little or nothing, and to whom he is little
20 Maecenas.* The “good old times” were not good old 65 better than a myth. All intercourse between them is
times. Neither master nor servant was as well at an end. Rigid castes are formed, and, as usual,
situated then as to-day. A relapse to old conditions mutual ignorance breeds mutual distrust. Each caste
would be disastrous to both—not the least so to him is without sympathy for the other, and ready to credit
who serves—and would sweep away civilization with anything disparaging in regard to it. Under the law of
25 it. But whether the change be for good or ill, it is 70 competition, the employer of thousands is forced
upon us, beyond our power to alter, and, therefore, into the strictest economies, among which the rates
to be accepted and made the best of. It is a waste of paid to labor figure prominently, and often there is
time to criticize the inevitable. friction between the employer and the employed,
It is easy to see how the change has come. between capital and labor, between rich and poor.
30 One illustration will serve for almost every phase of 75 Human society loses homogeneity.
the cause. In the manufacture of products we have The price which society pays for the law of
the whole story. It applies to all combinations of competition, like the price it pays for cheap comforts
human industry, as stimulated and enlarged by the and luxuries, is also great; but the advantages of this
inventions of this scientific age. Formerly, articles law are also greater still than its cost—for it is to this
35 were manufactured at the domestic hearth, or in 80 law that we owe our wonderful material
small shops which formed part of the household. development, which brings improved conditions
The master and his apprentices worked side by side, in its train.
* Gaius Maecenas (70–8 B.C.E.) was a great patron of the arts.

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29 32
Which choice best describes the structure of the The author describes the people who live in the
first paragraph? “houses of some” (line 15) as interested in the
A) A personal history is narrated, historical A) materials from which their houses are
examples are given, and a method is constructed.
recommended. B) size of their homes.
B) A position is stated, historical context is given, C) advantages of culture.
and earnest advice is given.
D) pedigree of their guests.
C) Certain principles are stated, opposing principles
are stated, and a consensus is reached.
D) A historical period is described, and its attributes 33
are reviewed.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
30 A) Lines 9-10 (“the palace . . . laborer”)
The author most strongly implies which of the B) Lines 15-16 (“all . . . arts”)
following about “the ties of brotherhood” (line 2)? C) Lines 18-19 (“Much . . . squalor”)
A) They were always largely fictitious and are more D) Lines 19-20 (“Without . . . Maecenas”)
so at present.
B) They are stronger at present than they ever were
before. 34
C) They are more seriously strained in the present The author uses the phrase “good old times” (line 20)
than in the past. as an example of
D) They will no longer be able to bring together the A) a cliché that still has life and usefulness left in it.
rich and the poor. B) a bit of folk wisdom from his childhood.
C) something said by those who have acquired great
riches.
31
D) something said by people who do not share his
The author uses “dwelling, dress, food, and viewpoint.
environment” (lines 7-8) as examples of
A) things more valued in the present than in
the past. 35
B) bare necessities of life. What is the author’s main point about the
C) things to which all people are entitled. disadvantages of the modern economic system?
D) possible indications of differences in status. A) It provides only a few people with the advantages
of culture.
B) It replicates many of the problems experienced
in the past.
C) It creates divisions between different categories
of people.
D) It gives certain people great material advantages
over others.

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36 37
Which choice provides the best evidence for the As used in line 82, “in its train” is closest in
answer to the previous question? meaning to
A) Lines 37-39 (“The master . . . conditions”) A) before it.
B) Lines 43-45 (“There was . . . State”) B) with it.
C) Lines 46-47 (“The inevitable . . . prices”) C) anticipating it.
D) Lines 65-66 (“All intercourse . . . end”) D) advancing it.

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 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
This passage is excerpted from William Graham Sumner, “The
Absurd Effort to Make the World Over," originally published in
1894. Sumner was an outspoken economist and highly influential 45
sociology professor at Yale University.
It will not probably be denied that the burden of proof is
on those who affirm that our social condition is utterly
diseased and in need of radical regeneration. My task at 50
Line present, therefore, is entirely negative and critical: to
5 examine the allegations of fact and the doctrines which are
put forward to prove the correctness of the diagnosis and to
warrant the use of the remedies proposed.
When anyone asserts that the class of skilled and unskilled 55
manual laborers of the United States is worse off now in
10 respect to diet, clothing, lodgings, furniture, fuel, and lights;
in respect to the age at which they can marry; the number of
children they can provide for; the start in life which they can
give to their children, and their chances of accumulating 60
capital, than they ever have been at any former time, he
15 makes a reckless assertion for which no facts have been
offered in proof. Upon an appeal to facts, the contrary of this
assertion would be clearly established. It suffices, therefore,
to challenge those who are responsible for the assertion to 65
make it good.
20 Nine-tenths of the socialistic and semi-socialistic, and
sentimental or ethical, suggestions by which we are
overwhelmed come from failure to understand the
phenomena of the industrial organization and its expansion. It 70
controls us all because we are all in it. It creates the
25 conditions of our existence, sets the limits of our social
activity, regulates the bonds of our social relations,
determines our conceptions of good and evil, suggests our
life-philosophy, molds our inherited political institutions, and 75
reforms the oldest and toughest customs, like marriage and
30 property. I repeat that the turmoil of heterogeneous and
antagonistic social whims and speculations in which we live
is due to the failure to understand what the industrial
organization is and its all-pervading control over human life,
while the traditions of our school of philosophy lead us
35 always to approach the industrial organization, not from the
side of objective study, but from that of philosophical
doctrine. Hence it is that we find that the method of
measuring what we see happening by what are called ethical
standards, and of proposing to attack the phenomena by
40 methods thence deduced, is so popular.
149
L4 P2
The advance of a new country from the very simplest
social coordination up to the highest organization is a most
interesting and instructive chance to study the development
of the organization. It has of course been attended all the way
along by stricter subordination and higher discipline. All
organization implies restriction of liberty. The gain of power
is won by narrowing individual range. The methods of
business in colonial days were loose and slack to an
inconceivable degree. The movement of industry has been all
the time toward promptitude, punctuality, and reliability. It
has been attended all the way by lamentations about the good
old times; about the decline of small industries; about the lost
spirit of comradeship between employer and employee; about
the narrowing of the interests of the workman; about his
conversion into a machine or into a "ware," and about
industrial war. These lamentations have all had reference to
unquestionable phenomena attendant on advancing
organization. In all occupations the same movement is
discernible in the learned professions, in schools, in trade,
commerce, and transportation. It is to go on faster than ever,
now that the continent is filled up by the first superficial layer
of population over its whole extent and the intensification of
industry has begun. The great inventions both make the
intension of the organization possible and make it inevitable,
with all its consequences, whatever they may be. I must
expect to be told here, according to the current fashions of
thinking, that we ought to control the development of the
organization. The first instinct of the modern man is to get a
law passed to forbid or prevent what, in his wisdom, he
disapproves.
Now the intensification of the social organization is what
gives us greater social power. It is to it that we owe our
increased comfort and abundance. We are none of us ready to
sacrifice this. On the contrary, we want more of it. We would
not return to the colonial simplicity and the colonial exiguity
if we could. If not, then we must pay the price. Our life is
bounded on every side by conditions.
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 History L4 P2
1 4
The main purpose of the passage is to As used in line 15, “reckless” most nearly means
A) delineate the course of industrial progress. A) unfounded.
B) question the practicality of democratic ideals. B) impulsive.
C) encourage support for individual liberties. C) misguided.
D) highlight the uselessness of social reform. D) negligent.

2 5
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts It can be inferred from the discussion of the
from movement of industry that the author believes that
people have a natural tendency to
A) an overview of industrial advancement to a
clarification of the problem. A) resist technological change.
B) an acknowledgement of the problem with B) encourage ethical actions.
industrial advancement to the proposal of a
C) control the course of events.
solution.
D) distrust the people in power.
C) an assembling of arguments against industrial
advancement to a justification of its effects.
D) an explanation of industrial advancement to an 6
admission of the drawbacks.
Which choice provides the best evidence to the answer
to the previous question?
3 A) lines 20–23 (“Nine-tenths . . . its expansion”)
The main purpose of listing the assertions in the B) lines 37–40 (“Hence . . . popular”)
second paragraph (lines 8–19) is to
C) lines 50–52 (“It has been . . . times”)
A) outline common complaints and portray them as
D) lines 68–70 (“The first. . . disapproves”)
ludicrous.
B) account for facts but stress their irrelevancy to the
issue.
C) identify opposing claims and characterize them as
speculative.
D) note possible solutions but highlight their
ineffectiveness.

150 CO NTINUE

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 History
7 10
The author’s main claim about industrial development
is that it
A) leads to tension among social groups.
B) reflects a natural evolution of society.
C) necessitates social reform.
D) magnifies societal deficiencies.
L4 P2
Based on the passage, it can be inferred that the
author would have been most critical of those who
A) defended unskilled laborers.
B) condemned the capitalist state.
C) promoted middle class values.
D) attacked the principles of democracy.

8 11
The main purpose of the words “turmoil,”
“heterogeneous,” and “antagonistic” (lines 30–31) is
most likely to
A) highlight divisions in philosophical doctrine.
B) draw analogies to revolutionary upheaval.
C) convey the instability of modern life.
D) stress the conflict between man and society.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 47–49 (“The methods. . . degree”)
B) lines 49–50 (“The movement . . . reliability”)
C) lines 58–60 (“In all occupations . .
.transportation”)
D) lines 71–72 (“Now the . . . social power”)

9
Which choice best describes the author’s perspective
on individual limitation?
A) It is a burden of the middle class.
B) It is most effective in industrial societies.
C) It is a consequence of free enterprise.
D) It is both natural and inevitable.

151 CO NTIN U E

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 1 The Wealthy vs. The Poor
Questions 11-21 are based on the following
passage.
Passage 1 is adapted from Cesar Chavez, “Letter from
Delano,” a letter sent to E. L. Barr Jr. in 1969. Passage 2 is
from Mark Day, Forty Acres: Cesar Chavez and the Farm
Workers. © 1971 by Praeger Publishers, Inc. Cesar Chavez
cofounded the National Farm Workers Association.
E. L. Barr Jr. was the president of the California Grape and
Tree Fruit League. Forty Acres is a historical account written
by a member of Chavez’s movement.
Passage 1
You must understand-I must make you
understand—that our membership and the hopes
and aspirations of the hundreds of thousands of the
Line poor dispossessed that have been raised on our
5 account are, above all, human beings, no better and
no worse than any other cross-section of human
society; we are not saints because we are poor, but by
the same measure neither are we immoral. We are
men and women who have suffered and endured
10 much, and not only because of our abject poverty but
because we have been kept poor. The colors of our
skins, the languages of our cultural and native
origins, the lack of formal education, the exclusion from
the democratic process, the numbers of our
15 men slain in recent wars—all these burdens
generation after generation have sought to
demoralize us, to break our human spirit. But God
knows that we are not beasts of burden, agricultural
implements, or rented salves: we are men. And mark
20 this well, Mr. Barr, we are men locked in a death
struggle against man’s in humanity to man in the
industry that you represent. And this struggle itself
gives meaning to our life and ennobles our dying.
As your industry has experienced, our strikers
here in Delano and those who represent us
25 throughout the world are well trained for this
struggle. They have been under the gun, they have been
kicked and beaten and herded by dogs, they
have been cursed and ridiculed, they have been
stripped and chained and jailed, they have been
30 sprayed with the poisons used in the vineyards; but
they have been taught not to lie down and die nor to
5 CO NT I N UE
1
flee in shame, but to resist with every ounce of
human endurance and spirit. To resist not with
35 retaliation in kind but to overcome with love and
compassion, with ingenuity and creativity, with hard
work and longer hours, with stamina and patient
tenacity, with truth and public appeal, with friends
and allies, with nobility and discipline, with politics
40 and law, and with prayer and fasting.
This is not to pretend that we have everywhere been
successful enough or that we have not made mistakes.
And while we do not belittle or
45 underestimate our adversaries they are the
rich and the powerful and they possess the land-we
are not afraid nor do we cringe from the
confrontation. We welcome it! We have planned for
50 it! We know that our cause is just, that history is a
story of social revolution, and that the poor shall
inherit the land.
Passage 2
In the earlier spring of 1970, the leaves began
appearing on the grapevines around Delano. An
endless cycle repeated itself; birth, fruition, then the
dead and cold of winter. Until recently, farm workers
55 blended in with this scenario almost unnoticeably.
People took their poverty, their hunger, and their
dreary, hopeless existence for granted.
But in September 1965, a cry for justice went
forth from Delano. It was a cry of outrage and a cry
60 of hope. The picket lines and the crowded strikers’
meetings, the excitement in the air, spelled out a
common longing: just because things were bad last year,
and the year before, and the year before
that-they did not have to be the same this year, or in the
65 years to come.
The Delano strikers began a long, uphill fight in
1965. They began to chip away at the old
foundation of the rural farm economy in order to
build a new life for themselves and their families.
70 It was an almost impossible task. They withdrew
their labor from the vineyards and were replaced
by foreign labor. They set up their picket lines
and had them weakened by powerful injunction.
They pledged themselves to nonviolence and had to
75 face violence and hatred from the grower agents and
the institutionalized violence of corrupt courts,
brutal policemen, and self-seeking politicians.
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But, in spite of an endless stream of frustrating
obstacles, victories have been won and despair has
80 given way to hope. Farm workers unionized several
ranches and have shouted “no” to the paternalism
and exploitation of their bosses. They now have
improved wages and working conditions. They have
developed inspiring leadership among themselves on
85 their ranches. They have learned the machinery of
unionism: grievance procedures, negotiations, and
the new sense of dignity and power every man needs
in order to face the future.
11
It can reasonably be inferred that the author of passage
1 views the Delano strike as
A) a last resort that is necessary because previous
attempts to achieve equality have failed.
B) an outward expression of the high moral integrity
of suffering workers.
C) an honorable undertaking with connections to
similar struggles of the past.
D) an intimidating but ultimately necessary response
to changing conditions.
12
According to the author of passage 1, the act of
fighting against mistreatment gives the strikers and
their supporters a sense of
A) dignity
B) authority
C) contentment
D) hopelessness
6 CO N TINUE
13
Which choice from passage 1 best supports the
conclusion that the Delano strikers have not resorted
to violence?
A) Lines 17-19 (" But God...slaves")
B) Line 27-31 (" They have been under...vineyards")
C) Lines 34-36 ("To resist...compassion")
D) Lines 47-48 (" We welcome...for it”)
14
The main purpose of the last paragraph of passage 1 is
to
A) acknowledges shortcomings yet express a firm
conviction about the strike.
B) Establish the credibility of the group that is
overseeing the strike.
C) Reiterate the claim that the strikers are no
different from other individuals in society.
D) Recognize an argument made by critics of the
strike and present example to refute it.
15
As used in line 62, ”common” most nearly means
A) routine
B) shared
C) standard
D) causal
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16
The author of Passage 2 suggests that the Delano
strike was primarily driven by a desire to
A) undermine established practices that were
detrimental to the farm workers.
B) ensure that even laborers without formal training
would receive sufficient wages.
C) put an end to the influence of corrupt government
officials on farming programs.
D) bring attention to the harsh environmental
conditions of vineyards in the area.
17
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 56-57 (“People...granted”)
B) Lines 67-69 (“They began...families”)
C) Lines 74-77 (“They pledged...politicians”)
D) Lines 85-88 (“They have...future”)
18
As used in line 68, “foundation” most nearly means
A) association.
B) underpinning.
C) justification.
D) genesis.
7 CO NT I N UE
19
Which of the following statements best describes the
relationship between the passages?
A) Passage 1 discusses in general terms a struggle that
is described in detail in Passage 2.
B) Passage 1 details the outcome of a conflict that is
introduced in Passage 2.
C) Passage 2 offers background information about
the author of Passage 1.
D) Passage 2 provides more context for the situation
that is focus of Passage 1.
20
Which point about the experience of farm workers is
made in both passages?
A) Workers have relied on picketing as a means to
advance their cause.
B) Workers have been held back and discouraged by
persistent circumstances.
C) Workers have been replaced by workers from
other industries during the strike.
D) Workers have identified themselves as instruments
essential to agriculture.
21
The workers described in the first paragraph of Passage
2 are most likely members of which group referred to
in Passage 1?
A) The “dispossessed" (line 4)
B) The "saints" (line 7)
C) The “adversaries" (line 47)
D) The “rich” (line 47)
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 sat reading

civil
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Topics & Themes

PATTERNS

THE SECRET PLAN!

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 1 Resistance to Government
1
Questions 29-38 are based on the following cannot for an instant recognize that political

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passages. organization as my government which is the slave’s
Passage 1 is adapted from Henry David Thoreau, 40 government also.
“Resistance to Civil Government.” Originally published in Passage 2
1849. Passage 2 is adapted from Martin Luther King, Jr., You express a great deal of anxiety over our
“Letter from Birmingham Jail.” ©1986 by the Estate of willingness to break laws. This is certainly a
Martin Luther King, Jr. Thoreau wrote at a time when slavery
legitimate concern. Since we so diligently urge people
was legal in the United States. In 1963, King was arrested
while protesting racial segregation in Birmingham,
to obey the Supreme Court’s decision of 1954
45 outlawing segregation in the public schools, at first
Alabama; he wrote this letter while in jail.
glance it may seem rather paradoxical for us
Passage 1 consciously to break laws. One may well ask: “How
Must the citizen ever for a moment, or in the least can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying
degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? Why others?” The answer lies in the fact that there are
has every man a conscience, then? I think that we 50 two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the first
Line should be men first, and subjects afterward. It is not to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a
5 desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws.
for the right. The only obligation which I have a right Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey
to assume is to do at any time what I think right. It is unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that “an
truly enough said that a corporation has no 55 unjust law is no law at all.”
conscience; but a corporation of conscientious men Now, what is the difference between the two?
10 is a corporation with a conscience. Law never made How does one determine whether a law is just or
men a whit more just; and, by means of their respect unjust? A just law is a man-made code that squares
for it, even the well-disposed are daily made the with the moral law or the law of God. An unjust law
agents of injustice. . . . 60 is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law.
The mass of men serve the state . . . not as men To put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas: An
15 mainly, but as machines, with their bodies. They are unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in
the standing army, and the militia, jailers, constables, eternal law and natural law. Any law that uplifts
. . . etc. In most cases there is no free exercise human personality is just. Any law that degrades
whatever of the judgment or of the moral sense; but 65 human personality is unjust. All segregation statutes
they put themselves on a level with wood and earth are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and
20 and stones; and wooden men can perhaps be damages the personality. It gives the segregator a
manufactured that will serve the purpose as well. false sense of superiority and the segregated a false
Such command no more respect than men of sense of inferiority. . . . Thus it is that I can urge
straw or a lump of dirt. They have the same sort of 70 men to obey the 1954 decision of the Supreme Court,
worth only as horses and dogs. Yet such as these even for it is morally right; and I can urge them to
25 are commonly esteemed good citizens. Others, as disobey segregation ordinances, for they are morally
most legislators, politicians, lawyers, ministers, and wrong. . . .
office-holders, serve the state chiefly with their heads; In no sense do I advocate evading or defying the
and, as they rarely make any moral distinctions, they 75 law, as would the rabid segregationist [by refusing to
are as likely to serve the devil, without intending it, as comply with the Supreme Court ruling]. That would
30 God. A very few, as heroes, patriots, martyrs, lead to anarchy. One who breaks an unjust law must
reformers in the great sense, and men, serve the state do so openly, lovingly, and with a willingness to
with their consciences also, and so necessarily resist accept the penalty. I submit that an individual who
it for the most part; and they are commonly treated 80 breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and
as enemies by it. . . . who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in
35 How does it become a man to behave toward this order to arouse the conscience of the community
American government to-day? I answer, that he over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest
cannot without disgrace be associated with it. I respect for law.

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As used in line 22, “command” most nearly means According to King, an unjust statute should not be
A) order. A) regarded as having moral authority.
B) dominate. B) broken in a manner intended to attract attention.
C) overlook. C) viewed as detrimental to the human spirit.
D) deserve. D) used to enforce obedience to moral law.

30 33
Thoreau makes which point about people who follow Which choice provides the best evidence for the
their consciences? answer to the previous question?
A) They often band together with other entities to A) Lines 49-50 (“The answer . . . unjust”)
form corporations. B) Lines 51-52 (“One . . . laws”)
B) They tend to have mutually antagonistic C) Lines 53-55 (“one . . . all”)
relationships with their governments.
D) Lines 64-65 (“Any . . . unjust”)
C) They generally believe that the exercise of the
moral sense is what makes them human.
D) They hold their legislators to a different moral 34
standard than that to which they hold
As used in line 57, “determine” most nearly means
themselves.
A) establish.
B) regulate.
31
C) direct.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the D) limit.
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 1-2 (“Must . . . legislator”)
B) Lines 7-10 (“It is . . . conscience”)
C) Lines 17-21 (“In most . . . well”)
D) Lines 30-34 (“A very . . . by it”)

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35 37

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The primary purpose of each passage is to In the passages, a significant difference in how the
A) make an argument about the relationship two authors discuss morality is that Thoreau
between the individual and the law. indicates that
B) advance a view on how laws could be made A) very few people follow their consciences, while
more just. King indicates that most people consistently
adhere to moral laws.
C) question a claim that the morality of actions
depends on their consequences. B) people should do what they judge to be right,
while King indicates that people should follow a
D) discuss a change in the nature of the state and its universal moral code.
power over the individual.
C) the morality of an action derives from its legal
status, while King indicates that morality and
36 human law are distinct.
D) even morally good laws should be disobeyed,
Both authors would most likely agree with which
while King indicates that people should follow
statement about people who obey their government’s
just laws.
statutes?
A) They fail to follow the guidance of their
consciences. 38
B) They are incapable of exercising moral Assuming that he agrees with the assertions in the
judgment. final paragraph of Passage 1, King would most likely
C) They may not be acting in accordance with recommend which course of action to Thoreau?
justice. A) Thoreau should obey laws upholding slavery
D) They value personal morality over the while they are in force but should work to
public good. repeal them.
B) Thoreau should view laws upholding slavery as
immoral but should not break them since doing
so would lead to anarchy.
C) Thoreau should break laws upholding slavery
and in doing so should neither hide his actions
nor try to avoid punishment.
D) Thoreau should openly criticize laws upholding
slavery but should follow them since committing
a crime would degrade his personality.

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 1 Resistance to Governmant
Questions 33-42 are based on the
following passage.
This passage is adapted from Ralph Waldo Emerson’s
“Politics”. Originally published in 1844.
Every man's nature is a sufficient advertisement
to him of the character of his fellows. My right and my
wrong, is their right and their wrong. Whilst I do what
is fit for me, and abstain from what is unfit, my
5 neighbor and I shall often agree in our means, and
work together for a time to one end.
But whenever I find my dominion over myself
not sufficient for me, and undertake the direction of
him also, I overstep the truth, and come into false
10 relations to him. I may have so much more skill or
strength than he, that he cannot express adequately his
sense of wrong, but it is alie, and hurts like a lie both
him and me. Love and nature cannot maintain the
assumption: it must be executed by a practical lie,
15 namely, by force. This undertaking for another, is the
blunder which stands in colossal ugliness in the
governments of the world. It is the same thing in
numbers, as in a pair, only not quite so intelligible. I
can see well enough a great difference between my
20 setting myself down to a self-control, and my going to
make somebody else act after my views: but when a
quarter of the human race assume to tell me what I
must do, I may be too much disturbed by the
circumstances to see so clearly the absurdity of their
25 command. Therefore, all public ends look vague and
quixotic beside private ones. For, any laws but those
which men make for themselves, are laughable. If I put
myself in the place of my child, and we stand in one
thought, and see that things are thus or thus, that
30 perception is law for him and me. We are both there,
both act. But if, without carrying him into the thought,
I look over into his plot, and, guessing how it is with
him, ordain this or that, he will never obey me. This is
the history of governments, — one man does
35 something which is to bind another. A man who
cannot be acquainted with me, taxes me; looking from
afar at me, ordains that a part of my labor shall go to
this or that whimsical end, not as I, but as he happens
to fancy. Behold the consequence. Of all debts, men
40 are least willing to pay the taxes. What a satire is this
on government! Everywhere they think they get their
money's worth, except for these.
Hence, the less government we have, the
better, — the fewer laws, and the less confided power.
45 The antidote to this abuse of formal Government, is,
the influence of private character, the growth of the
Individual; the appearance of the principal to
supersede the proxy; the appearance of the wise man,
of whom the existing government, is, it must be owned,
50 but a shabby imitation. That which all things tend to
educe, which freedom, cultivation, intercourse,
revolutions, go to form and deliver, is character; that is
the end of nature, to reach unto this coronation of her
king.
55 To educate the wise man, the State exists; and with
the appearance of the wise man, the State expires. The
appearance of character makes the State unnecessary.
The wise man is the State. He needs no army, fort, or
navy, — he loves men too well; no bribe, or feast, or
60 palace, to draw friends to him; no vantage ground, no
favorable circumstance. He needs no library, for he has
not done thinking; no church, for he is a prophet; no
statute book, for he has the lawgiver; no money, for he is
value; no road, for he is at home where he is; no
65 experience, for the life of the creator shoots through him,
and looks from his eyes. He has no personal friends, for
he who has the spell to draw the prayer and piety of all
men unto him, needs not husband and educate a few, to
share with him a select and poetic life. His relation to
70 men is angelic; his memory is myrrh to them; his
presence, frankincense and flowers.
We think our civilization near its meridian, but we
are yet only at the cock-crowing and the morning star. In
75 our barbarous society the influence of character is in its
infancy. As a political power, as the rightful lord who is
to tumble all rulers from their chairs, its presence is
hardly yet suspected.
33
The main purpose of the passage is to
A) question the legitimacy of formal governments
B) Suggest how governments could be more
effective.
C) argue that governments undermine communities
D) explain how governments discourage
individuality.
34
Over the course of this passage, the main focus shifts from
A) a critique of the role of government to the
anticipation of a newsocietal model.
B) an admission of individual poor judgment to the
pursuit ofhuman excellence.
C) a satiric view of government practices to an
idealized view ofancient societies
D) a lighthearted account of people’s poor treatment
of one another to an earnest call for improved
relations.
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1 39
As used in line 4, “fit” most nearly means In the passage, Emerson characterizes taxes as

A) Familiar. A) clearly obsolete.

B) suitable. B) largely unavoidable.

C) healthy. C) wholly inadequate.

D) Adapted D) fundamentally unjust.

36 40
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to
The words “truth” and “false” and “lie” in lines 9-12 theprevious question?
serve mainly to
A) Lines 15-17 (“This undertaking…world”)
A) emphasize the wrongfulness of a behavior.
B) Lines 27-30 (“If I…me”)
B) reveal conflicting views about an approach.
C) Lines 35-38 (“A man…fancy”)
C) express regret over a personal attitude.
D) Lines 43-44 (“Hence…power”)
D) offer an ironic perspective on a situation.

37 41
Emerson argues that governments make which According to the passage, what is the wise man’s
relationship to the state?
errors in their treatmentof people?
A) They fail to educate people about civic A) The wise man effectively challenges thestate.
responsibilities.
B) The wise man ultimately takes the place of the
B) They enact policies that turn people against state.
theirneighbors. C)
D) The wise man provides guidance to the state.
C) They impose laws that may violate people’s
personal values. E) The wise man educates the future leaders of the
state.
D) They refuse to acknowledge their tyranny over
the people theygovern.
42
It can reasonably be inferred from the last
38
paragraph that Emersonbelieves that
Which choice provides the best evidence for
A) few wise people are influencing society at this
the answer to theprevious question? time.
A) Lines 1-6 (“Every man’s…end”)
B) civilization is undergoing a moraldecline.
B) Lines 12-14 (“Love…force”)
C) a political revolution is under way.
C) Lines 24-27 )”Therefore…laughable”)
D) most people are dissatisfied with the current
D) Lines 45-47 (“The antidote…Individual” government.

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 Women's Rights
Questions 32-42 are based on the following
passage.
This passage is adapted from a speech delivered in1838 by
Sara T. Smith at the Second Anti-Slavery Convention of
American Women.
We are told that it is not within the “province of
woman,” to discuss the subject of slavery; that it is a
Apolitical question,” and we are “stepping out of our
sphere,” when we take part in its discussion. It is not
5 true that it is merely a political question, it is likewise
a question of justice, of humanity, of morality, of
religion; a question which, while it involves
considerations of immense importance to the welfare
and prosperity of our country, enters deeply into the
10 home-concerns, the every-day feelings of millions of
our fellow beings. Whether the laborer shall receive
the reward of his labor, or be driven daily to
unrequited toil—whether he shall walk erect in the
dignity of conscious manhood, or be reckoned among
15 the beasts which perish—whether his bones and
sinews shall be his own，or another’s—whether his
child shall receive the protection of its natural
guardian, or be ranked among the live-stock of the
estate, to be disposed of as the caprice or interest of
20 the master may dictate—…these considerations are all
involved in the question of liberty or slavery.
And is a subject comprehending interests of such
magnitude, merely a “political question,” and one in
which woman “can take no part without losing
25 something of the modesty and gentleness which are
her most appropriate ornaments”？May not the
“ornament of a meek and quiet spirit” exist with an
upright mind and enlightened intellect, and must
woman necessarily be less gentle because her heart is
30 open to the claims of humanity，or less modest
because she feels for the degradation of her enslaved
sisters, and would stretch forth her hand for their
rescue?
By the Constitution of the United States, the
35 whole physical power of the North is pledged for the
suppression of domestic insurrections, and should the
slaves, maddened by oppression, endeavor to shake off
the yoke of the taskmaster, the men of the North are
bound to make common cause with the tyrant,
40 and put down, at the point of the bayonet, every effort
on the part of the slave, for the attainment of his
freedom. And when the father, husband, son, and
brother shall have left their homes to mingle in die
unholy warfare, "to become the executioners of their
45 brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands," will the
mother, wife, daughter, and sister feel that they have no
interest in this subject? Will it be easy to convince
them that it is no concern of theirs, that their homes are
rendered desolate, and their habitations the abodes of
50 wretchedness? Surely this consideration is of itself
sufficient to arouse the slumbering energies of woman,
for the overthrow of a system which thus threatens to
lay in ruins the fabric of her domestic happiness; and
she will not be deterred from the performance of her
55 duty to herself, her family, and her Country, by the cry
of political question.
But admitting it to be a political question, have
we no interest in the welfare of our country? May
we not permit a thought to stray beyond the narrow
60 limits of our own family circle, and of the present
hour? May we not breathe a sigh over the miseries
of our countrymen, nor utter a word of remonstrance
against the unjust laws that are crushing them to the
earth? Must we witness "the headlong rage or
65 heedless folly," with which our nation is rushing
onward to destruction, and not seek to arrest its
downward course? Shall we silently behold the
land which we love with all the heart-warm affection
of children, rendered a hissing and a reproach
70 throughout the world, by this system which is
already tolling the death-bell of her decease among
the nations? No: the events of the last two years
have cast their dark shadows before, overclouding
the bright prospects of the future, and shrouding the
75 destinies of our country in more than midnight
gloom, and we cannot remain inactive. Our country
is as dear to us as to the proudest statesman, and the
more closely our hearts cling to "our altars and our
homes," the more fervent are our aspirations that
80 every inhabitant of our land may be protected in his
fireside enjoyments by just and equal laws; that the
foot of the tyrant may no longer invade the domestic
sanctuary, nor his hand tear asunder those whom
God himself has united by the most holy ties. Let
85 our course, then, still be onward!
1 A quotation from the Declaration of Independence
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32
Smith’s main purpose in the passage is to
A) accuse fellow abolitionists of overlooking the
contributions that women have made to the
movement.
B) argue that the causes of abolition and women’s
rights are continuations of the spirit of the
American Revolution.
C) make the case that women’s rights are
meaningless while slavery exists.
D) encourage women to see their participation in
the abolitionist cause as just and important.
33
Which statement provides the best description of a
technique that Smith uses throughout the passage to
advance her main point?
A) She presents claims in the form of rhetorical
questions that mostly have implicit negative
answers.
B) She criticizes her opponents by quoting self-
contradictory remarks they have made.
C) She illustrates each of her central ideas with an
emotionally powerful anecdote.
D) She emphasizes the reasonableness of her
views by presenting them as though they are
universally held.
34
How does Smith develop her argument about
slavery as a “political question” (line 3)over the
course of the passage?
A) She claims the designation is an outdated one
and then offers alternative definitions.
B) She dismisses the designation as too narrow
but then demonstrates its relevance to her
audience.
C) She contends that the designation has become
trite and then invites her audience to revitalize
it.
D) She describes the meaning the designation has
for men and then challenges women to
embrace it.
35
Which choice best summarizes the first paragraph?
A) Smith explains a conventional viewpoint and
presents evidence supporting it.
B) Smith rejects a claim and elaborates on her
reasons for doing so.
C) Smith introduces her subject and provides
historical background for understanding it.
D) Smith identifies a problem and proposes steps
to remedy it.
36
In the passage, Smith argues that it is possible for
women to engage in which activity?
A) Acting according to humanitarian principles
while preserving their femininity.
B) Adhering to personal morality while being
politically neutral
C) Contributing to their family’s financial security
while meeting social expectations
D) Resisting calls for war while still opposing
slavery
37
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 26-33(“May…rescue”)
B) Lines 42-47 (“And when…subject”)
C) Lines 51-54 (‘Surely…happiness”)
D) Lines 77-82(“Our…laws”)
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 38
According to Smith, the US Constitution requires
which action on the part Northern free states if slaves
were to revolt?
A) The Northern states would have to sever ties
with the slave states.
B) The Northern states would have to give shelter
to refugees from the slave states.
C) The Northern states would have to help the
slave states tight the slaves’ rebellion.
D) The Northern states would have to provide
financial assistance to the rebelling slaves.
39
In context, what is the main effect of Smith’s use
of the word “tyrant” in lines 40 and 83?
A) It identifies a specific individual as oppressive.
B) It highlights the threat of aggression from
abroad.
C) It critiques the limited roles for women in
antislavery movements.
D) It emphasizes the unjustness of slavery.
40
As used in line 52, “slumbering” most nearly means
A) lethargic.
B) drowsy.
C) dormant.
D) unconscious.
41
In the passage, Smith most strongly suggests that
slavery affects the United States by
A) lowering the country’s reputation in the
international community.
B) leading many women to disavow their
allegiance to the country.
C) causing violent conflicts in many areas of the
country.
D) weakening the authority of the country’s
government.
42
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 48-50(“Will it…wretchedness”)
B) Lines 59-61(“May…hour”)
C) Lines 68-73(“Shall…nations”）
D) Lines 73-77(“No: the…inactive”）
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Women's Rights
Questions 11-20 are based on the following
passages.
Passage 1 is adapted from Shirley Chisholm, “Address to the
United States House of Representatives, 21 May 1969.”
Passage 2 is adapted from Phyllis Schlafly, What’s Wrong
with ‘Equal Rights’ for Women? ©1972 by Phyllis Schlafly.
The Equal Rights Amendment was a proposed amendment to
the United States Constitution intended to prohibit
discrimination on the basis of gender. Chisholm was a
member of Congress when she made her address.
Passage 1
More than half of the population of the United
States is female. But women occupy only 2 percent
of the managerial positions. They have not even
reached the level of tokenism yet. No women sit on
5 the AFL-CIO council or Supreme Court. There have
been only two women who have held Cabinet rank,
and at present there are none. Only two women now
hold ambassadorial rank in the diplomatic corps. In
Congress, we are down to one Senator and 10
10 Representatives.
Considering that there are about 3 1/2 million
more women in the United States than men, this
situation is outrageous....
It is for this reason that I wish to introduce
15 today 15 a proposal that has been before every
Congress for the last 40 years and that sooner or
later must become part of the basic law of the
land—the equal rights amendment.
Let me note and try to refute two of the
20 commonest arguments that are offered against this
amendment. One is that women are already
protected under the law and do not need legislation.
Existing laws are not adequate to secure equal rights
for women. Sufficient proof of this is the
25 concentration of women in lower paying, menial,
unrewarding jobs and their incredible scarcity in the
upper level jobs. If women are already equal, why is
it such an event whenever one happens to be elected
to Congress?...
30 A second argument often heard against the
equal rights amendment is that it would eliminate
legislation that many States and the Federal
Government have enacted giving special protection
to women and that it would throw the marriage and
35 divorce laws into chaos.
As for the marriage laws, they are due for a
sweeping reform, and an excellent beginning would
be to wipe the existing ones off the books.
Regarding special protection for working women, I
40 cannot understand why it should be needed. Women
need no protection that men do not need. What we
need are laws to protect working people to guarantee
them fair pay. safe working conditions. protection
against sickness and layoffs, and provision for
45 dignified, comfortable retirement. Men and women
need these things equally. That one sex needs
protection more than the other is a male supremacist
myth as ridiculous and unworthy of respect as the
white supremacist myths that society is trying to
50 cute itself of at this time.
Passage 2
In the last couple of years, a noisy movement
has sprung up agitating for “women’s rights.”
Suddenly everywhere we are afflicted aggressive
55 females on television talk shows yapping about how
mistreated American women are, suggesting that
marriage has put us in some kind of "slavery, "that
housework is menial and degrading, and—perish the
thought—that women are discriminated against.
60 New “women’s liberation” organizations are
popping up, agitating and demonstrating, serving
demands on public officials, getting wide press
coverage always, and purporting to speak for some
100,000,000 American women.
65 It’s time to set the record straight. The claim
American women are downtrodden and unfairly
treated is the fraud of the century. The truth is that
American women never had it so good. Why should
we lower ourselves to “equal rights” when we
70 already have the status of special privilege?
The proposed Equal Rights Amendment states
that "Equality of rights under the law shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any
state on account of sex,” So what’s wrong with that?
75 Well, here are a few examples of what’s wrong with
it. This Amendment will absolutely and positively
make women subject to the draft. Why any woman
would support such a ridiculous and un-American
as this is beyond comprehension....
80 Another bad effect of the Equal Rights
Amendment is that it will abolish a woman’ right to
child support and alimony, and substitute what the
women’s libbers think is a more "equal" policy, that
"such decisions should be within the discretion of
85 Court and should be made on the economic situation
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and need of the parties in the case." 14

Under present American laws, the man is In Passage 2, Schlafly’s use of quotation marks
always required to support his wife and each child Around "women’s rights"(line 52) and "equal"
he caused to be bought into the world. Why should (line 82) chiefly serves to
90 women abandon these good laws----by trading A) stress the urgency of the reforms referred to in
them for something so nebulous and uncertain as
the quotations.
the “discretion of the Court”?
B) prevent misunderstanding by indicating that
Chisholm’s exact words are being used.
11
C) suggest that the expressions are typically used
In Passage 1, Chisholm mentions the number of
an insulting way.
women in Congress most likely to
D) ridicule the ideological positions underlying the
A) give one example of a profession with very
use of these terms.
few women in it.
B) point out how hard it is for women to get
legislation passed.
15
C) suggest how hard she has worked to become a
In Passage 2,Schlafly’s use of the words “afflicted,
member of Congress.
“aggressive,” and “yapping”（lines 53-54) serves to
D) imply that if there were more women in
support her main argument by
Congress, the Equal Rights Amendment would
A) acknowledging her understanding of the
have passed already.
complexity of the debate on gender equality.
B) conveying her implicit critique of the
contentious nature of American political debate.
12
C) suggesting that the positions taken by her
As used in line 14,"introduce" most nearly means
opponents are unreasonable and annoying.
A) establish.
D) portraying her as personally attacked by her
B) present
opponents rather than challenged on her
C) interject
argument’s merits.
D) preface.

16
13
Which choice best supports the idea that Schlafly
In Passage 1, Chisholm indicates that the federal
believes that women’s circumstances are already
government and many state governments have
superior to those of men?
previously
A) Lines 59-63(“New…women”）
A) passed laws focused on women’s working
B) Lines 64-66(“It’s...century”）
conditions.
C) Lines 67-69(“Why…privilege”)
B) ensured equal rights for women in the
D) Lines 70-73(“The proposed...of sex”)
workplace.
C) reformed most of the marriage and divorce
laws.
D) refused to consider special protections for
women.

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17
According to Schlafly in Passage 2, the Equal
Rights Amendment would eliminate a woman’s
right to
A) join the military.
B) receive alimony.
C) be a homemaker.
D) have custody of her children.
18
Based on Passage 1, Chisholm would most likely
respond to Schlafly’s assertion in lines 66-67 of
Passage 2(“The truth...good”) with
A) concern, because of the polarizing nature of
such perspectives on women.
B) disagreement, because of the economic plight
of many women in the country.
C) resignation, because there are valid arguments
on both sides of this issue.
D) dismay, because of the number of women in
America who hold such beliefs.
19
Based on the passages, which statement describes
how Schlafly would most likely respond to
Chisholm’s remarks about the marriage and divorce
laws of that time?
A) Revoking the marriage and divorce laws
requires an amendment to the United States
Constitution.
B) Activists who believe that marriage is akin to
slavery overlook other ill effects of gender
discrimination.
C) The Equal Rights Amendment should codify
gender equality in areas other than child support
and alimony payments.
D) Current marriage and divorce laws should not
be changed because they provide a significant
benefit to women.
20
Which choice from Passage 2 provides the best
evidence for the answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 53-58(“Suddenly…against”）
B) Lines 75-76(“This...draft”）
C) Lines 76-78("Why...comprehension’’)
D) Lines 86-91(“Under…Court”）
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 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
This passage is adapted from a letter written by Thomas Jefferson 40
to James Madison. It was originally written in 1785, when Jefferson
was residing in France.
Seven o'clock, and retired to my fireside, I have
determined to enter into conversation with you; this 45
[Fontainebleau] is a village of about 5,000 inhabitants when
Line the court is not here and 20,000 when they are, occupying a
5 valley thro' which runs a brook, and on each side of it a ridge
of small mountains most of which are naked rock. The king
comes here in the fall always, to hunt. His court attend him, 50
as do also the foreign diplomatic corps. But as this is not
indispensably required, and my finances do not admit the
10 expence of a continued residence here, I propose to come
occasionally to attend the king's levees, returning again to
Paris, distant 40 miles. 55
This being the first trip, I set out yesterday morning
to take a view of the place. For this purpose I shaped my course
15 towards the highest of the mountains in sight, to the top of
which was about a league. As soon as I had got clear of the
town I fell in with a poor woman walking at the same rate 60
with myself and going the same course. Wishing to know the
condition of the labouring poor I entered into conversation
20 with her, which I began by enquiries for the path which
would lead me into the mountain: and thence proceeded to
enquiries into her vocation, condition and circumstance. She 65
told me she was a day labourer, at 8. sous or 4 d. sterling the
day; that she had two children to maintain, and to pay a rent
25 of 30 livres for her house (which would consume the hire of
75 days), that often she could get no emploiment, and of
course was without bread. As we had walked together near a 70
mile and she had so far served me as a guide, I gave her, on
parting 24 sous. She burst into tears of a gratitude which I
30 could perceive was unfeigned, because she was unable to
utter a word. She had probably never before received so great
an aid.
This little attendrissement1, with the solitude of my walk
led me into a train of reflections on that unequal division of
35 property which occasions the numberless instances of
wretchedness which I had observed in this country and is to
be observed all over Europe. The property of this country is
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L2 P3
absolutely concentered in a very few hands, having revenues
of from half a million of guineas a year downwards. These
employ the flower of the country as servants, some of them
having as many as 200 domestics, not labouring. They
employ also a great number of manufacturers, and
tradesmen, and lastly the class of labouring husbandmen2.
But after all these comes the most numerous of all the
classes, that is, the poor who cannot find work. I asked
myself what could be the reason that so many should be
permitted to beg who are willing to work, in a country where
there is a very considerable proportion of uncultivated lands?
These lands are kept idle mostly for the aske of game. It
should seem then that it must be because of the enormous
wealth of the proprietors which places them above attention
to the increase of their revenues by permitting these lands to
be laboured.
I am conscious that an equal division of property is
impracticable. But the consequences of this enormous
inequality producing so much misery to the bulk of mankind,
legislators cannot invent too many devices for subdividing
property, only taking care to let their subdivisions go hand in
hand with the natural affections of the human mind. The
descent of property of every kind therefore to all the
children, or to all the brothers and sisters, or other relations in
equal degree is a politic measure, and a practicable
one. Another means of silently lessening the inequality of
property is to exempt all from taxation below a certain point,
and to tax the higher portions of property in geometrical
progression as they rise. Whenever there is in any country,
uncultivated lands and unemployed poor, it is clear that the
laws of property have been so far extended as to violate
natural right. The earth is given as a common stock for man
to labour and live on. If, for the encouragement of industry
we allow it to be appropriated, we must take care that other
employment be furnished to those excluded from the
appropriation. . .
1
emotion
2
farmers
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1 4
Jefferson’s central claim in the passage is that The main purpose of the passage’s information about
Fontainebleau is to
A) the current system of inheritance and ownership
is unlikely ever to change. A) provide a picturesque counterpoint to the terrible
poverty that Jefferson witnesses.
B) wealth should be redistributed in a way that
benefits the majority of society. B) describe a foreign land to someone who has never
visited France.
C) the unemployed should use their energies to work
the land, rather than ask for money. C) contextualize the anecdote and argument that
follow.
D) everybody has the natural right to as much
property as he or she thinks necessary. D) interest the reader in the narrative before
changing topics.

2
5
Jefferson uses the example of the woman he meets on
the road in order to Jefferson implies that the initial purpose of his walk
was to
A) provide a moving anecdote in order to distract his
reader from larger issues. A) better understand the physical geography around
him.
B) illustrate his surroundings with an atypical
example of the native people. B) get out of the town in order to think more clearly.
C) support the claim that the economic situation is C) understand the condition of non-American
worse than Madison thinks. laborers.
D) transition from his specific experience to a more D) avoid running into the king and his courtiers.
general argument.

6
3
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts answer to the previous question?
from
A) lines 8–12 (“But as . . . miles”)
A) a description of the locale to a broader discussion
B) lines 13–14 (“This . . . place”)
of principles.
C) lines 16–18 (“As soon . . . course”)
B) a humorous anecdote to a position on a popular
U.S. debate. D) lines 18–20 (“Wishing . . . her”)
C) an analysis of the king’s situation to an analysis of
an unemployed person’s.
D) Jefferson’s experiences in France to Madison’s
experiences in the U.S.

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7 10
What main effect does the phrase “flower of the Jefferson’s statement that he is conscious that “an
country,” line 40, have on the tone of the passage? equal division of property is impracticable” (lines
54–55) implies that he
A) It lightens the tone by providing a metaphor of
beauty in an otherwise bleak narrative. A) has decided that there is no point in pursuing
his goals, because they would ultimately prove
B) It provides an impassioned tone to describe the
impossible to carry out.
discrepancy between the relative privilege of the
few and the hardship of the many. B) knows that his ideals are not entirely realistic, yet
still believes that some improvement is possible.
C) It creates a tone of praise by comparing the
workers of France to those in the U.S. C) does not care about what is realistically possible,
but is only concerned with the way that things
D) It creates an optimistic tone by showing that the
should be.
people of France are variously employed.
D) believes that even though property cannot
8 be divided equally, it should still be divided
according to a man’s abilities.
As used in line 49, “game” most nearly means
A) tricks to be played.
11
B) play to be undertaken.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
C) sports to be practiced. answer to the previous question?
D) animals to be hunted. A) lines 49–53 (“It should . . . laboured”)
B) lines 55–56 (“But the consequences . . . mankind”)
9 C) lines 57–59 (“legislators . . . mind”)
Which choice best describes Jefferson’s attitude D) lines 59–63 (“The descent . . . one”)
towards socio-economic conditions in France?
A) He approves of the king’s policies on most, but
not all, issues.
B) He sees France as an isolated case, with unique
conditions not applicable to other countries.
C) He is affronted by the few opportunities given to
the poor.
D) He is pleased that the United States does not
experience the same conditions as France.

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 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
This passage is excerpted from Federalist Paper No. 5, published
in 1787. In it, statesman John Jay discusses the potential effects of
dividing the U.S. into several different nations. 40
The history of Great Britain is the one with which we are
in general the best acquainted, and it gives us many useful
lessons. We may profit by their experience without paying
Line the price which it cost them. Although it seems obvious to 45
5 common sense that the people of such an island should be but
one nation, yet we find that they were for ages divided into
three, and that those three were almost constantly embroiled
in quarrels and wars with one another. Notwithstanding their
true interest with respect to the continental nations was really 50
10 the same, yet by the arts and policy and practices of those
nations, their mutual jealousies were perpetually kept
inflamed, and for a long series of years they were far more
inconvenient and troublesome than they were useful and
assisting to each other. 55
15 Should the people of America divide themselves into three
or four nations, would not the same thing happen? Would not
similar jealousies arise, and be in like manner cherished?
Instead of their being "joined in affection" and "free from all
apprehension of different interests," envy and jealousy would 60
20 soon extinguish confidence and affection, and the partial
interests of each confederacy, instead of the general interests
of all America, would be the only objects of their policy and
pursuits. Hence, like most other bordering nations, they
would always be either involved in disputes and war, or live 65
25 in the constant apprehension of them.
The most sanguine advocates for three or four
confederacies cannot reasonably suppose that they would
long remain exactly on an equal footing in point of strength,
even if it was possible to form them so at first; but, admitting 70
30 that to be practicable, yet what human contrivance can secure
the continuance of such equality? Independent of those local
circumstances which tend to beget and increase power in one
part and to impede its progress in another, we must advert to
the effects of that superior policy and good management 75
35 which would probably distinguish the government of one
134
L3 P2
above the rest, and by which their relative equality in
strength and consideration would be destroyed. For it cannot
be presumed that the same degree of sound policy, prudence,
and foresight would uniformly be observed by each of these
confederacies for a long succession of years.
Whenever, and from whatever causes, it might happen,
and happen it would, that any one of these nations or
confederacies should rise on the scale of political importance
much above the degree of her neighbors, that moment would
those neighbors behold her with envy and with fear. Both
those passions would lead them to countenance, if not to
promote, whatever might promise to diminish her
importance; and would also restrain them from measures
calculated to advance or even to secure her prosperity. Much
time would not be necessary to enable her to discern these
unfriendly dispositions. She would soon begin, not only to
lose confidence in her neighbors, but also to feel a
disposition equally unfavorable to them. Distrust naturally
creates distrust, and by nothing is good-will and kind conduct
more speedily changed than by invidious jealousies and
uncandid imputations, whether expressed or implied.
The North is generally the region of strength, and many
local circumstances render it probable that the most Northern
of the proposed confederacies would, at a period not very
distant, be unquestionably more formidable than any of the
others. No sooner would this become evident than the
Northern Hive would excite the same ideas and sensations in
the more southern parts of America which it formerly did in
the southern parts of Europe. Nor does it appear to be a rash
conjecture that its young swarms might often be tempted to
gather honey in the more blooming fields and milder air of
their luxurious and more delicate neighbors.
They who well consider the history of similar divisions
and confederacies will find abundant reason to apprehend
that those in contemplation would in no other sense be
neighbors than as they would be borderers; that they would
neither love nor trust one another, but on the contrary would
be a prey to discord, jealousy, and mutual injuries; in short,
that they would place us exactly in the situations in which
some nations doubtless wish to see us, viz., formidable only
to each other.
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1 4
The author’s central claim in the passage is that As used in line 27, the word “suppose” most nearly
A) since bordering nations are naturally competitive, means
the U. S. should avoid division. A) admit.
B) since Britain is experienced in the art of war, the U. B) imply.
S. should imitate their policies.
C) require.
C) since the North is stronger than the South,
D) expect.
multiple confederacies are inevitable.
D) since unity is critical to the future of the U. S., a
new form of government is needed. 5
The author implies that a Southern confederacy would
2 mostly likely engage in what type of behavior?
A) Amicable
The main purpose of the passage is to
B) Violent
A) warn against a potential form of government.
C) Passive-aggressive
B) argue for a particular diplomatic decision.
D) Diplomatic
C) defend a current form of government.
D) explain a way in which science relates to politics.
6
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
3
answer to the previous question?
The author includes the example of Britain in order to
A) lines 31–37 (“Independent . . . destroyed.”)
A) question the wisdom of establishing ties with
B) lines 37–40 (“For . . . years.”)
foreign nations.
C) lines 41–45 (“Whenever . . . fear.”)
B) provide historical evidence for his predictions.
D) lines 45–49 (“Both . . . prosperity.”)
C) explain how a rival nation exercises diplomacy.
D) challenge a foreign power to disclose its methods.

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 History
7 10
The author implies that a Northern confederacy
would most likely engage in what kind of activity?
A) Protection of bordering nations
B) Exploitation of a weaker nation
C) Development of international ties
D) Introduction of domestic tariffs
8
11
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 51–53 (“She . . . them.”)
B) lines 53–56 (“Distrust . . . implied.”)
C) lines 57–61 (“The . . . others.”)
D) lines 64–67 (“Nor . . . neighbors.”)
9 the stronger nation conquers the weaker nation.
As used in line 62, the word “sensations” most nearly
means
A) triumphs.
B) successes.
C) emotions.
D) celebrations.
136
L3 P2
The author states that the competition of bordering
nations
A) diminishes their international relevance.
B) increases their joint military strength.
C) reduces their economic inequality.
D) damages their agricultural industries.
Which choice would most clearly undermine the
author’s argument about the relations of bordering
nations?
A) Two bordering nations remain equal to each other
in power and are constantly at war.
B) Two bordering nations remain equal to each other
in power and maintain peaceful relations.
C) Two bordering nations are unequal in power, and
D) Two bordering nations are unequal in power, and
the weaker nation conquers the stronger nation.
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 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
The following is a speech given by Benjamin Franklin to the
Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787. The Convention 40
was deciding whether to ratify the final version of the U.S.
Constitution.
Dear Mr. President,
I confess that there are several parts of this constitution 45
which I do not at present approve, but I am not sure I shall
Line never approve them: For having lived long, I have
5 experienced many instances of being obliged by better
information or fuller consideration, to change opinions even
on important subjects, which I once thought right, but found 50
to be otherwise. It is therefore that the older I grow, the more
apt I am to doubt my own judgment, and to pay more respect
10 to the judgment of others. Most men indeed as well as most
sects in Religion, think themselves in possession of all truth,
and that wherever others differ from them it is so far error. 55
Steele, a Protestant in a Dedication tells the Pope, that the
only difference between our Churches in their opinions of the
15 certainty of their doctrines is, the Church of Rome is
infallible and the Church of England is never in the wrong.
But though many private persons think almost as highly of 60
their own infallibility as of that of their sect, few express itso
naturally as a certain french lady, who in a dispute with her
20 sister, said "I don't know how it happens, Sister but I meet
with nobody but myself, that's always in the right".
In these sentiments, Sir, I agree to this Constitution with 65
all its faults, if they are such; because I think a general
Government necessary for us, and there is no form of
25 Government but what may be a blessing to the people if well
administered, and believe farther that this is likely to be well
administered for a course of years, and can only end in 70
Despotism, as other forms have done before it, when the
people shall become so corrupted as to need despotic
30 Government, being incapable of any other. I doubt too.
Whether any other Convention we can obtain may be able to
make a better Constitution. For when you assemble a number
of men to have the advantage of their joint wisdom, you
inevitably assemble with those men, all their prejudices, their
35 passions, their errors of opinion, their local interests, and
their selfish views.
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L2 P1
From such an Assembly can a perfect production be
expected? It therefore astonishes me, Sir, to find this system
approaching so near to perfection as it does; and I think it
will astonish our enemies, who are waiting with confidence
to hear that our councils are confounded like those of the
Builders of Babel*; and that our States are on the point of
separation, only to meet hereafter for the purpose of cutting
one another's throats. Thus I consent, Sir, to this Constitution
because I expect no better, and because I am not sure, that it is
not the best. The opinions I have had of its errors, I
sacrifice to the public good-I have never whispered a
syllable of them abroad-Within these walls they were born,
and here they shall die-If every one of us in returning to our
Constituents were to report the objections he has had to it,
and endeavor to gain partizans in support of them, we might
prevent its being generally received, and thereby lose all the
salutary effects & great advantages resulting naturally in our
favor among foreign Nations as well as among ourselves,
from our real or apparent unanimity. Much of the strength &
efficiency of any Government in procuring and securing
happiness to the people, depends on opinion, on the general
opinion of the goodness of the Government, as well
as of the wisdom and integrity of its Governors. I hope
therefore that for our own sakes as a part of the people, and
for the sake of posterity, we shall act heartily and
unanimously in recommending this Constitution (if approved
by Congress & confirmed by the Conventions) wherever our
influence may extend, and turn our future thoughts &
endeavors to the means of having it well administered.
On the whole, Sir, I cannot help expressing a wish that
every member of the Convention who may still have
objections to it, would with me, on this occasion doubt a little
of his own infallibility--and to make manifest our unanimity,
put his name to this instrument.
*In the Christian Bible, the people who built the Tower of Babel
spoke multiple languages and could not understand each other well
enough to complete the tower’s construction
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 History L2 P1
1 5
The author’s central claim in the passage is that According to the passage, the main objection to
immediate passage of the Constitution is that it is
A) the Constitution will have to suffice until it is
proven to be inadequate. A) unpopular.
B) the objections to the Constitution are trivial and B) despotic.
should be disregarded by the Assembly.
C) imperfect.
C) the objections to the Constitution can be
D) partisan.
dismissed unless they are unanimous.
D) the Constitution is adequate and should be passed
without objection. 6
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts
2 from
A) an acknowledgment of criticism to a dismissal of
In the passage, Franklin characterizes himself as
its validity.
someone who is
B) an admission of a problem to the proposal of a
A) sarcastic.
solution.
B) experienced.
C) an overview of inconsistencies to an explanation
C) cynical. of their complexity.
D) indecisive. D) an argument for action to a summary of guiding
principles.

3
7
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question? Franklin attributes the Constitution’s flaws to the fact
A) lines 8–10 (“It is . . . of others”) that

B) lines 23–26 (“I think . . . well administered”) A) the document was written very quickly.

C) lines 44–46 (“Thus . . . the best”) B) the people who wrote it all had their own
opinions.
D) lines 59–62 (“I hope . . . Constitution”)
C) the citizens of the nation were not consulted.
D) the writers were trying to appear unanimous
4 when they were not.

In line 35, the word “local” most nearly means

A) geographical.
B) provincial.
C) nearby.
D) domestic.

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8 10
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 2–4 (“I confess . . . them”)
B) lines 32–36 (“For when . . . views”)
C) lines 38–39 (“It therefore . . . does”)
D) lines 46–49 (“The opinions . . . die”)
L2 P1
The main purpose of Franklin’s comment about the
French lady (line 19) is most likely to
A) ridicule the arrogance of the lady.
B) allude to the division of public opinion.
C) point out a universal truth in a humorous way.
D) convey the futility of further dispute.

9 11
The main comparison Franklin draws between the As used in line 57, “general” most nearly means
Assembly and the Churches is in terms of their
A) overall.
members’
B) typical.
A) stubborn adherence to doctrine.
C) customary.
B) dedication to promoting the truth.
D) ordinary.
C) unwillingness to accept failure.
D) blindness to their weaknesses.

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 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
Passage 1 is excerpted from a published letter written by an author
known only as the Federal Farmer.
Passage 2 is excerpted from a published letter by Agrippa, the
pseudonym of James Winthrop.
Winthrop was part of the anti-federalist movement. Both passages
were written in 1787.
Passage 1
Our object has been all along, to reform our federal
system, and to strengthen our governments, but a new object
now presents. The plan of government now proposed is
Line evidently calculated totally to change, in time, our condition
5 as a people. Instead of being thirteen republics, under a
federal head, it is clearly designed to make us one
consolidated government. Whether such a change can ever be
effected in any manner; whether it can be effected without
convulsions and civil wars; whether such a change will not
10 totally destroy the liberties of this country-time only can
determine.
The confederation was formed when great confidence was
placed in the voluntary exertions of individuals, and of the
respective states; and the framers of it, to guard against
15 usurpation, so limited and checked the powers. We find,
therefore, members of congress urging alterations in the
federal system almost as soon as it was adopted. The first
interesting question is how far the states can be consolidated
into one entire government on free principles. The happiness
20 of the people at large must be the great object with every
honest statesman, and he will direct every movement to this
point. If we are so situated as a people, as not to be able to
enjoy equal happiness and advantages under one
government, the consolidation of the states cannot be
25 admitted.
Touching the federal plan, I do not think much can be said
in its favor: The sovereignty of the nation, without coercive
and efficient powers to collect the strength of it, cannot
always be depended on to answer the purposes of
30 government; and in a congress of representatives of
sovereign states, there must necessarily be an unreasonable
mixture of powers in the same hands.
Independent of the opinions of many great authors, that a
free elective government cannot be extended over large
35 territories, a few reflections must evince, that one
government and general legislation alone, never can extend
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L2 P2
equal benefits to all parts of the United States: Different
laws, customs, and opinions exist in the different states,
which by a uniform system of laws would be unreasonably
40 invaded. The United States contain about a million of square
miles, and in half a century will, probably, contain ten
millions of people.
Passage 2
Let us now consider how far [the new system] is
consistent with the happiness of the people and their
45 freedom. It is the opinion of the ablest writers on the subject,
that no extensive empire can be governed upon republican
principles, and that such a government will degenerate to a
despotism, unless it be made up of a confederacy of smaller
states, each having the full powers of internal regulation.
50 This is precisely the principle which has hitherto preserved
our freedom. No instance can be found of any free
government of considerable extent which has been supported
upon any other plan. Large and consolidated empires may
indeed dazzle the eyes of a distant spectator with their
55 splendour, but if examined more nearly are always found to
be full of misery. The reason is obvious. In large states the
same principles of legislation will not apply to all
the parts.The laws not being made by the people, who felt the
inconveniences, did not suit their circumstances. It is under
60 such tyranny that the Spanish provinces languish, and such
would be our misfortune and degradation, if we should
submit to have the concerns of the whole empire managed by
one legislature. To promote the happiness of the people it is
necessary that there should be local laws; and it is necessary
65 that those laws should be made by the representatives of
those who are immediately subject to the want of them.
It is impossible for one code of laws to suit Georgia and
Massachusetts. They must, therefore, legislate for
themselves. The laws of Congress are in all cases to be the
70 supreme law of the land, and paramount to the constitutions
of the individual states. This new system is, therefore, a
consolidation of all the states into one large mass, however
diverse the parts may be of which it is to be composed. The
idea of an uncompounded republick, on an average, one
75 thousand miles in length, and eight hundred in breadth, and
containing six millions of inhabitants all reduced to the same
standard of morals, or habits, and of laws, is in itself an
absurdity, and contrary to the whole experience of mankind.
All that part, therefore, of the new system, which relates to the
80 internal government of the states, ought at once to be rejected.
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1 4
The main purpose of Passage 1 is In explaining their ideas on federal government, both
authors make use of which kind of evidence?
A) to provide information about plans to reform the
federal system. A) Historical records
B) highlight inconsistent government principles B) Expert testimony
across multiple states.
C) Hypothetical scenarios
C) introduce plans for a new kind of government
D) Personal anecdotes
that differs greatly from the current one.
D) question a proposal to consolidate power in a
single federal system. 5
Both passages argue that individual states
2 A) would not benefit from following the same set of
laws.
Which statement about the federal government most
accurately reflects the point of view of the author of B) are becoming too unwieldy due to lack of one
Passage 1? unifying government.

A) The current form of government has been in C) run the risk of engaging in multiple civil wars
place for too long and increased consolidation is over time.
long overdue. D) duplicate functions and should be eventually
B) The proposed changes would bring about more consolidated.
negative consequences than maintaining the
current form of government would.
6
C) A well-functioning confederation is impossible
because independent states will never agree on It can reasonably be inferred from Passage 1 that the
policies. author is

D) The uniform system of laws proposed by a federal A) skeptical that consolidating the government can
government will help unite the country as one occur peacefully.
nation. B) curious about reforming the federal system of
government.
3 C) concerned that increasing the independence of
states will weaken local governments.
Which idea is presented in Passage 2 but NOT in
Passage 1? D) doubtful that the majority of people will vote for
new government legislation.
A) The proposed form of federal government will
inevitably result in tyranny.
B) The happiness and liberty of the people should be
the priority of any form of government.
C) The country is too large and has too many people
for a federal government to rule effectively.
D) It is better for states to govern themselves due to
their differences in customs.

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7 10
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 1–3 (“Our . . . presents”)
B) lines 3–5 (“The . . . people”)
C) lines 5–7 (“Instead . . . government”)
D) lines 7–11 (“Whether . . . determine”)
8
In line 40, “invaded” most nearly means
A) infringed.
B) usurped.
C) trespassed.
D) permeated.
L2 P2
How would the author of Passage 2 most likely
respond to the author’s ideas about consolidation of
power in lines 33–42 of Passage 1?
A) With disapproval, because they contradict his
argument.
B) With approval, because they help support his
argument.
C) With caution, because while the authors agree on
some points, they do not agree on all.
D) With support, because they bring up a new idea
about the debate.
11
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 53–56 (“Large. . . misery”)

9 B) lines 56–57 (“In . . . parts”)

By referring to the potential government as "a C) lines 63–66 (“To. . . them”)

despotism" line 48, the author of Passage 2 implies D) lines 69–71 (“The . . . states”)
that the proposal is
A) extreme and dangerous.
B) unwise but possible.
C) troublesome and uncertain.
D) hazardous but inevitable.

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 1 1
Question-and-Answer Service
American History

29
Reading Test Questions 33-42 are based on the following

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passages.
The last sentence of the passage serves mainly to
65 M I NU TES, 5 2 QUESTIONSPassage 1, by Patrick Henry, and Passage 2, by Edmund
A) hint at a possible weakness in a claim. Pendleton, are adapted from speeches delivered to the
B) emphasize the critical nature of a decision. Virginia ratifying convention in 1788. Both are in response
Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer
to the questions
the proposal in this
by the 1787section.
Constitutional Convention in
C) allude to a potential resolution to a puzzle. Philadelphia to replace the Articles of Confederation with a
D) reconcile two opposing positions on an issue. new constitution establishing a national government.
Passage 1
If a wrong step be now made, the republic may be
30 Each passage or pair of passages below is followedlost
by forever.
a numberIf of questions.
this After reading
new government will not come up
each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each
to question
the basedof
expectation onthewhat is stated
people, and or
they shall be
According to the table, which object has the lowest
implied in the passage or passages and in anyLine
accompanying graphics
disappointed, their (such as
liberty a table
will be or and tyranny
lost,
average density?
graph). 5 must and will arise.
A) Earth . . . And here I would make this inquiry of those
B) Ceres worthy characters who composed a part of the late
federal Convention. I am sure they were fully
C) Saturn 1-10 are based on the following
Questions old man’s listening
impressed with the ear, and toofhis
necessity wife’s ear,
forming a greateven
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................

passage.
D) Pluto 10 when the car government,
consolidated was relativelyinsteadfar away ofand beyond their
a confederation.
This passage is adapted from Amit Chaudhuri, A Strange and
range
That thisof vision. They had pondered
is a consolidated government overis the sound,
Sublime Address. ©1991 by Amit Chaudhuri. A ten-year-old 30 and finally, he clear;
demonstrably had litandthethe
lantern
danger andofshuffled
such a out.
31 boy named Sandeep travels with his mother, his aunt “I told her,” he
government is, said,
to myreferring
mind, very to his wife. “I told her
striking.
(Mamima), and his uncle (Chhotomama) to visit family in thatI have
I heard thethe car, I veneration
highest knew it wasfor thethose
car, Igentlemen;
told her
Which statement is supported by data represented in you
Calcutta, India. 15 but, were
sir, givecoming.”
me leave to demand, What right had
the table?
theyOnce
to say,theyWe,were
theinside,
people? Mamima
My political gave curiosity,
the pot of
Two boys were playing carrom on the steps of a yoghurt
A) Earth shows greater 35 exclusiveand theanxious
of my pot of sweetmeats
solicitude for to thethe old
public
small, painted shed whichvariation
had the in density words
following than
lady. “There
Ceres does. welfare, leadswasmeno need,”
to ask, Who sheauthorized
said. “Oh really,”them toshe
on its wall in large, black letters: NATIONAL said.
speak“This is too much,”
the language of, We, shetheinsisted,
people,with insteadthe of,
air of
Line B) Juno’s average
ASSOCIATION OFdistance
SPORTSMEN.from theASun is less than
single
20 one
We, who has just
the states? received
States thecharacteristics
are the Kohinoor diamond and the as
that of Ceres.
5 table-tennis table inside the shed could be glimpsed
asoul
birthday present. “Come,
of a confederation. If thecome,
statescome,”
be notsaid the agents
through
C) Somethe window.
objects The
in the boys interrupted
asteroid their in
belt are greater Chhotomama,
40 of this compact,with the air
it must of someone
be one who has just
great, consolidated,
gamemassto give
thanChhotomama
Ceres is. directions to the house given thegovernment,
Kohinoor diamond as a birthday present,
national of the people of all the
in a series of sporadic, enthusiastic gestures. Oh yes, and refuses
D) states. . . . to be overawed by his own generosity.
theyNo other
knew thedwarf planetAnd
old couple. has ayes,
radius
theirasson
largeandas “It’sThenothing.” wasthem
that of Ceres. 25 people It gave nothing, of course,
no power to useonly their
10 daughter-in-law had arrived last night with their
Ganguram’s
name. That they sweets and yoghurt,
exceeded but they
their power fussed and
is perfectly
first child. fussed
45 clear. Itand created
is not merethe illusionthat
curiosity thatactuates
it was something,
me: I wish
“Is it a girl or a boy?” asked Mamima, rolling something
32 down the window. to hear the unique and untasted
real, actual, and unencountered.
existing danger, which should
leadTheus tosontake
andthose
the daughter-in-law
steps, so dangerous emergedin myshyly
“A girl,”
Which data said the boy.
presented in the table would McKinnon from the anteroom. They both stooped gently to of
30 conception. Disorders have arisen in other parts
15 findMamima
most usefulrolledto up
his her window before the
argument? touch Chhotomama’s
America; but here, sir,feet, and Sandeep’s
no dangers, aunt’s andor
no insurrection
mosquitoes came in. The two boys vanished behind his mother’s feet, a traditional greeting
A) The average 50 tumult have happened; every thing has andbeenacalmmark of
them. When theydensity
reachedofthePluto is similar
house, to thatthat
they found of
obeisance towards one’s elders.
Ceres. and tranquil. But, notwithstanding this, we are
the old man was waiting on the verandah with a “Oh no no
wandering on no,” said Chhotomama,
the great ocean of human struggling
affairs. I seeto
lantern
B) in his is
Neptune hand. Moths
located muchwere shuddering
farther from the round
Sun keep the son’stohand away fromare hisrunning
feet. “There’s no
35 no landmark guide us. We we know
20 and than
roundis the lantern, though the old man was
Ceres. need for all this.”
not whither. This was
Difference half a token
of opinion has gonegesture to a
oblivious
C) to them.
The mass He had
of Ceres come
is only out because
slightly greaterhe had
than towards
55 degree ofmodesty,
inflammatory and half towards the
resentment new,
in different parts
heard the throbbing
that of Juno. of the engine in the distance. “modern” India—Nehru’s secular India, free
of the country, which has been occasioned byofthis
ritual
The night had been silent except for the questioning and religion.
D) Ceres is denser, perilous innovation. The federal Convention ought
cry of an owl and theon average,orchestral
continual than eithersoundNeptune
of
or Uranus. 40 to have amended the old system; for this purpose
25 crickets in the bushes. The throbbing of the engine
they were solely delegated; the object of their mission
had, therefore, travelled through the silence to the
April QAS 2017
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extended
“I havetonot nomet
other you
consideration.
for two years,YouDada,”
must,said the 3
33

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
therefore,
son, strugglingforgiveto the
get his
solicitation
hands near
of one
Chhotomama’s
unworthy
60 member
toes. “You tomust
knownot what
stop
danger
me.” This
couldwas
havehalf
arisen
a token As Passage
In used in lines 37 and
1, Henry 40,that
states “air”Virginia
most nearly means
differs from
45 under
gesturethe towards
present modesty,
Confederation,
and halfand
towards
what the
are old,
the other areas of the country in that
A) atmosphere.
causes
“traditional”
of thisIndia—Gandhi’s
proposal to change India
ourofgovernment.
ceremony and A) there is no evidence of civil unrest.
custom. B) absence.
Passage 2 B) the federal convention is widely praised.
Sandeep, meanwhile, had come to the conclusion C) demeanor.
Mr. Chairman, my worthy friend (Mr. Henry) C) opposition
65 that the grown-ups were mad, each after his or her
has expressed great uneasiness in his mind, and D) melody. to a consolidated government is
own fashion. Simple situations were turned into strong.
informed us that a great many of our citizens are also
complex, dramatic ones; not until then did everyone D) tyranny and loss of liberty are greatly feared.
50 extremely uneasy, at the proposal of changing our
feel important and happy. Will they never grow up? 4
government. . . .
thought Sandeep irately. He glanced around him. A
. . . [A]n objection is made to the form: the The characters’ behavior during the gift giving
70 single blue, fluorescent tube was burning on the wall. 34
expression, We, the people, is thought improper. mainly serves to
It was not a big room. Despite its bareness, the
Permit me to ask the gentleman who made this The figurative language in lines 33-35 (“But,
impression it gave was of austerity rather than A) emphasize the
55 objection, who but the people can delegate powers?
poverty. It made one remember that poverty meant notwithstanding . . lavish
. guidevalue of the gift.
us”) serves mainly to
Who but the people have a right to form B) inflate the significance of the gesture.
suggest
displacement as well as lack, while austerity meant
government? The expression is a common one, and a
75 being poor in a rooted way, within a tradition and C) convey indifference toward the gift.
favorite one with me. The representatives of the A) impatience.
culture of sparseness, which transformed even the D) stress the need for polite behavior.
people, by their authority, is a mode wholly B) uncertainty.
lack, the paucity, into a kind of being.
60 inessential. If the objection be, that the Union ought
C) optimism.
to be not of the people, but of the state governments,
then I think the choice of the former very happy and 5 D) indignation.
1 proper. What have the state governments to do
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
with it? . . . to the passage, the old man was standing
According answer to the previous question?
65 on But the powerbecause
the verandah of the Convention is doubted. 35
What is the power? To propose, not to determine. A) Lines 43-44
In Passage (“It wasindicates
2, Pendleton . . . yoghurt”)
that the phrase
A)
Thishe was watching
power of proposingcarswas
travel down
very theitroad.
broad; extended B) Lines
“We, 44-46 (“they
the people” is . . . unencountered”)
to
B) remove
the twoallboysdefects
hadin government:
reported the members
the visitors would of
that soon
Convention,
arrive. who were to consider all the defects C)
A) Lines 52-54 (“Oh
objectionable no . .citizens.
to most . all this”)
70 in our general government, were not confined to any
C) he had heard what he believed to be the D)
B) Lines 58-60 (“I
appropriate for have . . . stop me”)
the proposed type of
particular
visitors’plan.
car.Were they deceived? This is the government.
proper question here. Suppose the paper on your
D) he
table enjoyedfrom
dropped listening
one oftothe
theplanets;
quiet sounds of
the people 6 C) popular among proponents of states’ rights.
found theit,evening.
and sent us here to consider whether it was D) overused by supporters of a federal system.
The description of Chhotomama and the son’s
75 proper for their adoption; must we not obey them?
interaction mainly serves to
Then the question must be between this government
2 and the Confederation. The latter is no government 36 A) show how the characters diverge in their
at
In all.
theItpassage,
has been thesaid that itand
yoghurt hassweetmeats
carried us, through
are a approaches to cultural practices.
As used in line 79, “issue” most nearly means
dangerous
compared to a war, to a happy issue. Not that
B) emphasize the characters’ complex relationship.
80 Confederation, but common danger, and the spirit of A) misgiving.
A) jewel.were bonds of our union: union and
America, C) stress the characters’ misinterpretations of
B) publication.
Indian history.
unanimity,
B) cuisine.and not that insignificant paper, carried
us through that dangerous war. “United, we C) proceeding.
D) depict how the characters created gestures that
C) wedding gift.
stand—divided, we fall!” echoed and reëchoed D) became
outcome.routine.
D) generous
85 through donation. Congress to the drunken
America—from
carpenter—was effectual, and procured the end of
our wishes, though now forgotten by gentlemen, if
such there be, who incline to let go this stronghold,
to catch at feathers; for such all substituted projects
90 may prove.

97 April
of 134QAS 2017

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3 CO NTI N U E
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37
Reading Test 40

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Based on Passage 2, which statement best reflects Which statement best expresses Henry’s and
Pendleton’s view 65
of theM I NU of
Articles TES, 5 2 QUESTIONSPendleton’s respective views of the Confederation?
Confederation?
A) They were a source of great concern to a large A) Henry felt it was flawed but correctable, while
Turn to Section
number of American citizens.1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions
Pendleton feltinthat
thisitsection.
had served no useful
B) They gave too much power to the elected purpose.
representatives. B) Henry viewed it as a perfect expression of
C) They served to unite the country in ways that democracy, while Pendleton viewed it as
were unprecedented. fundamentally authoritarian.
Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading
D) They had little each passage
to do or pair, choose
with America’s having C) question
the best answer to each Henry regarded
based onit what
as adequate
is statedinorits current
prevailed in its most recent
implied form, while Pendleton
conflict.or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or
in the passage regarded it as a
transitional system only.
graph).
D) Henry considered it an unavoidable compromise
38 during a time of crisis, while Pendleton
considered it to have harmed the nation’s future
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
Questions 1-10 are based on the following prospects.
old man’s listening ear, and to his wife’s ear, even
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................

answer to the previous question?

passage. when the car was relatively far away and beyond their
A) Lines 47-51
This passage (“Mr.from
is adapted Chairman . . . government”)
Amit Chaudhuri, A Strange and
range of vision. They had pondered over the sound,
B) Lines
Sublime 58-60©1991
Address. (“Thebyrepresentatives
Amit Chaudhuri..A. .ten-year-old 41
30 and finally, he had lit the lantern and shuffled out.
boy named Sandeep travels with his mother, his aunt
inessential”) “I told her,” he said, referring to his wife. “I told her
Henry would most likely have responded to
(Mamima), and his uncle (Chhotomama) to visit family in that I heard the car, I knew it was the car, I told her
C) Lines 79-83 (“Not . . . war”) Pendleton’s claim about the members of the
Calcutta, India. you were coming.”
Convention by asserting that they
D) Lines 83-89 (“United . . . feathers”) Once they were inside, Mamima gave the pot of
Two boys were playing carrom on the steps of a yoghurt andsufficiently
the pot of sweetmeats
35 A) did not address theto the old
defects of the
small, painted shed which had the following words lady.Confederation.
“There was no need,” she said. “Oh really,” she
on its wall in large, black letters: NATIONAL said.should
“This isnottoohave
much,” she insisted, withnew
the air of
39 B) proposed an entirely form
Line ASSOCIATION OF SPORTSMEN. A single
one who has just
of government. received the Kohinoor diamond as
table-tennis
5 Which table best
statement inside the shedthe
describes could be glimpsed
relationship a birthday present. “Come, come, come,” said
through the window.
between The boys
views expressed in interrupted their
the two passages? 40 C) were seeking
Chhotomama, only
with thetoairenact the wishes
of someone whoofhas
the just
game to give Chhotomama directions to the house American people.
given the Kohinoor diamond as a birthday present,
A) Henryofand
in a series Pendleton
sporadic, both disagreed
enthusiastic with
gestures. Ohthe
yes,
conclusions of the federal Convention. and failed
D) refusestotounderstand
be overawed thebydanger
his own generosity.
of taking no
they knew the old couple. And yes, their son and “It’s significant was nothing, of course, only
nothing.” Itaction.
10 B) Henry and Pendleton
daughter-in-law had arrived held
lastsimilar beliefs
night with about
their Ganguram’s sweets and yoghurt, but they fussed and
the new
first child. Constitution.
45 fussed and created the illusion that it was something,
C) “Is it a girl
Henry or aquestions
asked boy?” askedthatMamima,
Pendletonrolling
admitted 42 something unique and untasted and unencountered.
down hethe window.
could not answer. The son and the daughter-in-law emerged shyly
“A girl,” said the boy. Which
from the choice provides
anteroom. They theboth
beststooped
evidencegently
for the
to
15
D) Pendleton disagreed with most
Mamima rolled up her window before the of the points answer to the previous question?
made by Henry. touch Chhotomama’s feet, and Sandeep’s aunt’s and
mosquitoes came in. The two boys vanished behind his mother’s
50 A) feet, a traditional greeting and a mark of
them. When they reached the house, they found that Lines 6-10 (“And here . . . confederation”)
obeisance towards one’s elders.
the old man was waiting on the verandah with a B) Lines 11-13 (“That . . . striking”)
“Oh no no no,” said Chhotomama, struggling to
lantern in his hand. Moths were shuddering round C)
keepLines 39-42
the son’s (“The
hand federal
away from. .his. consideration”)
feet. “There’s no
20 and round the lantern, though the old man was
needLines
D) for all42-46
this.”(“You
This was
. . . half a token gesture
government”)
oblivious to them. He had come out because he had 55 towards modesty, and half towards the new,
heard the throbbing of the engine in the distance. “modern” India—Nehru’s secular India, free of ritual
The night had been silent except for the questioning and religion.
cry of an owl and the continual orchestral sound of
25 crickets in the bushes. The throbbing of the engine
had, therefore, travelled through the silence to the
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12 CO NTI N U E
 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
Passage 1 is excerpted from a speech delivered by Patrick Henry
and Passage 2 is excerpted from a speech delivered by James
Madison. Both speeches were delivered during the Virginia
Commonwealth Debates of 1788. The two
statesmen disagreed over whether the Articles of Confederation, 35
the current form of government at that time, should be replaced
by the U.S. Constitution.
Passage 1
40
Guard with jealous attention the public liberty. Suspect
every one who approaches that jewel. Unfortunately, nothing
will preserve it but downright force. Whenever you give up
Line that force, you are inevitably ruined. I am answered by
5 gentlemen, that, though I might speak of terrors, yet the fact 45
was, that we were surrounded by none of the dangers I
apprehended. I conceive this new government to be one of
those dangers: it has produced those horrors which distress
many of our best citizens. We are come hither to preserve the
10 poor commonwealth of Virginia, if it can be possibly done: 50
something must be done to preserve your liberty and mine.
The Confederation, this same despised government, merits,
in my opinion, the highest encomium: it carried us through a
long and dangerous war; it rendered us victorious in that
15 bloody conflict with a powerful nation; it has secured us a 55
territory greater than any European monarch possesses: and
shall a government which has been thus strong and vigorous,
be accused of imbecility, and abandoned for want of energy?
Consider what you are about to do before you part with the
20 government. Take longer time in reckoning things; 60
revolutions like this have happened in almost every country
in Europe; similar examples are to be found in ancient
Greece and ancient Rome - instances of the people losing
their liberty by their own carelessness and the ambition of a
25 few. We are cautioned by the honorable gentleman, who 65
presides, against faction and turbulence. I acknowledge that
licentiousness* is dangerous, and that it ought to be provided
against: I acknowledge, also, the new form of government
may effectually prevent it: yet there is another thing it will as
30 effectually do - it will oppress and ruin the people.
*A lack of moral restraint.
137
L3 P3
Passage 2
Before I proceed to make some additions to the reasons
which have been adduced by my honorable friend over the
way, I must take the liberty to make some observations on
what was said by another gentleman, (Mr. Henry). He told us
that this Constitution ought to be rejected because it
endangered the public liberty, in his opinion, in many
instances. Give me leave to make one answer to that
observation:Let the dangers which this system is supposed to
be replete with be clearly pointed out: if any dangerous and
unnecessary powers be given to the general legislature, let
them be plainly demonstrated; and let us not rest satisfied
with general assertions of danger, without examination. If
powers be necessary, apparent danger is not a sufficient
reason against conceding them. He has suggested that
licentiousness has seldom produced the loss of liberty; but
that the tyranny of rulers has almost always effected it. Since
the general civilization of mankind, I believe there are more
instances of the abridgment of the freedom of the people by
gradual and silent encroachments of those in power, than by
violent and sudden usurpations; but, on a candid examination
of history, we shall find that turbulence, violence, and abuse
of power, by the majority trampling on the rights of the
minority, have produced factions and commotions, which, in
republics, have, more frequently than any other cause,
produced despotism. If we go over the whole history of
ancient and modern republics, we shall find their destruction
to have generally resulted from those causes. If we consider
the peculiar situation of the United States, and what are the
sources of that diversity of sentiment which pervades its
inhabitants, we shall find great danger to fear that the same
causes may terminate here in the same fatal effects which
they produced in those republics. This danger ought to be
wisely guarded against. Perhaps, in the progress of this
discussion, it will appear that the only possible remedy for
those evils, and means of preserving and protecting the
principles of republicanism, will be found in that very system
which is now exclaimed against as the parent of oppression.
CO NTIN U E
99 of 134
 History L3 P3
1 4
The central claim of the author of Passage 1 The author of Passage 1 uses the examples of ancient
concerning the Confederation is that this form of Greece and ancient Rome (line 23) most likely to
government is historically
A) demonstrate why political revolutions are
A) insufficient. inevitable over the course of history.
B) successful. B) explain why the Confederation should be
C) oppressive. condemned as an inefficient form of government.

D) dangerous. C) illustrate the results of public carelessness and

individual ambition.
D) argue against the oppressive power of the majority
2 over a careless minority.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
5
A) lines 7–9 (“I . . . citizens”)
The author of Passage 2 implies that the author of
B) lines 9–11 (“We . . . mine”) Passage 1 does not
C) lines 12–16 (“The . . . possesses”) A) give concrete proof for his arguments.
D) lines 19–20 (“Consider . . . government”) B) care about the future of public liberty.
C) consider the shortcomings of the Constitution.
3 D) notice the danger of usurpation.
As used in line 20, the word “reckoning” most nearly
means
6
A) considering.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
B) computing. answer to the previous question?
C) estimating. A) lines 34–37 (“He . . . instances”)
D) adding. B) lines 37–39 (“Give . . . out”)
C) lines 44–46 (“He . . . it”)
D) lines 62–63 (“This . . . against”)

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100 of 134
 History L3 P3
7 10
As used in line 48 of Passage 2, the word “abridgement” Which situation is most similar to the one described
most nearly means in lines 63–67 of Passage 2 (“Perhaps, in the progress .
. . parent of oppression”)?
A) abbreviation.
A) A patient complains about a medical treatment,
B) concentration.
but then finds that it is the only possible cure.
C) summarization.
B) An activist organizes a political demonstration,
D) reduction. but then finds that it is for an unpopular cause.
C) A student completes an assignment, but then
finds that it has received a failing grade.
8
D) A political candidate promises reform, but then
The author of Passage 2 states that the opinions of U. S. finds that it is impossible to implement change.
citizens are
A) optimistic.
B) divided.
11

C) illogical. The authors of both passages would agree that the

Constitution could provide
D) trivial.
A) public liberty.
B) moral restraint.
9
C) increased democracy.
The author of Passage 2 claims that public liberty
D) legal protection.
is threatened by the majority’s abuse of power. This
claim most clearly contrasts with the claim in Passage
1 that public liberty is threatened by
A) an ambitious minority.
B) an overactive majority.
C) an immoral citizenry.
D) an oppressive government.

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101 of 134
 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage and
supplementary material.
Passage 1 is excerpted from North Webster, “On the Education
of Youth in America,” originally published in 1790. Passage 2 is
excerpted from Benjamin Rush, “Of the Mode of Education Proper
in a Republic,” originally published in 1798. The symbol [1] indicates
that the following sentence is referenced in a question.
Passage 1
Another defect in our schools, which, since the revolution,
is become inexcuseable, is the want of proper books. The
collections which are now used consist of essays that respect
Line foreign and ancient nations. The minds of youth are
5 perpetually led to the history of Greece and Rome or to Great
Britain; boys are constantly repeating the declamations of
Demosthenes and Cicero, or debates upon some political
question in the British Parliament. These are excellent
specimens of good sense, polished stile and perfect oratory;
10 but they are not interesting in children. They cannot be very
useful, except to young gentlemen who want them as models
of reasoning and eloquence, in the pulpit or at the bar.
But every child in America should be acquainted with his
own country. He should read books that furnish him with
15 ideas that will be useful to him in life and practice. As soon as
he opens his lips, he should rehearse the history of his own
country; he should lisp the praise of liberty, and of those
illustrious heroes and statesmen, who have wrought a
revolution in her favor.
20 A selection of essays, respecting the settlement and
geography of America; the history of the late revolution and
of the most remarkable characters and events that
distinguished it, and a compendium of the principles of the
federal and provincial governments, should be the principal
25 school book in the United States. These are interesting
objects to every man; they call home the minds of youth and
fix them upon the interests of their own country, and they
assist in forming attachments to it, as well as in enlarging the
understanding.
30 “It is observed by the great Montesquieu, that the laws of
education ought to be relative to the principles of the
government.”
In despotic governments, the people should have little or
no education, except what tends to inspire them with a servile
35 fear. Information is fatal to despotism. In monarchies,
education should be partial, and adapted to the rank of each
class of citizens. But “in a republican government,” says the
same writer, “the whole power of education is required.”
Here every class of people should know and love the laws.
152
L4 P3
40 This knowledge should be diffused by means of schools and
newspapers; and an attachment to the laws may be formed by
early impressions upon the mind. Two regulations are
essential to the continuance of republican governments:
[1] Such a distribution of lands and such principles of
45 descent and alienation, as shall give every citizen a power of
acquiring what his industry merits. [2] Such a system of
education as gives every citizen an opportunity of acquiring
knowledge and fitting himself for places of trust. These are
fundamental articles; the sine qua non of the existence of the
50 American republics
Passage 2
The business of education has acquired a new complexion
by the independence of our country. The form of government
we have assumed, has created a new class of duties to every
American. It becomes us, therefore, to examine our former
55 habits upon this subject, and in laying the foundations for
nurseries of wise and good men, to adapt our modes of
teaching to peculiar form of our government.
The first remark that I shall make upon this subject is, that
an education in our own, is to be preferred to an education in
60 a foreign country. The principle of patriotism stands in need
of the reinforcement of prejudice, and it is well known that
our strongest prejudices in favor of our country are formed
in the first one and twenty years of our lives. The policy of
the Lacedemonians is well worthy of our imitation. When
65 Antipater demanded fifty of their children as hostages for the
fulfillment of a distant engagement, those wise republicans
refused to comply with his demand, but readily offered him
double the number of their adult citizens, whose habits and
prejudices could not be shaken by residing in a foreign
70 country. Passing by, in this place, the advantages to the
community from the early attachment of youth to the laws
and constitution of their country, I shall only remark, that
young men who have trodden the paths of science together,
or have joined in the same sports, whether of swimming,
75 skating, fishing, or hunting, generally feel, thro’life, such ties
to each other, as add greatly to obligations of mutual
benevolence.
I conceive the education of our youth in this country to be
peculiarly necessary in Pennsylvania, while our citizens are
80 composed of the natives of so many different kingdoms in
Europe. Our schools of learning, by producing one general,
and uniform system of education, will render the mass of the
people more homogeneous, and thereby fit them more easily
for uniform and peaceable government.
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1 4
The authors of both passages would agree that In Passage 1, the author uses the terms “praise of
education in the United States should liberty” and “illustrious heroes and statesmen” (lines
17-18) most likely to
A) continue through adulthood.
A) elevate the principles of democracy over those of
B) engender national pride.
other government systems.
C) reflect educational philosophies.
B) stimulate the desire to preserve the democratic
D) mirror classroom methods. traditions of the United States.
C) quote words of the founding fathers to reinforce
their significance to the nation.
2
D) convey the significance of rhetoric in conveying
The authors of both passages claims that U.S. citizens
ideas of national importance.
have a duty to
A) learn the history of their government.
B) advocate progressive reforms. 5
C) support public education. Based on the first passage, why does the author
consider the books in the U.S. educational system
D) participate in the political process. improper?
A) They contain language that is intelligible only to
3 adults.

What do both authors believe is the goal of education B) They place too much emphasis on world politics.
in a republic? C) They fail to teach ideas that are useful to U.S.
A) To encourage independent thinking citizens.

B) To reflect progressive beliefs D) They exclude the majority of the world’s literature.

C) To facilitate industrial progress

D) To support democratic ideals 6
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the precious question?
A) lines 2-4 (“The collection…nations”)
B) lines 6-8 (“Boys…Parliament”)
C) lines 8-10 (“These are…children”)
D) lines 14-15 (“He should…practice”)

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 History L4 P3
7 10
As used in line 61 of Passage 2, “prejudice” most nearly A central idea in Passage 2 is that education in the
means United States should
A) partiality. A) rectify inequalities among the states.
B) preconception. B) unify the citizens in a common bond.
C) discrimination. C) support a culturally diverse population.
D) intolerance. D) place heavy emphasis on teaching government.

8 11
In passage 1, the author uses the quote by Montesquieu
(lines 30-32) mainly support his assertion that
A) the U.S. educational system is badly in need of
reform.
B) educational policies in many countries violate
citizen’s rights.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the precious question?
A) lines 54-57 (“It becomes…our government”)
B) lines 73-77 (“Young men…benevolence”)
C) lines 78-81 (“I conceive…Europe”)

C) education in the United States should be regulated D) lines 81-84 (“Our schools…government”)
by federal laws.
D) public education is a powerful tool of government.

9
In passage 2, the story about the Lacedemonians and
Antipater primarily serves to
A) contrast the practices of democracies and
dictatorships.
B) advocate the early indoctrination of principles.
C) convey the superiority of the U.S. political system.
D) question the validity of ancient philosophies.

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 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
This passage is taken from Thomas Paine’s preface to Rights of
Man, originally published in 1791. Rights of Man was initially 40
written as a response to Irish statesman Edmund Burke’s attack on
the French Revolution.
From the part Mr. Burke took in American Revolution,
it was natural that I should consider him a friend to mankind; 45
and as our acquaintance commenced on that ground, it would
Line have been more agreeable to me to have had cause to
5 continue in that opinion than to change it.
At the time Mr. Burke made his violent speech last winter in
the English Parliament against the French Revolution and the 50
National Assembly, I was in Paris, and had written to him
but a short time before to inform him how prosperously
10 matters were going on. Soon after this I saw his
advertisement of the Pamphlet he intended to publish: As the
attack was to be made in a language but little studied, and 55
less understood in France, and as everything suffers by
translation, I promised some of the friends of the Revolution
15 in that country that whenever Mr. Burke’s Pamphlet came
forth, I would answer it. This appeared to me the more
necessary to be done, when I saw the flagrant 60
misrepresentations which Mr. Burke’s Pamphlet contains; and
that while it is an outrageous abuse on the French
20 Revolution, and the principles of Liberty, it is an imposition
on the rest of the world.
[…] 65
I had seen enough of the miseries of war, to wish it might
never more have existence in the world, and that some other
25 mode might be found out to settle the differences that should
occasionally arise in the neighborhood of nations. This
certainly might be done if Courts were disposed to set 70
honesty about it, or if countries were enlightened enough not
to be made the dupes of Courts. The people of America had
30 been bred up in the same prejudices against France, which at
that time characterized the people of England; but experience
and an acquaintance with the French Nation have most 75
effectually shown to Americans the falsehood of those
prejudices; and I do not believe that a more cordial and
35 confidential intercourse exists between any two countries
than between America and France.
140
L3 P4
When I came to France, in the spring of 1787, the
Archbishop of Thoulouse was then Minister, and at that time
highly esteemed. I became much acquainted with the private
Secretary of that Minister, a man of an enlarged benevolent
heart; and found that his sentiments and my own perfectly
agreed with respect to the madness of war, and the wretched
impolicy of two nations, like England and France,
continually worrying each other, to no other end than that of
a mutual increase of burdens and taxes. That I might be
assured I had not misunderstood him, nor he me, I put the
substance of our opinions into writing and sent it to him;
subjoining a request, that if I should see among the people of
England, any disposition to cultivate a better understanding
between the two nations than had hitherto prevailed, how far
I might be authorized to say that the same disposition
prevailed on the part of France? He answered me by letter in
the most unreserved manner, and that not for himself only,
but for the Minister, with whose knowledge the letter was
declared to be written.
I put this letter into the hands of Mr. Burke almost three
years ago, and left it with him, where it still remains; hoping,
and at the same time naturally expecting, from the opinion I
had conceived of him, that he would find some opportunity
of making good use of it, for the purpose of removing those
errors and prejudices which two neighboring nations, from
the want of knowing each other, had entertained, to the injury
of both.
When the French Revolution broke out, it certainly
afforded to Mr. Burke an opportunity of doing some good,
had he been disposed to it; instead of which, no sooner did he
see the old prejudices wearing away, than he immediately
began sowing the seeds of a new inveteracy, as if he were
afraid that England and France would cease to be enemies.
That there are men in all countries who get their living by war,
and by keeping up the quarrels of Nations, is as
shocking as it is true; but when those who are concerned in
the government of a country make it their study to sow
discord and cultivate prejudices between Nations, it becomes
the more unpardonable.
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 History
1 4
In the passage, Paine expresses the opinion that war is
A) a practice that encourages additional clashes
within a nation.
B) a barbaric activity that fails to resolve
longstanding conflicts.
C) an undesired method of settling disputes between
nations.
D) an effective way to end religious disputes but not
land disputes.
L3 P4
It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that
both Paine and the Archbishop of Tholouse hope for
A) a violent overthrow of the French monarchy.
B) a peaceful resolution to the people’s grievances in
France.
C) the creation of a multi-party democracy in France.
D) stronger ties between the Church and the French
monarchy.

5
2
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
Which of the following situations, if true, would answer to the previous question?
significantly weaken Paine’s argument against Burke?
A) lines 37-39 (“When…esteemed”)
A) Burke publishes a second pamphlet encouraging
B) lines 39-42 (“I became…war”)
the British to support the French people during
the French Revolution. C) lines 45-47 (“That I…to him”)
B) Burke moves to America to encourage American D) lines 52-55 (“He answered…written”)
support of the French Revolution.
C) Burke responds to the Secretary’s letter and
accuses him of ignoring the grievances of French 6
people. In line 49, the word “cultivate” most nearly means
D) Burke decides to leave politics to become a A) develop
practicing lawyer.
B) harvest
C) prepare
3
D) discipline
The main purpose of the third paragraph (lines 23-
36), is to
A) accuse court representatives of endorsing violence 7
rather than negotiating. It can reasonably be inferred that, at the onset of the
B) draw parallels between the American Revolution French Revolution, Burke
and the French Revolution. A) was unaware of the existence of the Secretary’s
C) provide an example of a peaceful resolution letter.
between quarreling nations. B) strove to encourage peace between England and
D) suggest that the American people encouraged the France.
violent overthrow of the French monarchy. C) pledged his complete devotion to the French
revolutionaries.
D) stirred animosity against the French in England.

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 History
8 10
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 1-5 (“From…change it”)
B) lines 23-26 (“I had…of nations”)
C) lines 66-68 (“instead…inveteracy”)
D) lines 70-72 (“That…is true”)
9
In line 68, the word “sowing” most nearly means
A) spreading
B) pitching
11
C) scattering
D) drilling
L3 P4
In the last sentence of the passage, Paine refers to
“those who are concerned in the government” most
likely to
A) suggest that Burke should be held to a different
standard than ordinary citizens.
B) highlight Paine’s own importance in governmental
affairs.
C) attack the French monarchy for being
unresponsive to the French people.
D) imply that politicians are more intelligent than
ordinary citizens.
Paine would most likely support which of the following
20th-century movements?
A) The African-American civil rights movement,
because he suggests that segregation is unethical.
B) The women’s suffrage movement in England,
because he suggests that all citizens should have
the right to vote.
C) The civil disobedience movement in India, because
he suggests that violence should be avoided as a
means of fixing social problems.
D) The fascist movement in Germany and
Italy, because he suggests that authoritarian
governments promote national unity.

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 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
This passage is excerpted from Alexander Hamilton, "Report on 40
Manufactures," originally published in 1791.
It is not uncommon to meet with an opinion that though
the promoting of manufactures may be the interest of a part
of the Union, it is contrary to that of another part. The 45
Line Northern & Southern regions are sometimes represented as
5 having adverse interests in this respect. Those are called
Manufacturing, these Agricultural states; and a species of
opposition is imagined to subsist between the
Manufacturing and Agricultural interests. 50
This idea of an opposition between those two interests is
10 the common error of the early periods of every country, but
experience gradually dissipates it. Indeed they are perceived so
often to succour and to befriend each other, that they come
at length to be considered as one: a supposition which has 55
been frequently abused and is not universally true. Particular
15 encouragements of particular manufactures may be of a
Nature to sacrifice the interests of landholders to those of
manufacturers; But it is nevertheless a maxim well
established by experience, and generally acknowledged, 60
where there has been sufficient experience, that the aggregate
20 prosperity of manufactures, and the aggregate prosperity of
Agriculture are intimately connected. In the Course of the
discussion which has had place, various weighty
considerations have been adduced operating in support of 65
that maxim. Perhaps the superior steadiness of the demand of
25 a domestic market for the surplus produce of the soil, is alone
a convincing argument of its truth.
Ideas of a contrariety of interests between the Northern
and Southern regions of the Union, are in the Main as 70
unfounded as they are mischievous. The diversity of
30 Circumstances on which such contrariety is usually
predicated, authorises a directly contrary conclusion. Mutual
wants constitute one of the strongest links of political
connection, and the extent of these bears a natural proportion 75
to the diversity in the means of mutual supply.
35 Suggestions of an opposite complexion are ever to be
deplored, as unfriendly to the steady pursuit of one great
common cause, and to the perfect harmony of all the parts.
131
L3 P1
In proportion as the mind is accustomed to trace the
intimate connexion of interest, which subsists between all the
parts of a Society united under the same government-the
infinite variety of channels which serve to Circulate the
prosperity of each to and through the rest-in that proportion
will it be little apt to be disturbed by solicitudes and
Apprehensions which originate in local discriminations. It is
a truth as important as it is agreeable, and one to which it is
not easy to imagine exceptions, that every thing tending to
establish substantial and permanent order, in the affairs of a
Country, to increase the total mass of industry and opulence,
is ultimately beneficial to every part of it. On the Credit of
this great truth, an acquiescence may safely be accorded,
from every quarter, to all institutions & arrangements, which
promise a confirmation of public order, and an augmentation
of National Resource.
But there are more particular considerations which serve
to fortify the idea, that the encouragement of manufactures is
the interest of all parts of the Union. If the Northern and
middle states should be the principal scenes of such
establishments, they would immediately benefit the more
Southern, by creating a demand for productions; some of
which they have in common with the other states, and others
of which are either peculiar to them, or more abundant, or of
better quality, than elsewhere. These productions, principally
are Timber, flax, Hemp, Cotton, Wool, raw silk, Indigo, iron,
lead, furs, hides, skins and coals. Of these articles Cotton &
Indigo are peculiar to the Southern states; as are hitherto
Lead & Coal. Flax and Hemp are or may be raised in greater
abundance there, than in the More Northern states; and the
Wool of Virginia is said to be of better quality than that of
any other state: a Circumstance rendered the more probable
by the reflection that Virginia embraces the same latitudes
with the finest Wool Countries of Europe. The Climate of the
South is also better adapted to the production of silk.
The extensive cultivation of Cotton can perhaps hardly be
expected, but from the previous establishment of domestic
Manufactories of the Article; and the surest encouragement
and vent, for the others, would result from similar
establishments in respect to them.
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 History L3 P1
1 4
The main purpose of the passage is to stress Which choice best supports the answer to the previous
question?
A) the complementary nature of agriculture and
manufacturing. A) lines 1–3 (“It is not . . . other part.”)
B) the importance of manufacturing to international B) lines 14–17 (“Particular . . . manufacturers.”)
trade.
C) lines 24–26 (“Perhaps . . . truth.”)
C) the suitability of the country’s resources to both
D) lines 67–71 (“The wool . . . of Europe.”)
agriculture and manufacturing.
D) the agricultural basis of economic imbalances
within the States. 5
The main relationship Hamilton highlights between
2 the Northern and the Southern states is in terms of
their
How does Hamilton organize his argument?
A) incompatible philosophies.
A) He ridicules an ongoing debate and then clarifies
the issue behind it. B) disproportionate production.

B) He describes a current problem and then gives C) ongoing hostilities.

historical examples to explain it. D) complementary economies.
C) He introduces a prevailing belief and then
presents arguments against it.
6
D) He proposes a course of action and then explains
the problem with enacting it. In the second paragraph, Hamilton implies that
conflicts of interest among geographical regions
A) reflect an opposition to independence.
3
B) are unique to industrialized nations.
What objection to his argument does Hamilton
anticipate in the passage? C) interfere with the process of nation-building.

A) The Northern states and Southern states have an D) lead to civil unrest.
inequality of resources.
B) The agricultural and manufacturing industries
embrace conflicting goals.
C) The escalation of agricultural production is both
appropriate and inevitable.
D) The development of a national economy is neither
desirable nor practical.

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 History L3 P1
7 10
Which choice best describes Hamilton’s perspective Hamilton uses the term “National Resource” (line 53)
on agriculture? most likely to emphasize
A) Its uncontrolled growth tends to thwart economic A) the benefits of an export economy.
progress.
B) the interdependence of industry.
B) Its advancement is guaranteed by industrial
C) the importance of industrialization.
development.
D) the superiority of the United States.
C) Its expansion to the Northern states disadvantages
manufacturers.
D) Its significance is overestimated by Southern 11
landowners.
Hamilton compares the latitudes of Virginia to those
of the finest wool countries in Europe ( paragraph 5)
8 mainly to support his assertion that

Which choice provides the best evidence for the A) the United States is capable of competing on the
answer to the previous question? global market.

A) lines 14–17 (“Particular . . . manufacturers.”)
B) lines 19–21 (“The aggregate . . . connected.”)
C) lines 24–26 (“Perhaps . . . truth.”)
D) lines 31–33 (“Mutual . . . connection”)
B) the United States should focus on growing a
limited number of crops.
C) the agricultural prosperity of the South is limited
by its geographical location.
D) the South contributes directly to the prosperity of
the nation.

9
As used in line 29, “mischievous” most nearly means
A) disobedient.
B) spirited.
C) spiteful.
D) damaging.

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111 of 134
American History

112 of 134
113 of 134
114 of 134
October 2017

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American History

116 of 134
117 of 134
118 of 134
119 of 134
 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
This passage is excerpted from Theodore Roosevelt’s speech to 35
the workers on the Panama Canal, originally written in 1906. The
Panama Canal, which provides a passageway for ships traveling
between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, is one of the largest and
most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken. Roosevelt
gave this speech during his visit to the Canal zone to check on the 40
progress of the work.
It was without precedent for a president to leave the
United States, but this work is without precedent. You are
doing the biggest thing of the kind that has ever been done, 45
Line and I wanted to see how you are doing it. I am profoundly
5 thankful that I shall be able to take back to the United States
the message that the nation's picked sons are carrying
themselves so well here that I can absolutely guarantee the
success of the mighty work which they are doing. It is not an 50
easy task. Mighty few things that are worth doing are easy. . .
10 I want to say this word to you men,--right through,--to all of
you who are engaged in the work of digging this canal,
whether you are here as superintendent, foreman, chief clerk,
machinist, conductor, engineer, steam-shovel man (and he is 55
the American who is setting the mark for the rest of you to
15 live up to, by the way), whoever you are, if you are doing
your duty, you are putting your country under an obligation
to you just as a soldier who does his work well in a great war
puts the country under an obligation to him. As I have seen
you at work, seen what you have done and are doing, noted
20 the spirit in which you are approaching the task yet to be
done, I have felt just exactly as I should feel if I saw the
picked men of my country engaged in some great war. I am
weighing my words when I say that you here, who do your
work well in bringing to completion this great enterprise, will
25 stand exactly as the soldiers of a few, and only a few, of the
most famous armies of all the nations stand in history. This is
one of the great works of the world; it is a greater work than
you, yourselves, at the moment realize. Some of you, a good
many of you, are sons of men who fought in the Civil War.
30 When your fathers were in the fighting, they thought a good
deal of the fact that the blanket was too heavy by noon and
not quite heavy enough by night; that the pork was not as
122
L2 P4
good as it might be; and the hardtack was sometimes
insufficient in amount; and they were not always satisfied
with the way in which the regiments were led.
Those were the things they talked about a good deal of
the time. But when the war was done-when they came
home, when they looked at what had been accomplished-all
those things sank into insignificance, and the great fact
remained that they had played a part like men among men;
that they had borne themselves so that when people asked
what they had done of worth in those great years, all they had
to say was that they had served decently and faithfully in the
great armies. So you men here, in the future, each man of
you, will have the right to feel, if he has done his duty and a
little more than his duty right up to the handle in the work
here on the Isthmus, that he has made his country his debtor;
that he has done more than his full share in adding renown to
the nation under whose flag the canal is being built.
...
In closing, all I have to say is this: You are doing the work
the like of which has not before been seen in the ages, a work
that shall last through the ages to come, and I pledge to you
as President of the United States, every ounce of support and
help and assistance, that it is in my power to give you, so that
we together, you backed by the people of the United States,
may speedily bring this greatest of works to a triumphant
conclusion.
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 History L2 P4
1 4
The main purpose of the speech is to As used in line 24, “enterprise” most nearly means
A) stress the importance of the Panama Canal. A) establishment.
B) report on the progress of the Panama Canal. B) business.
C) inspire the Panama Canal workers. C) invention.
D) proclaim the Panama Canal project a success. D) undertaking.

2 5
What main effect does the phrase “nation’s picked The main comparison Roosevelt draws between the
sons,” (line 6), have on the tone of the passage? Civil War and the Panama Canal project is in terms of
their
A) It creates an historical tone that recalls past
traditions. A) historical significance.
B) It creates an uplifting tone that boosts confidence B) fundamental purpose.
in the project.
C) organizational structure.
C) It creates a presidential tone that reinforces
D) political motivation.
Roosevelt’s authority.
D) It creates a patriotic tone that stimulates pride.
6
3 Which choice best explains Roosevelt’s praise for the
workers?
The main purpose of Roosevelt’s comment about the
steam shovel man (lines 12–13) is most likely to A) He appreciates them for their determination to
prove the United States’ superiority.
A) stress the significance of every contribution to the
project. B) He admires them for their success at rekindling
national pride.
B) stress the importance of technology to the
project’s success. C) He respects them for their selfless service to the
nation.
C) praise the quality of the work done by the manual
laborers. D) He values them for their contribution to the
world’s economy.
D) encourage the manual laborers to work to the best
of their ability.

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 History
7 10
It can be inferred from the third paragraph (lines 36-
49) that Roosevelt believes that the United States
A) should come to the aid the workers on the
Panama Canal.
B) will reap the benefits of the work done on the
Panama Canal.
C) will fail to give the workers on the Panama Canal
the credit they deserve.
D) should support the Panama Canal out of respect
for its history.
8 A) the project has been promoted as a beacon of
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 36–37 (“Those . . . time”)
B) lines 37–39 (“when they . . . insignificance”)
C) lines 42–44 (“all they . . . armies”)
D) lines 47–49 (“he has . . . built”)
L2 P4
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 26–28 (“This is . . . realize”)
B) lines 39–40 (“The great . . . among men”)
C) lines 51–52 (“You . . . ages”)
D) lines 53–55 (“I pledge . . . you”)
11
Roosevelt uses the information in the last paragraph
mainly to support his assertion that
progress.
B) more American workers have been secured for
the project.
C) the most difficult work on the project has been
done.
D) Americans have shown unprecedented support
for the project.

9
Based on the passage, the project’s potential success
would be considered all the more a triumph, because
A) many of the most capable men were at war.
B) much of the world was invested in the outcome.
C) the workers initially felt unattached to the work.
D) the president was slow to give his full support.

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 History
Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage.
Passage 1 is excerpted from Senator William E. Borah, “Speech to
Senate,” delivered in 1919. Passage 2 is excerpted from an editorial
in Magyar Tribune, “Shall There Be a League of Nations?” Originally 30
published in 1920. In the aftermath of World War (1914-1918),
United States President Woodrow Wilson sought to create an
international governing body, called the League of Nations, that
would come together to solve disputes between nations openly
and peacefully. 35
Passage 1
Mr. President, after Mr. Lincoln had been elected
President, before he assumed the duties of the office and at 40
the time when all indications were to the effect that we should
Line soon be in the midst of civil strife, a friend from the city of
5 Washington wrote him for instruction. Mr. Lincoln wrote
back in a single line, “Entertain no compromise; have none of
it.” That states the position I occupied at this time and which I 45
have in my humble way occupied from the first contention in
regard to this proposal of entering the League of Nations.
10 Have we not been told day by day for the last nine months
that the Senate of the United States, a coordinate part of the
treaty-making power, should accept this league as it was 50
written because the wise men sitting in Versailles* had so
written it, and has not every possible influence and every
15 source of power in public opinion been organized and
directed against the Senate to compel it to do that thing?
What is the result of all this? We are in the midst of all the 55
affairs of Europe. We have joined in alliance with all
European concerns. We have joined in alliance with all the
20 European nations which have thus far joined the league, and
all nations which may be admitted to the league. We are
sitting there dabbling in their affairs and intermeddling in 60
their concerns. In other words, Mr. President – and this comes
to the question which is fundamental with me – we have
25 forfeited and surrendered, once and for all, the great policy of
“no entangling alliances” upon which the strength of this
Republic has been founded for 150 years. 65
* a city in France where the primary treaty ending World War
I was signed
70
75
128
L2 P6
Passage 2
In Europe, there is no controversy about the League of
Nations. Each nation can see the necessity of such an
organization, in fact, they are looking forward to its activities
with high hopes, as an organizations being capable of
preventing a recurrence of another bloody war such as we
have just gone through, and one that has upset Europe and
the entire world.
The nations that lost the war, Germany, Hungary,
Bulgaria, and Turkey, are the only nations of Europe who
cannot be members at the present time, due to the fact that
the other nations do not want them to have anything to do
with the conferences of League, and this revolutionary
move. This is considered as a punishment to the above
named nations.
In a very short time these nations will also be admitted as
members of the League. Russia is not member yet, either,
because Russia seems to be preparing for war against the
whole world, though it is only a matter of time before Russia
will join the League, even though its political views will be
entirely different from the rest of the world.
It is here the controversy lies. Maybe, it is because there is
nothing else to discuss, or on which the Republicans and
Democrats can argue, maybe, it is because if America joins
the League it will mean radical changes in America’ foreign
and domestic policies.
The United States has kept away from serious
disagreements that have come up between European
countries, but the World War thrust us into European politics.
Due to industrial and economic conditions, the United States
can no longer remain isolated from Europe.
Europe needs America, and America needs Europe.
Products of the United States are constantly being exchanged
for products manufactured in Europe, thereby cementing the
tie between the two continents.
The entire world has made advances in the field of
contacting one another, since the invention of the steam
locomotive, steam boat, and telephone. These inventions
have bought the entire world closer together, and new ideas
have developed.
So now the nations throughout the world are beginning to
feel as though they should all unite into one solid
organization, which will insure the world of everlasting
peace, without interference from any one particular nation.
This is the idea that gave birth to the League of Nations.
There are some who doubt whether the League will live
up to these expectations of wiping war from the face of the
earth. Of course, this is all guess work, but the idea seems
like a good one and we believe it is worth trying.
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 History
1 3
To what concerns do both Passage 1 and Passage 2
attribute opposition to the League of Nations?
A) Apprehension about cooperation with rival
European nations
B) A desire to avoid significant changes in United
States foreign policy
C) Unwillingness to bear the financial burden of
future conflict in Europe
D) Distrust towards the foreign policy goals of other
member nations
2 Nations
On which claim about foreign policy do the authors of
both Passage 1 and Passage 2 agree?
4
A) The United States must adapt its policies to
changing global political conditions.
B) Europe will be strengthened by United States
participation in the League of Nation.
C) The United States has mostly avoided foreign
conflicts in the past.
D) The League of Nations will not succeed in wiping
war from the face of the earth.
5
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L2 P6
Which piece of evidence, if added to Passage 2, would
both strengthen the central claim of Passage 2 and
challenge the central claim of Passage 1?
A) A historical example demonstrating that a past
foreign alliance benefited the United Stated
B) A poll showing widespread support across Europe
for the League of Nations
C) A hypothetical example of how international
trade agreements could strengthen the economies
of Europe
D) A quote from the President of the United States
that demonstrates his support for the League of
As used in line 7, “occupy” most nearly means
A) support
B) critique
C) entertain
D) dislike
Based on Passage 1, what relationship would the
author most likely prefer the United States to have
with the nations of Europe?
A) A relationship fostering alliances with current
members of League of Nations, but not with
future members
B) A relationship that fosters interdependence
through trade and diplomacy
C) A relationship encouraging alliances with friendly
nations in order to marginalize rival nations
D) A relationship of neutrality toward both friendly
and rival nations
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6 9
Which choice provides the best evidence for the Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question? answer to the previous question?
A) lines 17-18 (“We are…Europe”) A) lines 29-34 (“Each…world”)
B) lines 18-19 (“We…European concerns”) B) lines 43-47 (“Russia…world”)
C) lines 19-21 (“We… the league”) C) lines 48-52 (“Maybe…policies”)
D) lines 23-27 (“In…years”) D) lines 56-57 (“Due…Europe”)

7 10
The main purpose of Passage 2 is to The author of Passage 2 includes the statement about
doubting the capabilities of the League of Nations (lines
A) provide a balanced overview of global opinions
72-74) most likely in order to
on the League of Nations.
A) provide additional support for his or her argument
B) state the author’s opinion regarding the League of
regarding the League of Nations.
Nations.
B) imply that his or her argument regarding the
C) produce a historical record of the debate
League of Nations may have been overstated.
surrounding the League of Nations.
C) criticize the pessimism of those who do not
D) inform European readers about the United States’
support his or her argument.
perspective on the League of Nations.
D) lend credibility to his or her argument by
acknowledging a counterargument.
8
The author of Passage 2 supports his central claim that
the U.S. should join the League of Nations by
A) citing historical data that illustrate the effect of
past international wars on U.S. economics.
B) offering his personal opinion on the League
of Nations’ approach to foreign and domestic
policies.
C) asserting that emerging connections between the
U.S. and Europe will continue to be vital.
D) explaining and responding to relevant
counterarguments against U.S. participation in
the League of Nations.

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 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage and
supplementary material.
This passage is adapted from John MUIR, “Save the Redwoods.” 40
originally published in 1920 in Sierra Club Bulletin.
We are often told that the world is going from bad to
worse, sacrificing everything to mammon*. But this
righteous uprising in defenses of God’s trees in the midst of 45
Line exciting politics and wars is telling a different story, and
5 every Sequoia, I fancy, has heard the good news and is
waving its branches for joy. The wrongs done to trees,
wrongs of every sort, are done in the darkness of ignorance
and unbelief, for when light comes the heart of the people is 50
always right. Forty-seven years ago one of these Calaveras
10 King Sequoias was laboriously cut down, that the stump
might be had for a dancing-floor. Another, one of the finest in
the grove, more than three hundred feet high, was skinned
alive to a height of one hundred and sixteen feet from the 55
ground and the bark sent to London to show how fine and big
15 that Calaveras tree was – as sensible a scheme as skinning
our great men would be to prove their greatness. Now some
millmen want to cut all the Calaveras trees into lumber and
money. But we have found a better use for them. No doubt 60
these trees would make good lumber after passing through a
20 sawmill, as George Washington after passing through the
hands of a French cook would have made good food. But
both for Washington and the tree that bears his name higher
uses have been found. 65
Could one of these Sequoia Kings come to town in all its
25 godlike majesty so as to be strikingly seen and allowed to
plead its own cause, there would never again be any lack of
defenders. And the same may be said of all the other Sequoia
groves and forests of the Sierra with their companions and
the noble Sequoia sempervirens, or redwood, of the coast
30 mountains.
In these noble groves and forests to the southward of the
Calaveras Grove the axe and saw have long been busy, and
thousands of the finest Sequoias have been felled, blasted
into manageable dimensions, and sawed into lumber by
35 methods destructive almost beyond belief, while fires have
spread still wider and more lamentable ruin.
*I'm still a watermark. My creator is Wechat:satxbs123. Look
how nice and fresh I am!
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L3 P5
For the thousands of acres of Sequoia forest outside of the
reservation and national parks, and in the hands of
lumbermen, no help is in sight, probably more than three
times as many Sequoias as are contained in the whole
Calaveras Grove have been cut into lumber every year for the
last twenty-six years without let or hindrance, and with
scarce a word of protest on the part of the public, while at the
first whisper of the bonding of the Calaveras Grove to
lumbermen most everybody rose in alarm. This righteous and
lively indignation on the part of Californians after the long
period of deathlike apathy, in which they have witnessed the
destruction of other groves unmoved, seems strange until the
rapid growth that right public opinion has made during the
last few years is considered and peculiar interest that
attaches to the Calaveras giants. They were the first
discovered and are best known. These kings of forest, the
noblest of a noble race, rightly belong to the world, but as
they are in California we cannot escape responsibility as their
guardians. Fortunately the American people are equal to this
trust, or any other that may arise, as soon as they see it and
understand it.
Any fool can destroy trees. They cannot defend
themselves or run away. And few destroyers of trees ever
plant any; nor can planting avail much toward restoring our
grand aboriginal giants. It took more than three thousand
years to make some of the oldest of the Sequoias, trees that
are still standing in perfect strength and beauty, waving and
singing in the mighty forests of the Sierra. Through all the
eventful centuries since Christ’s time, and long before that,
God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought,
disease, avalanches, and a thousand storms; but he cannot save
them from sawmills and fools; this is left to the
American people.
*Material wealth, often associated with greed
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1 4
The main purpose of the passage is to It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the
author believes that people primarily are
A) increase awareness of the fragility of forest
ecosystems. A) victims of a cruel world.
B) encourage support for the preservation of natural B) energized by controversy.
land.
C) self-serving and negligent.
C) clarify the goals of the emerging naturalist
D) inherently sound-minded.
movement.
D) shed light on a debate about environmental 5
policy.
Which choice provides the best evidence to the answer
to the previous question?
2 A) lines 1-2 (“We are…mammon”)
Which choice best describe the author’s perspective B) lines 2-4 (“But this…story”)
on nature? C) lines 6-9 (“The wrongs…right”)
A) He is awestruck by its spiritual quality. D) lines 16-18 (“Now some…money”)
B) He is unimpressed by its material resources.
C) He is incredulous over its swift decline.
6
D) He is ashamed of its exploitation by humans.
The main purpose of the author’s comment about
George Washington (lines 20-21) is most likely to
3 A) ridicule the idea of valuing utility above life.
The passage makes the most extensive use of which B) allude to the historical age of the Sequoias.
type of evidence? C) equate the Sequoias with a symbol of America.
A) Expert testimony D) downplay the seriousness of the logging
B) Logical comparisons profession.
C) Emotional appeal
D) Personal anecdotes

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7 10
As used in line 22, “higher” more nearly means A central claim in the passage is that
A) superior. A) humans struggle with the desire to control nature.
B) advanced. B) nature will always be the mercy of human
selfishness.
C) complex.
C) humans are entrusted with the care of their
D) sophisticated.
environment.
D) nature becomes more precious to humans after
8 they see it destroyed.

It can reasonably be inferred from the discussion of

the thousands of acres of Sequoia Forest (lines 37-39)
11
that
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
A) lawmakers have been slower to protect natural
answer to the previous question?
sites in California than in other states.
A) lines 51-52 (“This righteous…giants”)
B) laws have already been established to protect
natural sites in some areas of the state. B) lines 52-55 (“They were…known”)
C) citizens have won legal battles against loggers and C) lines 58-59 (“Any fool…run away”)
milling companies
D) lines 64-69 (“Through all…people”)
D) the Sequoias in Calaveras Grove have been
classified as endangered.

9
In paragraph 4 (line 58-59), the references to the
Sequoias as kings and as “ the noblest of a noble race”
primarily serve to
A) create a vivid image to emphasize the immense
height of the trees.
B) convey the superiority of the Sequoias to other
trees in California.
C) highlight the beauty of the trees in Calaveras
Grove in particular.
D) personify the trees to generate compassion for
their plight.

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 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
Passage 1 is an excerpt from a speech by Senator Everett Dirksen. 40
Passage 2 is an excerpt from a speech by Senate Majority Leader
Mike Mansfield. Both speeches were delivered on the floor of the
United States Senate in 1964. In 1964, the United States Senate
debated the Civil Rights Act, a bill outlawing discrimination based
upon race, color, religion, sex, or nationality. Several senators 45
opposed to the bill attempted to block its passage, prompting a
response from the bill’s supporters.
Passage 1
Today the Senate is stalemated in its efforts to enact a civil 50
rights bill, one version of which has already been approved
by the House by a vote of more than 2 to 1. That the Senate
Line wishes to act on a civil rights bill can be divined from the
5 fact that the motion to take up was adopted by a vote of 67 to
17. 55
There are many reasons why cloture* should be invoked
and a good civil rights measure enacted.
First. It is said that on the night he died, Victor Hugo
10 wrote in his diary, substantially this sentiment:
“Stronger than all the armies is an idea whose time has 60
come.”
The time has come for equality of opportunity in sharing
in government, in education, and in employment. It will not
15 be stayed or denied. It is here.
Second. Years ago, a professor who thought he had 65
developed an incontrovertible scientific premise submitted it
to his faculty associates. Quickly they picked it apart. In
agony he cried out, "Is nothing eternal?" To this one of his
20 associates replied, "Nothing is eternal except change."
Since the act of 1875 on public accommodations and the 70
Supreme Court decision of 1883 which struck it down,
America has changed. The population then was 45 million.
Today it is 190 million. In the Pledge of Allegiance to the
25 Flag we intone, "One nation, under God." And so it is. It is
an integrated nation. Air, rail, and highway transportation 75
make it so. A common language makes it so. A tax pattern
which applies equally to white and nonwhite makes it so.
Literacy makes it so. The mobility provided by eighty
30 million autos makes it so. The accommodations laws in
thirty-four states and the District of Columbia makes it so. 80
The fair employment practice laws in thirty states make it so.
Yes, our land has changed since the Supreme Court decision
of 1883.
35 As Lincoln once observed:
“The occasion is piled high with difficulty and we must
rise with the occasion. As our case is new, so we must think
anew and act anew. We must first disenthrall ourselves and
then we shall save the Union.”
*cloture: a legislative procedure for ending a debate and taking a vote.
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L4 P1
Passage 2
Mr. President:*
Speaking for myself, may I say at the outset that I should
have preferred it had the issue been resolved before my time
as a Senator, or had it not come to the fore until after. The
Senator from Montana has no lust for conflict on this matter.
Yet this question is one which invites conflict, for it divides
deeply.
But, Mr. President, great public issues are not subject to
our personal timetables. They do not accommodate
themselves to our individual preference or convenience.
They emerge in their own way and in their own time. We do
not compel them. They compel us.
We look in vain if we look backward to past achievements
which might spare this Senate the necessity of a difficult
decision on the civil rights question. We hope in vain if we
hope that this issue can be put over safely to another
tomorrow, to be dealt with by another generation of Senators.
The time is now. The crossroads is here in the Senate.
To be sure, the issue will not be fully resolved by what we
do today. Its resolution depends also on what is done
tomorrow and on many tomorrows. Nor will the issue be
fully resolved by the Senate or the Congress. Indeed, it will
involve all Americans and all the institutions, public and
private, which hold us as a society of diversity in one nation,
and it will involve all for a long time to come. In truth, it is a
universal issue which, for this nation, having begun with the
Declaration of Independence and persisted through the
decades, will hardly dissolve in the Senate of the 88th
Congress.
Nevertheless, at this moment in the nation's history, it is
the Senate's time and turn.
But, insofar as the majority leader is concerned, he must
state to the Senate that it would be a tragic error if this body,
as a whole, were to elect the closed-eyes course of inaction.
That course, Mr. President, would disclose a cavalier
disinterest or a legislative impotence on this issue, and either
would be completely inconsonant with the serious domestic
situation which now confronts us.
It is bad enough to evade decision on any major proposal
of any President. It is inexcusable in this issue, which has
drawn a curtain of uncertainty and insecurity over the entire
nation, and over which blood has already run in the streets.
In these circumstances, I cannot believe that this Senate
will abdicate its constitutional responsibilities.
*The presiding officer of the United States Senate is addressed as “Mr.
President” or “Madame President.”
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1 4
As used in line 4, “divined” most nearly means Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) anticipated.
A) lines 20 (“Nothing . . . change”)
B) deduced.
B) lines 21–23 (“Since . . . changed”)
C) proven.
C) lines 25–27 (“It . . . so”)
D) hypothesized.
D) lines 35–39 (“As . . . union”)

2
5
In Passage 1, the quotation from Victor Hugo mainly
serves to The author of Passage 2 characterizes the controversy
surrounding civil rights reform as
A) reveal that Victor Hugo would lend his support to
civil rights reform. A) premature.
B) illustrate the author's assertion that the Senate is B) constructive.
eager to enact civil rights reform.
C) unavoidable.
C) offer criticism of the United States military for
D) unwarranted.
failing to enforce civil rights reform.
D) introduce the author’s argument that civil rights
reform should not be postponed. 6
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
3
A) lines 45–46 (“Yet . . . deeply”)
The author of Passage 1 implies that in comparison to
its past, present-day America B) lines 58–60 (“To . . . tomorrows”)

A) places an increased value on spirituality. C) lines 61–64 (“Indeed . . . come”)

B) provides greater equality of opportunity. D) lines 82–83 (“In . . . responsibilities”)

C) holds formal education in higher esteem.

D) displays a decreased interest in traditional social
values.

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 History L4 P1
7 10
Which piece of evidence would best strengthen the In their discussion of civil rights, the authors of
assertion made in Passage 2 about the origin of the Passage 1 and Passage 2 both claim that the issue
national discussion of rights?
A) must be addressed, although they would prefer to
A) An excerpt from a founding document addressing postpone debate until a later time.
the ideal of equal opportunity
B) will not be resolved by the bill under discussion,
B) A quotation from a World War II-era Senate though the bill remains necessary.
debate surrounding the limits of personal
C) must be dealt with immediately through direct
freedom
action in the Senate.
C) An excerpt from a recent Supreme Court decision
D) should not be discussed until controversy
regarding civil liberties
surrounding the bill has died down.
D) Direct testimony from several individuals who
will benefit from civil rights reform
11

8 In presenting evidence supporting civil rights reform,

both authors cite
According to Passage 2, the failure of the Senate to
pass the Civil Rights Act would suggest that the A) social factors that have made reform necessary.

A) public is not yet ready for the passage of civil
rights legislation.
B) Senate is either uninterested in or unable to enact
reform.
C) Senate recognizes that civil rights issues cannot
be dealt with all at one time.
D) President of the United States must lead the way
in enacting reform.
B) the judicial precedent that makes reform legal.
C) the historical precedent that makes reform
patriotic.
D) the popular support that will make reform
politically feasible.

9
The stance taken by both authors is best described as
that of
A) an idealist setting forth universal principles about
right and wrong.
B) a mediator attempting to find common ground
between opposing viewpoints.
C) a realist outlining a clear course of action based
upon evidence.
D) a neutral observer objectively summarizing both
sides of a controversy.

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 History
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
Passage 1 is an excerpt from The Influence of Sea Power Upon
History by A. T. Mahan, originally published in 1890. Passage 2 is
an excerpt from Maritime Security, Sea Power, and Trade, a speech
given in 2014 by Tom Kelly, the Acting Assistant Secretary of the
Bureau of Political-Military Affairs.
Passage 1
The first and most obvious light in which the sea presents
itself from the political and social point of view is that of a
great highway; or better, perhaps, of a wide common, over
Line which men may pass in all directions, but on which some
5 well-worn paths show that controlling reasons have led them
to choose certain lines of travel rather than others.
Under modern conditions, home trade is but a part of the
business of a country bordering on the sea. Foreign
necessaries or luxuries must be brought to its ports, either in
10 its own or in foreign ships, which will return, bearing in
exchange the products of the country, whether they be the
fruits of the earth or the works of men’s hands; and it is the
wish of every nation that this shipping business should be
done by its own vessels. The ships that thus sail to and fro
15 must have secure ports to which to return, and must, as far as
possible, be followed by the protection of their country
throughout the voyage.
In these three things--production, with the necessity of
20 exchanging products, shipping, whereby the exchange is
carried on, and colonies, which facilitate and enlarge the
operations of shipping and tend to protect it by multiplying
points of safety-is to be found the key to much of the
history, as well as of the policy, of nations bordering upon
25 the sea. The policy has varied both with spirit of the age
and with the character and clear--sightedness of the rulers; but
the history of the seaboard nations has been less determined
by the shrewdness and foresight of governments than by
conditions of position, extent, configuration, number and
30 character of their people, -- by what are called, in a word,
natural conditions, it must however be admitted, and will be
seen, that the wise or unwise action of individual men has at
certain periods had a great modifying influence upon the
growth of sea power in the broad sense, which includes not
35 only the military strength afloat, that rules the sea or any part
of it by force of arms, but also the peaceful commerce and
shipping from which alone a military fleet naturally and
healthfully springs, and on which it securely rests.
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L2 P5
Passage 2
One of the great strategic advantages of the United States
40 is that, as “America, the Beautiful” reminds us, our nation
stretches from “sea to shining sea.” The oceans have been
part of our identity – and our protection – since the founding
of the country. They have been the path through which we
became both a great commercial and a great military force. I
45 may be a diplomat, but I believe in naval power. It makes my
job easier. I grew up on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. My
professional background is in trade. So it’s very natural for
me to see the oceans and our maritime security as essential to
our continued prosperity.
50 Ninety percent of world trade is conducted on the oceans.
Our food, our fuel, our imports and exports all travel on these
global economic highways. Maritime trade is our nation’s life
blood. Keeping the ocean free for commerce – in two
words, maritime security – is key to our nation security.
55 Today, this phrase encompasses a complex set of issues,
including both public and private activities, sometimes with
diametrically opposed interests…. Mother Nature reminded
us that she still controls some aspects of maritime security….
Climate change is affecting the Arctic. As the ice cap
60 shrinks, old shipping lanes are expanding and, in some cases,
new ones are opening. Opening these Arctic lanes to
commerce and keeping them free will be important. As the
lanes open, we’ll see more demand for access to the Arctic’s
natural resources, which in turn may raise the stakes on
65 territories disputes.
We should remember that outside the domestic waters of
the United States, securing our own maritime security
depends on our foreign policy. Our security assistance
programs…can be a critical tool to support states trying to
70 build their security capacity, which feeds into larger foreign
policy objectives beyond achieving peace and security – such
as promoting economic growth, democracy, and human
rights.
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1 5
The author of Passage 1 implies that a coastal nation’s The author’s central claim in Passage 2 is that
primary goal in building a navy is to
A) the continued prosperity of the U.S. depends on
A) attack other nations. keeping the oceans secure.
B) protect trading ships. B) U.S. foreign policy must change to focus on
maintaining control of the seas.
C) defend its coastlines.
C) the U.S. military is crucial to defending domestic
D) threaten its trading partners.
waters.
D) the security of the world’s oceans is increasingly
2 at risk by enemies of the U.S.

Which choice provides the best evidence for the

answer to the previous question?
6
A) lines 1-6 (“The…others.”)
The author of Passage 2 implies that the United States
B) lines 8-14 (“Foreign necessaries…vessels”) might not have become a superpower were it not for
C) lines 19-25 (“In …sea.”) its

D) lines 32-38 (“The wise…rests”) A) economic strength.

B) geographical position.
C) superior military.
3
D) natural resources.
In line 3, the word “common” most nearly means
A) public land.
7
B) political group.
Which choice best supports the answer to the previous
C) legal right.
question?
D) shared condition.
A) lines 43-44 (“They…force.”)
B) lines 52-53 (“Maritime trade… life blood.”)
4 C) lines 55-57 (“Today…interests”)
In line 10, the word “bearing” most nearly means D) lines 68-70 (“Our security…capacity”)
A) carrying.
B) allowing.
C) supporting.
D) yielding.

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 History
8 10
Unlike Passage 1, Passage 2 focuses on
A) the benefits of trading with other nations via the
oceans.
B) the relationship of economic and military power.
C) the shifting of maritime policies to adapt to
changing circumstances.
D) the importance of the oceans for a specific nation.
9 D) anxiety, because he is worried about the effects of
In Passage 2, the discussion of climate change
primarily serves to
A) convey the gravity of the threat to the oceans. 11
B) stress the power of Mother Nature.
C) exemplify the many factors affecting maritime
security.
D) suggest a plausible government initiative.
127
L2 P5
The author of Passage 2 would most probably view
Passage 1’s claim about “natural conditions (line 32-
33)” with
A) approval, because he sees the nation’s oceans as a
strategic advantage.
B) skepticism, because he believes in both naval
power and diplomacy.
C) hostility, because his professional background is
in trade.
climate change.
Based on the passages, both authors connect the idea
of sea power with
A) the ineffectiveness of the Navy in protecting
trade.
B) a leader’s desire to present territorial disputes.
C) a country’s political and economic advancement.
D) the rights guaranteed to all people by natural law.
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