HandBook FE Devices 02

1/17/2010 Making a free energy Electret
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Making an Electret.
The complete article that was to have been placed at this site I have accidentally destroyed.
I think the main points that I remember are reproduced below.
If some one can give me additional information in construction of the same please send to my email address
below and I will add to this web site for the enlightenment of others.
It seems that the Japanese knew of them before world war two and were using them in their telephones during
the war.
Electrets today are used in modern tape recorders for microphones and to a limited extent in flat wall
loudspeakers that were popular some time ago.
Many materials can obtain a surface electrostatic charge and when then come in contact with another material the
charge is either changed or neutrallized.
However there are certain materials that will replace that charge without addition current charge,
If I can remember sugar crystals are one but don't quote me on that maybe someone more knowledgable than
myself can send me a complete list.
Construction
One material is called lucite and a electret can be made in the following manner.
It seems the action of electret is formed when a suitable material is in a molten state and under the
influence of an electrostatic and then left to cool under the influence of said electrostatic field.
Making One
You will first need a high voltage source.

Taking high voltage from a Wimshurst machine or a Van de Graaf machine may also prove suitable.
Next you will need to cut a sheet of lucite 6 inches by 6 inches about a quarter of inch thick, if I can remember
correctly.
You will also need two thin sheets of aluminium cut to 6"x6" also
…fortunecity.com/…/electret.htm 1/4
Two house hold bricks and a good heat source such as a barbecue bicket.
Arrange all components as per diagram below
Light the bricket and then turn on the High Voltage Supply. and keep it going until The lucite is in a molten state
and until the brickete is completed finished burning
Turn off High Voltage source and then carefully remove the two metal plates with the lucite and completely wrap
it in metal foil and store for two weeks in a suitable storage area.
(Please note
Do not at any time allow your finger to short out plates as a nasty electrical discharge could or will
occur)
After this time if the process has worked you should have an electret that will give a high voltage discharge,
Connect a piece of joined insulated wire to each plate and then by disconnecting from the two metal plates a
spark will be given off
After a suitable time period (seconds) you will be able to repeat this step again and again.
To help you keep the electret working when you have finshed experimenting with it ,keep it wrapped in foil as
before.
An interesting observation and by no means confirmed is the following observation made by a visitor who was
able to see to the Swiss ML machine working (see article from main index)
Claimed that the disks were made of persplex or could be lucite type material .
That one disk disk described as the earth plate had metal sectors mounted on both sides of the disk [ something
not alway mentioned on articles describing the invention]
I am suggesting that one of the actual disk described as the earth is a set of 50-60 electrets mounted on a single
disk and some how are discharged in sequence and are allowed to recharge before coming into the next
discharge point. when the disk is spun at suggested speeds of 50 to 60 revolutions a second.
see the diagram below
I am not sure if the entire disk could be broken into sectors and a high voltage source applied to these sections in
a manner suggested in the construction of said electret above.
I am not however suggesting that is the complete answer to the working of the Swiss ml, but I believe it could
have played a part in its operation however, if the above electret design could have be constructed successfully in
a manner described before above.
In the beginning of my web page on the Swiss ml I have described an experiment called the Linden experiment
where P.B. is said to have performed in front of witnesses and also said to have suggested if we knew the
answer to this experiment we would know how his device worked.
If the Lucite had been prepared in the way suggested above it could also be able to give a electrical discharge as
mentioned before and the use of different metals used could be meant to mislead or mis direct the observer.
What appearred to be a simple piece of lucite would be just that until the two metal plates were added to giving
the impression of creating something new at time of presentation when in fact the device was already made
before hand and the plates removed.
This however does not explain how many kilowatts of power was produced and there must have been some
other action taking place maybe something akin from the Floyd Sweet Device may be able to explain it. (see
article on my main web page) The use of the P/magnetic field could have been used as some type of magnetic
rectifier (A type of device is also mentioned on my main web page.
A modern loadspeaker works by having an electrical signal driven in a coil wrapped around a magnetic center
and this causes the paper cone to reproduce the original audio input signal.
However if the speaker is connected as a microphone the reverse is true and a small electrical signal is produced
maybe,could this is also true of the coil in the horseshe magnet in the Linden experiment and acts also as
generator of limited electrical energy that could be used to control timing or other related functions.
Like to hear what others think
Geoff
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1/17/2010 Additional Research material supplied …
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Additional Research material on the Gray device supplied

by Gary Magratten
It is the purpose of this report to explain the use of 10 amps as being the
necessary design criteria for the creation of an arc at the spark gap of the CSET of
Gray's patent 4,595,975.
This report will give the theory and then the mathematical explanation.
The assumed duration of the arc is .00005 sec.. One ampere is one coulomb per see.
10 amps gives us .0005 coulombs of electricity per pulse.
The analysis of the ARC begins with its component parts; air molecules, positive and
negative ions, electrons drawn from the LVA [low voltage anode], and the three
thousand volt positive potential at the FIVA [ high voltage anode].
The principal constituents of the atmosphere are nitrogen (78%) and oxygen(21%).
Electrons discharged from the LVA are drawn through the molecules of nitrogen and
oxygen to the HVA by the 3,000 volt potential.
The collision of LVA electrons with the outer most shell electrons of the oxygen and
nitrogen molecules causes the initial formation of positive and negative ions( free
electrons). The ionization potential for air is 75 volts per .001 inch. This is the
point at which air molecules breakdown to form ions thus forming a conductive
pathway from the LVA to the HVA.
The spark gap of the CSET [ conversion switching element tube] should be .04
inches,(1/25th of an inch). Actual experiments show 3/32 to 3/16 of an inch. This
may be because of the presents of humidity.
When the collision of electrons with air molecules occurs and electrons are removed
from the outer orbit of the atoms positive ions are formed, The movement of positive
ions colliding with other molecules of oxygen and nitrogen causes the formation of
other positive and negative ions. In both oxygen and nitrogen the wavelenght of the
outer most electrons is 4.85 Angstroms.
One angstrom equals 1 times I 0(-8) centimeters. The speed of light is 3. times 10
(8) meters/sec. The speed of light equals the wavelenght times the frequency. The
frequency of the quanta of the eletromagnetic radiation emitted by the free
electrons when absorbed by the JIVA should be 6.2 times 10(17/s). This is lower end
X-rays.
It is common knowledge that electric arcs emit electromagnetic radiation in the

frequency range of visible light, ultraviolet light and low end X-rays.
Bound electrons of the atoms that form the molecules of oxygen and nitrogen are
knocked free [ unbound state] by the kenetic energy of the rapidly moving positive
and negative ions.
One quanta of energy is absorbed by the bound electron in order to overcome the
binding nuclear forces of gravitation and proton electromagnetic attraction. When
…fortunecity.com/…/grayreproduction… 1/7
the "free electron" returns to bound state in another atom, such as the HVA, one
quanta of electromagnetic radiation is given off at 90 degrees to the direction of
the current path
This EMR is absorbed by the copper collection grids of the CSET.
An ARC is a type of electrical conduction in gases characterized by high current and

low potential drop.
To start an ARC on a cathode[ here the cathode and the LVA, low voltage anode are
the same] there must be a higher initial voltage.
Ionizations of air molecules is caused primarily by the impact of electrons close to

the LVA initially.
As the LVA temperature rises, the thermionic emission increases until the air
molecules are sufficiently ionized to conduct electricity. At the point where the
negative ions flow to the HVA and the positive ions flow to the LVA, the potential
necessary to produce the discharge drops, a visible arc is formed. See
Chart #1.
In the ARC there is a positive ion current to the LVA. The electron current from the
LVA to the HVA is larger( numerically) than the positive ion current.
This is because the electron discharge from the LVA is combined with the free
electrons created by the formations of ions in the ARC pathway[ spark gap], each
atom providing one positive ion and a negative ion. Please see Diagram 3.
It should be noted here that a refactory metal having a very high melting point
provides better thermionic emission. That is why I used steel for the LVA and HVA.
The high melting point is also helpful at the HVA where free electrons are absorbed
and EMR is given off
The next CSET I build will employ stainless steel anodes.

The positive ions drawn to the LVA form a large space charge which help extract
electrons from the LVA. The HVA draws in a large electron current. As the free
electrons are absorbed by the HVA, quanta of EMR are given off by the electrons as
they are added to the outer most shell of the atoms of the conductor. This is known
as electron affinity.
The air molecules between the LVA and the HVA are ionized predominately by a
temperature effect. Energy can be imparted to air molecules in the form of atomic
and molecular excitation.
With many intermolecular collisions this energy is readily transferred to the

thermal energy of the air molecules. Thus a high temperature may be achieved and
ionization occurs by intermolecular collisions.
This is expressed quantitatively by the equation derived by M.N. Saha. Please see
Equation at the end of the report.
After the Arc is formed the voltage necessary to maintain the ARC is less than the
ionization potential of the air molecules. The heat from the ARC increases the
temperature of the LVA.
This increases the thermionic emission from the LVA. The magnetic field provided by
the positive ions surrounding the LVA lowers the barrier for electron emission. Both
of these effects result in increased electron emission from the LVA. See Chart 2.
Quanta of electromagnetic radiation are released by electron affinity as free

electrons strike the HVA and are absorbed by the conductor's atoms with the force of
the HVA's 3,000 volt positive potential.
The release of EMR has two effects. First, if the photons [photons, quanta,
electromagnetic radiation, EMR and Radiant Event, all refer to the same thing] ,
strike the copper collector plates of the CSET, their energy is absorbed by the
electrons of the copper atoms.
Secondly, if the photons strike an air molecule, ionization may result as the
electron in the outer most energy shell absorbes the kenetic energy of the photon
giving the electron enough energy to overcome the binding forces resulting in futher
ion production.
These photons have a wavelenght in the visible light ultraviolet, and X-ray region
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Thus there appears to be three related methods of air molecule ionization; electron
impact, positive ion impact, and photon impact.
If the free electrons and positive ions gain enough energy in a high voltage field
to collide with an atomic or molecular electron the result is an ion pair, a
positive ion and a new free electron.
Cumulative [total] ionization is an extention of ionization by impact.
IF THE PROCESS IS REPEATED OVER AN]) OVER, THE RESULT IS CALLED
AVALANCHE, AND THE CUMULATIVE IONIZATION IS REFERED TO AS
BREAKDOWN OR THE IONIZATION POTENTIAL OF THE AIR MOLECULES. THUS THE FREE ELECTRONS
AND PHOTONS ARE ABSORBED BY THE CIRCUIT RESULTING IN A GAIN OF POWER.
The free electrons from the ionized air molecules are absorbed by the HVA in the
form of a current. The photons are absorbed by the collector plates of the CSET to
form a voltage. The increase in voltage and current form a GAIN in POWER for the
circuit.
Part one of this article
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1/17/2010 Homebrew Polystyrene drinking cup c…
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drinking Cups.
To make some cheap high voltage capacitors the above is all you need to make them .
A roll of al foil which can be obtained from a supermarket and some foam cups purchased from the same
place,you should be able to get what you need for less than ten dollars.
First you will need a template to enable cut your aluminiun to the shape of the foam cup sides.
I found that if you cut a foam cup down one side and cut away the bottom you will get your shape.
I then lay this foam semi circle on some coardboard and trace it's outline and then extend the length and then use
this to cut out the foil shape as shown in picture above. The extra length of the cardboard template semi circle
will allow the metal foil that is cut by using the template will allow enough foil completely cover the cup
completely along it sides.
…fortunecity.com/…/foamcup.htm 1/6
I also have these foam cups placed on a laminate kitchen table that means it's some sort of plastic top and I have
found, that if I roll the foam cups over it, there is produced on the cup an electrostatic charge that holds the AL
foil on the cups as shown above,and in place when the foil is placed next to it. I have used no glue on thes cups
at all.
If you don't have a plastic table top to work from, you may be able to produce a small electrostatic holding
charge on it, by other means if you so wish,you might be able to get away with not using this method at all.
Insert a piece of foil in bottom ,this acts as a conductive connector to inner plate
one cup is placed inside the other and these foam the two plates of the capacitor.
Place a foam cup on bottom without foil and this then becomes a simple capacitor.
To get a greater value for capacity just build up your stack as shown as above.
The one above has 40 such cups.
In the above photograph there are twelve cups in each level and this seem to be a better type of design to work
with.
One complete layer is configured to be postive plates and the next layer consisting of the negative layer and so
on.
The bottom two layers of cups are there for insulating purposes and are mounted on a PVC cutting board.
I have used this big unit and have charged it by means of a Vandegraph electrostatic machine. It usually takes a
couple of minutes or so to fully charge and then there is a voltage discharge breakdown in a cup or cups bewteen
differing plates,
But if I remove the leads before it has time to fully charge,then it seems to be able to hold this charge with it
remaining there for at least one hr,but after a 24hr period the charge sems to have gone,no doubt lost to the air
surrounding it. It might hold it's charge better, if you use two cups instead of one between plates and maybe
adding a small amount of mineral oil in the lower cup before placing the upper cup in it. Any way I leave this for
you to try for yourself.
A capacitor works on the principal of have two conductive plates which are very close and are facing each other.
When a voltage is applied to one side of the capacitor,the electrons will attract approximately the same voltage
on the other plate of the capacitator because of the electrical charge that is built up on the first plate.
I haven't tried this myself, but I think those foam eating plates could also work in this role as a capacitor as well
Calculating Capacitates in series can be calculated by

value=
1
----------------------------------------
(1/c1 +1/c2 1/c3 and so on
The new value will always be lower.
Calculating capacitates in parallel

value = c1+c2+c2 The new value will always be higher.
A Note on Polystyrene Capacitors Usually chosen for for applications requiring tight tolerance coupled with high
stability.
Predictable temperature coefficient used in conjunction with particular ferrite cores makes highly stable tuned
circuits or oscillators.
plastic cup capacitor page
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1/17/2010 Homebrew Wind generator using a ma…
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This page is all about a rather silly, quick project where in about 1 day I built a
small wind generator using the following items, and nothing else....
(1) Wood
(2) Copper wire
(3) Surplus Neodymium magnets
(4) Dirt
(5) 10" piece of 3/8" steel shaft
(6) Two bolts, but these are optional.
...and that's all, unless we count glue, and linseed oil which I used for finishing.
…fortunecity.com/…/magnetitecorege… 1/9
Initially the project started out to simply be an alternator experiment. Once I had
the armature finished and a couple of the coils wound on the stator, I realized it
was definitely going to be a successful one, so I decided to build it into a small
wind generator. Mostly simple tools were used, although a band saw, wood
lathe, and drill press came in pretty handy.
Pictured above is one of the magnets I used. These are surplus magnets from
computer hard drives , one of my favorites for alternator experiments. They are
about 1.75" long, 1.4" wide, and a quarter of an inch thick. 8 of them will fit
together to make a ring. They are available with either North, or South on the
convex surface. We sell these on our products page and they are also available
from our Forcefield magnet website.
Above you can see the armature for the alternator. I simply laminated wood until
I felt it was thick enough to hold the magnets securely. After they were glued
together, I lathed the armature down to match the diameter of a ring of 8
magnets, I cut a slot so the magnets could be pressed/glued in. Epoxy is
probably the best glue for this. In the center I drilled a hole and glued/pressed in
the 3/8" diameter shaft. Keep in mind, this alternator has 8 poles, and the
magnets must have alternating poles facing out.
Pictured above you see the wooden pillow block bearings. I simply drilled a
hole, slightly under 3/8" diameter, and then using a gas stove, heated the shaft to
almost red hot, and forced it through the holes. This makes for a good tight fit,
and it serves to harden the wood, and the inside of the holes has a layer of
carbon, which makes for a better bearing. These bearings are from pine,
certainly a harder wood would work much better! In the top of the pillow blocks
I drilled a small hole so that the bearings could be oiled/greased. Once the
alternator was assembled, there was no play in the shaft at all, and it turned
freely. Even after several hours of hard running, the bearings are holding up well.
It's interesting information, although I would certainly encourage anybody
building a windmill to use steel ball bearings. I just did wooden ones for the sake
of fun, and simplicity. Odds are, on a slow running machine, like a slow water
wheel, wooden bearings, properly made could last for years. This is actually a
high speed windmill and I should think these would wear out quickly.
The stator, on which the coils are wound was cut from two pieces of 2" X 4"
lumber. The inner diameter is 1/2" larger than that of the armature, and to the
sides are thin plywood pieces with holes drilled for winding the coils. Inner
diameter of the plywood pieces is only slightly larger than the diameter of the
armature. This allowed for "hollow coils" into which I would have a "dirt" core to
attract the magnetic field through the coils. These coils are wound with #30
AWG enameled copper wire, each coil is 100 turns. The coils are wound in
opposite directions.
I dragged a magnet around in the dirt of my driveway, so that it would attract the
magnetite sand. Pictured above you can see the pile I used, with a stack of
magnets demonstrating its magnetic properties.
The dirt was mixed with epoxy, so that I had a thick paste. I simply spooned it
inside the hollow space in the stator. This makes for a reasonable core, and
although it does not work nearly as well as steel laminates, it's much easier.
Making steel laminates is a nearly impossible task without significant time and
tooling. The magnetite paste does a good job of attracting the magnetic field, and
is non-conductive so eddy currents are not a problem.
The completed alternator! I was real surprised by the performance. I could

easily spin it up with my fingers to produce over 12 volts. Attaching a cordless
drill to the shaft, it would light up a 25 watt 12 volt light bulb easily! Although this
may not seem breath taking, I thought it was, considering the simplicity of the
project! It was at this point I decided it deserved a windmill for testing!
To stay with the "style " of the project I decided to build the whole windmill out
of wood, it's a fairly simple design and should be self explanatory. It's glued and
pinned, with wooden dowels, no bolts are used except to bolt the alternator on
it. I cheated there.
The prop is wooden, made from 1" X 4" lumber. Each blade is 3.5" wide at the
base, 2.5" at the tip, and 2' long, for a total diameter of 4 feet. The pitch of the
blade is 10 degrees at the hub, and 6 degrees at the tip. The hub is simply made
from 2" thick wood, and glued to the shaft with epoxy. The blades are held on
by one small nut at the end of the shaft, and several wooden pins. So far its held
up well! Hope I never feel like taking it apart, because it would be nearly
impossible...
So there it is, all finished up! I took it for a test drive in the model A Ford. I
didn't want to break it, so I never took it over 25 miles per hour, but it seems to
perform well (considering). In a 25 mph wind it produces about 60 watts (5
amps into a 12 volt battery), so I think I can give it an optimistic rating of 100
watts...not bad for a 1 day project made entirely of wood. Obviously, it's not
made to hold up over the long term, it was merely a fun little test, but I think the
alternator provides some interesting data. I feel pretty sure now that with little
work one could definitely build a very useful alternator completely from scratch.
By simply increasing the diameter some one could get a LOT more output from
a very similar machine. Of course, using better bearings would be wise, but I like
the use of wood, because it is a material which is widely available, and easily
worked with the simplest of tools. Thanks for dropping in and letting me show
off this silly windmill! Please email us with your comments or suggestions.
Webpage copied with permission from the following source please check their website out
mailto:info@otherpower.com
©2000 by FORCEFIELD
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1/17/2010 How to Build an Efficient Alternative E…
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How to Build an Efficient Alternative Energy

Device
of MATTER (PLASMA) POWER GENERATION
I spoke with Steve Elswick, the Publisher of the Extra Ordinary Technology Magazine;
Reading this article you will learn how I discovered what I now call an ion valve and how it is used in an extremely
efficient tank circuit to greatly conserve the current to run motors or provide light. Tests show that motors can be run
many times longer on a battery supply using the ion valve as a regulating component. I will not discuss actual
numbers at this point in time. However, it is not too hard to envision a motor vehicle that used to travel 50 miles on a
single battery charge that can now travel 200 miles, or a bank of light bulbs being powered up for several days on one
12 volt car battery.
You will notice that the ion valve component requires the opposite polarity to which Edwin Gray's switching tube is
shown in his patent. It is not known if his patent was drawn showing this reverse polarity to protect the invention.
However, it was reported that Gray did not want anyone to get too close to his device. It seems very likely that he did
not want anyone to observe the correct operational polarity of his working device. The Gray conversion tube was
designed to be an ultra fast switching component that can handle instant discharge of capacitors without quickly
burning out, according to its patent description. The disadvantage of instantly dumping a capacitor's charge into a
load is heat loss, as you will read in my article. The advantage is that power can be provided in a short duration burst.
This is advantageous when used in a motor because a magnetic field can be timed when the rotor and stator are
perfectly aligned, at which time, the most torque is obtained.This is how the Edwin Gray motor achieves it's
effeciency. If current is applied to the rotor and stator before or after complete alignment, the current is wasted. There
is no mysterious "radiant event" involved.
The advantage of my system over what is shown in the Gray patent is that heat loss is avoided. The plasma glow
discharge conserves energy. Near perfect resonance can be achieved with the load. In this system there is no need
to recover anything. The Gray system is a direct current (Edison) system, whereas, my system is a true alternating
current (Tesla) system. You decide which system will become the alternative energy standard.
Bruce A. Perreault
December 30, 2003 - updated November 06, 2004
…fortunecity.com/…/energydevice.htm 1/5
Advanced Radiant Energy Power Circuitry
November 07, 2004
The circuit shown here will light up a home very economically. The ion-valve regulator shown in the circuit is an
energy quenching device as I have described in my Fourth State of Matter Power Generation magazine article which
allows the device to operate efficiently. Circuit deviations are possible and do not depart from the spirit of this device.
An ion-valve generator is included in the circuit that utilizes radioactive material that allows it to function as a state
of the art atomic battery. This tube is the primary source of power. It's detailed construction is proprietary at this time.
However, the circuit will still function without it as a highly effiecient lighting system.
When the ion-valve generator is included in the circuit, once the circuitry is primed by charging the source
capacitor, energy can be feed back from the output to charge the 12 volt storage unit that is used to supply power the
high frequency inverter.
Improved Edwin Gray Circuitry
Simplified Edwin Gray Patent Circuit
The circuit drawn by Bruce A. Perreault at the left is

without the distractions that are shown in the original
Edwin Gray patent drawing shown below. This
simplification gives a clear impression of how the circuit
actually works. The the wire path represented by the red
lines discharge the capacitor heating the central cathode
rod. This has the effect of adding pulsed amperage to the
tank circuit. Most of the discharge current is conserved
by sending it through the source battery. The wire path
represemted by the blue lines is the working load circuit.
More advanced circuits will be posted.
Original Edwin Gray

Patent Circuit
IMPORTANT SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
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Nu Energy Technologies, P. O. Box 22, Rumney, New Hampshire 03266-0022 USA
Copyright © 2001, 2002, 2003 & 2004 All Rights Reserved
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1/17/2010 Hydro-boost made from water for you…
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Curiosity & Freedom - Mother's of invention

My dream of breaking out of the system and keeping money in my own wallet, instead
of padding that of the gas/car companies led me to start thinking about improving
gas mileage. Having a background as a chemistry teacher in a small Christian school
gave me the knowledge that Hydrogen is very common and burns very well. I therefore
wondered why I could not make a car run off of Hydrogen. Upon researching, I found
several hydrogen vehicles have already been constructed.
Most of them have never been widely publicised. Since hydrogen does not give off
toxic waste products when burned, I wondered why auto makers have never pursued this
option. Do they really care about the environment as they claim to? The only answer
I could come up with was the controlling stock oil companies have invested in the
auto industry.
However, one day while watching the TV, I did see where one car manufacturer was
planning production of a Hydrogen burning automobile and envisioned Hydrogen
stations around the country instead of gasoline stations.
The cost of manufacturing the prototype car they has was only (!) $500,000. They
were trying to find a way to bring the cost down. The car contained at least three
'hydrogen cells' that each cost $100,000 each to manufacture and were essential to
…fortunecity.com/…/hydroboost.htm 1/18
the design of the car. The thought of Hydrogen stations angered me why? Because
water is made of H20 - two parts Hydrogen to one part Oxygen. I thought there had to
be a way to liberate and burn the Hydrogen.
The way to liberate the Hydrogen was a simple classroom experiment in electrolysis.
Take a nine volt battery, attach a wire to each terminal, put a small amount of salt
in a cup of water (to assist the electrical current flow), and put the ends of the
wires in the cup. You will notice that on the wire attached to the positive
terminal, many bubbles appear. On the wire attached to the negative terminal, some
bubbles appear, but fewer than the positive side.
You have just split the water, Hydrogen and Oxygen, apart and liberated them into a
gas.
A Simple Science Lesson

A theory of how electrolysis works is simple. For the sake of all reading this, I
will assume nothing is known of how molecules and atoms work.
All substances known to man are made of atoms which can be pictured (although modern
science has shown this picture to be false, we still use it since it still can
adequately describe most observable reactions atoms undergo) as having a central
core made of tiny balls stuck together in a clump
This clump is called the nucleus and is made of protons (these are positively
charged) and neutrons (which have no electrical charge). We find other small balls
(called electrons - these have a negative charge) orbiting the nucleus much as the
moon orbits the earth. These 'orbits' (called energy shells and/or orbitals) are
different energy levels the electrons can exist in. The orbital closest to the atom
can hold only two electrons at one time. The next orbit out can hold eight electrons
at one time.
When you put an atom of Oxygen together with two Hydrogen atoms, what is termed one
molecule' of water results. All water is made up of molecules. We really do not
understand why, when these atoms come together in this form, the resulting substance
takes on the properties it does (why is water wet, transparent, etc.?), but we do
understand somewhat of how they 'stick together.'
An Oxygen molecule has its lower orbital filled with two electrons, however it
naturally occurs with only 6 electrons in its outer orbital. Since atoms always seek
to have their orbitals filled to capacity, the Oxygen is seeking two more electrons.
Hydrogen has only one proton and one electron. This means that because it has only
one electron in one orbital, it seeks another electron so its orbital is at its
maximum capacity of two electrons.
When an Oxygen atom meets a Hydrogen atom, both decide to share an electron. This
means the Hydrogen now has the two electrons it desires, but the Oxygen still is
short by one electron. Along comes another Hydrogen who wants to share with the
Oxygen. Both Hydrogens now have two electrons in their orbital and the oxygen has
its outer orbital filled to its capacity with eight electrons. The atoms are now
have what is termed a' covalent' (or electron-sharing) bond between them. Now that
all the atoms are content, we have a water molecule.
Getting back to the experiment: When we apply electricity to this covalent bond,
its breaks. This procedure is called electrolysis. As the covalent bond is broken,
the Oxygen naturally migrates to the positive electrode.
This is probably due to when the covalent bonds are broken, the Oxygen ends up
keeping the electrons from the Hydrogen atoms and therefore has two extra electrons.
Since electrons, by nature, carry a negative charge, the Oxygen now has an overall
charge of -2. Because opposite charges attract one another, the Oxygen migrates to
the positive electrode.
Since it seems the Hydrogen has lost its electron, it is left with the positive
charge from the proton. Therefore its overall charge of + 1 makes it migrate to the
negative electrode.
Oxygen and Hydrogen gases both consist of 'diatomic (two-atom)' molecules and
therefore can be termed 'diatomic' gases. Each molecule of Oxygen is made of two
Oxygen atoms bonded together. Each molecule of hydrogen gas is made of two atoms of
Hydrogen bonded together.
Keeping this in mind, when enough Oxygen atoms arrive at the positive electrode,
they combine in pairs and form Oxygen gas. The same happens to the Hydrogen atoms
arriving at the negative terminal, the atoms pair and form hydrogen gas.
This brings us to one of the benefits of using water as our substance that we
obtain Hydrogen from the Oxygen that is produced is also a very reactive gas. So by
using this electrolysis unit, more dynamic combustion happens. Therefore less fuel
is used.
Now that I had this concept to use, the other problem I faced was how to make
enough of the gases so that it would actually make a difference in gas mileage.
Another friend of mine told me it would take a truck sized piece of equipment being
hauled around behind the car to make enough Hydrogen to burn. I did not believe it
would be that hard.
By the addition of various substances to water, the volume of gases produced

increases. I first though of salt, but this corrodes the electrodes too fast.
The solution (pun intended) was to use small amounts of car battery (sulfuric) acid
(which is made of two Hydrogen, one Sulfur, and four Oxygen atoms).
I hastily constructed a device, using a large pickle jar, whereby I could test how
much acid and water needed to be mixed. Using a battery charger, the gallon pickle
jar, and 1/4 cup of used battery acid, my electrodes started bubbling like I had put
an Alka-seltzer tablet in the tank. I constructed a device such as described in the
"Let's Build It" section and found I greatly increased my mileage.
The First Tests

The first vehicle this system was on was a 1985 AMC Jeep. The vehicle belonged to a
friend of mine who was developing this system at the same time I was. He got an
astounding 60-70 mpg highway and 40-50 mpg city.
My first few personal tests were on a 1983 AMC Eagle SX4 4WD. The problem was that
the car was in a bad enough state of repairs that I never had a consistent period of
time to test it on. The one time I did test it on a long trip, I forgot to read the
odometer when I arrived at my destination! The only fact I can give concerning the
mileage was that I drove from Erie, PA to Hagerstown, MD on approximately one half
of a tank of gas.
I drove 357 miles using a minimum 9 gallons of gasoline (my tank registered just
below the halfway mark). This would figure to 39.7 mpg. Even figuring the use of 10
mpg means I made 35.7 mpg. My Eagle normally got 15 mpg highway! I know on this trip
I had to have been getting at least 35 mpg. But where was the 60 mpg highway that my
friend's Jeep had obtained? Our engines were identical and yet I got lower mileage.
The only difference I could find was that he had used his air conditioning pump to
force the produced gases into the top of his air filter. I had thought instead of
sacrificing the air conditioner, I would cut the line from the PVC valve to the
carburetor, insert a T-connector, and allow the vacuum from the engine to suck the
gases in. I discovered that using a pump to force the gases into the engine seems to
work better.
The second test I used it on for a long trip in my Eagle also was botched up. I had
changed from galvanised bolts to bolts labelled 'zinc' to use as electrodes.
After a 100 mile drive to Buffalo, NY I found my electrodes had rusted to the point
the water was murky and no gasses were being produced. I did not replace them and
ran the rest of the tank out sight seeing in Niagara Falls. I did get a pleasant
surprise when I refilled the tank.
Even though the device was running for only 100 miles of that tank of gas, my
overall mileage (including the 2/3 of a tank the electrolysis unit was not
functioning -which again, normally meant 15 mpg highway) still indicated I had
gotten 23 mpg! Remember, this was with the device only running for 2 hours of
driving. The mileage for this trip must have been quite good in order to register 23
mpg overall.
The next test came after I finally got a chance to have the system work by forcing
the gas into the top of the Carburetor with a pump. I shared the idea with another
friend of mine who put a windshield wiper pump into the top of the electrolysis tank
and used it to force the gases into the top of the air filter.
The results are 67 mpg highway, 47 mpg city in an 8 cylinder 350 engine running a
4WD pick up! The other truck it was installed on was a 4WD pick up with a 351
engine. Both trucks report the same mileage.
Admittedly there are other ideas I have for improving the system (see 'improvements
Section' below). This publication is being written to inform people of the basic
unit with hopes they will try to improve it themselves. This electrolysis unit will
help in the saving of our environment, and the saving of our wallets from those who
would greedily take advantage of us.
Advantages and Disadvantages

There are a few minor drawbacks with the electrolysis unit. It requires maintenance
from time to time. The first drawback is that the electrodes will need replacement
periodically.
Normally this will be after every two tanks of gas. Every two tanks is not a
bothersome thing when the mileage gain increases the distance/time you go between
tanks. A typical vehicle that has a 20 gallon gas tank and gets 15 city mpg will go
300 miles before it needs refuelled.
Using the electrolysis unit, the same type of vehicle may get 47 city mpg (as the
two trucks cited previously). If such a vehicle is getting 47 city mpg, it will go a
distance of 940 miles before the tank needs to be refilled.
The second drawback is that the unit will also need cleaned out after every two
tanks. As the electrodes deteriorate, they deposit a black, wet, powdery sludge at
the bottom of the tank. Just rinse it out with water.
The benefits are numerous. Gas mileage increase; more money in your pocket; the
engine burns cooler which could have the possible results of a longer engine life; a
little more power increase has been noted in our test vehicles; less gasoline being
burned implies cleaner emissions; cleaner emissions means a healthier environment.
Lets Build It
There are two sets of diagrams picturing different views of the electrolysis unit
included with this publication. The first set is for the basic unit. The second set,
almost identical, refers to an advanced unit with a bubbler tube attached. I still
have not been able to test if the bubbler tube gives better mileage.
I suspect it will. I have included it in this publication so others may experiment.

For more information on the bubbler tube, refer to the 'Improvements Section.' There
is detailed explanation of how to build the bubbler tube and the theory behind why I
feel it will be an improvement. The rest of the 'Let's Build
It' section will refer only to the diagrams for the basic unit.
The parts list for the basic unit is simple. To make a typical 8.5 inch tall unit,
you need the following PVC pipe pieces/parts (I have used schedule 40 pvc - any will
do):
A length of 4 inch pipe; a 4 inch end cap; a 4 inch clean out and plug.
You also need 8 X 3/8 inch galvanised carnage bolts; 8 galvanised nuts; 2 wing nuts;
4 washers to go with the carnage bolts; a 2 inch length of threaded hollow rod (the
rod used in making lamps through which they run the electric cord is perfect); a
small 12 volt windshield wiper fluid pump; a length of wire such used in running
extra brake lights; some battery acid (you can get this from an old car battery);
circle (and maybe spade) 'crimp' connectors that will allow you to put a circle on
the end of your wire so they can easily slip over the ends of the carriage bolts;
and a tomato paste can (the inside coating on the can seems to prevent deterioration
during the electrolysis).
The cost depends on how many parts you can find laying around. Made from all new
parts the cost will vary between $20-$30.00.
Step 1: Where to Mount It

The first thing to do is decide where you will be able to mount this device in your
engine compartment. Find a place in your vehicle's engine compartment where you will
be able to mount a 10 inch high, 4 inch wide device that will not be in the way of
the hood when in the closed position.
Be creative in the way you will mount this device - all car engine compartments are
different. The completed unit will need to be inserted vertically into the
compartment; stay in the upright position; be firmly mounted so as to eliminate
splashing of the liquid inside; be positioned such that the closed hood will not
pinch off the air hose coming from the top of the unit; and facilitate easy removal
for periodic maintenance.
My father found a good way to mount his. He obtained a six inch diameter 'elbow'
connector piece of drain pipe; bolted it (hole upwards) to the side wall; bolted a
1/4 X 2 X 10 metal strip sticking up out of the top of the elbow; inserted his
electrolysis tank into the elbow; and then put a hose clamp around the metal strip
and the electrolysis tank.
Step 2: Construction
Look over diagrams 2- 4 until you feel you have a good idea of what the completed
unit will look like. This will facilitate the following of the building
instructions. It is a lot easier than it sounds.
Refer to Diagram 5a and drill holes on either side of the square raised area on the
PVC plug that will allow the carriage bolts to be threaded into the holes. But take
care that the hole is far enough in so that a nut affixed to the bolt will be able
to fit into the underside of the plug without getting caught on its rim. (see
Diagram 5b).
Use a red indelible marker to designate one of these holes as the positive
terminal. Drill a hole in the top of the raised square on the plug such that the
threaded hollow rod can be threaded into it. drill a 1/8 inch 'bleeder hole' (as in
diagram 5a) in the top of the cap on the side of the square that has not already
been drilled through. This bleeder hole acts as an air intake for the pump to
operate with.
To insert your positive electrode, thread a nut down a little more than an inch
from the end of one of the carriage bolts. Put a washer down on top of this. Thread
this carriage bolts into the hole made for it in the plug. Run it up through such
that the nut and washer are tightly against the inside of the plug's cap.
This should leave an inch extending beyond the top of the plug. Put a washer down
on the top of the newly exposed end of the bolt and thread a nut down to hold the
washer tightly to the lid. Follow this by a wing nut (I had to grind the tips of the
wing nuts down a little to allow them to tighten down on the bolt without running
into the side of the square raised area of the plug).
The top and bottom of the tin can must now be readied for use. I find the I
hydrogen tends to collect better around a sharp edge. Therefore, take the top and
bottom of the tomato paste can (I tried using stainless steel discs and found the
tomato paste can lids lasted longer because they did not deteriorate as fast) drill
holes in them that will allow them to be threaded/slid up the carnage bolts (see
Diagram 6 concerning the tin can lids).
Also drill many holes in these lids such that a grid pattern is produced (these
holes may also be made by using a nail to punch through the lids), hydrogen bubbles
will form around the perimeters of all of these holes. Since these lids give the
Hydrogen more edges to collect on, a greater volume of Hydrogen seems to be
produced. I tried using more than two plates and found the amount of Hydrogen
bubbles did not seem to be increased more.
To make the negative electrode, thread a nut 3/4 of the way down the other carriage
bolt's length, slide/thread a tin can lid down onto it, follow the can lid with a
nut. Tighten the lid onto the bolt using the two nuts. Slide/thread the other can
lid onto the bolt in the same manner such that there will exist a one inch gap
between the top nut of the lid farthest down and the bottom nut of the top lid.
Make sure both lids are facing the same direction on the bolt such that the whole
assembly will be able to be fit into the electrolysis tank.
Repeat the procedure you used on the positive electrode to insert the negative
electrode into the hole that was drilled, and marked, for it in the plug. Screw a 2
inch length of the threaded hollow rod into the top hole. Make it flush with the
inside of the plug.
Familiarise yourself with Diagram 7 so as to better understand the following

instructions. Mount the windshield wiper pump in the engine compartment. Connect the
ground wire of your new pump to the frame.
Find a wire that is live only when the ignition is on (I unplugged the modular plug
from my car's wiper pump and tested which wire on this was hot with a probe) and
connect the hot wire from the pump to it. Sometimes a car's fuse box has an extra
place above the ignition fuse which is tied into the ignition fuse's socket. If so,
put a spade crimp connector on the end of your pump's hot wire and insert the
connector into the empty socket.
Put a circle crimp connector on the end of a wire, unscrew the electrolysis unit's
wing nut from its positive terminal, slide the wire's end down over the terminal,
and tighten the wing nut back down. Connect the other end of this wire to the same
place you connected the hot wire from the pump.
Apply another circle connector to the end of another wire, put it on the negative
terminal (in the same way the wire was connected to the positive terminal), and
connect the other end of this wire to the frame of the car.
Fill the tank to within a couple of inches of the top with water (purified water
works best, but tap water will do).
Place 3 tablespoons of old battery acid into the water (I personally have never
used fresh, but my friend running it on his 4WD truck says he uses a lot less. (see
the 'Improvements Section' ).
Hydrogen
Step 3: Watch it work
Insert the tank into its mount in the engine compartment. Fit, but do not screw,
the plug into the clean-cut such that you are able to see inside the tank. Make sure
the tops of terminals are not touching any part of the car, have a friend turn on
the ignition switch.
Watch inside the tank and you should see a bubbling action occurring at the
electrodes. The negative electrode should have numerous bubbles forming and coming
to the top from all over the surface area of the tin can lids. This is the Hydrogen
gas. The positive electrode will have bubbles forming all along its shaft. This is
the Oxygen gas.
If the bubble action is not similar to that of an Alka-seltzer, add more acid (in
small (amounts) until it is. A normal car's electric system will have only about 12-
14 amps of electricity going through it.
Therefore, assuming you have not stepped up the amperage in your cars system, you
should never need much more than 3 tablespoons total of acid. If you are using old
battery acid and find you need to add a lot, it is probably because someone watered
down the acid while it was in the battery.
Be warned! Never use half acid and half water! This has caused one unit to explode!
You may be tempted to think that if a little acid produces a little Hydrogen, a lot
of acid will produce a lot and therefore the car will be able to run on just
Hydrogen and Oxygen. Again, be warned! This does not work. The principle of the
electrolysis unit is to break apart water molecules by causing them to migrate to
oppositely charged electrodes.
If you increase the amount of acid in the water, you end up allowing a good amount
of current to flow from one electrode to another. This results in an internal
heating of the unit; expansion of the contents; and possible explosion of the unit.
My fiend was able to put 50 amps of power through his electrolysis unit instead of
the 12-14 amps produced by a normal car battery. He uses purified water and new
acid. He found the 50 amps allowed him to produce the same amount of Hydrogen and
Oxygen gases while using less acid. He only used 2 drops of new acid per litre of
purified water!
Step 4: Finishing Assembly

Turn off the car and disconnect the wires from the top of the electrolysis tank.
Apply a little petroleum jelly to the threads of the plug (it makes it easier to
remove later) and insert the plug into the clean-cut. Reconnect the wires. The unit
is ready to work for you!
Improvements Section
There are some improvements to the design that I would like to mention here. Some
of these are experimental and will be labelled as such. They have not been tested.
Others have been tested and work.
The first tested improvement is simple. Using new battery acid from the store,
instead of acid from an old battery, will mean you need not use as much acid in the
electrolysis unit's tank.
The next tested improvement is just as simple. Using purified water instead of tap
water increases the I Hydrogen and Oxygen gas production reaction as there are less
impurities in the water to get in the way of the electrolysis process.
The third tested improvement concerns the electrodes. Since this unit uses
electrolysis, the electrodes 'dissolve' as time goes on. The unit described above
works well with the galvanised bolts, but after each 2 tanks of gas (average) the
electrodes need replaced (though at an average cost of .69 each, this is not too
bad).
It has been proven that threaded lead rod will last longer than the galvanised
bolts do. Not everyone, however, has access to threaded lead rods. You can make lead
electrodes easy enough. Lead melts with a propane torch. Obtain a length of pipe and
cut it down its middle through the whole length.
Clamp it tightly together with hose clamps along its length. Pour molten lead into
the pipe. After cooling, extract the lead rod and thread the end using a tap and die
set. A simpler method may be to improvise using a plaster mould of a wooden dowel.
WARNING: BE CAREFUL NOT TO BREATH ANY OF THE VAPOURS WHEN YOU MELT LEAD, THEY ARE
TOXIC.
The next improvement is using what I call a 'bubbler'. The bubbler can be made using
a length of aquarium air pump hose; an air-stone for the same; and a valve.
The concept is to sink the air-stone (with hose attached) into the liquid such that
the stone is on the bottom. Drill a hole though the plug and insert the valve
through the hole threaded preferably). Attach the air hose to the bottom of the
valve.
Plug the breather hole in the top of the PVC plug by screwing a screw into it.
Obtain a larger pump that will be able to move more volume than the windshield wiper
pump can.
It must be strong enough so that when it is attached to the tank, its suction will
cause air to be drawn in through the open valve and be bubbled up through the water
in the tank. I believe this will guarantee that the gases going into the engine will
be of a more concentrated nature than the previous design.
In the previous design, I feel some of the outside air being sucked through the open
bleeder hole gets pulled into the engine without becoming Hydrogen-enriched.
I feel that the more Hydrogen that enters the system, the better the mileage will
be.
Another type of bubbler I have assembled is a little sturdier. Obtain a length of

3/8 inch PVC pipe, 2 elbows, one end cap, 2 in-line connectors, and I valve.
Drill a hole in the top of the plug that will allow a piece of 1 inch pipe to pass
through while also leaving room that an in-line connector can be placed on the
underside of the plug without interfering with its insertion into the clean-cut.
USE NO CEMENT YET! THIS IS A TRIAL FITTING.
Cut a length of pipe such that when inserted in this hole, an in-line connector can
be put on each end and be able to fit snugly together.
Pass the pipe through the hole and put the in-line connectors on it. Insert a small
section of pipe into the top connector, put the elbow on top of this. Insert another
short piece into the elbow's free end and attach the valve to this.
Put the tank in its mount under the hood and pivot the valve/elbow/pipe sticking
out of the top such that the valve system does not interfere with the closing of the
hood/wiring/etc. Glue the pieces together.
Attach another section of pipe such that it will extend down into the tank and,
when an elbow is placed on it, be just off the bottom of the tank. Insert this into
the connector just under the inside of the plug.
Cut another small length such that it can be inserted into the open end of the
elbow; be capped; be pointed towards the middle of the tank; and fit into the bottom
of the tank without running into the opposite side wall.
Drill many 1/16 inch holes in a grid pattern all around the perimeter of this piece
of pipe. Insert it into the elbow and cap it.
Test, by assembling the entire tank unit, that this bubbler tube system does not
interfere with the tank's assembly. Take the components of the bubbler tube system
apart and glue them back together.
One other experimental improvement may be using the bubble tube attached to the
vacuum from the engine, utilising the line from the PVC hose as mentioned in the
previous reading, while simultaneously having the windshield wiper pump also
attached.
This would make the Hydrogen and Oxygen gases enter the engine from before and after
the carburetor (or fuel injector) unit. It may increase mileage simply because more
volume of the gases are being presented to the engine. I have not yet tested this.
Additional HIMAC In formation

The inventor of the Hydro-boost has tried to keep cost down for sake of
practicality.
Following are some further things I thought you should know to prevent additional
costs of breakdown.
First, install an in-line fuel filter on the output of the Hydro-boost unit. This is
just to prevent any unwanted materials from entering the engine.
You can get a clear one and mount it so that if any of the electrolyte from the unit
comes out, it will catch in the filter and you can see it accumulating, drain it
back, and lower your fluid levels to prevent this pull over from happening again.
Second, install your tee connector as close to the PVC valve as possible. This
allows for better mixing and greater time factor for the hydrogen to react with the
Hydrocarbons in the PVC line. The end result is the reforming of the fuel into
natural gas which produces a greater explosive force.
I also believe that a mixing catalyst jar like the 'Condensator' or' Turbonator'
would further aid in this reforming of the fuel. Just put the catalyst jar after the
T-connector where the oil (coming from the PCV) and hydrogen (coming from the Hydro-
boost) mix and put the jar's output to the regular PVC intake at the base of the
carburetor.
I was mentioning this to Grant Goldade of the MPG high mileage club and I said
someone should be able to build a device like that for about 12-14 dollars. lie said
12 dollars he saw it on the web and we have a reprint for your use later on in this
Manuel courtesy of John Draper and the KEELEY.NET I have also added my
understandings and some of the Condensators testimonials from back in 1982. If you
do not want to build one Condesators were still being sold out there. The patent is
expired and you would not be breaking any laws or patent right anyway if you are
just building and installing for ones self.
When you have a new, more explosive fuel, you should make a change to your ignition
timing so it fires later. Normally a car's timing is adjusted so the spark tires
just before the piston reaches top dead centre (TDC) in the cylinder. This allows
the fuel time to ignite.
When gasoline is ignited, it starts burning slowly. Then after the piston gets to
the point were the power stroke starts, the main burn from the explosion begins and
continues through the burn as the piston goes down. The fuel continues to burn in
the exhaust system.
With the hydro-boost, the hydrogen-laden fuel reforms into a lower boiling
hydrocarbon with a greater explosive speed and force. If the timing is the same as
in a normal gasoline engine, the new fuel's explosive forces will fire before TDC
and will not be properly harnessed. This will not aid mileage, but actually could
retard it as well as cause possible engine damage.
The damage might be caused because the explosive force is pushing down when the
piston cannot really move much (when at the TDC point). By retarding the timing, the
forces can fire when the piston is ready to go down. You can set the timing for 3-5
degrees later. A tip for setting your timing: I have found (if you have no timing
light) you can use a vacuum gauge. Just set the engine to the highest vacuum at
idle.
Third, I tried the air compressor system, using the car's existing air conditioning
pump. The pump seized up 15 miles out. This cost me a compressor. I am not sure if
it was my fault for feeding direct voltage to the drive pulley coil or if it seized
because it was not pumping Freon (what it was intended to pump).
The inventor said his friend installed no special wiring, he just turned the air
conditioner switch on. In the end, the air conditioner system cost me a compressor,
belt, breakdown tow, and aggravation.
I have since learned there are two types of compressors One will work one will not.
Instead I used a 12 volt inflater blower, the type for beach toys. It was effective
in moving the gases but did not create a great vacuum which seems to help to give
the extraordinary mileage.
As far as mileage feed back from my friends experimenting with the Hydro-boost, I
have been told of values around 20%-40%. I believe the difference is in the fuel
used. I understand they put different additives in the fuel (called anti pyrolysis
agents, tetra ethyl lead, MTT, and assorted agents) to prevent decomposition and
pre-combustion. These additives basically prevent the chemical reaction of the
gasoline with the hydrogen so it does not reform into natural gas.
The guys in Pennsylvania that were getting fantastic gains may be are getting their
fuel and oil from a local independent refiner that do not always put these additives
in their fuel. I have also heard that the high test fuels have less additives I have
been told of one particular brand is used for the auto manufacturer executive cars
that run supercarbs .
These are called 'experimental', but I think they have their experimenting done and
are not letting these cars out to the general public because they are too good. High
mileage means little pollution and no carbon to foul up an engine or spark plug.
1,000,000 miles on an engine is not good business sense to them.
If you do not believe such cars or carburetors exist, just ask around. There have
been many of these cars that have slipped through to dealers and some 'general
public' customers got them for awhile. But, these cars must use clean fuel or they
do not work long as high mileage vehicles for very long.
Fourth, instead of using battery acid you can use baking soda or Hydrogen peroxide
to make an electrolyte for your Hydrogen supply. Battery acid is not always readily
available. Some may worry about acidic transfer to the engine, so it may be better
to run both baking soda and acid alternately. The baking soda is a base that will
neutralize the acid if any is transferred.
Fifth, you can just make a simple sight gauge as I did to check fluid levels. Just
use two 1/4 inch N.P.T. elbow to 3/8 tube. Fit one on top, one on bottom, and use
clear vinyl tubing in between. Position this gauge so you can just pop the hood and
look at the tube to determine your fluid level.
You may even want to use a T-connector at the top of this gauge (instead of an
elbow), put a removable cap on it, and use this as a way to replenish the fluid
levels.
Sixth, to know that the unit is working (and to what extent), you should install an
amp meter (just the standard style) in line with your electrode. This will enable
you to add to the acid content until you get the 10- 12 amps.
If you check it out occasionally, you will see when your amperage is down. When
it's down to 4-5 amps, you know to check water level; acid content; or condition of
your rods and plates (for cleaning or replacing as set out in first section of the
text).
Seventh, I have not tried other metals for the rods but tried galvanised metal
electric box covers for the plates because my tomato can lids disintegrated. I used
the octagon type covers and cut them in half Just trim the end to fit the container.
I did drill the holes as described in the instructions. Because the water/acid does
appear to 'boil' (produce gas) at the edges of the holes.
You could get half inch rod in a variety of metals and just cut a half inch thread
on the ends to mount or hold plates. Also, you could get a one inch compression
fitting, drill it out for the rod to go through, and just use stainless steel gear
clamps to attach the wire and plates. Cut the letter H on your plates where you want
your rod to go through, bend the tabs the same way, push your rod through, and clamp
with a gear clamp over the tabs to hold the rod in place to give an electrical
circuit.
Eighth, I recommend fusing the circuit. Use a 25 amp fuse. I have seen the metal
deposits form spikes in the plates and it could be possible to short out. Fusing a
Circuit is always a good idea in whatever you are doing. Safety first.
Ninth, I would recommend using a good oil additive that bonds to the metal for extra
protection. I recommend MT-10 for oil and FT 10 in your fuel for upper cylinder
lubrication.
You will want a little extra lube in your engine because you are getting a little
more water in your combustion with this system. MT- 10 and FT- 10 can be ordered
through
Muscle Products Corp.
112 Fennell Drive, Butler Pennsylvania 16001
1800 227-7049 Or(412) 283 0567 fax 412 283 8310
Or in Canada call 905 680-2724 or on the internet at handsense Please tell them you
heard it from HIMAC.
Tenth, multiple electrodes plates may help.
Instead of 2 electrodes, use 4 or 5 and insulate between them a the 12 volts is

probably better spaced out 2-3 volts per area between the plates. As for as orgone
goes 1 would like to see it get enough to constantly triple mileage.
We will be investigating and informing any on the HIMAC mailing list.
I would like to stress this system is experimental, and I alone could not do all
this research required to make sure that we are not actually putting a different
pollutant into our environment.
You sometimes can cut down a pollutant that is a minimum toxic and generate a small
amount of something that is very toxic. I do not think this is the case with this
new system, but I hope to do further detailed analysis and will pass on any further
information 1 find.
I also ask that if any of you learn anything about this system that could help
others please submit it to HIMAC PUBLISHING if it is helpful we will reward as
fitting (as well as being rewarded by knowing you have helped to share so we may all
benefit).
The article from "Nexus" sound unbelievable and could be more misinformation to
take people of the real track of high mileage systems. But I do not think so,
possibly, they could be just another misunderstood idea. I am thinking that if
Hydrogen is so reactive with hydrocarbons, then it could be possible these systems
(which appear to use no fuel) would actually work by using the PVC blow-by for a
feedstock which chemically reacts with the Hydrogen to produce natural gas. This
theory would make sense chemically and would not break any known physical laws since
energy cannot be created or destroyed, just transformed (Law of Conservation of Mass
and Energy).
The small amount of oil from the PCV along with the hydrogen would give enough
natural gas to run the engine. If this chemical process is the case, it would appear
that the car runs on just water (and no big deal if you went through a quart of oil
every few hundred miles or so).
I have not tried the Nexus system yet and feel I must pursue the system that I
understand as Thermal Catalatic Cracking (T.C.C.) and try to work them both
together. I just will have to see what time and finances bring. I hope this manual
will help many to save fuel; our environment; and to help you understand that
mileage increases are possible, but not acceptable with corporations just trying to
get your money.
For other information on high mileage technology be sure to read my book "Secret
Super High Mileage Report" That we sell money back if not convinced for $19.95 at
the time of printing there are 940 sold with only I refunded, Plus many in the hands
of politicians and environmentalists and media or other books now available through
the HIMAC Publishing.
Following is a list of these publications: 3 Books By Allan Wallace: "Secrets of

the 200 MPG Carburetor" "Super Mileage Carburetors and How to Build Them" "200 MPG
Carburetors Fact or Fraud" these were the ones that got me started in this
information. In the spring of 98 1 talked to Allan Wallace explained him the
principles of Thermal Catalytic Cracking. He has read my book and stated that it
explained the idea so completely, He now understood thermal catalytic cracking (TCC)
was the answer, not just vaporizing.
I also have available "Gasoline Crisis Answers", By A. Jackson, "The Secrets of the
100 MPG Automobile" By Thomas O'Brien: and "The Elusive High Mileage Carburetor"
By Larry Wagner: All of these books are $10.00 US or $15 Canadian
The Ultimate fuel economy book by Micheal Hollar is available as well as Don Novaks
100 miles per gallon seminar book at $25.00 each.
This information has challenged me to commit my life to spreading this type of

information to the general public.
As a Christian, I think I need to submit to the betterment of all. I have tried

this part-time, but now a full-time effort is necessary. I hope others will help,
full-time or part-time, but I know I must take the lead and lay out the challenge to
just get people learning the truth.
Help me help us all.
Suppressing good ideas because somebody else is making money has cost mankind more
than we could possibly imagine. Together we can get the information out and all will
win! If you (or anyone you know) have a great energy efficiency idea that is
fighting the system, contact (or tell them to contact) HIMAC Publishing. We can win
if we share. They can not suppress it when everybody knows.
Conclusion
By Lee Brewer and 100% agreed with by J. Bruce McBurney
I hope this publication has led you to some interesting discoveries. Not only about
high mileage, but about how even what all others call impossible, can sometimes be
achieved if we just will apply ourselves. Being a Christian, I give God the glory
for allowing me to be able to develop this system. I acknowledge His wisdom and
guidance in leading me to this solution. The reason why I believe I was able to
achieve this is because the way He has changed my life. Please take the time to read
the following.
The only other thing I would desire for you to understand from this publication is
that God can save you more than money, gasoline, and the environment. He has the
power to save your soul (ensure you will be in Heaven). Christ, being perfect, died
so He could pay the penalty (because we sin) of eternal torment that you and I would
have to suffer forever in Hell.
Think on this, let it sink in, and then simply by acknowledging to Him that you know and believe he died for you
will ensure you spend eternity with Him. It is that simple. John 3:16 (King James Version of the Bible).
HIMAC In formation on PVC jar

This is to supplement the PVC device to help understand how and what it does. My research indicates the oils
actually are being Thermal Catalytic Cracked TCC The BB's copper coating is a catalyst I am just stating this so
you may understand that there are other materials that can accelerate the breakdown and it may be a good idea
to layer in other materials. Each different material will help to break down different molecules and so the more
you break down the more mileage and pollution improvement is noticed.
One in particular is silica gel, that little package that comes in medicines and electronic equipment is used to act
as a drying agent. Apparently it drys by disassociating the molecules breaking them into hydrogen and oxygen I
always though it absorbed it. It is also used a great deal in the oil refining business as a catalyst. It is also what
was in the
little screen bag that was in the Condensator one of the devices that inspired the PVC jar. I think this is what
John meant when he said glass beads. There are other metals that are used Nickel is used in refining also, so you
could just take ten five cent pieces and put them between two screens in you V8 juice can. For silver you could
use dimes. If you want gold and platinum are excellent catalysts if you had an old chain even just a plated one put
it in between a layer of screens.
It will up the cost but may help you save more money and think of it this way, it is safe place, a catalyst is not
used up. It just will need a good cleaning and the burglar wont find it under your hood. Also the beads from a
catalytic converter if they were cleaned well in a acid bath or roll them in fine sand paper for cleaning any catalyst
poisoning agent of the coating on the ceramic beads.
This you must understand that there are many different oils and fuels out there. They are all the same basic
hydrocarbon but if a different configuration and also different additives to prevent the breakdown of the
molecule. What we are doing is breaking the molecule down into a lighter more dynamic, having more explosive
force fuel that bums clean so their additives defeat this purpose. You might find that the cheaper oils will work
better and synthetics see little gain.
I still recommend using a good oil additive that is a metal treatment like Duralube or Mt-10 oil additive and fuel
treatment these are not anti catalyst agents or molecular boners or anti pyrolysis agents that the oil companies use
to stop super carburetors.
If you are not getting great gains possibly change oil and fuel brands the smaller independent refiners might be
best, when you try different brands try the higher grades as well. The way an engine works, some of the fuel
condenses and goes down the cylinder walls into the oil pan. This will thin you oil and will be the lighter vapor
that will fume off into your jar first. It will get cracked into fuel that will take you down the road not just heat it up
or foul up your engine.
In assembling your unit you could use a regular jar size by eliminating the gear clamp and using mechanics wire or
copper wire to hold the screen. Secure it together with your clamp and wrapped the wire tightly on each side of
gear clamp and then remove gear clamp if it is loose you could just put a dab of epoxy glue in three spot around
it to secure it. Not too good you might want to take it apart for cleaning or try other catalysts.
John states to use hose in a coffee can to secure it, It would help that you ran hot water line going to your heater
to heat the jar and contents Thermal Catalatic cracking is an endothermic reaction meaning it absorbs heat and
will operate better heated. This will also keep the water vapour flowing thru the jar and only the oil sludge
condensing in the bottom the water as steam helps combustion power because it expands and creates more
pressure than air when heated by the combustion. That is why you get better mileage on a rainy day.
Remember to keep track of fuel used and brands and mileage increase obtained. You will find the right
combination for your engine and location. Please be sure to check our web site occasionally and see what we
learn more we can help you find the better brands to get the best results. Please share what you learn and we will
continue to do the same to help us all and our world with cleaner air for our children.
epage6
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1/17/2010 Joe Flynns Parallel Path Magnetic Tech…
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Joe Flynn's Parallel Path Magnetic Technology

By Tim Harwood.
Inventor Joe Flynn's parallel path magnetic technology works not by defying the laws
of physics but by extracting magnetic flux energy.
Joe Flynn's Parallel Path Magnetic Technology

There is a common opinion that some kind of exotic new physics will be required in
order to significantly improve the efficiency of electrical motors, while many doubt
such a thing is even scientifically possible.
However exciting new principals for the manipulation of magnetic force, provide the
basis for development of a new generation of high performance electrical motors.
The credit for this ground breaking research goes to Joe Flynn, who has been engaged
in magnetic flux research for over 25 years now. His work is long standing,
comprehensive, and in later years, well funded. It is reported $7m has been spent to
date, with over $lm alone developing a revolutionary high performance magnetic
motor. His equipment is validated and apparently already in mass production for
select customers.
Since many lines of research have been formulated and explored by Joe Flynn, the
…fortunecity.com/…/magnetictechnolo… 1/9
following article presents only a brief summary of some of his best apparatus, but
is nonetheless sufficient to convey the basic ideas, and provide a framework within
which one can undertake experiments.
Principles of Operation
Figure 1
1.75 times more force is delivered to the legs of the core
than is provuded bt the electrical input to the control coils
Figure 1 is taken from Joe Flynn's US patent 6,246,561 awarded on June 12, 2001 and
filed on July 31, 1998. It explains a simple magnetic force multiplication
experiment, which forms the basis for the Flynn magnetic art. If the windings on
either side of the central magnet, which are normally connected in series, are
properly pulsed, the field of the permanent magnet in the center, will be diverted
to the opposite side of the core flux path provided. Or in alternative language, the
side of the core that is pulsed, is demagnetized, relative to the field of the
permanent magnet used in the apparatus. This is elementary textbook physics anyone
can understand.
So what is surprising about this apparently simple apparatus, is that the armature
on the side of the flux core, will contain 1.75 times more units of magnetic force,
than could be manifested by the electrical input to the apparatus alone. Since the
ability to arbitrarily move force from one point to another is the basis for motion
or work, however simplistic, we therefore have a basis for a system that can be
developed for practical technological purposes.
Expressed in alternative language, we also have the capability to engineer a time

varying magnetic field, without the need for moving parts, which will allow
development of systems that output electrical energy. Both capabilities are highly
desirable, and offer substantial opportunity for technical development.
Expanding upon this basic experiment, there is a second simple and logical
improvement in layout illustrated in Figure 2, which should be obvious, but has been
shown not to be the case. In this instance, the pulse is centrally located and a
dual flux field layout employed, which both demagnetizes the core relative to one
magnet, and magnetizes it relative to the other. Since the two actions are
complementary, the input required to manifest the flux switching effect is halved,
therefore doubling efficiency.'
Figure 2
3.47 times more force is delivered to the legs of the core
Than is provided by the electrical input to the control coils
It should be noted thatwhile the efficiency is doubled, the absolute output may not
be significantly improved. This is because the major weakness of this effect and
technology is flux saturation of the core, with values depending upon the specific
properties of the B-H curve of the core material employed, limiting absolute output
of both layouts the same.
The previous statements are not required to be taken on trust, and simple
experiments have been proposed by Joe Flynn, such that anyone can validate this ef&d
for themselves. Figure 3 is a simple experiment taken from the Flynn website, that
can be used to validate the principals put forward in this article.
Figure 3
Simple Magnetic Force Multiplication Experiments
An even simpler non electrical flux experiment was proposed by GM in the Parallel
Path egroup. My apparatus is illustrated in Figure 4. It is no more than magnets and
steel staple strips, bought from a local hardware store for a total of under $20.
The Parallel Path effect can be replicated with identical apparatus, at only a
slight increase in cost and complexity, with the addition of a simple 12v polarity
reversible power supply, such as those commonly sold to power computer speakers,
among other household applications.
Figure 4
In PP Egroup GM proposed a simple experiment to illustrate how small changes in
layout can alter magnetic force in cores.
Experiment done with $20 of parts from local hardware stores.
Conservation of Energy Field Potential

One of the aspects of the Flyrm technology people find most difficult to understand,
is how you can have a device that delivers 3.47 times more units of magnetic force
than is electrically inputted, yet not violate accepted principals of text book
physics.I feel this apparent puzzle can not be better explained than by reference
to Joe Flynn's own analysis of the experiment presented in Figure 3.
Since the Parallel Path System produced 3.47 times more force than the conventional
system, with the same electrical input, it appears to violate conservation this is
only true when observed from a tradional view point.
The system contains three flux producing sources (2 magnets and an electronmgnet)
which together are capable of producing a far greater force than is actually
produced. All of the flux sources together can produce a force of 13.11 units,
therefore in the physical sense a loss of 1- (9.01/13.11)= 31% is realized.
So the system is 347 % efficient, in terms of delivered magnetic force compared to

net electrical input, yet still conforms to the accepted physical principals of
field conversation, by being only 69 % efficient, in terms of the fields present in
the system. However surprising this result may appear, the analysis presented is in
outline correct with the difference between fields present in the system, and net
electrical input, being the important concept presented.
Losses in the System

In order to optimise flux cores, an appreciation of the physics that underlies the
transfer of flux within a core is required. The normal magnetization curve, or B -H
curve, is a mathematical relationship between applied field intensity H, and
resultant flux density manifested in the core B. It varies according to core
material, and the curve will shift, if there is a starting magnetism within the
core, such as that provided by the field of a permanent magnet. If the start
magnetism is excessive, the core is saturated, and will not properly respond to the
applied force H. A simple B-H curve is illustrated in Figure 5.
Hysteresis is a delay between applied magnetic force H, and resultant flux density
B, that again varies according to material type. It also manifests as a delay
between the termination of force H, and the manifestation of flux density B. So, the
system will not turn on instantly, and will not turn off instantly, in simple terms.
This is because the magnetic memory of the core, mean s a flux vector remains within
it, even when the application of magnetic force H has been terminated. If we apply a
reversed force H to the core, the basic B-H curve is now expanded as in Figure 6,
with the memory effect also illustrated.
Figure 6
In order to return to the initial switched state, the remnance magnetism must now be
overcome, hence input once in operation, will be greater than that required for the
very first pulse. The area within the hysteresis curve gives a rough estimate for
the amount of wasted energy, and along with other conventional sources of losses
resultant in flux transfer within a core, is what reduces the efficiency of flux
cores from maximum values of 2, or 4, down to values such as 1.75 or 3.47 typically.
Motor Apparatus
Although numerous practical applications abound for this effect electric motor
design remains the most outstanding opportunity. To this extent, again a few simple
images, should be sufficient to explain how the basic flux switching apparatus, can
be turned into a highly efficient electrical motor.
The first motor shown in Figure 7 is one I have proposed to validate the flux
switching effect at a most basic level. It illustrates the point made in the Flynn
patent, that the annature of the core can be removed and replaced with a motor flux
path. This first motor is not claimed to be highly ewicient but it helps one to
understand how the transition from simple flux core to motor takes place.
Designed to demonstrate core principals, not provide over-unity 4 magnetically

permeable cores placed on rotor section Flux is switched through
core section on approach to armature section When armature section is in register

with rotor cores
Flux is switched back, and rotor core free wheels away from register
The next motor shown in Figure 8 is again taken directly from the Flynn patent, and
illustrates the next intermediate step to motor design. The fields of the permanent
mapets are alternatively switched from one side of the surrounding flux cores to the
other, alternately interacting with N and S poles on the rotor, imparting motion to
the central rotor shaft.
Figure 8
With proper financial support, and the facilities to have Metglas(r) cores custom
moulded, Joe Flynn was able to develop improved motor apparatus, shown in Figure 9.
No detailed performance numbers have been released for this motor, whose precise
characteristics remain proprietary to Joe Flynn at this time. But the optimisation
is so advanced, it is stated to posses exotic performance properties, such as cool
ambient operation and reduced current draw.
Figure 9
Optimal Flux Core Motor Construction
The geometrical layouts depicted in Figures 1 and 2 can be adapted for electrical
output as is clearly stated in the 'Power Conversion' section of the Flynn patent:
The construction shown in FIG. 45X utilizes four control coils and a single
permanent magnet and the construction shown in FIG 45X uses two control coils and
two permanent magnets. The flux that would normally be supplied by a primary winding
is supplied by the static flux of the permanent magnet or magnets and the control
coils convert this static flux into a time varying flux in a novel way. Both
arrangements use two secondary coils, the secondary coils are placed in the region
of the continuous flux path that would be occuped by an armature or rotor in the
linear or rotary arrangements The regions of the flux paths that perform work are
the same in all cases.
By alternating the polarity of the control coils during one cycle, one working
region experiences an increasing flux and the opposite region experiences a
decreasing flux and during the next cycle the opposite occurs
This results in the induction of a voltage in the secondary coils that is decided by
the magnitude of the change in flux in the working region and the time in which this
change occurs
The novelty of this discovery is that the primary flux inducing the voltage in the
secondary coils is supplied by the permanent magnet or magnets and is far greater
than the flux supplied by the control coils.
As regards switching, it is necessary for the input and output circuits to be closed
in series. The reason for this circuitry requirement is obvious enough, with only a
little analysis.
If the output circuit is closed when the input circuit is activated, then the input
energy simply leaks into the output circuit, as in an ordinary transformer. So no
flux switching effect is manifested, and the field of the permanent magnet is static
in time.
Thus you have an ordinary transformer, with reduced efficiency, because of the core
flux saturation effect provided by the permanent magnet.
This is one of the most important points to make about the Flynn apparatus. If you
approach it as if it is a normal piece of scientific equipment then proper
optimisation is not greatly problernatic. For example more turns on the output
coils, simply means more voltage and less current, exactly as standard textbook
equations predict. Increased input voltage enables faster switching speeds, a
consequent greater rate of change of magnetic flux, resulting in higher absolute
output, but only up to the flux saturation limit of the core material.
Summary of Flux Core Physics
There has been a certain amount of confusion about the flux core technology Joe
Flynn pioneered. The exceptional performance of these systems as set by conventional
expectations, led many people to believe, the physics was more exotic than was in
fact demonstrated to be the case.
Furthermore, this technology is optimally implemented to multiply the application of

magnetic force, with particular regard to the design and implementation of high
performance electric motors. Inevitably, the obscure electrical effect is limited by
the flux saturation point of the core material employed, ensff ing absolute output
is always relatively low.
While making predictions about future adoption of technology is always difficult, it

seems reasonable to expect flux core motors will eventually replace conventional
designs across a broad range of applications. With high torque, relatively low
manufacturing cost, and performance ahnost beyond belief, there appears to be little
to stop commercial acceptance of this remarkable technology.
References
Flynn website (not updated)
US patent office
The information reproduced on this page
supplied to Energy 21
By Tim Harwood
Tim Harwood M.A. (C) v. 3.01
Versions of this article accepted for publication in:
NET magazine May - June 2003
www.Faraday.ru
Nexus Magazine Dec 2003 - Jan 2004
Nexus magazine
Charles Flynn Patent reproduction of his invention application for controlling the
path of magnetic flux from permanent magnets and devices
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1/17/2010 Make this radio motor
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Make This Radio Motor powered using only radio waves
This novel radio operated device shown for the first time at the New York Radio Show is easily
constructed. Nathan I. Hall from Radio Craft page 464 Feb 1936
An electric motor can be built using materials usually found in the radio facts junk box which will run
on radio power received from stations some miles away.
The construction of the motor is not at all difficult and the average radio fan will find it both an
interesting and instructive diversion from his usual radio activities.
(This "motor", essentially, is a galvanometer provided with bearings and a commutator that allows
continuous rotation in one direction. Editor )
As might be expected, such a motor cannot be used to drive any mechanism as all of the power
developed is used In overcoming friction in the motor itself.
The motor built by the writer will run on all input of one ten millionth of a watt armature current 7
microamperes and armature resistance of 2000 ohms and call be truthfully called a "flea-power
motor."
The major parts necessary for its construction are: a crystal receiver, a horseshoe magnet, a short
piece of iron rod and some small enamelled wire from an A.F. transformer secondary or a ford coil
secondary.
As this motor operates oil D.C. only, the purpose of the crystal receiver is to tune in the desired
station and to change R.F. current induced in the antenna into D.C.
A signal loud enough to be easily heard will be sufficient to operate the motor.
It is necessary that the current through the armature winding be reversed at the end of each half
revolution of the motor.
On weak signals this must be done with a hand switch but on powerful signals it may be
accomplished with a mercury or metal segmented commutator.
…fortunecity.com/…/radiomotor.htm 1/4
Figure 1A shows the top and side views of the motor. The dimensions of the various parts are not
at all critical and will be determined by the size of the permanent magnet available.
The iron core for the rotor consists of a Piece of iron rod mounted between the magnet Poles. The
diameter of this iron cylinder should be from ½ to 5/8 inches. less than the distance between the
magnet poles. (A good length for it is half the length of the magnet).
Contrary to the usual motor, this core does not rotate but is fixed and the winding rotates around it.
(See Fig. 1B) The only part of the motor where special care must be taken is in the construction of
the rotor coil form.
A good design for this form is shown in Fig. 1C. It is made of stiff. light cardboard or fibre and care
must be taken to see that it is symmetrical. The coil form should clear the iron care by about 1/16
in. on all sides. It will be seen in
Fig. 1A that the core is held in place by a pivot which must pass through the bottom of the form. The
hole through which this pivot passes should be approximately twice the diameter of the rod. To the
top of the coil form is glued a short length of hard-rubber rod.
This rod supports a phonograph needle which serves as the motor shaft. The needle protrudes
through the coil form and its point rests in a centre punch mark in the top of the iron cylinder. The
top of the hard-rubber rod is hollowed out slightly so that it will hold a few drops of mercury, or it is
pivoted at the top with a second phonograph needle as shown in the details of Fig. 1. The last step
in the construction is the winding of the rotor. The more wire used. the better will be the results.
The writer used 2000 turns of A.F. transformer wire, half of it being wound on each side of the hard-
rubber rod. One end of the coil is soldered to the phonograph needle and the other end makes
contact with the commutator. One of the motor input wires connects to the pivot and the other lightly
touches the commutator.
The two sections of the coil must be separated on the bottom of the coil form so as not to obstruct
the core sup-porting screw hole. A thin (for lightness) coat of glue on the finished winding will stiffen
the whole rotor and make the coil less susceptible to damage.
Figure 2A shows the circuit diagram using a S.P.S.T. switch for making and breaking the current.
Figure 2B shows the method of connecting a D.P.D.T. switch which reverses the current at every
half-revolution of the rotor and giving twice the power of the method shown in Fig. 2A. With a little
ingenuity the builder can design a switch which can be thrown with a very small movement of the
hand.
If a powerful station is close by, the switch may be eliminated and a commutator built on the hard-
rubber rod so that a wire brush makes and breaks contact at the desired time as shown in Figs. 1A
and D. The motor built by the writer has been operated on stations many miles away using the
hand commutation method.
(Mr. Hall is connected with the Physics Departrnent of West Virginia University, Morgan-town, W.
Va.-Editor)
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1/17/2010 Make your own orgone cloudbuster
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Goodbye Chemtrails, Hello Blue Skies!

The Do-It-Yourself Kit for Sky Repair
This web page reproduced with permission from
Ken Adachi of Educate_yourself organization
original page
Jan. 10. 2002
A couple of years ago, I was standing outside a restaurant on a sunny day in southern California
showing Joanna Beck, wife of Dr. Bob Beck, just how simple it was to disperse clouds using The
Visual Ray
(http://educate-yourself.org/visualray21may0.html), a technique I learned from reading Trevor
James Constable's book, The Cosmic Pulse of Life. After demonstrating the technique to her on a
couple of smaller clouds, we worked together on evaporating a particular large cumulus cloud and
noticed how the blueness of the sky was slightly darker where the large cloud had existed only a
few minutes earlier, a result of intensified orgone energy accumulating in that area. Almost
simultaneously, we wondered aloud whether a group of people could use this technique to break up
chemtrails! I tried it a number of times on my own, but I couldn't get chemtrail 'clouds' to break up
and disperse the same way normal clouds would and I wondered silently whether a Cloudbuster, a
simple invention of Wilhelm Reich.to direct orgone energy in the atmosphere, could tackle the job.
Over the course of 35 years, Trevor Constable had modified Reich's original long pipe arrayed
Cloudbuster down to a much smaller, compact, and simpler design that could 'make' or 'break'
weather in any direction he chose: He could make rain or stop it; he could relieve drought and
break up smog or create a dry spell and intensify smog conditions. It all depended on how you
manipulated the atmospheric ether in a given area. Trevor discovered that it all depends on how you
apply his modified Cloudbuster design to direct the flow of etheric energy. If you bottle up the
etheric flow, or stymie its normal expansive and contractile pulse, you will get drought (and smog).
If you release the etheric flow after being 'bottled up' or stuck during a dry spell, you will get
torrential rains. There is likely no civilian on the face of this earth who has accumulated more
expertise about weather engineering than Trevor James Constable
Don Croft
However, the hero of this article is Don Croft (zapper16@earthlink.net), a man who was led to
Reich's work with orgone energy and Cloudbusters by another route entirely. Someone had
directed Don to a web site (http://www.orgone.net) that discussed Reich's observations about
orgone energy and how you could utilize Reich's inventions of the Orgone Accumulator
…fortunecity.com/…/cloudbuster.htm 1/14
(abbreviated "oracs") involving a much smaller design than the conventional oracs built by Reich
using metal shavings, magnets, crystals, and epoxy or polyester resin. Don started to make cone
shaped oracs using the above mentioned materials (and plastic funnels for the mold) and called them
"Holy Hand Grenades" (HHG's) (http://educate-yourself.org/HHGconstruction10jan02.html). He
also incorporated these ideas into his "terminator" zappers (contact me if interested:
Editor@educate-yourself.org) .
"Holy Hand Grenades" Batman!

These things had the ability to focus life positive energy and break up areas of noxious energies or
DOR, a word coined by Reich which means Deadly Orgone Energy. Don calls them orgone
generators since they neutralize DOR and seem to only generate positive, life affirming energies.
Don began planting these HHG's in outdoor locations near nuclear power plants and other
(classified ) areas of noxious, life depleting energies and started to have a definite effect on
improving the energy fields radiating from these zones. Since he already was thinking about using
the cloudbuster to try and break up chemtrails, Don took it a step further and combined a large
version of his HHG with a cloudbuster utilizing rigid copper pipes and a 2 gallon plastic bucket to
hold the whole enchilada together. This modification of Reich's Cloudbuster is a unique and original
design idea of Don's and produces some rather special effects.
He set up his combo orac/cloudbuster outside on a chemtrail overcast day with the pipes pointing
straight up and sure enough, after a while, the chemtrails started to break up revealing blue sky
above. The longer he left the orac/CB in place, the clearer the sky got , eventually covering an area
out to 90 miles. He later improved the orac design and got the coverage to extend out to 120 miles.
Don had contacted me by E mail last year and was sending me reports of his success with the
orac/CB both in this country and abroad. He had sent the instructions to an African man named
Gert Botha living in Namibia who built a modified version of the device using locally scavenged
materials (read "Africa's First Cloudsbuster" {http://educate-
yourself.org/africasfirstcloudbusterjun01.html}and then see Gert's Report {http://educate-
yourself.org/gertbothareportoct01.html}). Initially, Gert found that his Cloudbuster was having an
effect on the incessant sand storms causing them to constantly change direction, but eventually he
found that aiming the Cloudbuster south at an angle of 30 degrees to the horizon forced the
sandstorms to stop. After being parked in this position for two months, his orac/CB brought on
torrential rains for the first time in years in one of the driest regions of Africa.
Psychic Dames
Don gains many of his "insights" about his oracs and other devices through dowsing with his wife,
Carol Derry, and his daughter, Nora, who both possess psychic ability, big time. His two psychic
'dames' also keep him one step ahead of the Bad Guys. Don is on the road most of the time and
whenever the black op types try to move in on him, he learns about it before they do! The Bad
Guys have their high tech advantages, but it seems the Universe takes care of its own when you're
trying to do the Right Thing. In Don's case, he's been provided with exactly the sort of 'assistance'
he needs (three cheers for Carol and Nora!).
Your Weekend Project

Complete instructions to make your own orac/CB or "ChemBuster" are included in this article. It
will cost you about $150 US dollars if you buy all of the materials new, but if you're a scrounger,
you can probably do it for the cost of the plastic resin. The instructions were written by Don Croft
with a little bit of editing by another man who wished to remain anonymous. The pictures were
mostly supplied by Don, but Mr. Anonymous threw in one photo of his own orac/CB breaking up
chemtrails in the midwest, his neck of the woods. Anyone with modest do-it-yourself skills can
build these devices, but be aware that an orac/CloudBuster is not a toy. It directs orgone energy,
both the good type and the harmful DOR type.
If you don't educate yourself about a Cloudbusters and handle this thing carelessly, you could
experience some discomfort, but not the sort of DOR that Reich's Cloudbuster design could
accumulate. Trevor Constable told me first hand a story about the late Robert McCullough, Reich's
friend and assistant in the Arizona desert in the 1950's. Dr Reich and Bob were running pioneering
experiments with Reich's Cloudbuster when Bob had allowed a big (functioning) Cloudbuster to
accidentally touch the side of his bare leg-which instantly paralyzed his leg and caused him
excruciating pain. It took weeks to recover and Bob walked with a limp and had to use a cane for
the rest of his life. You need to remember to discharge an active Cloudbuster before touching the
pipes. Don recommends touching the base of the unit after touching the pipes to discharge any
DOR energy. You could also lay the unit on its side on the ground and remove the pipes with a
rubber glove. Laying the pipes on the bare earth should discharge them of any DOR.
So here's the edited reprint of Don's papers on Chemtrail Busting and the complete instructions for
making your own "Chembuster" .
You can also review an earlier version of Don's Cloudbuster directions (http://educate-
yourself.org/CBconstructioninfo1feb02.html) which he had sent to me in August, 2001. It includes
some interesting uses for the CB not included in the directions given below. At the time, Don
indicated that you could get 5 double pointed quartz crystals from "David" at davdart@texas.net
for $7 including shipping, but I don't know if that contact is still valid. Give it a try.
How to Build A Cloudbuster to Disperse Chemtrails

and Improve the Weather
By Don Croft
Definition of a contrail: A contrail occurs when a plane travels at a high altitude (about 30,000 ft.
or more) and compresses the air into a water vapor or ice crystals through jet engines or the wing
tips pushing through the air. This trail disappears after anywhere from a few seconds to 15 minutes,
as the water vapor evaporates.
Definition of a chemtrail: The term "chemtrail" is a relatively new word, which appeared in the
last few years along with the
appearance of chemtrails. A chemtrail
is very different from a contrail. At first
a chemtrail might look a bit like a
contrail. However, instead of
disappearing like a contrail does, a
chemtrail just keeps spreading out and
forming a hazy cloud bank. These trails
traverse the whole sky and stay for up
to around five or even eight hours.
They have been known to turn what
was originally a clear blue sky into a
grey haze. (Note: As of Nov 2001
there are already several dozen
cloudbusters in seven countries, so if you see chemtrails that don't last anywhere near this long,
there may already be a cloudbuster in the area).
It is believed chemtrails are composed at least in part by an oil based substance of unknown
content that is actually being sprayed from jets on populated areas. It has also been found that some
chemtrails contain red blood cells, aluminum, mycoplasma, viruses and other unknown biological
components. There are many reports of increased diseases, especially respiratory ailments, in areas
where there are chemtrails.
Chemtrails are often seen to be sprayed by white planes with no markings. Sometimes you will see
these planes give off no contrail at all, and immediately after the same kind of plane in the same area
will start to leave a thick chemtrail. At other times, distinct short gaps in chemtrails have been
photographed, as though the plane ran out of chemicals and then had to start spraying with a new
supply.
For information on Chemtrails see the sites listed at http://www.carnicom.com/contrails.htm
History of the Cloudbuster

The Wilhelm Reich cloudbuster (CB) was well known for its ability to create rain. But a problem
existed with its continued use, in that the deadly orgone energy that it absorbed could in fact hurt the
operator if it was not correctly "drained off". This "draining off" of deadly orgone energy was
accomplished by 1. Connecting the cloudbuster to a body of running water (difficult) or 2.
Connecting the cloudbuster output to an orgone accumulator. However, the orgone accumulator
would soon become saturated with the deadly orgone energy which in turn caused more problems
for the operator. So the cloudbuster, as good a technology as it is, has lain dormant for many years.
The Cloudbuster Re-Invented

By utilizing the research of Wilhelm Reich, we have created a cheap, portable and easy to build
device that consistently destroys Chemtrails and heals
the atmosphere. The “chembuster” is the answer to
these ongoing attacks. Unlike the original cloudbuster,
the CB changes the deadly orgone energy to good
orgone energy and does NOT become saturated or
dangerous to the operator. You can build one for
about $150.
Join The Battle - Now!

It is human nature to sit on the sidelines and think that
one person cannot change the things that are
happening to our country. You now have no excuse
for inaction. For a few dollars and a few hours of your
time YOU can make a difference.
A properly constructed CB unit should be able to

greatly reduce the effects of chemtrails for about 45
miles in all directions (90 mile diameter) from the unit. If used with Slim Spurling’s environmental
tools, and a few extra crystals, the diameter can be increased to about 120 miles in all directions.
With this device a mere few hundred concerned citizens can SHUT DOWN the multi-billion dollar
chemtrail program. The chembuster cannot do any damage. It can only help and heal. Its up to you
to join the fight to save America.
Chembuster Construction Details
Cloudbuster Materials
Set pipes in bottom spacer
Middle Plywood Spacer
CLOUDBUSTER DIRECTIONS
BUCKET: Base: 9" in dia., 9" deep. I use two-gallon plastic buckets from the Home Depot paint
department, but two-gallon food buckets, available from restaurants, or two-gallon spackle buckets
from drywall contractors are fine. Leave the buckets on, as the handles make it easier to move the
finished cloudbuster.
COPPER PIPES: Six standard Type M, 1" copper pipes, 6' long, open at one end, the capped
ends submerged to within an inch or so of the bottom of the bucket before casting. For portability
and shipping, you can use 12” sections of pipe in the base, adding five-foot lengths by putting
couplers between the 12” and five-foot pieces. You won’t need to buy as much copper pipe this
way, too.
CRYSTALS: I glued a double-terminated (two pointed ends) quartz crystal, about 2" long, into a
.75” section of garden hose, (or use electrical tape) then, glue to the inside of each of the six copper
end caps, pointing in the same direction as the pipe will be after the cap is glued on. I use 'Goop'
glue. Tape, or solder around the cap where it joins the pipe to prevent resin from leaking into the
cap during casting. (Note) Another option is to add one citrine gemstone to each pipe before
adding the crystal, this smoothes the CB’s energy and helps to transmute negative energies.
However, citrine does not seem to make the CB any more effective at eliminating chemtrails.
METAL PARTICLES: Get some metal particles from a machine shop, recycling yard or a place
where they saw a lot of aluminum (sign shops and aluminum fabrication shops are good places to
look). I use aluminum for weight considerations, but ANY metal will do. Very fine particles (such as
filings from a key-making machine) aren’t quite as good as ones that will easily go through a ½”
screen are okay. There really is a wide margin of suitability! .
PLYWOOD: Template 1 - 3/4” exterior plywood is used to make the base for the copper
endcaps/pipes. I arrange the six pipes evenly around a 2 1/2” radius circle, which makes the pipes
2 1/2” apart on centers. A flat, 1 1/4” auger bit drills a suitable hole for each end cap.
Template 2 - Make another piece to fit inside the rim of the bucket. Remember to cut a section
away so you can fit your fingers under it to remove it from the bucket. This piece is not part of the
finished CB, just used to get the spacing for the pipes right during construction. Cut the holes in this
with a 1 1/8” flat bit so that it will fit well over the six pipes. This piece will hold the pipes in position
while the second batch of resin hardens.
Template 3 - I make a circular plywood spacer for the top ends of the pipes, 4” radius with 1 1/8”
holes on the same 2 1/2” radius circles for the pipe ends. This keeps the pipes parallel with each
other and fairly rigid.
Not to scale Widest circle is 9 1/8”
RESIN: I use polyester resin (used to build fiberglass boats) but epoxy also works, as does
envirotech resin from www.eti-usa.com (this sets up very quickly, so you need to be proficient with
it). (If you are going to construct many of these units, try to purchase your resin in 5 gallon buckets
over the internet, possibly from a surfboard or boat manufacturing supply company. Home depot
gets $24 per gallon for resin )
On a level surface, pour an inch or so of catalyzed resin into the bottom of the bucket and stir in
metal particles until the surface is uniform and flat. CAUTION: Resin fumes are flammable; use in
a warm, but well ventilated area.
The ratio that seems to work is approx. one part resin to one part metal particles.
Put the base Template 1 onto that before it hardens, so that it just touches the surface and doesn't
sink in much. Pour a half gallon of catalyzed resin into the bucket after the six pipes are set into the
holes in the base template. Use the dowel to stir in handfuls of metal particles in the same ratio as
before. Note that the wood Template 1 should not be pushed down to the bottom of the bucket
with the resin squishing over the top.
Carefully move the Template 2 down on to the six pipes until it is snugly within the rim of the
bucket. Put the top Template 3 onto the top of the pipes and move them until the pipes are parallel.
After the resin has hardened, remove the second template and set it aside. This is only used during
construction, as I mentioned.
You can finish off putting the resin/metal mixture in now in two stages if you want, up to within a half
inch of the rim of the bucket. Now it’s finished (wait until it hardens before you move it. You will
actually use about one gallon of metal shavings and 1 ½ gal. Of resin.
A MONEY SAVING SUGGESTION, ALSO FOR BETTER PORTABILITY:
Cut six pipes, 12" long, and put the crystals/endcaps on them for the base. Buy six coupler joints
which allow a pipe to come into them from both directions and stop at the middle. This allows you
to make the rest of the pipe assembly from three pipes, 10' long, cut in half. The finished product
leaves you with only one piece of pipe, four feet long leftover.
When positioning the 12" pipes for pouring the second layer of mix, temporarily tape the top ends
of the 12" pipes so no metal particles are dropped in them by mistake.
After the mix is made, take off the tape and push the rim plywood piece down onto the pipes so
that it fits into the rim of the bucket.
Put the spacers (soldered if desired), then the 5' pipes onto the 12" base pipes, then put the third
(top) plywood piece onto the 5’ copper pipes.
The pipes will look skewed, most likely, so just twist the top plywood piece around until the pipes
line up parallel. As you do that, the rim plywood piece will move around. You need to do this
expeditiously, though not in a hurry, so that the resin doesn't harden before you're done.
We experimented with 5' extensions to the pipes to increase the range. It had a strong effect on the
moon and on the upper atmosphere of the planet for hundreds of miles. We also apparently shut
down the weather warfare facility under Homestead Air Force Base by leaving the extended
cloudbuster pointing at the dead orgone field above it for a week.
We found that we don't need to point it in any particular direction in order to clear the atmosphere
of bad orgone, and the longer it's left standing, the nicer it feels for a longer distance from the
cloudbuster (many miles). We just stand it on its bottom, pointing straight up. We did once eliminate
a belt of smog which was just off the coast by aiming at it for a few minutes, so direction can be a
factor.
Cloudbusters destroy chemtrails consistently. It may take a few days for your cloudbuster to
activate the environment enough to do this, but after that point the spew will disappear within
seconds of leaving the UN jets and dissipated trails that drift within range of the cloudbuster will
also disperse, but more slowly. The ones that are made up of solids take longer to dissipate, but
we’ve found that these only make up about 10% or so of the spewing episodes.
Dr. Reich’s cloudbusters were extremely dangerous when in operation since he had no orgone
generator attached to them. Bad orgone does carry a charge which can quickly drain one’s life
force away when it’s concentrated in one spot. It's similar to a strong positively charges static
electrical field. When cloudcover is unproductive or unbalanced (too much lightning, for instance, or
too much rain) the cloudbuster busts it up.
It also may help stop drought. Overall, it just balances the weather, I think it sort of mediates
between the ground and the atmosphere somehow. The one in Namibia, Africa finally brought
heavy rain to the desert there. It happened 9/5/01, and continued for several days. Gert, the fellow
who made the cloudbuster and reported the occurrence, told me that this had simply never
happened in the Namib desert before to the best of anyone's knowledge. It's arguably the driest
region on the planet.
WARNING: If you touch the pipes when they’re drawing in strong unbalanced or dead orgone and
don’t put your hand on the base after that, you may experience headaches, even into the next day,
as a friend of ours did recently.
Mind you that our efforts, though somewhat pioneering, should be seen mainly as a springboard for
further developments rather than the last word.
SUGGESTION: If you want even more rain, try putting water on top of the material in the bucket
and/or hosing down the whole apparatus daily. In freezing climates, cover the top of the six pipes
so water can’t freeze and shatter the crystals. The CB appears to effect chemtrails equally well
whether it’s placed indoors or out. Up to seven crystals can be placed in each pipe to improve
performance.
CB plowing through chemtrails in the midwest
Additional Information from Ken Adachi

Concering discharge of a CB. The origanl CB as built by Reich could channel both positive orgone
and negative DOR and DOR is the problem when touching the pipes. Don Croft's modification for
all practical purposes eliminates 99% of the potential dangers of DOR , but he does report that
some people have gotten a headache by touching the pipes of an active unit (meaning it's been set
up outdoors for a few days and pointing up) without grounding the energy by touching the base of
the unit where the orac is located.
Concerning rain making. You don't have to do anything special. Simply set the unit up and give it a
few days or a couple of weeks. One technique found to work was to pour water onto the base of
the pipes (not into the pipes) and allow it to puddle on the top of the orac (encased in resin within
the bucket). Orgone has a tremendous affinity for water and the presence of water on the orac
seems to stimulate the production of rain clouds.
Below is Don Croft's chat list for the chembuster CB, HHgs info, etc. Very active site with many
fascinating postings. You can read all of the previously posted messages about the success others
have been having with Don's CB ref. breaking chemtrails and producing rain, etc.. Maybe you
could post it to the Energy 2000 chat list and gain their attention faster than I.
cloudbuster newsgroup yahoo website
Anyone can read the previously posted messages. If you want to join and contribute to the chat,
you have to agree to either be in the process of building a CB or have already built one. He doesn't
want armchair 'experimenters' spouting off without hands-on experience. I can understand that.
Free Newsletter:
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provided for educational purposes only. It is not to be construed as medical
advice. Only a licensed medical doctor can legally offer medical advice in the
United States. Consult the healer of your choice for medical care and advice.
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Some additional notes and info from Graham Snook another

cloudbuster builder
graham snook
Here are some photos of cloud busters The following photograph of a cloudbuster and is made of wood and
plastic pipes, this is not my best subject i can make things but putting it down on paper is a problem for me, so
here we go
They are 16 tubes 1"1/2 inch wide set in a wooden box with an accumulator section at the bottom where the end
has two pipes just fit in the end, one pipe has a water pipe fitted the comes from the water mains and runs when
in use it works well and the pond is full of life and i site around the pond for hours gives me a nice feeling as well
as busting clouds and moving weather fronts away, its not a good idea to keep it on for long periods you can
rewrite this if you wish i hope you get the idea of this type of cloud buster.
This cloud buster is of metal construction and has three metal pipes with the end sealed up and four slots cut in
the pipe about four inch from the end or so about 1 inch wide by 8 inch then you make the end into a capacitor
Cut some thick plastic the stuff used under concrete you can get it from the builders merchants, and then get
some aluminium foil at the end wrap a piece of plastic round to cover the slots that you have cut in the ends then
aluminium foil then plastic and keep going until you do this about 20 time then wrap it in duct tape to keep it all
together make sure its tight the one in the photo can turn 360 degrees and move up or down its also can change
a weather front over 1000 miles the tubes are insulated from the mount as well
A bit of a close up of the cloud busters if you need and more info let me know
all the best graham snook
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1/17/2010 Marx Generators
Ads by Google Emergency Generator High Voltage Supply Electrolytic Capacitor Cat Generators
Marx Generators
A Marx Generator is a clever way of charging a number of capacitors in parallel, then discharging them in series.
Originally described by E. Marx in 1924, Marx generators are probably the most common way of generating
high voltage impulses for testing when the voltage level required is higher than available charging supply voltages.
Furthermore, above about 200 kV, the discharge capacitor becomes very expensive and bulky. The Fitch circuit
is becoming popular where very good control over impulse voltage is required.
How it works
The charging voltage is applied to the system. The stage capacitors charge through the charging resistors (Rc).
When fully charged, either the lowest gap is allowed to breakdown from overvoltage or it is triggered by an
external source (if the gap spacing is set greater than the charging voltage breakdown spacing). This effectively
puts the bottom two capacitors in series, overvoltaging the next gap up, which then puts the bottom three
capacitors in series, which overvoltages the next gap, and so forth. This process is referred to as "erecting". A
common specification is the erected capacitance of the bank, equal to the stage capacitance divided by the
number of stages.
The charging resistors are chosen to provide a typical charging time constant of several seconds. A typical
charging current would be in the 50-100 mA range. The charging resistors also provide a current path to keep
the arc in the spark gaps alive, and so, should be chosen to provide a current of 5-10 amps through the gap. The
resistors are sometimes called "feed forward" resistors for this reason. The discharge through the charging
resistors sets an upper bound on the impulse fall time, although usually, the impulse fall time is set by external
resistors in parallel with the load (or integrated into the generator, as described below).
For example, with a stage voltage of 100 kV, a desired output voltage of 1 MV (i.e. 10 stages), the charging
resistors should be about 20-40 kOhms (corresponding to an arc current of 5 to 10 Amps). If the capacitors
were 1 uF, then the discharge time constant would be 20 milliseconds, much, much longer than the 50
microsecond time constant of the standard test impulse. This example generator would have a stored energy of 5
kJ/stage or 50 kJ for the total system. At a charging current of 50 mA, it would take at least 20 seconds to
…fortunecity.com/…/marxgenerators.h… 1/4
charge the entire stack.
If a constant voltage charging source is used, significant energy is dissipated in the charging resistors, equal to the
stored energy in the capacitors.
Design enhancements and considerations
Charging with a constant current source
If the Marx generator is charged from a constant voltage source, the energy dissipated in the charging resistors
will be equal to that stored in the Marx capacitors. If the bank is charged with a constant current source, this
energy loss can be substantially reduced.
Integrating the waveshaping resistors into the generator
In the classic capacitor discharge impulse generator, the shape of the pulse is controlled by external impedances
(usually resistors) at the "output" of the pulse generator. As voltages get higher, it gets harder to build practical
resistors with low parasitic inductance that will also withstand the full impulse voltage. The usual remedy for this is
to include the wave-shaping resistors in the Marx bank itself, as illustrated in the following figure.
Reducing the jitter
If the gaps in the Marx generator don't all fire at exactly the same time, the leading edge of the impulse will have
steps and glitches as the gaps fire. These delays also result in an overall longer rise time for the impulse. If the
jitter in the gaps is reduced, the overall performance is improved.
The traditional Marx generator operating in air has all the gaps in a line with the electrodes operating horizontally
opposed. This allows the UV from bottom gap to irradiate the upper gaps, reducing their jitter. Tests reported in
Craggs and Meek showed that obstructing the UV led to greatly increased jitter in the bank output, which they
attribute to the lack of UV irradiation on the upper gaps.
For a Marx generator which is immersed in oil, or using enclosed spark gaps, resistor or capacitor networks can
be used to propagate the trigger pulse to all the gaps, rather than relying on the overvoltaging of the upper gaps
to fire them.. A design from Maxwell labs uses a series of resistors to apply the trigger impulse to all the gaps.
Laser irradiation or triggering of the gaps could also be used.
Craggs and Meek also report the use of radioactive sources included within the gap electrodes to reduce the
jitter.
Other switching devices

The Marx technique has been used to generate impulses of several kilovolts from a relatively low charging source
using avalanche transistors as the switching device instead of a spark gap. In this case, the resistors need to be
chosen to keep the transistor turned on.
Alternate charging schemes
Particularly for lower output voltages, the capacitors can be charged in parallel from a common source through a
series resistor or inductor. The charging impedance has to withstand the full output voltage for the top stage. For
the solid state Marx generator running at a few kV described above, this isn't as much of a problem as it would
be for a megavolt range lightning impulse simulator.
Inductors as the charging impedances
The charging resistors can be replaced by inductors, eliminating the power loss in the resistors.
Increasing the repetition rate by using Hydrogen spark gaps
Hydrogen has a very fast recovery time, facilitating the production of high rep rate pulses from a Marx circuit. An
example of this is a design by Grothaus, Moran and Hardesty, shown in U.S. patent #5311067. This is a very
compact pulser running in a pressure tank filled with hydrogen.
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1/17/2010 Micro wind power with a Savonius rotor
Ads by Google Build Your Own Turbine Propane Generators Windmill Part Wind Power Turbines
Micro wind power with a Savonius rotor

by Lance Turner
This wind turbine cost nothing virtually nothing to make and can produce enough power for small
applications
There are many situations where you might need a small amount of electricity, for instance running
gate openers, safety lights, water level indicators and other low-power devices.
While solar would seem like the ideal solution, quite often this is not possible due to location and
shading problems.
Just such a situation arose when I decided to make our new gates automatic. There were just too
many trees in the way for solar power to work, and I didn't want to run power some 30 metres or so
from the house, as it would have meant digging a trench for the cables, which is almost impossible in
our rocky ground.
Why have automatic gates anyway? Well, our driveway and the one next door share a common
entrance, so to open the gates we have to block their driveway Also, the driveways are very steep,
and starting off driving up from a standstill is not too good for the vehicle's clutch.
Besides, when an opportunity arises to install some form of new renewable energy device, how can I
say no?
…fortunecity.com/…/microsavonius.htm 1/8
Anyway I decided to provide power to the electric gate openers from a small wind turbine. While we
don't have many windy days, we do have one or two each fortnight where the wind blasts through for at
least 24 hours solid, so I guessed that I should be able to power a device with such modest power
requirements as a gate opener in this way
The gate opener system itself is a home made job, using car windscreen wiper motors driving long
brass threaded shafts.These run through a nut which is attached to the gate via a steel tube, bolt and
two metal brackets.
The motors are hinged, and when they are run they either push the nut away from them or pull it
toward them, thus opening and closing the gates.
The control circuit for this kit purchased from Qatley Electronics in Sydney and includes a courtesy
light function, remote motors are hinged, and when they are control, and motor current sensing.
Too much turbulence

I briefly thought about what type of turbine I could install and how it would look.
Safety was another factor, having curious children who can climb just about anything. For these
reasons I decided against buying a small horizontal axis turbine, they are too dangerous -when close to
the ground and in touching distance, so I decided to install a Savonius rotor instead.
This type of vertical axis rotor is very robust and durable if built correctly, is relatively slow turning
and can be easily built at home, without the hassles of aerofoil blade design and other problems
associated with horizontal axis 'propeller' type turbines.
What's more, unlike a horizontal axis turbine, a Savonius is always facing the wind, and more
importantly for this site, is not badly affected by turbulence, which is quite high where the turbine had
to be located.
As can be seen from the photo, the turbine is mounted quite low due to it being on a residential block.
While this is far from optimal, it should provide enough power for the gate openers providing it is used
with a battery of relatively high capacity.
Making the turbine

The turbine was made from three disks of 1.2mm aluminium sheet 330mm in diameter and a length of
150mm diameter stormwater pipe about 600mm long.
This was cut in half in both directions, across and lengthways, to provide four vanes for the turbine.
These vanes were then assembled between the three disks as shown in the photo. Small aluminium
angle brackets and stainless steel pop rivets were used to hold it all together.
Here you can see the whole motor and rotor assembly before fitting to the mast and painting. Note
how the vanes in the top section are rotated 90° to those in the bottom section and the motor does not
yet have the plastic angle sections attached.
The two vanes in the top section of the rotor are rotated 90 degrees to the bottom ones. This ensures
that there is always at least one vane in a position to catch the wind, so the turbine is self-starting.
The axle for the rotor was a length of 40mm diameter water pipe.
This runs straight through the centre of all three disks, and the inner edge of each of the rotor vanes
are riveted to it.
In the bottom end of the axle I pressed in (read hammered) an aluminium adapter bushing to allow the
turbine to be connected directly to a generator.
The final assembly was very strong and rigid and was surprisingly well balanced
While a central axle shaft is not considered optimal design for a Savonius rotor, it does have
advantages, such as increasing turbine strength and allowing easy alignment in multi-stage rotors.
Savonius design
There are several variations of Savonius rotor that I have seen, all of which work well. The efficiency
of a Savonius is only around 15 per cent but they are ideal for many situations. Some variations are
shown below, looking down from the top of the turbine.
This is the design I use. it is very strong due to the central shaft, but slightly less efficient than the
other two. However, the extra strength allows the rotor to be supported at one end only.
This design is also very simple, and can also be made easily from metal drums or pipe sections. The
design is slightly more efficient than the one above as some of the air is deflected by the second vane
as it exits the first one.
This is the most efficient Savonius design. It not only has the advantage of air being deflected twice
like the design above, but also that the vanes act partly like an airfoil when they are edge-on into the
wind, creating a small lift effect and thus enhancing efficiency. This design is much more difficult to
build. requiring vanes rolled from metal sheet instead of being cut from drums or pipes.
Generating the power

The generator I used was actually a large permanent magnet DC motor from an old vertical computer
tape drive.
These are very robust, well built motors about the size of a large car starter motor. They are simple
and reliable, and as generators are extremely efficient-connecting one to a torch bulb causes the bulb
to be blown by a quick flick of the shaft!
The rotor slides directly onto the end of the motor shaft, and is held in place with a stainless steel bolt.
In this design, I decided to see if I could do away with having a top bearing. The bearings in the tape
drive motor are at least as strong as the average car alternator bearing, and the local bearing shop
gave me specs that indicate that most bearings this size will take a radial load (the load the wind would
place on the bearing) of up to 450kg, and an axial load (the load from the rotor's weight) of up to 45kg.
This was heaps for my uses, so I decided to leave out the top bearing and see how the turbine went.
The mast
This was made from a 2200mm length of 150mm diameter PVC water pipe, just like the rotor. In
sections this diameter and this length, PVC pipe is quite rigid.
The pipe was buried about 400mm into a hole and concreted into place.
The mast does still flex a bit in a strong wind and if this proves to be a
Problem it can easily be made rigid by filling with concrete.
The generator is mounted to the top of the pole by means of a stormwater pipe endcap.
The DC motor fitted to the plastic end cap which holds it to the mast
The face of the generator has four screw holes, so it was just a matter of drilling corresponding holes
into the end cap, and one much larger hole in the centre for the shaft.
Front view of the motor note the threaded holes in the face plate
This rear view shows the three plastic angle sections used to make the motor a tight fit in the mast
By itself, this would not have been strong enough, as the end cap would have flexed and eventually
broken through, so I attached three short braces made from 25 x 25 x 3 plastic angle to the other end
of the generator.
These were fixed to the motor using machine screws into the bottom end plate, and point out away
from the centre of the generator. The overall diameter of the circle they make is the same as that of
the inside of the pipe, so that when the generator is slid into the pipe the whole assembly is quite solid.
Hopefully this will be all that is required, but I suspect that the end cap may still not be quite strong
enough, so I might have to replace it with a metal equivalent further down the track.
The step up converter built from a kit. It starts from just four volts snd outputs s regulated 14 volts to
the battery
Voltage matching
The output voltage of the generator is actually quite low at the speeds it is likely to turn at attached to
a Savonius rotor. At 200 RPM the output is only about four or five volts.
While this is obviously not enough to charge a 12 volt battery by itself, a bit of clever circuitry solved
the problem.
Some time back a circuit was published in one of the electronics magazines that allowed a 12 volt
battery to be charged from another.
This was used for charging small sealed-lead acid batteries from a car battery, and involved a
switchmode step-up circuit to provide a regulated 13.8 volts or so from 12 volts from the car battery.
I have built several of these from various suppliers, and they work quite well.
The one I used I already had from another disused project, so I tested it and found that it would output
the required 13.8 volts from as little as four volts in.
This kit was originally bought from Jaycar Electronics, who no longer sell it, but they do have a pre-
built module called a solar power converter, cat# AA0259, that will take an input voltage from one to
ten volts and charge a 12 volt battery-perfect for uses such as this.
The unit seemed ideal for my turbine so I connected it to the generator and tested it. At under 200
RPM I was getting full charging voltage, with available current increasing as rotor speed increased.
Final assembly
The circuit was housed in a box and slid down inside the tube before the generator and end cap were
fitted. The cables from the output of the circuit run down inside the mast and out of a sealed hole at
the bottom, through some flexible conduit to the box containing the gate opener circuitry.
The mast and turbine were both painted green to help them blend in with their surroundings. The
photos show the turbine before its paint job.
To prevent water getting into the generator bearing, a skirt will be attached around the perimeter of
the bottom of the turbine.
Costs
The turbine was very cheap to build, the most expensive part being the second hand tape drive motor
which cost $25. The voltage conversion kit cost $24 a couple of years back, and the rest of the
material was free.
The water pipe was salvaged second-hand from a building site, while the aluminium sheet was from
some old signs I found in my workshop after we moved in.
The only other expenses were a dollar or two worth of paint and rivets and $5 for a bag of concrete.
This article originally appeared in The Jan March 2000 issue of the Renew Magazine
Cheers
You may care to check out also Peter Williams of Roleystone, Western Australia, and his home built
Savonius rotor powered water pump
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1/17/2010 Minato Kohei Magnetic rotating appara…
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United States Patent
5,594,289
Minato January 14, 1997
Magnetic rotating apparatus

Please note this device is now in operation The following links may still provide more additional
information on this interesting device
Japan magnetic fan company
Inventor Kohei Minato stand next to device that drives an industrial air conditioner fan
Photo taken from Japan.com website as below Japan Technology may not still be available
Abstract
On a rotor which is fixed to a rotatable rotating shaft, a plurality of permanent magnets are disposed along the
direction of rotation such that the same magnetic pole type thereof face outward. In the same way, balancers are
disposed on the rotor for balancing the rotation of this rotor. Each of the permanent magnets is obliquely
arranged with respect to the radial direction line of the rotor. At the outer periphery of the rotor, an
electromagnet is disposed facing this rotor, with this electromagnet intermittently energized based on the rotation
of the rotor. According to the magnetic rotating apparatus of the present invention, rotational energy can be
efficiently obtained from permanent magnets. This is made possible by minimizing as much as possible current
supplied to the electromagnets, so that only a required amount of electrical energy is supplied to the
electromagnets.
members.fortunecity.com/…/minato.htm 1/14
Inventors:
Minato; Kohei (No. 901, 28-20, 4-Chome, Yotsuya, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, JP)
Appl. No.: 574582
Filed: December
14, 1995
Foreign Application Priority Data
Sep 16, 1993[JP] 5-230162

Current U.S. Class:
310/152; 310/156.01; 310/156.25

Intern'l Class: H02K 016/00
Field of Search: 310/152,154,156 335/272
References Cited [Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
4629921
Dec., 1986 Gavaletz 310/156.

4751486 Jun., 1988 Minato 35/272.
5313159 May., 1994 Allwine 324/207.
Foreign Patent Documents
551533A1 Jul., 1993 EP 310/152.
0515533 Jul., 1993 EP 310/152.
2568067A Jan., 1986 FR 310/152.
2568067 Jan., 1986 FR 310/152.
0277365 Dec., 1986 JP 310/152.
61277365 Dec., 1986 JP 310/152.
1-69275 Mar., 1989 JP 310/152.
0069275 Mar., 1989 JP 310/152.
0170361 Jul., 1989 JP 310/152.
1-170361 Jul., 1989 JP 311/152.
8805976 Aug., 1988 WO 310/156.
Primary Examiner: Dougherty; Thomas M.

Attorney, Agent or Firm: Marks & Murase L.L.P.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/305,563 filed Sep. 14, 1994 now abandoned.
Joined motors attached to generator for use in domestic residences

Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A magnetic rotating apparatus comprising a rotating shaft; a rotor which is fixed to said rotating shaft and
which has disposed thereon a plurality of permanent magnets and balancers for balancing rotation, the permanent
magnets being disposed such that one magnetic polarity type is arranged along an outer peripheral surface in the
direction of rotation and the other magnetic polarity type arranged along an inner peripheral surface, with each
pair of corresponding magnetic poles of one and the other polarities obliquely arranged with respect to a radial
line; an electromagnet, which is disposed facing this rotor, for developing a magnetic field which produces the
other magnetic polarity type on the facing surface and energizing means for intermittently energizing said
electromagnet means from where the leading permanent magnet, based on the rotation of said rotor, passes the
facing surface of the electromagnet in the direction of rotation.
2. A magnetic rotating apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said rotor and electromagnet means are one of a
plurality of pairs of rotors and electromagnet means, each disposed facing each, wherein each rotor is fixed to
said rotating shaft.
3. A magnetic rotating apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said permanent magnet means are tabular
magnets.
4. A magnetic rotating apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said balancers are made of non-magnetic
substances.
5. A magnetic rotating apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said energizing means comprises a relay with a
solenoid and a contact, and a DC power source.
6. A magnetic rotating apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein said DC power source is electrically connected
to a charger.
7. A magnetic rotating apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said permanent magnet means are substituted to
electromagnets and said electromagnet means is substituted to a permanent magnet means.
8. A magnetic rotating apparatus comprising:
a rotating shaft;
a first rotor which is fixed to said rotating shaft and which has disposed thereon permanent magnet means and
means for balancing rotation, the permanent magnet means being disposed such that a plurality of magnetic poles
of the second polarity type is arranged along an outer peripheral surface in the direction of rotation, and a
plurality of magnetic poles of first polarity arranged along an inner peripheral surface, with each pair of
corresponding magnetic poles of the one and the other polarities obliquely arranged with respect to a radial line;
a second rotor which rotates along with the first rotor and is fixed to said rotating shaft, having disposed thereon
a plurality of permanent magnets and balancers for balancing rotation, the permanent magnets being disposed
such that one magnetic polarity type is arranged along an outer peripheral surface in the direction of rotation and
the other magnetic polarity type arranged along an inner peripheral surface, with each pair of corresponding
magnetic poles of one and the other polarities obliquely arranged with respect to a radial line;
a first and a second electromagnet means, which are magnetically connected and disposed facing the first and
second rotors, respectively, for developing a magnetic field which faces the magnetic field produced by said first
and second rotors; and
detecting means for detecting rotating position of said rotors to allow said electromagnet means to be energized.
9. A magnetic rotating apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein said electromagnet means is energized in
synchronism with rotations of the rotor.
10. A magnet rotating apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein said permanent magnet means are tabular
magnets and said means for balancing rotation are made of non-magnetic substances.
11. A magnetic rotating apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein said permanent magnet means are substituted to
electromagnets and said first and second electromagnet means are substituted to permanent magnet means,
respectively.
12. A magnetic rotating apparatus comprising:
a rotating shaft;
a rotor which is fixed to said rotating shaft and which has disposed thereon permanent magnet means and means
for balancing rotation, the permanent magnet means being disposed such that a plurality of magnetic poles of one
polarity type is arranged along an outer peripheral surface in the direction of rotation, and a plurality of magnetic
poles of the other polarity type arranged along an inner peripheral surface, with each pair of corresponding
magnetic poles of one and the other polarities obliquely arranged with respect to a radial line;
electromagnet means, which is disposed facing the rotor, for developing a magnetic field which faces a magnetic
field of said rotor;
wherein said rotor and electromagnet means are one of a plurality of pairs of rotors and electromagnet means,
each disposed facing each, wherein each rotor is fixed to said rotating shaft; and
detecting means for detecting rotating position of said rotor to allow said electromagnet means to be energized.
Minato air conditioning unit at work

Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a magnetic rotating apparatus, and more particularly, to a magnetic rotating
apparatus which utilizes repulsive forces produced between a permanent magnet and an electromagnet.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In a conventional electric motor, an armature as a rotor consists of turns of wires, and electric field as a stator
consists of a permanent magnet. In such the conventional electric motor, however, current must be usually
supplied to windings of the armature which is rotated. When the current is supplied, heat is generated, which
gives rise to the problem that not much driving force is efficiently generated. This, in turn, gives wise to the
problem that the magnetic forces cannot be efficiently obtained from the permanent magnet.
In addition, in the conventional electric motor, since the armature is so constructed as consisting of the windings,
the moment of inertia cannot be made very high, so that enough torque cannot be obtained.
To overcome the above-described problems of such the conventional electric motor, the inventor proposed, in
Japanese Patent Publication No. 61868/1993 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,486) a magnetic rotating apparatus in which
a plurality of the permanent magnets are disposed along the two rotors, respectively, at a predetermined angle,
and in which an electromagnet is disposed at one of the rotors.
In a generally constructed conventional electric motor, there is a limit as to how much the efficiency of energy
conversion can be increased. In addition, the torque of the electric motor cannot be made high enough. For the
above reasons, hitherto, various improvements have been made on existing electric motors, without any success
in producing an electric motor so constructed has providing satisfactory characteristics.
In the magnetic rotating apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 6868/1993 (U.S. Pat. No.
4,751,486) a pair of rotors is rotated. Therefore, it is necessary for each of the rotors to have high precision, and
in addition, measures must be taken for easier rotation control.
Photo taken from Japan.com website as below

Japan Technology may not still be available
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the above-described problems, the object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic rotating
apparatus in which rotational energy can be efficiently obtained from the permanent magnet with a minimum
amount of electrical energy, and in which rotation control can be carried out relatively easily.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a magnetic rotating apparatus comprising a
rotating shaft; a rotor which is fixed to the rotating shaft and which has disposed thereon permanent magnet
means and means for balancing rotation, the permanent magnet means being disposed such that a plurality of
magnetic poles of one (or first) polarity type is arranged along an outer peripheral surface in the direction of
rotation, and a plurality of magnetic poles of the other (or second) polarity type arranged along an inner
peripheral surface, with each pair of corresponding magnetic poles of one and the other polarities obliquely
arranged with respect to a radial line; electromagnet means, which is disposed facing this rotor, for developing a
magnetic field which faces the magnetic field of the permanent magnet means of the rotor and detecting means for
detecting rotating position of the rotor to allow the electromagnet means to be energized.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a magnetic rotating apparatus comprising
a rotating shaft a rotor which is fixed to the rotating shaft and which has disposed thereon a plurality of permanent
magnets and balancers for balancing rotation, the permanent magnets being disposed such that one magnetic
polarity type is arranged along an outer peripheral surface in the direction of rotation and the other magnetic
polarity type arranged along an inner peripheral surface, with each pair of corresponding magnetic poles of one
and the other polarities obliquely arranged with respect to a radial line; an electromagnet, which is disposed
facing this rotor, for developing a magnetic field which produces the other magnetic polarity type on the facing
surface; and energizing means for intermittently energizing the electromagnet means from where the leading
permanent magnet, based on the rotation of the rotor, passes the facing surface of the electromagnet in the
direction of rotation.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided magnetic rotating apparatus
comprising a rotating shaft; a first rotor which is fixed to the rotating shaft and which has disposed thereon
permanent magnet means and means for balancing rotation, the permanent magnet means being disposed such
that a plurality of magnetic poles of the second polarity type is arranged along an outer peripheral surface in the
direction of rotation, and a plurality of magnetic poles of the first pole type arranged along an inner peripheral
surface, with each pair of corresponding magnetic poles of one and the other polarities obliquely arranged with
respect to a radial line; a second rotor which rotates along with the first rotor and is fixed to the rotating shaft,
having disposed thereon a plurality of permanent magnets and balancers for balancing rotation, the permanent
magnets being disposed such that one magnetic polarity type is arranged along an outer peripheral surface in the
direction of rotation and the other magnetic polarity type arranged along an inner peripheral surface, with each
pair of corresponding magnetic poles of one and the other polarities obliquely arranged with respect to a radial
line a first and a second electromagnet means, which are magnetically connected and disposed facing the first and
second rotors, respectively, for developing a magnetic field which faces the magnetic field of the permanent
magnet means of the first and second rotors; and detecting means for detecting rotating position of the rotors to
allow the electromagnet means to be energized.
The nature, principle and utility of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed
description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically illustrating a magnetic rating apparatus according to one embodiment
of the present invention
FIG. 2 is a side view of the magnetic rotating apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a plan view of a rotor of the magnetic rotating apparatus illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram illustrating a circuit in the magnetic rotating apparatus shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a plan view showing a magnetic field distribution formed between the rotor and the electromagnet of the
magnetic rotating apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and
FIG. 6 is an explanatory view illustrating a torque which causes rotation of the rotor of the magnetic rotating
apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The magnetic field developed by an electromagnet means and that of a permanent magnet means of a rotor repel
each other. In addition, the magnetic field of the permanent magnet means is flattened by the magnetic fields of
other nearby permanent magnets and electromagnet means. Therefore, a torque is produced therebetween to
efficiently rotate the rotor. Since the rotor has a high inertial force, when the rotor starts rotating, its speed
increases by the inertial force and the turning force.
A magnetic rotating apparatus related to one embodiment of the present invention will be described with
reference to the following drawings.
FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic diagrams of a magnetic rotating apparatus related to one embodiment of the
present invention. In the specification, the term "magnetic rotating apparatus" will include an electric motor, and
from its general meaning of obtaining turning force from the magnetic forces of permanent magnets, it will refer to
a rotating apparatus utilizing the magnetic forces. As shown in FIG. 1, in the magnetic rotating apparatus related
to one embodiment of the present invention, a rotating shaft 4 is rotatably fixed to a frame 2 with bearings 5. To
the rotating shaft 4, there are fixed a first magnet rotor 6 and a second magnet rotor 8, both of which produce
turning forces and a rotated body 10, which has mounted therealong a plurality of rod-shaped magnets 9 for
obtaining the turning forces as energy. They are fixed in such a manner as to be rotatable with the rotating shaft 4.
At the first and second magnet rotors 6 and 8, there are provided, as will be described later in detail with
reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, a first electromagnet 12 and a second electromagnet 14 respectively are energized in
synchronism with rotations of the first and second magnet rotors 6 and 8, both of which face each other and are
each disposed in a magnetic gap. The first and second electromagnets 12 and 14 are respectively mounted to a
yoke 16, which forms a magnetic path.
As shown in FIG. 3, the first and second magnet rotors 6 and 8 each have disposed on its disk-shaped surface a
plurality of tabular magnets 22A through 22H for developing a magnetic field for generating the turning forces and
balancers 20A through 20H, made of non-magnetic substances, for balancing the magnet rotors 6 and 8. In the
embodiments, the first and second magnet rotors 6 and 8 each have disposed along the disk-shaped surface 24
at equal intervals the eight tabular magnets 22A through 22H along half of the outer peripheral area and +the
eight balancers 20A through 20H along the other half of the outer peripheral area.
As shown in FIG. 3, each of the tabular magnets 22A through 22H are disposed so that its longitudinal axis 1
makes an angle D with respect to a radial axis line 11 of the disk-shaped surface 24. In the embodiment, an
angle of 30 degrees and 56 degrees have been confirmed for the angle D. An appropriate angle, however, can
be set depending on the radius of the disk-shaped surface 24 and the number of tabular magnets 22A through
22H to be disposed on the disk-shaped surface 24. As illustrated in FIG. 2, from the viewpoint of effective use
of the magnetic field, it is preferable that the tabular magnets 22A through 22H on the first magnet rotor 6 are
positioned so that their N-poles point outward, while the tabular magnets 22A through 22H on the second
magnet rotor 8 are positioned so that their S-poles point outward.
Exterior to the first and second magnet rotors 6 and 8, the first and second electromagnets 12 and 14 are
disposed facing the first and second magnet rotors 6 and 8 respectively in the magnetic gap. When the first and
second electromagnets 12 and 14 are energized, they develop a magnetic field identical in polarity to the their
respective tabular magnets 22A through 22H so that they repel one anther. In other words, as shown in FIG. 2,
since the tabular magnets 22A through 22H on the first magnet rotor 6 have their N-poles facing outwards, the
first electromagnet 12 is energized so that the side facing the first magnet rotor 6 develops an N-polarity. In a
similar way, since the tabular magnets 22A through 22H on the second magnet rotor 8 have their S-poles facing
outwards, the second electromagnet 14 is energized so that the side facing the tabular magnets 22A through 22H
develops a S-polarity. The first and second electromagnets 12 and 14, which are magnetically connected by the
yoke 16, are magnetized so that the sides facing their respective magnet rotors 6 and 8 are opposite in polarity
with respect to each other. This means that the magnetic fields of the electromagnets 12 and 14 can be used
efficiently.
A detector 30, such as microswitch, is provided to either one of the first magnet rotor 6 or second magnet rotor
8 to detect the rotating position of the magnet rotors 6 and 8. That is, as shown in FIG. 3, in a rotational direction
32 of the tabular magnets 22A through 22H, the first and the second magnet rotors 6 and 8 are respectively
energized when the leading tabular 22A has passed. In other words, in the rotational direction 32, the
electromagnet 12 or 14 is energized when starting point So, located between the leading tabular magnet 22A and
the following tabular magnet 22B coincides with the center point Ro of either the electromagnet 12 or 14. In
addition, as illustrated in FIG. 3, in the rotational direction 32 of the tabular magnets 22A through 22H, the first
and the second magnet rotors 6 and 8 are de-energized when the last tabular magnet 22A has passed. In the
embodiment, an end point Eo is set symmetrical to the starting point So on the rotating disk-shaped surface 24.
When the end point Eo coincides with the center point Ro of either the electromagnet 12 or 14, the
electromagnet 12 or 14 is de-energized, respectively. As will be described later, with the center point Ro of the
electromagnet 12 or 14 arbitrarily set between the starting point So and the end point Eo, the magnet rotors 6
and 8 start to rotate when the electromagnets 12 and 14 and their tabular magnets 22A through 22H face one
another. When a microswitch is used as the detector 30 for detecting the rotating position, the contact point of
the microswitch is allowed to slide along the surface of the rotating disk-shaped surface 24. A step is provided
for the starting point So and the end point Eo so that the contact of the microswitch closes between the starting
point So and the end point Eo. The area along the periphery therebetween protrudes beyond the other peripheral
areas of the rotating disk-shaped surface 24. It is apparent that a photo sensor or the like may be used instead of
the microswitch as the detector 30 for detecting the rotating position.
As shown in FIG. 4, the windings of the electromagnets 12 and 14 are connected to a DC power source 42
through a movable contact of a relay 40, which is connected in series with the windings. A series circuit
containing the relay 40 (solenoid) and the detector 30 or microswitch is connected to the DC power source 42.
In addition, from the viewpoint of energy conservation, a charger 44 such as a solar cell is connected to the DC
power source 42. It is preferable that the DC power source 42 is constantly chargeable using solar energy or the
like.
In the magnetic rotating apparatus illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, a magnetic field distribution shown in FIG. 5 is
formed between the tabular magnets 22A through 22H, disposed on each of the magnet rotors 6 and 8, and the
electromagnets 12 and 14 which face them, respectively. When the electromagnet 12 or 14 is energized, a
magnetic field of a tabular magnet of the tabular magnets 22A through 22H, adjacent to the electromagnet 12 or
14, is distorted in the longitudinal direction in correspondence with the rotational direction. This results in the
generation of a repulsive force therebetween. As is apparent from the distortion of the magnetic field, the
repulsive force has a larger component in the longitudinal or perpendicular direction, and produces a torque, as
shown by an arrow 32. Similarly, a magnetic field of a tabular magnet of the tabular magnets 22A through 22H,
which next enters the magnetic field of the electromagnet 12 or 14, is distorted. Since it moves toward an
opposite pole of the preceding tabular magnet of the tabular magnets 22A through 22H, its magnetic field is
distorted to a larger extent, and thereby flattened. This means that the repulsive force produced between the
tabular magnets of the tabular magnets 22A through 22H, which have already entered the magnetic field of the
electromagnets 12 or 14, is larger than the repulsive force developed between the next-entering tabular magnets
of the tabular magnets 22A through 22H and the electromagnets 12 or 14. Accordingly, a turning force, shown
by the arrow 32, acts upon the rotating disk-shaped surface 24. The rotating disk-shaped surface 24, having
been imparted thereto turning force, continues to rotate due to inertial forces, even when it has been de-energized
after the end point Eo has coincided with the center point Ro of the electromagnet 12 or 14. The larger the
inertial force, the smoother the rotation.

At the initial stage of the rotation, an angular moment, as that shown in FIG. 6, is imparted to the rotating disk-
shaped surface 24. That is, at the start of the rotation, as shown in FIG. 6, when the pole M of a tabular magnet
is slightly displaced in the rotational direction from the pole M' of an electromagnet, a repulsive force operates
between both of the poles M and M' of the tabular magnet at the rotating side and the electromagnet at the
stationary side, respectively. Therefore, from the relationship illustrated in FIG. 6, an angular torque T is
generated based on the formula: T=F. a.cos (.alpha.-.beta.), where in a is a constant. The angular torque starts
the rotation of the rotating disk-shaped surface 24. After the rotating disk-shaped surface 24 has started rotating,
its rotating speed gradually increases due to an inertial moment thereof, which allows a large turning driving force
to be produced. After a stable rotation of the rotating disk-shaped surface 24 has been produced, when a
necessary electromotive force can be developed in an electromagnetic coil (not illustrated) by externally bringing
it near a rotated body 10 to be rotated along with the rotating disk-shaped surface 24. This electric power can
be used for other applications. This rotating principle is based on the rotating principle of the magnetic rotating
apparatus already disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 61868/1993 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,486) by the
inventor. That is, even if an electromagnet, provided for one of the rotors of the magnetic rotating apparatus
disclosed in the same Patent Application, is fixed, it is rotated in accordance with the rotating principle disclosed
therein. For details, refer to the above Japanese Patent Publication No. 61868/1993 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,486).
The number of tabular magnets 22A through 22H is not limited to "8" as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. Any number of
magnets may be used. In the above-described embodiment, although the tabular magnets 22A through 22H are
disposed along half of the peripheral area of the disk-shaped surface 24, and the balancers 20A through 20H are
disposed along the other half of the peripheral area, the tabular magnets may further be disposed along other
areas of the disk-shaped surface 24. It is preferable that balancers, in addition to magnets, are provided along a
portion of the peripheral area on the disk-shaped surface. The counter weights, which do not need to be formed
into separate blocks, may be formed into one sheet of plate which extends on the outer peripheral area of the
disk-shaped surface. In addition, in the above-described embodiments, while the construction is such as to allow
the electromagnets to be energized for a predetermined period of time for every rotation of the rotating disk-
shaped surface, the circuit may be so constructed as to allow, upon increased number of rotations, energization
of the electromagnets for every rotation of the rotating disk-shaped surface, starting from its second rotation
onwards. Further, in the above-described embodiment, a tabular magnet has been used for the permanent
magnet, but other types of permanent magnets may also be used. In effect, any type of magnet may be used as
the permanent magnet means as long as a plurality of magnetic poles of one type is disposed along the outer
surface of the inner periphery and a plurality of magnetic poles of the other type are disposed along the inner
peripheral surface of the disk-shaped surface, so that a pair of corresponding magnetic poles of one and the
other polarities is obliquely arranged, with respect to the radial line 11, as shown in FIG. 3.
Although the tabular magnets 22A through 22H are mounted on the magnet rotors 6 and 8 in the above
embodiment, they may be electromagnets. In this case, the electromagnets 12 and 14 may be the alternative of
electromagnets or permanent magnets.
According to the magnetic rotating apparatus of the present invention, rotational energy can be efficiently
obtained from permanent magnets. This is made possible by minimizing as much as possible current supplied to
the electromagnets, so that only a required amount of electrical energy is supplied to the electromagnets.
It should be understood that many modifications and adaptations of the invention will become apparent to those
skilled in the art and it is intended to encompass such obvious modifications and changes in the scope of the
claims appended hereto.
*****

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United States Patent 6,126,794

Chambers October 3, 2000
Apparatus for producing orthohydrogen and/or

parahydrogen
Visit Xogen website to see more on this invention and view online movie
Abstract
An apparatus for producing orthohydrogen and/or parahydrogen. The apparatus includes a container holding
water and at least one pair of closely-spaced electrodes arranged within the container and submerged in the
…fortunecity.com/…/chambers.htm 1/22
water. A first power supply provides a particular first pulsed signal to the electrodes.
A coil may also be arranged within the container and submerged in the water if the production of parahydrogen is
also required. A second power supply provides a second pulsed signal to the coil through a switch to apply
energy to the water.
When the second power supply is disconnected from the coil by the to switch and only the electrodes receive a
pulsed signal, then orthohydrogen can be produced.
When the second power supply is connected to the coil and both the electrodes and coil receive pulsed signals,
then the first and second pulsed signals can be controlled to produce parahydrogen. The container is self-
pressurized and the water within the container requires no chemical catalyst to efficiently produce the
orthohydrogen and/or parahydrogen. Heat is not generated, and bubbles do not form on the electrodes.
Inventors: Chambers; Stephen Barrie (Alberta, CA)

Assignee: Xogen Power Inc. (Calgary, CA)
Appl. No.: 105023
Filed: June 26, 1998
Current U.S. Class: 204/230.5; 204/230.6; 204/230.7; 204/230.8; 204/270;

204/272; 204/278; 204/293; 204/DIG9
Intern'l Class: C25B 015/00; C25B 009/00; C25B 011/04
Field of Search: 204/230.6,230.7,242,267,270,272,278,230.5,DIG. 9,230.8

3311097 Mar., 1967 Mittelstaedt 204/278.
3980053 Sep., 1976 Horvath.
4107008 Aug., 1978 Horvath.
4184931 Jan., 1980 Inoue 204/129.
4316787 Feb., 1982 Themy 204/278.
4384943 May., 1983 Stoner et al.
4394230 Jul., 1983 Puharich.
4470894 Sep., 1984 Dyer.
4599158 Jul., 1986 Ofenloch 204/229.
4755305 Jul., 1988 Fremont et al.
4798661 Jan., 1989 Meyer 204/278.
5205994 Apr., 1993 Sawamoto et al.
5304289 Apr., 1994 Hayakawa.
5324398 Jun., 1994 Erickson et al.
5376242 Dec., 1994 Hayakawa.
5399251 Mar., 1995 Nakamats.
5435894 Jul., 1995 Hayakawa.
5599437 Feb., 1997 Taylor et al.
5614078 Mar., 1997 Lubin et al.
5632870 May., 1997 Kucheroy 204/278.
5695650 Dec., 1997 Held.
5698107 Dec., 1997 Wurzburger et al.
Foreign Patent Documents
0971886 Mar., 1997 JP.
9809001 Mar., 1998 WO.
Primary Examiner: Valentine; Donald R.

Attorney, Agent or Firm: Stoel Rives LLP
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus comprising:
a. a container for holding a fluid solution including water;
b. a pair of electrodes arranged within said container, said electrodes being spaced apart from each other by 1
mm;
c. a coil arranged within said container;
d. a first power supply coupled to said electrodes for providing a first pulsed signal to one of said electrodes said
pulsed signal having a mark-space ratio substantially equal to 10:1 and a frequency from 10 to 250 KHZ; and
e. a second power supply switchably coupled to said coil for providing a second pulsed signal to said coil, said
second pulsed signal having a frequency of about 19 HZ;
f. wherein said electrodes are adapted for submersion in said fluid solution;
g. said coil is disposed above said electrodes;
h. said first pulsed signal from said first power supply has a voltage of 12 volts and a current of 300 ma;
i. said first pulsed signal has a square-wave waveform;
j. one of said pair of electrodes forms an inner cylinder and the other of said pair of electrodes forms an outer
cylinder surrounding said inner cylinder;
k. both of said electrodes are made of the same material;
l. said fluid solution does not include a chemical catalyst;
m. said container includes a pressure relief valve which opens if the pressure within said container exceeds a
predetermined threshold;
n. said container includes an outlet port for transporting pressurized gas contents of said container to a device
from the group consisting of:
1. an internal combustion engine;
2. a reciprocating piston engine;
3. a gas turbine engine;
4. a stove;
5. a heater;
6. a furnace;
7. a distillation unit;
8. a water purification unit; and
9. a hydrogen/oxygen flame jet; and
o. a voltage level of said second pulsed signal applied to said coil is variable.
b. a pair of electrodes arranged within said container, said electrodes being spaced apart from each other by 5
mm or less; and
c. a power supply coupled to said electrodes for providing a pulsed signal to one of said electrodes, said pulsed
signal having a mark-space ratio substantially equal to 10:1 and a frequency of from 10 to 250 KHZ;
d. wherein said electrodes are adapted for submersion in said fluid solution.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said pulsed signal from said power supply has a voltage of 12 volts and a
current of 300 ma.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein pulsed signal has a square-wave waveform.
5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein both of said pair of electrodes form a flat plate.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, further comprising at least one additional pair of electrodes coupled to said power
supply, wherein each electrode of said additional pair of electrodes forms a flat plate.
7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein both of said pair of electrodes is formed by a same material.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said material forming said electrodes is stainless steel.
9. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said apparatus is adapted to produce hydrogen and oxygen from a fluid
solution in the absence of a chemical catalyst.
10. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said container includes a pressure relief valve which opens if the pressure
within said container exceeds a predetermined threshold.
solution in response to said pulsed signal and said container includes an output port for outputting said hydrogen
and oxygen, and further comprising:
a device including an input port connected to said output port for receiving said hydrogen and oxygen, said
device selected from the group consisting of:
a. an internal combustion engine;
b. a reciprocating piston engine;
c. a gas turbine engine;
d. a stove;
e. a heater;
f. a furnace;
g. a distillation unit;
h. a water purification unit; and
i. a hydrogen/oxygen flame jet.
12. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein one of said pair of electrodes forms an inner cylinder and the other of said
pair of electrodes forms an outer cylinder surrounding said inner cylinder.
solution in response to said pulsed signal and said container includes an output port for outputting said hydrogen
and oxygen, and further comprising:
c. a gas turbine engine;
d. a stove;
e. a heater;
f. a furnace;
b. a pair of electrodes arranged within said container;
c. a coil arranged within said container;
d. a first power supply coupled to said electrodes for providing a first pulsed signal to one of said electrodes; and
e. a second power supply coupled to said coil for providing a second pulsed signal to said coil.
19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein
a. said electrodes are adapted for submersion in said fluid solution; and
b. said coil is arranged above said electrodes.
20. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising a switch coupled to the second power supply to
connect/disconnect said second power supply to/from said coil.
21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein said second power supply is a variable voltage power supply for varying
a voltage level of said second pulsed signal over time.
22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein said first power supply is a variable output power supply for varying at
least one output parameter of said first pulsed signal over time.
24 . The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said second power supply is a variable voltage power supply for
varying a voltage level of said second pulsed signal over time.
least one output parameter of said first pulsed signal over time.
least one signal parameter of said first pulsed signal over time.
27. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said second power supply includes an astable circuit that oscillates at a
frequency of between 17 Hz and 22 Hz.
28. The apparatus of claim 19, where said pair of electrodes are spaced apart by 1 mm.
29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein one of said pair of electrodes forms an inner cylinder and the other of
said pair of electrodes forms an outer cylinder surrounding said inner cylinder.
32. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein both of said pair of electrodes form a flat plate.
33. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising at least one additional pair of electrodes coupled to said first
power supply, wherein each electrode of said additional pair of electrodes forms a flat plate.
37. The apparatus in claim 18, wherein said apparatus is adapted to produce hydrogen and oxygen from a fluid
solution in response to said first pulsed signal and said container includes an output port for outputting said
hydrogen and oxygen, and further comprising:
c. a. gas turbine engine;
d. a stove;
e. a heater;
f. a furnace;
Description
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for producing orthohydrogen and parahydrogen.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventional electrolysis cells are capable of producing hydrogen and oxygen from water. These conventional
cells generally include two electrodes arranged within the cell which apply energy to the water to thereby
produce hydrogen and oxygen. The two electrodes are conventionally made of two different materials.
However, the hydrogen and oxygen generated in the conventional cells are generally produced in an inefficient
manner. That is, a large amount of electrical power is required to be applied to the electrodes in order to
produce the hydrogen and oxygen. Moreover, a chemical catalyst such as sodium hydroxide or potassium
hydroxide must be added to the water to separate hydrogen or oxygen bubbles from the electrodes. Also, the
produced gas must often be transported to a pressurized container for storage, because conventional cells
produce the gases slowly. Also, conventional cells tend to heat up, creating a variety of problems, including
boiling of the water. Also, conventional cells tend to form gas bubbles on the electrodes which act as electrical
insulators and reduce the function of the cell.
Accordingly, it is extremely desirable to produce a large amount of hydrogen and oxygen with only a modest
amount of input power. Furthermore, it is desirable to produce the hydrogen and oxygen with "regular" tap water
and without any additional chemical catalyst, and to operate the cell without the need for an additional pump to
pressurize it. It would also be desirable to construct the electrodes using the same material. Also, it is desirable to
produce the gases quickly, and without heat, and without bubbles on the electrodes.
Orthohydrogen and parahydrogen are two different isomers of hydrogen. Orthohydrogen is that state of
hydrogen molecules in which the spins of the two nuclei are parallel. Parahydrogen is that state of hydrogen
molecules in which the spins of the two nuclei are antiparallel. The different characteristics of orthohydrogen and
parahydrogen lead to different physical properties. For example, orthohydrogen is highly combustible whereas
parahydrogen is a slower burning form of hydrogen.
Thus, orthohydrogen and parahydrogen can be used for different applications. Conventional electrolytic cells
make only orthohydrogen and parahydrogen. Parahydrogen, conventionally, is difficult and expensive to make.
Accordingly, it is desirable to produce cheaply orthohydrogen and/or parahydrogen using a cell and to be able to
control the amount of either produced by the cell. It is also desirable to direct the produced orthohydrogen or
parahydrogen to a coupled machine in order to provide a source of energy for the same.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a cell having electrodes and containing water which
produces a large amount of hydrogen and oxygen in a relatively small amount of time, and with a modest amount
of input power, and without generating heat.
It is another object of the present invention for the cell to produce bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen which do not
bunch around or on the electrodes.
It is also an object of the present invention for the cell to properly operate without a chemical catalyst. Thus, the
cell can run merely on tap water. Moreover, the additional costs associated with the chemical catalyst can be
avoided.
It is another object of the present invention for the cell to be self-pressurizing. Thus, no additional pump is
needed.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a cell having electrodes made of the same material. This
material can be stainless steel, for example. Thus, the construction of the cell can be simplified and corresponding
costs reduced.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a cell which is capable of producing orthohydrogen,
parahydrogen or a mixture thereof and can be controlled to produce any relative amount of orthohydrogen and
parahydrogen desired by the user.
It is another object of the invention to couple the gaseous output of the cell to a device, such as an internal
combustion engine, so that the device may be powered from the gas supplied thereto.
These and other objects, features, and characteristics of the present invention will be more apparent upon
consideration of the following detailed description and appended claims with reference to the accompanying
drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding parts in the various figures.
Accordingly, the present invention includes a container for holding water. At least one pair of closely-spaced
electrodes are positioned within the container and submerged under the water. A first power supply provides a
particular pulsed signal to the electrodes. A coil is also arranged in the container and submerged under the water.
A second power supply provides a particular pulsed signal through a switch to the electrodes.
When only the electrodes receive a pulsed signal, then orthohydrogen can be produced. When both the
electrodes and coil receive pulsed signals, then parahydrogen or a mixture of parahydrogen and orthohydrogen
can be produced. The container is self pressurized and the water within the container requires no chemical
catalyst to efficiently produce the orthohydrogen and/or parahydrogen.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a side view of a cell for producing orthohydrogen including a pair of electrodes according to a
first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side view of a cell for producing orthohydrogen including two pairs of electrodes according
to a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a side view of a cell for producing orthohydrogen including a pair of cylindrical-shaped
electrodes according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4a is a diagram illustrating a square wave pulsed signal which can be produced by the circuit of
FIG. 5 and applied to the electrodes of FIGS. 1-3;
FIG. 4b is a diagram illustrating a saw tooth wave pulsed signal which can be produced by the circuit of
FIG. 5 and applied to the electrodes of FIGS. 1-3;
FIG. 4c is a diagram illustrating a triangular wave pulsed signal which can be produced by the circuit
of FIG. 5 and applied to the electrodes of FIGS. 1-3;
FIG. 5 is an electronic circuit diagram illustrating a power supply which is connected to the electrodes
of FIGS. 1-3;
FIG. 6 is a side view of a cell for producing at least parahydrogen including a coil and a pair of
electrodes according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a side view of a cell for producing at least parahydrogen including a coil and two pairs of
electrodes according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a side view of a cell for producing at least parahydrogen including a coil and a pair of
cylindrical-shaped electrodes according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 9 is an electronic circuit diagram illustrating a power supply which is connected to the coil and
electrodes of FIGS. 6-8.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED

EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the present invention including a cell for producing hydrogen and oxygen. As
will be discussed below in conjunction with FIGS. 6-8,
the production of parahydrogen requires an additional coil not shown in FIG. 1. Thus, the hydrogen produced by
the first embodiment of FIG. 1 is orthohydrogen.
The cell includes a closed container 111 which is closed at its bottom portion by threaded plastic base 113 and
screw thread base 109. The container 111 can be made of, for example, plexiglass and have an exemplary height
of 43 cm and an exemplary width of 9 cm. The container 111 holds tap water 110 therein.
The cell further includes a pressure gauge 103 to measure the pressure within the container 111. An outlet valve
102 is connected to the top of the container 111 to permit any gas within the container 111 to escape into an
output tube 101.
The cell also includes a pop valve 106 connected to a base 113. The pop valve 106 provides a safety function
by automatically releasing the pressure within the container Ill if the pressure exceeds a predetermined threshold.
For example, the pop valve 106 may be set so that it will open if the pressure in the container exceeds 75 p.s.i.
Since the container 111 is built to withstand a pressure of about 200 p.s.i., the cell is provided with a large safety
margin.
A pair of electrodes 105a, 105b are arranged within the container 111. The electrodes 105a, 105b are
submerged under the top level of the water 110 and define an interaction zone 112 therebetween. The electrodes
105a, 105b are preferably made of the same material, such as stainless steel.
In order to produce an optimal amount of hydrogen and oxygen, an equal spacing between the electrodes 105a,
105b must be maintained. Moreover, it is preferable to minimize the spacing between the electrodes 105a, 105b.
However, the spacing between the electrodes 105a, 105 cannot be positioned excessively close because arcing
between the electrodes 105a, 105b would occur. It has been determined that a spacing of 1 mm is optimal
spacing for producing hydrogen and oxygen. Spacing up to 5 mm can work effectively, but spacing above 5 mm
has not worked well, except with excessive power.
Hydrogen and oxygen gas outputted through output tube 101 can be transmitted by tube 101 to a device 120
using those gases, for example an internal combustion engine, such as shown in FIG. 1. Instead of an internal
combustion engine, device 120 may be any device using hydrogen and oxygen, including a reciprocating piston
engine, a gas turbine engine, a stove, a heater, a furnace, a distillation unit, a water purification unit, a
hydrogen/oxygen jet, or other device using the gases. With an adequately productive example of the present
invention, any such device 120 using the output gases can be run continuously without the need for storing
dangerous hydrogen and oxygen gases.
FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of the present invention which includes more than one pair of electrodes
205a-d. The spacing between the electrodes is less than 5 mm as in the embodiment of FIG. 1. While FIG. 2
shows only one additional pair of electrodes, it is possible to include many more pairs (e.g.,as many as 40 pairs
of electrodes) within the cell. The rest of the cell illustrated in FIG. 2 remains the same as that illustrated in FIG.
1. The multiple electrodes are preferably flat plates closely spaced, parallel to each other.
FIG. 3 illustrates a cell having a cylindrically shaped electrodes 305a, 305b. The outer electrode 305b surrounds
the coaxially aligned inner electrode 305a. The equal spacing of the electrodes 305a, 305b is less than 5 mm and
the interactive zone is coaxially arranged between the two electrodes 305a, 305b. While FIG. 3 illustrates the
top portion of the container 111 being formed by a plastic cap 301, it will be appreciated to those skill in the art
that the cap 301 may be used in the embodiments of FIGS. 1-2 and the embodiment of FIG. 3 can utilize the
same container 111 illustrated in FIGS. 1-2. As suggested by FIG. 3, the electrodes can be almost any shape
such as flat plates, rods, tubes or coaxial cylinders.
The electrodes 105a, 105b of FIG. 1 (or electrodes 205a-d of FIG. 2 or electrodes 305a, 305b of FIG. 3) are
respectively connected to power supply terminals 108a, 108b so that they can receive a pulsed electrical signal
from a power supply. The pulsed signal can be almost any waveform and have a variable current level, voltage
level, frequency and mark-space ratio (i.e., a ratio of the duration of a single pulse to the interval between two
successive pulses). For example, the power supply providing power to the electrodes can be a mains 110 volts
to a 12 volt supply or a car battery.
FIG. 4a, FIG. 4b and FIG. 4c illustrate a square wave, a saw tooth wave and a triangular wave, respectively
which can be applied to the electrodes 105a, 105b (or 205a-d or 305a, 305b) in accordance with the present
invention. Each of the waveforms illustrated in FIGS. 4a-4c has a 1:1 mark-space ratio. As shown in FIG. 4b,
the saw tooth wave will only reach a peak voltage at the end of the pulse duration. As shown in FIG. 4c, the
triangular wave has a low peak voltage. It has been found that optimal results for producing hydrogen and
oxygen in the present invention are obtained using a square wave.
After initiation of the pulsed signal from the power supply, the electrodes 105a, 105b continuously and almost
instantaneously generate hydrogen and oxygen bubbles from the water 110 in the interaction zone 112.
Moreover, the bubbles can be generated with only minimal heating of the water 110 or any other part of the cell.
These bubbles rise through the water 110 and collect in the upper portion of the container 111.
The generated bubbles are not bunched around or on the electrodes 105a, 105b and thus readily float to the
surface of the water 110. Therefore, there is no need to add a chemical catalyst to assist the conduction of the
solution or reduce the bubble bunching around or on the electrodes 105a, 105b. Thus, only tap water is needed
for generation of the hydrogen and oxygen in the present invention.
The gases produced within the container are self-pressurizing (i.e.,pressure builds in the container by the
production of gas, without an air pump). Thus, no additional pump is needed to be coupled to the container 111
and the produced gases do no need to be transported into a pressurized container.
The power supply in the present invention is required to provide a pulsed signal having only 12 volts at 300 ma
(3.6 watts). It has been found that an optimal amount of hydrogen and oxygen has been produced when the
pulsed signal has mark-space ratio of 10:1 and a frequency of 10-250 KHz. Using these parameters, the
prototype cell of the present invention is capable of producing gas at the rate of 1 p.s.i. per minute. Accordingly,
the cell of the present invention is capable of producing hydrogen and oxygen in a highly efficient manner, quickly
and with low power requirements.
As noted above, the hydrogen produced by the embodiments of FIGS. 1-3 is orthohydrogen. As is well
understood by those skilled in the art, orthohydrogen is highly combustible. Therefore, any orthohydrogen
produced can be transported from the container 111 through valve 102 and outlet tube 101 to be used by a
device such as an internal combustion engine.
The present invention, with sufficient electrodes, can generate hydrogen and oxygen fast enough to feed the gases
directly into an internal combustion engine or turbine engine, and run the engine continuously without
accumulation and storage of the gases. Hence, this provides for the first time a hydrogen/oxygen driven engine
that is safe because it requires no storage of hydrogen or oxygen gas.
FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary power supply for providing D.C. pulsed signals such as those illustrated in FIGS.
4a-4c to the electrodes illustrated in FIGS. 1-3. As will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, any
other power supply which is capable of providing the pulsed signals discussed above can be substituted therefor.
The power supply illustrated in FIG. 5 includes the following parts and their exemplary components or values:
______________________________________
Astable circuit NE555 or equivalent logic circuit
______________________________________
Resistor R2 10K
Resistor R3 10K
Resistor R4 10K
Resistor R5 2.7K
Resistor R6 2.7K
Transistor TR1 2N3904
Transistor TR2 2N3904
Transistor TR3 2N3055 or any high speed, high
current silicon switch
Diode D2 1N4007
Capacitors (not shown) Vcc by-pass capacitors as required.
______________________________________
The astable circuit is connected to the base of transistor TR1 through resistor R2. The collector of transistor
TR1 is connected to voltage supply Vcc through resistor R5 and the base of transistor TR2 through resistor R3.
The collector of transistor TR2 is connected to voltage supply Vcc through resistor R6 and the base of transistor
TR3 through resistor R4. The collector of transistor TR3 is connect to one of the electrodes of the cell and diode
D2. The emitters of transistors TR1, TR2, TR3 are connected to ground. Resistors R5 and R6 serve as collector
loads for transistors TR1 and TR2, respectively. The cell serves as the collector load for transistor TR3.
Resistors R2, R3 and R4 serve to respectively ensure that transistors TR1, TR2 and TR3 are saturated. The
diode D2 protects the rest of the circuit from any induced back emf within the cell.
The astable circuit is used to generate a pulse train at a specific time and with a specific mark-space ratio. This
pulse train is provided to the base of transistor TR1 through resistor R2. Transistor TR1 operates as an invert
switch. Thus, when the astable circuit produces an output pulse, the base voltage of the transistor TR1 goes high
(i.e.,close to Vcc or logic 1). Hence, the voltage level of the collector of transistor TR1 goes low (i.e.,close to
ground or logic 0).
Transistor TR2 also operates as an inverter. When the collector voltage of transistor TR1 goes low, the base
voltage of transistor TR2 also goes low and transistor TR2 turns off. Hence, the collector voltage of transistor
TR2 and the base voltage of Transistor TR3 go high. Therefore, the transistor TR3 turns on in accordance with
the mark-space ratio set forth by the astable circuit. When the transistor TR3 is on, one electrode of the cell is
connected to Vcc and the other is connected to ground through transistor TR3. Thus, the transistor TR3 can be
turned on (and off) and therefore the transistor TR3 effectively serves as a power switch for the electrodes of the
cell.
FIGS. 6-8 illustrate additional embodiments of the cell which are similar to the embodiments of FIGS. 1-3,
respectively. However, each of embodiments of FIGS. 6-8 further includes a coil 104 arranged above the
electrodes and power supply terminals 107 connected to the coil 104. The dimensions of the coil 104 can be, for
example, 5.times.7 cm and have, for example, 1500 turns. The coil 104 is submerged under the surface of the
water 110.
The embodiments of FIGS. 6-8 further include an optional switch 121 which can be switched on or off by the
user. When the switch 121 is not closed, then the cell forms basically the same structure as FIGS. 1-3 and thus
can be operated in the same manner described in FIGS. 1-3 to produce orthohydrogen and oxygen. When the
switch 121 is closed, the additional coil 104 makes the cell capable of producing oxygen and either (1)
parahydrogen or (2) a mixture of parahydrogen and orthohydrogen.
When the switch 121 is closed (or not included), the coil 104 is connected through terminals 106 and the switch
121 (or directly connected only through terminals 106) to a power supply so that the coil 104 can a receive a
pulsed signal. As will be discussed below, this power supply can be formed by the circuit illustrated in FIG. 9.
When the coil 104 and the electrodes 105a, 105b receive pulses, it is possible to produce bubbles of
parahydrogen or a mixture of parahydrogen and orthohydrogen. The bubbles are formed and float to the surface
of the water 110 as discussed in FIGS. 1-3. When the coil is pulsed with a higher current, a greater amount of
parahydrogen is produced. Moreover, by varying the voltage of the coil 104, a greater/lesser percentage of
orthohydrogen/parahydrogen can be produced. Thus, by controlling the voltage level, current level and frequency
(discussed below) provided to the coil 104 (and the parameters such as voltage level, current level, frequency,
mark-space ratio and waveform provided to the electrodes 105a, 105b as discussed above) the composition of
the gas produced by the cell can be controlled.
For example, it is possible to produce only oxygen and orthohydrogen by simply disconnecting the coil 104. It is
also possible to produce only oxygen and parahydrogen by providing the appropriate pulsed signals to the coil
104 and the electrodes 105a, 105b. All of the benefits and results discussed in connection with the embodiments
of FIGS. 1-3 are equally derived from the embodiments of FIGS. 6-8. For example, the cells of FIGS. 6-8 are
self-pressurizing, require no-chemical catalyst, do not greatly heat the water 110 or cell, and produce a large
amount of hydrogen and oxygen gases from a modest amount of input power, without bubbles on the electrodes.
A considerable amount of time must pass before the next pulse provides current to the coil 104. Hence, the
frequency of the pulsed signal is much lower than that provided to the electrodes 105a, 105b. Accordingly, with
the type of coil 104 having the dimensions described above, the frequency of pulsed signals can be as high as 30
Hz, but is preferably 17-22 Hz to obtain optimal results.
Parahydrogen is not as highly combustible as orthohydrogen and hence is a slower burning form of hydrogen.
Thus, if parahydrogen is produced by the cell, the parahydrogen can be coupled to a suitable device such as a
cooker or a furnace to provide a source of power or heat with a slower flame.
FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary power supply for providing D.C. pulsed signals such as those illustrated in FIGS.
4a-4c to the electrodes illustrated in FIGS. 6-8. Additionally, the power supply can provide another pulsed
signal to the coil. As will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, any other power supply which is
capable of providing the pulsed signals discussed above to the electrodes of the cell and the coil can be
substituted therefor. Alternatively, the pulsed signals provided to the electrodes and the coil can be provided by
two separate power supplies.
The portion of the power supply (astable circuit, R2-R6, TR1-TR3, D2) providing a pulsed signal to the
electrodes of the cell is identical to that illustrated in FIG. 5. The power supply illustrated in FIG. 9 further
includes the following parts and their respective exemplary values:
______________________________________
Divide by N counter
4018 BPC or equivalent logic circuit
Monostable circuit NE 554 or equivalent logic circuit
Resistor R1 10K
Transistor TR4 2N3055 or any high speed high current
silicon switch
Diode D1 1N4007.
______________________________________
The input of the divide by N counter (hereinafter "the divider") is connected to the collector of transistor TR1.
The output of the divider is connected to the monostable circuit and the output of the monostable circuit is
connected to the base of transistor TR4 through resistor R1. The collector of the transistor TR4 is connected to
one end of the coil and a diode D1. The other end of the coil and the diode D1 is connected to the voltage
supply Vcc. The resistor Ri ensures that TR4 is fully saturated.
The diode D2 prevents any induced back emf generated within the coil from damaging the rest of the circuit. As
illustrated in FIGS. 6-8, a switch 121 can also incorporated into the circuit to allow the user to switch between
(1) a cell which produces orthohydrogen and oxygen, and (2) a cell which produces at least parahydrogen and
oxygen.
The high/low switching of the collector voltage of the transistor TR1 provides a pulsed signal to the divider. The
divider divides this pulsed signal by N (where N is a positive integer) to produce an pulsed output signal. This
output signal is used to trigger the monostable circuit. The monostable circuit restores the pulse length so that it
has a suitable timing. The output signal from the monostable circuit is provided to the base of the transistor TR4
through resistor R1 to switch the transistor TR4 on/off. When the transistor TR4 is switched on, the coil is placed
between Vcc and ground. When the transistor TR4 is switched off, the coil is disconnected from the rest of the
circuit. As discussed in conjunction with FIGS. 6-8, the frequency of pulse signal provided to the coil is switched
at a rate preferably between 17-22 Hz; i.e.,much lower than the frequency of the pulsed signal provided to the
electrodes.
As indicated above, it is not required that the circuit (divider, monostable circuit, R1, TR4 and D1) providing the
pulsed signal to the coil be connected to the circuit (astable circuit, R2-R6, TR1-TR3, D2) providing the pulsed
signal to the electrodes. However, connecting the circuits in this manner will provide an easy way to initiate the
pulsed signal to the coil.
A working prototype of the present invention has been successfully built and operated with the exemplary and
optimal parameters indicated above to generate orthohydrogen, parahydrogen and oxygen from water. The
output gas from the prototype has been connected by a tube to the manifold inlet of a small one cylinder gasoline
engine, with the carburetor removed, and has thus successfully run such engine without any gasoline.
Additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the present
invention is not limited to the specific details and representative devices shown and described herein.
Accordingly, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as
defined by the appended claims.
*****
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1/17/2010 Permanent Magnetic motor
Ads by Google Neodymium Wholesale Magnet Suppliers Magnets Electricity Wire Magnets
A permanent magnet, pulsed DC electromagnet motor
ABSTRACT
A permanent magnet, pulsed DC electromagnet motorgenerator for the production of electric power.
The source or input for the
electric power is the magnetic flux of neodymium permanent magnets.
The device consists of a motor, a generator, commutation and a circuit.
The motor consists of permanent magnets fixed to a rotor. The stator
employs pulsed DC electromagnets. The permanent magnets and the
electromagnets are arranged around the rotor and stator opposing each
other. As the permanent magnet rotor rotates, the permanent magnets are
attracted to the iron core of the electromagnets. When the permanent
magnets are slightly passed the center of the electromagnets, a short duration
pulse of DC power is supplied to the electromagnets. This causes the

…fortunecity.com/…/erpem3.htm 1/6
permanent magnets to be repelled by the like polarity magnetic flux of the
electromagnets. As the rotor rotates the attraction and repulsion of the
permanent magnets and electromagnets provide torque to a common axel
shared with the generator and commutator.
When the primary pulse to the electromagnet ends, the magnetic
field developed around the electromagnet coils collapses. This collasping
electromagnetic field provides a voltage that can be employed to
recharge a secondary battery on the motor side.
The generator consists of a rotor with multiple permanent magnets
arranged around the perimeter. The magnets are assembled in alternating
polarity. The stator consists of an iron wire core imbedded in an insulated
material with magnet wire coils assembled opposite the permanent
magnet rotor assembly. As the rotor rotates the magnetic flux of the
permanent magnets induce a voltage and current in the copper coils.
The alternating current output of the permanent magnet , copper coil
assembly is rectified to a direct current by means of a full wave bridge.
The direct current is then employed to charge a battery bank.
A commutator is attached to the common axel to provide the
direct current pulse to the electromagnets of the motor stator at the
optimum time for the optimum duration.
A circuit provides the means of delivering power to the commutator
from the primary battery. A new circuit design is being developed to
employ the back EMF from the electromagnet coils to recharge the
motor's batteries.
>
PM/PEM, M-G
Permanent Magnet / Pulsed DC Electromagnet
Motor - Generator
Summary of Invention
The permanent magnet / pulsed dc electromagnet motor - generator
produces electric power from the magnetic flux of powerful neodymium
magnets. The PM/PEM,M-G motor consist of two opposing disk, a rotor
and a stator. The rotor is connected to a shaft [ axel ] by means of a flange.
The shaft is mounted to a frame through two bearings that allow the shaft
to rotate while mounted on the frame, one on each side. Attached to the
rotor are permanent magnets arranged equidistant around the perimeter
of the rotor facing the stator.
The stator is fixed in position next to the rotor but independent of
the shaft. The shaft runs through a larger diameter hole centered on
the stator. Mounted on the stator are electromagnets that are
arranged directly opposite the permanent magnets of the rotor.
As the rotor rotates, the permanent magnets come into alignment
with the electromagnets. During this phase the permanent magnets
are attracted to the iron, steel core of the electromagnets. Torque is
provided to the shaft by the magnetic attraction of the permanent
magnet and the iron, steel core. No power is consumed. This is the
Attraction Phase of the Power Cycle. As the permanent magnet rotates
past the center of the electromagnet, a power pulse is fired through the
electromagnet. The like polarity of the electromagnet and the permanent
magnet cause the permanent magnet to be repelled. Torque is provided
to the shaft by means of the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet and
the magnetic field generated by the electromagnet. Power is consumed
for only a brief [ milli-seconds ] period of time. The power pulse is delivered
at the optimum time for the optimum duration by a commutator.
This is the repulsion phase of the power cycle.
Most of the work, power delivered to the shaft in the form of torque,
is done by the permanent magnets. Because power is consumed for
only a brief period of time upon each alignment of the permanent
magnet and electromagnet, very little power is necessary to run the
motor - generator making it highly efficient.
Pick up coils wound around the electromagnet can utilize the collapsing
magnetic field [ back EMF ] of the power pulse to generate a current
that can be employed to recharge secondary batteries.
A DC generator is connected to the shaft of the permanent
magnet / pulsed dc electromagnet motor. The generator is
actually an alternator with the alternating current rectified to provide
direct current for charging a battery bank. The principle of operation
of the alternator is the permanent magnets on the rotor provide
magnetic flux which induces a current in the copper coils.
The copper coils are arranged on a solid steel wire core. This reduces
the resistance to the rotation of the permanent magnet rotor normally
caused by the interaction of the permanent magnets and iron core
of the electromagnets.
This is a basic explanation of the working principle of operation
of the PM/ PEM2, M-G. The photos and text supplied to energy 21 by
Mr. Gary Magratten
26901 Ridge Rd.
Willits CA 95490
ph: 707-459-1435
fax:707-459-9298
Please note this information may now be out of date
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Permanent Magnet Motor Magnetic Motor Plans Alternators/Generators

Looking for Permanent Magnet Use magnetic power to create free Permanent Magnet Alternators /
Motor? See Permanent Magnet electricity to power your home Generators for aircraft, ATVs, etc…
Motor. motormagnet.com/MM2/index.html www.compositemotors.com
contractorcity.com
1/17/2010 http://members.fortunecity.com/freee…
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The Puharich Papers part 2

It was observed that the absolute threshold of hearing could be obtained at 0.16Mw (rms), and by calculation
that there was an amplitude of displacement of the eardrum of the order of 10 to- eleventh power and a
corresponding amplitude of the cochlear basilar membrane of 10 to power - 13 meter. Corollary to this finding.
I was able to achieve the absolute reversible threshold of electrolysis at a power level of 0.16 mW (rms).
By carrying out new calculations I was able to show that the water was being vibrated with a displacement of the
order of 1 A = 10 to the power of -10 meters. This displacement is of the order of the diameter of the
hydrogen atom. Thus it is possible that the acoustic phonons generated by audio side bands of the carrier are
able to vibrate particle structures within the unit water tetrahedron.
********
We now turn to the measurement problem with respect to efficiency of electrolysis.
There are four means that can be used to measure the reactant product of water electrolysis .
For simple volume measurements one can use a precision nitro-meter such as the Pregl type.
For both volume and quantitative analysis one can use the gas chromatography with thermal conductivity
detector.
For a continuous flow analysis of both volume and gas species the mass spectrometer is very useful.
Fore pure thermodynamic measurements the calorimeter is useful.
In our measurements , all four methods were examined, and it was found that the mass spectrometer gave the
most flexibility and the greatest precision . In the next section we will describe our measurement using the mass
spectrometer.
PROTOCOL
4 Methodology for the evaluation of the efficiency of water decomposition by means of alternating
current electrolysis.
Introduction
All systems used today for the electrolysis of water into hydrogen as fuel, and oxygen as oxidant apply direct
current to a strong electrolyte solution. These systems range in efficiency from 50% to 71%. The calculation of
…fortunecity.com/…/puharich2.htm 1/11
energy efficiency in electrolysis is defined as follows:
" The energy efficiency is the ration of the energy released from the electrolysis products formed ( when
they are subsequently used) to the energy required to effect electrolysis."
(1)
The energy released by the exergonic process under standard conditions.
H2(g)+ (1/2)O2(g) ------> H20(1) - 3 02.375 Btu which (1)
is 68.315 Kcal/mol. or, 286,021 Joules/mol, and is numerically equal to the enthalphy charge (triangle
H)
for the indicated process.
On the other hand the minimum energy ( or useful work input) required at constant temperature and pressure for
electrolysis equals the Gibbs free energy change ( triangle G) 2
1. S.S. Penner and L.Iceman . ENERGY. Volume II ,Non Nuclear Energy Technologies. Adison
Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.Reading Massachusetts, 1977 (Rev. Ed. ) chapter 11.
2. S.S. Penner, THERMODYNAMICS< Chapter 11, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Reading,
Massachusetts, 1968.
Penner shows (Op.Cit.) that there is a basic relation derivable from the first and second laws of thermodynamics
for isothermal changes which shows that
triangle G = triangle H - T triangle S
where triangle S represents the entropy change for the chemical reaction and T is the absolute temperature.
The Gibbs free energy change ( triangle G) is also related to the voltage (e) required to implement electrolysis by
Faraday's equation,
e=( triangle G/23.06 n ) volts
Where triangle G is in Kcal/mol, and n is the number of electrons( or equivalents ) per mole of water electrolysed
and has the numerical value 2 in the equation, ( endergonic process)
H2O (1) ----> H2 (g) + (1/2)O2 (g) + 56.620 kcal or + 249.68 Btu
Therefore, according to equation (2) at atmospheric pressure, and 300 degrees K , triangle H=68.315
kcal/mol or h2O (1), and triangle G = 56.620 kcal / mol of H2O (1) = 236,954 J/mol H20 (1) for the
electrolysis of liquid water.
In view of these thermodynamic parameters for the electrolysis of water into gases, hydrogen and oxygen, we
can establish by Eq.(2) numeric values where,
triangle G = 236.954 J/mol H2O (1)

under standard conditions. Thus
triangle G (J/mol)
n= ------------------------- =<1
triangle G e (J/mol)
where triangle G e is the electrical energy input to h2O (1) in Joules,
and triangle G is the Gibbs free energy of H2O (1) . The conversion between the two quantities is One Watt
second (Ws) = one Joule.
Or, in terms of gas volume, as hydrogen ,produced and measured ,
measured H2 (c.c)
n= ---------------------- =<1
Ideal h2 (c.c)
in accordance with these general principles we present the methodology followed in evaluating the electrolytic of
alternating current on H2O (1) in producing the gases, hydrogen and oxygen. No attempt has been made to
utilize these gases according to the process of Eq(1).
It is to be noted that the process
H2 (g) + (1/2)O2 (g) ----------> H2O (g)
yields only 57.796 kcal /mol. Eq (7) shows that per mole of gases water formed at 300 degrees K, the heat
released is reduced from the 68.315 kcal/mol at Eq. (1) by the molar heat of evaporation of water at 300
degrees K (10.5 kcal) and the overall heat release is 57.796 kcal/mol if H2O (G) is formed at 300 degrees
K
In the following sections we describe the new method of electrolysis by means of alternating current, and the
exact method and means used to measure the endergonic process of Eq.(4) and the governing Eq.(2) and Eq.
(15)
1. Op.Cit. Ref. (1) page 3. page 299ff.
5 THERMOYDYNAMIC MEASUREMENT
In order to properly couple Component II to a mass spectrometer one requires a special housing around
Component II that it will capture the gases produced and permit these to to be drawn under low vacuum into
the mass spectometer. Therefore a stainless steel and glass chamber was built to contain Component II,and
provision made to coiuple it directly through a CO2 watertrap to ther mass spectrometer and Component IV
were purged with helum evacuated for a two hour period before any gas sample were drawn.In this way
contanination was minimized, The definitive measurement were done at Gollob Analytical Services,Inc in
Berkeley Heights ,new Jersey
We now describe the use of Component I and how it energy output to Component II is measured. The energy
output of Component I is an amplitude modulated alternating current looking into a highly non-linear load, i.e
,The water solutiuon Component I is so designed that at peak load it is in resonance across the sysytem -
Components I,II, and III , and the vector diagrams show that the capacitive reactance,and the inductance
reactance are almost exactly 180 deg out of phase,so that the net power output is reactive ( the dissipative
power is very small).This design insures minimum power lossses across the entire output system.
In the experiments to be described,the entire emphasis is placed on achieving the maximum gas yield (credit) in
exchange for the minimum applied electrical energy, The most precise way to measure the applied energy from
Component I to Component II and Component III is to measure The power, P, in watts,W. Ideally this
should be done with a precision wattmeter. But since we were interested in following the voltage and current
separately,it was decided not to use the watt meter. Separate meters were used to continuously monitor the
current and the volts,
This is done by precision measurement of the volts across Component III as root mean square (rms) volts;and
the current flowing in the system as rms amperes.Precisely calibrated instruments were used to take these two
measurements. A typical set of experiments [ using water in the form of 0.9 saline solution 0.1540 molar] to
obtain high efficiency hydrolysis gave the following results.
rms Current = I = 25mA to 38 mA (0.025 A TO 0.038 A.)
rms Volts =E = 4 Volts to 2.6 Volts
The resultant ration between current and voltage is dependent on many factors such as the gap distance
between the center and ring electrodes,dielectric properties of the water,conductivity properties of the
water,equilibrium states,isothermal conditions,materials used,and even the presuure of clathrates. The above
current and voltage values reflect the net effect of various combinations of such parameters.When one takes the
product of rms current,and rms volts one has a measure of the power, P in watts
P= I x E = 25 mA x 4.0 volts =100 mW (0.1 W)
and P = I x E =38uA x 2.6 volts = 98.8 mW (0.0988 W)
At these power levels (with load), the resonant frequency of the system is 600 Hz (plus or minus 5 Hz) as
measured on a precision frequency counter. The wave form was monitored for harmonic content on an
oscilloscope, and the nuclear magnetic relaxation cycle was monitored on an X-Y plotting oscilloscope in order
to maintain the proper hysteresis loop figure. All experiments were run so that the power iin watts, aplied
through Components I,II, and III ranged between 98.8 mW to 100mW.
Since by the International System of Units -1971 (ST),
One Watt-second (Ws) is exactly equal to one Joule (J),our measurements of efficiency used these two
yardsticks (1 Ws = 1J) from the debit side of the measurement.
The energy output of the system is,of course, the two gases,Hydrogen(H2) and Oxygen (1/2O), and this credit
side was measured in two laboratories,on two kinds of calibrated Instruments, namely
Gas Chromatography Machine, and, Mass Spectrometer Machine.
The volume of gases H2 and (1/2)O2 was measured as produced under standard conditions of temperature and
pressure in unit time,i.e, in cubic centimeters per minute (cc/nin), as well as the possibility contaminating
gases,such as air oxygen, nitrogen and argo, carbon momoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor etc.
The electrical and gas measurements were reduced to the common denominator of Joules of energy so that the
efficiency accounting could all be handled in one currency. We now present the averaged results from many
experiments. The standard error between different samples,machines,and locations is at minus or plus 10
percent and we only use the mean for all the following calculations.
II. Thermodynamic Efficiency for the Endergonic Decomposition of liquid water (salininized) to gases under
standard atmosphere (754 to 750 m.m. Hg)' and standard Isothermal conditions @ 25 deg C = 77 deg F =
298.16 deg K, according to the following reaction.
H20 (1) _> h2(g) + (1/2)O2(1) + triangle G 56.620 Kcal /mole (10)
As already described triangle G is the Gibbs function.
we convert Kcal to our common currency of Joules by the formula
One Calorie =4.1868 Joules
Triangle G = 56.620 Kcal x 4.1868 J = 236,954/J/mol of H2) where
1 mole =18 gms.
Triangle G2 the electrical energy required to yield an equivalent amount of energy from H2O in the form of gases
H2 and (1/2)O2.
To simplify our calcualtion we wish to find out how much energy is required to produce the 1.0 c.c. of H2O as
the gases H2 and (1/2)02.
There are (under standard conditions ) 22,400 c.c. - V of gas in one mole of H2O. Therefore
triangle G 236,954 j
-------- = --------- = 10.5783 j/cc
V 22,400 cc
We now calculate how much electrical energy is required to liberate 1.0 cc of the H2O gases (where H2 =
0.666 parts, and (1/2)O2 = 0.333 parts by volume ) from liquid water. Since P= 1 Ws= 1 Joule , and V=
1.0 cc of gas = 10P:5783 Joules, then
PV =1 Js x 10.5783 J = 10.5783 Js or
=10.5783 Ws
Since our experiments were run at 100 mW( 0.1 W) applied to the water sample in Component II,III, for 30
minutes ,we wish to calculate the ideal (100% efficient) gas production at this total applied poer level. This is,
0.1Ws x 60 sec x 30 min =180,00 Joules ( for 30 min )
The total gas production at Ideal 100% efficiency is 180.00 J/10.5783 J/cc =17.01 cc H2O (g)
We further wish to calculate how much hydrogen is present in the 17.01 cc H2O (g).
17.01 cc H2O (g) x 0.666 H2 (g) = 11.329 cc H2(g)
17.01 cc H2O (g) x 0.333(1/2) C2 (g) = 5.681 cc (1/2)O2 (g)
Against this ideal standard of efficiency of expected gas production ,we must measure the actual amount of gas
produced under
1) Standard conditions as defined above. 2) 0.1 Ws power applied over 30 minutes. In our experiments ,
the mean amount of H2 and (1/2)O2 produced ,as measured on precision calibrated GC, and MS
machines in two different Laboratories, wher S.E is plus or minus 10%
Measured Mean = 10.80 cc H2 (g)
Measured Mean - 5.40 cc (1/2) cc (1/2) O2 (g)
Total Mean 16.20 cc H2O (g)
The ratio N1 between the ideal yield, and measured yield,
Measured H2 (g) 10.80 cc
N1 = --------------------- ----------- 91.30%
Ideal H2 (g) 11.33 cc
6. ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING

EFFICIENCY BASED ON THE FARADAY LAW OF
ELECTROCHEMISTRY.
This method is based on the number of electrons that must be removed, or added decompose ,or form one mole
of, a substance of valence one. In water H2O,one mole has the following weight:
H= 1.008 gm /mol
H= 1.008 gm /mol
O = 15.999 gm/mol
Thus, 1 mol H2O = 18.015 gm/mol
For a unvalent substance one gram mole contains 6.022 x 10 to 23 third power electrons = N =
Avogadro's Number. If the substance is divalent,trivalent,etc,. N is multiplied by the number of the
valence. Water is generally considered to be of valence two.
At standard (STP) temperature and pressure one mole of a substance contains 22.414 c.c., Where
Standard temperature is 273.15 deg k = ) 0 deg C. =T . Standard Pressure is One atmosphere =760
mm.Hg =P
One Faraday (1F) is 96,485 Coulombs per mole (univalent).
One Coulomb is defined as:
1N 6.122 x 10 to the 23 power Electrons
------- = --------------------------------------------- One Coulomb

1F 96.485 Coulombs
the flow of one coulomb per second = One Ampere
One Coulomb x One volt = one Joule second
In alternating current when amps (I) and Volts (E) are expressed iin root mean squares (rms) their product is
Power.
P= IE watts
With these basic definitions we can now calculate efficiency of electrolysis of water by the method of Faraday is
electrochemistry.
The two-electron model of water requires 2 moles of electrons for electrolysis (2x6..022 x 10 to the 23
power),or two Faraday quantities (2x 96,485 = 192,970 c.).
The amount of gas produced will be:
H2 = 22,414 c.c. /mol at STP
1/2O2 = 11,207 c.c. / mol at STP
Gases = 33.621 c.c. /mol H2O (g)
The number of coulombs required to produce one c.c of gases by electrolysis of water
193,970 C.
-------------------- = 5.739567 Coulombs per c.c. gases
33,621 c.c
Then 5,739 Coul /cc /sec =5.739 amp/sec/cc.
How many cc of total gases will be produced by 1 A/sec?
0.1742291709 cc.
How many cc of total gases will be produced by 1 A/min ?
What does this represent as the gases H2 and O2 ?`
1/2C2 =3.136438721 cc / Amp/min.
H2 =6.2728 cc/Amp /min
We can now develop a Table for values of current used in some of our experiments,and disregarding the voltage
as is done conventionally.
I calculations for 100 mA per minute
Total Gases 1.04537 cc/mim

H2 = .6968 cc /min
1/2O2 = .3484 cc/min
30 min. H2 =20.9054 cc/ 30 minutes
II Calculations for 38 mA per minute
Total Gases = 0.3972 cc/ 30 minutes
H2 = 0.2645 cc/ min
1/2O2 = 0.1323 cc/min
30 min. H2 7.9369 cc/min
III Calculations for 25mA per minute
30 min. H2 = 5.2263 cc/ minute
7 Conclusion
Figure 6 and 7 show two of the many energy production systems that may be configured to include renewable
sources and the present electrolysis technique. Figure 6 shows a prposed photovoltaic powered system using a
fuel cell as the primary battery. Assuming optimum operating conditions using .25 watt seconds of energy from
the photovoltaic array would enable .15 watt seconds to be load.
Figure 7 depicts several renewable sources operating in conjuncction with the electrolysis device to provide
motive power for an automobile.
Text Supplied and original diagrams From Fred Epps Thanks
Some drawings have been reproduced by Geoff Egel
back to Puharich Papers part one
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PRELIMINARY PLANS
TO RUN YOUR CAR ON TAP WATER!

IT ALSO WORKS ON YOUR
TRUCK / RV / MOTORCYCLE / AIRPLANE (ETC)
Will This Work?

These plans were sent to the Spirit of Ma'at anonymously, from someone who does
not want his or her name printed (for obvious reasons).
We have had them checked by an expert who believes that they are real.
We also have talked with another individual who has patented a similar device,
and we know by personal experience that the technology is sound.
So although we cannot guarantee it, we believe these plans will enable you to
build a car that runs on water.
If you test it out, though, do as the writer suggests and use an old car that
doesn't represent a loss of value if you can't make it work. And leave
everything intact so that you can always reconnect back to gas if you have to.
But if you do get it working, please send us your experience for our readers.
You could be a national hero and help save our country and our world.
We know for certain that an automobile will run on water. So this could be an
interesting project for you mechanical types, with a great reward of never
having to purchase gasoline for the rest of your life — and helping humanity at
the same time.
Re The Need to Rustproof Your Exhaust System

It is possible to make a hybrid of both gas and water (a system that is being
tested now in Mexico), which would eliminate the need to open the head and
remove the exhaust system. Just a thought. It takes only a small amount of gas
to keep the system dry.
The text sent from the anonymous individual was edited slightly for better
reading. The following is his/her words and drawings, which has been given into
the public domain.
— Spirit of Ma’at LLC
Introduction
It is suggested you try this out to begin with on a second vehicle you own, one that you
don't need to live with everyday, until you perfect this technology.
Do-it-yourself plans allow the individual (that's you and me, folks) to make a difference.
This is the easiest and lowest-cost way to convert your car to run on (relatively) free
energy.
Now, with existing technology, anyone can stand up and make a difference by reducing
the local automotive pollution, eliminate gasoline expenses, help restore our atmosphere,
and breathe a little easier.
In putting these plans into operation, you will be making use of your entire existing system
except for the fuel tank and the catalytic converter.
The Plan
Build and install a low-cost alternative method for running your vehicle (internal
combustion engine) on tap water, using off-the-shelf components.
This is simply an efficient way to convert ordinary tap water into gaseous hydrogen and
oxygen, and then burn these vapors in the engine, instead of gasoline.
This "minisystem" runs easily from your existing battery and electrical system, and it plugs
into your carburetor with simple off-the-shelf fittings.
You will be installing a plastic water tank, a control circuit, a reaction chamber, a hi-
pressure carb/FI fitting, and 3 gauges, and then hooking into your existing carb/FI.
The simplicity comes from its being an "on-demand" system requiring no fancy storage or
plumbing. You crank the gas pedal or throttle, and you electrically create more vapor for
immediate consumption, on demand; low-high flow rate as needed, from idle to maximum
power. The only real change is that you are using tap water as fuel, instead of the
traditional petroleum-based fuel.
Given a choice, which way would you choose?
Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Does it really work ?
A: Yes; this is well-established technology dating back to stainless steel. But be sure to
follow these instructions using the proper mechanical and electrical assembly techniques,
as this plan incorporates the best qualities of several techniques.
Q: How does it qualify as "free energy"?

A: If you're paying someone for the water you use, then it is not strictly free. But the
alternative is to keep buying into expen$ive ga$oline and its resultant hydrocarbon
pollution.
Q: Is it safe?
A: Technically, it is safer than running on fossil fuel because you are no longer choking on
your own emissions (health-wise). In general, it is practically as safe as your current
gasoline arrangement. You will be installing a few simple safety devices, using current
automotive standards.
Q: What kind of performance can I expect?

A: Properly adjusted, your modified vapor-only fuel system will run cooler, and at a
modestly higher power level. The mileage performance expected from this design ranges
from 50-300 mpg (of water), depending on your adjusting skills.
Q: Can I do the modification myself?

A: Why not? If you don't have any mechanical skills, and you know someone with basic
mechanical and/or electrical skills, you can even delegate some of the construction. If you
are using a fuel-injected engine, you may have to get a mechanic's opinion. [There will
have to be an adapter inserted into the fuel-injection system, just as you would have to do
if you were going to run on propane, hydrogen, or natural gas. Ed.)
Q: What is the environmental impact that my vehicle will have?

A: It will be producing H20 steam (water vapor) and unburnt O2 (Oxygen). Hence, it will be
cleaning the environment, rather than dumping nauseous toxins into it. Plus you will be
helping to save our dwindling supply of atmospheric oxygen. Any excess vapor in the
reaction becomes either steam or oxygen. You can also expect to be receiving more than
casual interest from those around you.
Q: Isn’t this really a steam engine?

A: No. Really. Exceedingly high temperature and pressure are not used. This is strictly an
internal-combustion engine (burning orthohydrogen) with residual steam in the exhaust as
a by-product.
Read This
There are a few things you should know about gasoline:
Gasoline as a fuel is not necessary; it is optional.
Gasoline versus Water

There is a lot of thermochemical energy in gasoline, but there is even more energy in
water. The DOE (Department of Energy) has quoted about 40%, so it is probably much
more than that.
Most people are unaware that "internal combustion" is defined as "a thermo-vapor
process" — as in "no liquid in the reaction." Most of the gasoline in a standard internal
combustion engine is actually consumed, (cooked, and finally, broken down) in the
catalytic converter after the fuel has been not-so-burnt in the engine. Sadly, this means
that most of the fuel we use in this way is used only to cool down the combustion process,
a pollution-ridden and inefficient means of doing that.
How It Works
Exceedingly simple. Water is pumped as needed to replenish and maintain the liquid level
in the chamber. The electrodes are vibrated with a 0.5-5A electrical pulse which breaks
2(H2O) => 2H2 + O2. When the pressure reaches say 30-60 psi, you turn the key and go.
You step on the pedal, you send more energy to the electrodes, and thus more vapor to
the cylinders; i.e. fuel vapor on demand.
You set the idle max-flow rate to get the most efficient use of power, and you're off to the
races.
In the big picture, your free energy is coming from the tap water in an open system, as the
latent energy in the water is enough to power the engine and hence drive the alternator
and whatever belt-driven accessories. And the alternator is efficient enough to run the
various electrical loads (10 - 20 amps), including the additional low current to run this
vapor reaction. No extra batteries are required.
STEP BY STEP CONSTRUCTION (Please refer to diagrams)
OVERVIEW - Here is the suggested sequence of steps:
1. Install the CHT (or EGT) gauge and measure your current operating temp range
(gasoline), for comparison.
2. Build and test the controller to verify the correct pulse output.
3. Build the reaction chamber and test it with the controller (i.e pressure out).
4. Install the tank, controller, chamber, and pressure fittings.
5. Run engine and adjust the control circuit as necessary for best performance.
6. Install the stainless steel valves and get the pistons/cylinders coated with ceramic.
7. Coat the exhaust system with ceramic without the catalytic converter (or let it rust out
and then replace the whole dang thang with stainless steel pipe sections).
YOU WILL NEED
• plastic water tank with pump and level sensor.

• control circuit, wiring, connectors, and epoxy.
• reaction chamber with electrodes and fittings.
• 3/8" stainless steel flex-tubing, fittings and clamps.
• carb/FI vapor-pressure fitting kit. - pressure, CHT (or EGT), & level gauges.
• stainless steel valves.
• copper mesh junction.
• ceramic surface treatment for cylinders & pistons.
• stainless steel or ceramic treated exhaust assembly.
BASIC TOOLS
• drill, screwdriver and pliers

• hole cutter
• wire-wrap, solder-iron and clippers
• DVM and oscilloscope.
REACTION CHAMBER
Construct as shown in the diagrams. Use a section of 4" PVC waste pipe with a threaded
screw-cap fitting on one end and a standard end-cap at the other. Make sure to drill-and-
epoxy or tap threads thru the PVC components for all fittings. Set and control the water
level in the chamber so that it well submerses the pipe electrodes; yet leave some
headroom to build up the hydrogen/oxygen vapor pressure. Use stainless steel wires
inside the chamber or otherwise use a protective coating; use insulated wires outside.
Ensure that the epoxy perfects the seal, or otherwise lay down a bead of water-proof
silicone that can hold pressure.
The screw fitting may require soft silicone sealant, or a gasket; its purpose is to hold
pressure and allow periodic inspection of the electrodes. No leaks, no problems. Make
sure you get a symmetric 1-5mm gap between the 2 stainless steel pipes. The referenced
literature suggests that the closer to 1mm you get, the better. You will want to get your
chamber level sensor verified before you epoxy the cap on.
Make your solder connections at the wire/electrode junctions nice, smooth, and solid; then
apply a water-proof coating, e.g. the epoxy you use for joining the pipes to the screw cap.
This epoxy must be waterproof and be capable of holding metal to plastic under pressure.
You will want to get your chamber level sensor verified before you epoxy the cap
on.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
The diagrams show a simple circuit to control and drive this mini-system. You are going to
make a 'square-pulse' signal that 'plays' the electrodes like a tuning fork; which you can
watch on an oscilloscope. The premise given by the literature is: the faster you want do go
down the road, the 'fatter' you make the pulses going into the reaction chamber. Duty
cycle will vary with the throttle in the vicinity of 90%MARK 10%SPACE (OFF/ON).
There is nothing sacred about how the pulse waveform is generated; there are many ways
to generate pulses, and the attached diagrams show a few. The diagram shows the
NE555-circuit approach from the referenced patent. The output switching transistor must
be rated for 1-5 amps @ 12VDC (in saturation).
Go with a plan that works for you or your friendly neighborhood technoid or mechanic, and
go get all the circuit elements from your local electronics store, such as Radio-Shack or
Circuits-R-Us, including the circuit board, IC sockets, and enclosure/box.
DigiKey has better selection, service, and knowledge; plus they have no minimum order.
Be sure to use a circuit board with a built-in ground plane, and to accommodate room for
mounting 2 or 3 of the gauges. Mounting the reaction chamber in the engine compartment
will require running a stub to your pressure gauge where you can watch it.
You can easily make 30-gauge wire-wrap connections between the socket pins and thru-
hole discrete components having wire leads. Also make sure to get spec sheets on any IC
you use. More details of the best circuits to use will be announced pending prototype
testing. You will want to get your chamber level sensor verified before you epoxy the
cap on.
Throttle Control
If you have a throttle position sensor, you should be able to access the signal from the
sensor itself OR from the computer connector. This signal is input to the circuit as the
primary control (i.e. throttle level = pulse width = vapor rate).
If you don't have such a signal available, you will have to rig a rotary POT (variable
resistor) to the gas linkage (i.e. coupled to something at the gas pedal or throttle cable
running to the carb or FI. If you make the attachment at the carb/FI, be sure to use a POT
that can handle the engine temp cycles. Don't use a cheezy-cheapy POT; get one rated
for long life and mechanical wear; mount it securely to something sturdy and stationary
that will not fall apart when you step on the gas.
Control Range. The full throttle RANGE (idle-max) MUST control the vapor rate, i.e. pulse-
width (duty). The resistor values at the throttle signal must allow the throttle signal voltage,
say 1-4 Volt swing, to drive the VAPOR RATE. You will be using this voltage swing to
generate a 10% ON 'square' pulse. The patent implies using a 'resonant' pulse in the 10-
250 KHz frequency range; but it is not explicitly stated so.
In this circuit, you will simply tune to whatever frequency makes the most efficient vapor
conversion. You will have to get into the specs for each IC you use, to insure you connect
the right pins to the right wires, to control the frequency and pulse width. You can use
spare sockets to try out different discrete component values. Just keep the ones that are
spec-compatible in the circuit, and get the job done.
You crank up the throttle signal and put more electrical energy (fatter pulses) into the
electrodes; verify you can get 10% duty on the scope (2 - 100 usec on the horizontal time-
base). Your averaging DVM will display the 90%-10% DC voltage across the output
transistor (Vce or Vds or Output to Ground). Set and connect DVM in the supply current
and measure .5 - 5 amps, without blowing the DVM fuse. Now verify that you got
everything you wanted.
Verify your wiring connections using your DVM as a continuity detector. Check your wiring
1 at a time and yellow line your final schematic as you go. You can best use board-mount
miniature POTs for anything you want to set-and-forget. The LEDs are there to give you a
quick visual check of normal vs abnormal operation of your new creation. You will want
to get your chamber level sensor verified before you epoxy the cap on.
CARB/FI CONNECTION
The diagram also shows that fittings are required to the carb/FI l. There are ready-made
kits (such as by Impco) available for making your pressure fittings to the carburetor or fuel-
injector as the case may be. You will necessarily be sealing the built-in vents and making
a 1-way air-intake.
The copper mesh comprises the inadvertent backfire' protection for the reaction chamber.
Make sure that all vapor/duct junctions are air-tight and holding full pressure without
leakage. Your new 'system' is considered successful and properly adjusted when you get
the full power range at lower temp and minimum vapor flow without blowing the pressure
safety valve.
CHT (or EGT)
Monitor your engine temp with the CHT (cylinder head temp) or EGT (exhaust gas temp)
instead of your original engine temp indicator (if any). Your existing gauge is too slow for
this application and will not warn you against overheating until after you have burnt
something. Make sure that your engine runs no hotter than in the gasoline
arrangement. VDO makes a CHT gauge with a platinum sensor that fits under your spark
plug against the cylinder head (make sure it is really clean before you re-install your
spark plug (as this is also an electrical ground).
ENGINE/EXHAUST TREATMENT
Get the valves replaced with stainless steel ones and get the pistons/cylinders ceramic-
treated ASAP when you have successfully converted and run your new creation. Do not
delay as these items will rust, either by sheer use or by neglect (i.e. letting it sit). You
could make max use of your current exhaust system by using it with your new deal until it
rusts through, then have your mechanic or welder friend to fit a stainless steel exhaust
pipe (no catalytic converter is required). But it could be easier and cheaper to send your
existing exhaust system out for the ceramic treatment, and then simply re-attach it to the
exhaust ports.
GENERAL
1. Do not discard or remove any of the old gasoline setup components, e.g. tank, carb/FI,
catalytic converter, unless necessary. Better to always leave an easy way to revert
back to something that at least runs, just in case. Some people are leaving their
gasoline setup completely intact, and switching back and forth at will, just to have a
backup plan.
2. Set your throttle circuit so that you get minimum vapor flow at idle, and maximum
vapor flow at full power without blowing the pressure relief valve. In this way, you
control how 'lean' your mixture is by the strength of the pulse (i.e. “fatness” at the
optimum pulse frequency).
3. If you just don't get enough power (at any throttle setting), it means that you need to (1)
change the pulse frequency, (2) change the gap between the electrodes, (3) change
the size (bigger) electrodes, or (4) make a higher output pulse voltage (last resort).
Always use an output transistor, such as a MOSFET, that is rated for the voltage and
current you need to get the job done. OK so you might have to play around with it
some. Isn't that where all the Fun is anyhow?
4. If you get any engine knock our loud combustions (not compensated by adjusting the
timing), it means that you need to install an additional coil in the chamber, and drive
the coil with an additional pulse signal (about 19 Hz on the .1sec time base (see
diagram). Here, you will be slowing down the burn rate just enough so that the vapors
burn thru out the power stroke of the piston. Be sure to include a board-mount POT to
set the correct strength of this 2nd pulse signal into the coil. This is a stainless steel
coil of about 1500 turns (thin wire) that you can arrange like a donut around the center
pipe (but NOT touching either electrode), directly over the circular 1-5mm gap. You
want no knocking at any power/throttle setting; smooth power only, but also no
excess hydrogen leftover from the combustion.
5. Build the canister(s) as tall as you can without compromising your ability to mount
them conveniently near the dash panel, or in the engine compartment, as the case
may be. This way, you can always make the electrodes bigger, if necessary without
undue hardship. Remember that anything in the engine compartment should be
mounted in a bullet-proof, vibration and temperature tolerant fashion.
6. If you have to drill a thru-hole for wiring or plumbing thru metal, make sure to also
install a grommet for protection against chafing. Always watch your chamber pressure
range from IDLE (15-25 psi) - FULL POWER (30-60 psi). Set your safety-pressure
relief-valve to 75 psi and make sure it's rated for much higher.
7. Shut OFF the power switch and pull over if there is any malfunction of the
system. Your engine will last longest when it still develops FULL POWER+ at some
minimum temperature that we are sure you can find, by leaning back the Royal Vapor
Flow and/or by making use of the water-vapor cooling technique (see diagram). Keep
good mpg performance records, and periodic maintenance/inspection. Keep it clean;
save some money; clean the air; heal the planet; happy motoring; tell a friend; enjoy
your freedom and self-empowerment.
8. There lacks documented material for perfecting this vapor system thru a fuel injector;
there may be some details you will discover on your own as working prototypes
progress. For example, you may be restricted to inject the hydrogen/oxygen vapor
without any water vapor, as it may rust the injectors. If engine temp and CHT is a
problem, then you will want to re-think your plan, e.g. ceramic-coating the injectors.
There is always “replacing the FI system with a Carb.”
9. If you install the water-vapor system (for lower operating temp/stress), you will want to
lean the mixture (vapor/air) for minimum vapor flow rate to achieve any given throttle
position (idle - max). Make sure that you get a minimum flow for IDLE and a modestly
sufficient flow for MAX, that does the cooling job without killing the combustion.
10. If you cannot find stainless steel pipe combinations that yield the 1-5mm gap, you can
always regress back to alternating plates of +/- electrodes.
11. If you are concerned about the water freezing in your system, you can (a) add some
98% isopropyl alcohol and re-adjust the pulse frequency accordingly; or (b) install
some electric heating coils.
12. Do not let ANYONE ever compromise your dream, your freedom, your
independence or your truth.
REFERENCES
Stephen Chambers 'Apparatus for Producing Orthohydrogen and/or

Parahydrogen' US Patent 6126794, uspto.gov
Stanley Meyer 'Method for the Production of a Fuel Gas' US Patent 4936961,
uspto.gov
Creative Science & Research, 'Fuel From Water', fuelless.com
Carl Cella “A Water-Fuelled Car” Nexus Magazine Oct-Nov 1996
Peter Lindemann “Where in the World is All the Free Energy”, free-energy.cc
George Wiseman “The Gas-Saver and HyCO Series” eagle-research.com
C. Michael Holler “The Dromedary Newsletter” and “SuperCarb Techniques”
Stephen Chambers “Prototype Vapor Fuel System” xogen.com
COMMON LAW COPYRIGHT #285714: All rights to the use and duplication of these
plans are hereby reserved for the People, in their efforts to heal and restore the
environment. Dare to express your uniqueness and environmental ideals. This technology
is an exercise in responsible self-determination.
DISCLAIMER: The Spirit of Ma'at LLC and the Spirit of Ma'at ezine and the author of this
document assumes no liability for the use or misuse of this information; which is made
available as public-domain information and free of charge, for the purposes of education,
ecology, health, well-being, freedom, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.
Koniec>>>
1/17/2010 Some improvements in construction of…
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Some improvements in construction of homebrew electromagnets

and inductors
Above is a typical home experimenters construction of an electro magnet usually consisting of a soft iron bolt six
inches in length and approx 1/2 inch in diameter. and usually available from a hardware store.
The bolt has a screw thread and two insulated metal washers to hold the windings in place and a nut covering the
screw thread.
The winding consist of 20 swg insulated magnet wire although any gauge wire could be used for this purpose.
Check your electronics or electricity store (Radio Shack ) to get some magnet winding wire.
I used a twelve volt car battery to provide power to the electromagnet and in this case also any DC power
source could be used.
The amount of current and voltage needed to energise an electromagnet varies with wire size and length and will
have be to be determined by experimentation by yourself and your friends.
If you can get some wire resistance and power values for your wire gauge you may be able to determine the
power required to power your magnet.
I afraid this is outside the scope of this article and I encourage you to experiment yourself but on no account use
the AC power from your home utility power supply apart from being the wrong type of power (AC) is can also
be deadly if you don't know what you are doing (SO BE WARNED).
Please note the iron bolt should have a layer of insulation wrapped around it to prevent a possible short circuits
and to hold the washers in place
…fortunecity.com/…/electromagnets.h… 1/8
The winding wire for a normal electromagnet is wound around the from the bottom to top in a circular pattern
around the metal bolt and when the top is reached ,I then use some common sticky cellotape tape to hold the
layer windings in place and then wind down towards the bottom .
I repeat the above processes until sufficient wire and layers are wound on the bolt core for the magnetic strength
required..
A more stronger electromagnet
Using the same components as the description above , I believe from experiments I have carried out, I can make
a small improvement in the strength of the induced magnet field in a magnetic metal bolt for example assuming of
course the same amount of power and core winding wire and then obtaining a more stronger electromagnet But
the only way to convince yourself is for you to the perform an experiment and test it for yourself .
All instruction as to first diagram above apply
but with the exception that when the top of winding is reached ,the winding wire instead of being wound to the
bottom in several turns only one turn is required to bring the wire to bottom ,where you once again tape it in
place and repeat winding to the top again until sufficient turns and layers of wire have been added to the core.
Please remember all downward windings are of only one complete loop as illustrated above.
If you care to repeat my experiment I believe you will notice a stronger electromagnet with the second design.
Making an Permanent Magnet

This a simple excellent design for making permanent magnets or magnetising tools such as screw drive,tools etc.
The device consists of a double ended screwed casing such as galvanised domestic water piping ,I used one inch
tube and about four inches in length.with one end cap as shown in above drawing.
Please note the outer tube must be able to be magnetised so don't use copper or plastic piping..
You will also need to make a coil winding on a hollow cylinder that will fit and then be able to be insulated from
the outer metal casing.
I made a hollow cylinder by wrapping and by placing some paper glue all over some A4 paper and then
wrapping it around a piece of wooden dowel of suitable diameter. Remove the paper cylinder when the glue is
dried and the paper is hard. It may be a good idea to leave some space between the start of the paper and
wooden dowel so that the paper cyclinder can be easily removed There may be other methods to create the
former such as using pvc piping ,if you can get suitable metal casing that will allow the pvc to to fit iside the
magnetic metal outer casing with the winding.
You could use insulating tape over the outer coil winding or even wax to make sure no electricity is able to be
transferred from the coil magnetising windings to the metal casing when placed inside the metal pipe and thus
shorting out the magnetising device.
It may be a good idea also to vanish your coil winding ,as this aids in the insulatation and holds the coil windings
in place.
Put the device together as shown in illustrations
The way to make a permanent magnet is to place the metal object to be magnetised in the centre of the coil
wound solenoid and then you use a short burst of high current to power up the coil and then switch it off again
rather quickly.
Please note the higher current value you can use the better ,a charged capacitor arrangement is ideal and could
be used to provide the high current for a short period when it is discharged into the coil.
A high current diode may be needed in this circuit to prevent the reverse EMF from de magnetising the metal
subject.
The windings are wound in the same direction as for a normal solenoid winding.
By the way this design could also be used as a excellent solenoid actuation switch with the addition of a return
spring.
Again you will need to experiment with the metal casing ,coil length ,wire gauge sizes and power to get the
desired the magnet strength.
It just occurs to me that if you installed the central coil and make two drill holes in one of the end caps to take the
leads from the coil ,you could then insert a metal object to be magnetised in the hollow solenoid coil, and then
place a second end cap at the other end of the metal cyclinder..
So that when the current is introduced to the coil all the magnetic field generated would need to then travel
through your metal sample and around the metal casing thus making a stronger magnet than using a single end cap
as illustrated. below.
Remember you cannot magnetize any other object stronger than the applied magnetic field.
Similar arrangement to the first magnetiser but please notice the one return loop in each top bottom arrangement.
This also gives a better magnetising field as well I believe.
I haven't tried this idea as shown in following section, but I also think a slight improvement may also be noticed in
operation. But at this stage have no way of confirming it as we are dealing with AC not DC as of the top electro
magnets designs . Other's who are more experienced in the art may be able to help me here.
Above is a typical metal laminated transformer consisted of E shaped metal cut out with an I shaped metal filler
to complete the magnetic circuit.
The coil is wound on a plastic former divided into two separate winding sections namely primary and secondary
output coil windings.
The winding former is placed in the center of the metal arrangement.
The power is applied to the primary circuit windings and is either outputed at the same power levels ( voltage
current ) or used to either step up or step down the voltage or current levels.
I believe it would be interesting to observe what would happen if the below arrangement was considered and
wound in accordance with modified coil winding arrangement as put forward in the previous two ideas.
If you do construct one please don't forget to let me know what your observations are.
A Magnetic Bearing idea for a Adam type Motor

If you look at the diagram you will notice a central plastic or non magnetic rotor onto which are mounted a
collection of rectangular magnets at regular intervals . The magnets I believe are common to Radio Shack or
Tandy.
All magnets are positioned that is all outward facing magnet poles are the same, all North or all South.
Six magnets I believe would be ideal although a bigger rotor would require more.
The rotor is driven by a current impulse in a modified single pole direction electromagnet (North in this case )
mounted on the outer side and close to the rotor which is fired from an impulse generated into a modified pick up
coil and amplified via a transistor arrangement from the opposing side of the rotor
Please note both the pickup coil and the driving electromagnet wound as in a modified design as previously
described above. .
see articles on a Magnetic gyro and Lenz motor
The positions of electromagnet and pickup coil shown are for ease of drawing and may not be the best position
possible.
Again looking at the diagram you will also see 1 inch round magnets at each end of the driving shaft
( The magnets desired are 1 inch round Tandy Radio Shack the ones with a central hole )
A magnet is mounted at each end of the rotor axel and is in opposition to one facing it on the permanent fixed
magnets on brackets at each end. ( that is North opposing North or South opposing South )
The diameter of the axel needs to be small enough so that ends are able to rotate freely inside the opposing
magnets.
Although only a single magnets are shown in the diagram there is no reason why several could not be used to
increase opposing magnetic strength..
At start up the axel at both ends although in opposing mode are resting on each end bracket magnet bottoms due
to the combined weight of the magnets themselves the axel and rotor weight combined.
When power is sent to the electro magnet The rotor will begin to spin and the rotor assembly should lift and a
find a point of balance on the opposing magnet. fields
The unit is now spinning on magnetic field cushion .
The device may at this stage have no practical value as yet but it would be interesting to watch and ponder any
way.
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1/17/2010 tate ambient power module
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The above diagram is known to contain some flaws and it is recomended you take more notice of the
follow diagram from the US patent as below
…tripod.com/ambientpower.htm 1/5
Tate Power from the air

Tate Ambient Power Module. Joseph Tate Last Known Address 760 Waldo Point Sausalito Ca
(4965) 415 331 8150 332 9918 U.S. Patent 4,628,299
This design converts radio frequency energy to power that can be usefully applied in power devices
such as clocks,radios and smoke detectors.
This design makes use of a doubler, splitter and rectifier.
The device has been known to give 36 volt/9 watts.
This devices does away for the need for batteries by extracting energy from natural and man made
radio waves.
THe device uses a coil made of the following design 479 turns of #22 wire on a 3" plastic tube, the
coil should be loosely wound as a close wound coil tends to reduce power collection. One end
should be connected to unit at antenna connection point and the other to an antenna of your choice .
Other coil types could be used in your experiments such as sliding induction coils that is inside one
another and find the best position by moving them in different positions.
Other coil types can be found by referencing any good book on radio fundamentals. Check out the
Telsa type coils as well.
Power could be also enhanced by placing a tin foil pyramid under the coil as this seems to also
improve power.
The power produced also seems to improve near bridges,ships and any thing containing a great
deal of metal.
A high antenna wire seems to improve the running of unit although a 7 foot whip antenna worked
reasonably well too.
A interesting side line is the inventor claims to be able to detect earthquakes by the rise and fall of
energy levels.
Subject: Re: [nuenergy] Re: Tate power ambient circuit update Reply-To:
nuenergy@yahoogroups.com
Geoff , the reason the power is so low is the capacitors being used. If larger capacitors such as
used for power audio systems or the newer super capacitors such as the 50-500 Farad units You
will begin to see real power. The schematics shows a great deal of naivety on the part of the
Inventor and the issuing Patent Office. The basic idea is 1000% It relates to My Earth Electrical
System II from 15 years ago.
from an email recieved from Don L.Smith
and from another experiementer
Hey thanks for improving the information on the Ambient power module you have at your site.
Remember I e-mailed to you recently about the capacitor values missing.
That extra info is quite helpful and using larger capacitors definatly increases power as I have seen
in my own tests on my circuit.
Hey another cool thing I found is that if you earth both the earth of the circuit to ground and the
other end of the antenna to a separate ground, you increase the power dramaticaly, compared to
using a normal antenna and coil. I made a similar coil to the one mentioned on the ambient power
web page but it didn't help.
I have tested and found that the power output is greatly related to how large your capacitors are
and how well grounded your antenna and circuit grounds are. A metal stake shoved in the ground
provides a reasonable ground. But I found that it is much better to get the largest surface area of
metal in contact with the ground as possible. I even tryed digging a hole and planting aluminium foil
sheets in the ground. That worked quite well. At the moment I am using the earth of the house for
the circuit earth and a metal fence for the antenna earth. This is working great.
Note that the ground of the circuit and the antenna gound have to be separate. They cannot be
connected in any way other than physical earth.
So far I am using 470uF capacitors and IN60 germanium diodes as they have a low voltage drop
and the capacitors collect more current compared to 47uF. I also replaced the 0.2uF capacitors in
the original diagram to 47uF capacitors aswell. I also intend to replace them all to much higher
capacitor values. Although the mentioned 50-500 farred capacitors on the web site cost a fortune
as each one costs $1000+ each and I would need 12 of them.
The first circuit showen on the web page that had the problem with the diode, I fixed and is running
quite well. I have included a picture of the fixed circuit in this e-mail as an attatchment if you would
like to have a look at it.
If you have a look at the circuit you will see that it is the diode in red that has been fixed. This circuit
has been test run with a computer program as well as practicaly. An example output of current and
voltage measurements is also included along with a load (The light bulb). Unfortunatly practicly I
havn't been able to collect that much current yet. Although I am working on it. But I have been able
to get up to 27 volts with this design.
At the moment the circuit runs nicely as a night light although it is probably too bright to be used as I
night light. I use an 8000 mcd white LED which is definatly bright. But I know that I will inprove the
circuit further and will hopefully be able to power more than just an LED.
Again thanks for updating the Ambient power page. Your doing a great job. Thanks.
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THE COLER REPORT part 2

The following is a collection of sections of text that are quoted from the British Intelligence
Objectives Sub-Committee Trip Report No. 2394 BIOS Target Number: C31/4799) entitled:
'THE INVENTION OF HANS COLER, RELATING TO AN ALLEGED NEW SOURCE OF
POWER', BIOS FINAL REPORT No. 1043: ITEM No. 31', as made available to the public by
the U.K. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Lending Library for
Science and Technology. The author of the report is named as R. Hurst, Ministry of Supply.
On page 1, under the heading: OBJECT OF VISIT AND SUMMARY:
Coler is the inventor of two devices by which it is alleged electrical energy may be derived without a
chemical or mechanical source of power. Since an official interest was taken in his inventions by the
German Admiralty it was felt that investigation was warranted, although normally it would be
considered that such a claim could only be fraudulent.
Accordingly Coler was visited and interrogated. He proved to be co-operative and willing to
disclose all details of his devices, and consented to build up and put into operation a small model of
the so-called 'Magnetstromapparat' using material supplied to him by us, and working only in our
presence. With this device, consisting only of permanent magnets, copper coils, and condensers in a
static arrangement he showed that he could obtain a tension of 450 millivolts for a period of some
hours: and in a repetition of the experiment the next day 60 millivolts was recorded for a short
period. The apparatus has been brought back and is now being further investigated.
Coler also discussed another device called the 'Stromerzeuger', from which he claimed that, with an
input of a few watts from a dry battery an output of 6 kilowatts could be obtained indefinitely. No
example of this apparatus exists, but Coler expressed his willingness to construct it, given the
materials, the time required being about three weeks.
Opportunity was taken to interrogate Dr. F. Modersohn who had been associated with Coler for
ten years and had provided financial backing. He corroborated Coler's story in every detail.
Neither Coler nor Modersohn were able to give any theory to account for the working of these
devices, using acceptable scientific notions.
1. The 'Magnetstromapparat'
This device consists of six permanent magnets wound in a special way so that the circuit includes
the magnet itself as well as the winding. (See Fig. 1).
These six magnet-coils are arranged in a hexagon and connected as shown in the diagram (Figs. 2
members.fortunecity.com/…/coler2.htm 1/6
and 3), in a circuit which includes two small condensers, a switch and a pair of solenoidal coils, one
sliding inside the other. To bring the device into operation the switch is left open, the magnets are
moved slightly apart, and the sliding coil set into various positions, with a wait of several minutes
between adjustments. The magnets are then separated still further, and the coils moved again. This
process is repeated until, at a critical separation of the magnets, an indication appears on the
voltmeter. The switch is now closed and the procedure continued more slowly. The tension then
builds up gradually to a maximum, and should then remain indefinitely. The greatest tension obtained
was stated to be 12 volts.
The 'Magnetostromapparat' was developed by Coler and von Unruh (now dead) early in 1933,
and they were later assisted by Franz Haid of Siemens-Schukert, who built himself a model which
worked in December 1933. This was seen by Dr. Kurt Mie of Berlin Technische Hochschule and
Herr Fehr (Haber's assistant at K.W.I.), who reported that the device apparently worked and that
they could detect no fraud. One model is said to have worked for 3 months locked in a room in the
Norwegian Legation in Berlin in 1933. No further work appears to have been done on this system
since that date.
2. The 'Stromerzeuger'
This device consists of an arrangement of magnets, flat coils and copper plates, with a primary
circuit energized by a small dry battery. The output from the secondary was used to light a bank of
lamps and was claimed to be many times the original input and to continue indefinitely. Details of the
circuit and a theory as to its mode of operation were given (summarized in Appendix I). (Note by
H. Aspden: This Appendix is not included in these Web pages. I cannot accept Coler's theory,
which suggests that electrical charges are also tiny magnetic poles, of north or south
polarity, which can move with current through the magnet and somehow gain energy from
the magnet. Quite clearly, Coler did not understand why his device worked.)
In 1925 Coler showed a small (10-watt) version to Prof. Kloss (Berlin), who asked the
Government to give it a thorough investigation, but this was refused, as was also a patent, on the
grounds that it was a "perpetual motion machine". This version was also seen by Profs. Schumann
(Munich), Bragstad (Trondheim) and Knuden (Copenhagen). Reports by Kloss and Schumann are
translated in Appendices II and III.
In 1933 Coler and von Unruh made a slightly larger model with an output of 70 watts. This was
demonstrated to Dr. F. Modersohn, who obtained from Schumann and Kloss confirmation of their
tests in 1926. Modersohn then consented to back the invention and formed a company (Coler
G.m.b.h.) to continue the development. At the same time a Norwegian group had been giving
financial support to Coler, and these two groups clashed. Modersohn's connection with Rheinmetall
Borsig, and hence with the official Hermann Goering, combined to give him an advantage in this.
Coler then in 1937 built for the Company a larger version with an output of six kilowatts.
In 1943 Modersohn brought the device to the attention of the Research Department of the O.K.M.
The investigation was placed under the direction of Oberbaurat Seysen, who set Dr. H. Frohlich to
work with Coler from April 1, 1943 to September 25, 1943. Frohlich was convinced of the reality
of the phenomena and set about investigating the fundamentals of the device. He apparently
concentrated on a study of the energy changes which occur on the opening and closing of inductive
circuits. At the end of the period he was transferred to B.M.W. to work on aerodynamic problems
and is now working in Moscow.
In 1944 a contract was arranged by O.K.M. with Continental Metall A.G. for further development,
but this was never carried out owing to the state of the country. In 1945 the apparatus was
destroyed by a bomb, in Kolberg, whither Coler had evacuated. Since that time Coler had been
employed sometimes as a labourer. Modersohn had severed his connection with Rheinmetall
Borsig, of which he had been a Director, and was working for the Russian authorities as a
consultant in chemical engineering.
Following the above historical background commentary, the next three sections presented the REPORT
as being, respectively, an interrogation of Coler, an interrogation of Modersohn and the actual
construction and testing of the device by Coler in the presence of the visiting U.K. Government
scientists:
1. Interrogation of Coler
Coler was questioned first about the history of his inventions, when the details above were given.
He was then questioned about the theory of the devices, but he was unable to give any coherent
suggestions as to the mechanism. He stated that his researches (apparently conducted with crude
apparatus) into the nature of magnetism had led him to conclude that ferromagnetism was an
oscillating phenomenon, of frequency about 180 kHz. This oscillation took place in the magnetic
circuit of the apparatus and induced, in the electrical circuit, oscillations the frequency of which, of
course, depended on the values of the components used. These two phenomena interacted and
gradually built up tension (meaning voltage). As the mechanism was not understood the proper
arrangement could not be worked out, but had been arrived at by experiment, and the apparatus
had to be brought into adjustment by similar trial and error methods. Coler stated that the strength
of the magnets did not decrease during use of the apparatus; and suggested that he was tapping a
new sort of energy hitherto unknown, - "Raumenergie" (Space-energy). Coler gave a resume of the
work done by Dr. Frohlich for O.K.M., and produced a copy of Frohlich's report (translation
reproduced as Appendix IV) and a report of his own (part of which is given in Appendix V).
Coler was next asked if he would consent to build models of these devices if material was made
available. He agreed that he could do this and stated that it would take one week to construct a
'Magnetstromapparat' and a month to construct 'Stromerzeuger'. Accordingly we supplied the
magnets, condensers and copper wire needed for the former, and Coler proceeded to build an
apparatus as discussed in Section 3. A list of the material required to build the 'Stromerzeuger' was
drawn up by Coler.
2. Interrogation of Dr. F. Modersohn

Modersohn was questioned about the history of these devices, with which he had been concerned
financially, and corroborated the details given by Coler. He stated that he had at first disbelieved
Coler's claims, but had taken great precautions to eliminate fraud. He had seen the 70 watt
'Stromerzeuger' working on a number of occasions and had taken it while working from one room
to another. All parts were visible and nothing was hidden. As he was himself not an expert he had
tried to get experts to examine it thoroughly, but reputable scientists either refused to have anything
to do with it at all, or else were more concerned to find a fraud than to see how it worked. The
exception was Dr. Frohlich, who was convinced of the reality of the effect and who also believed
that the secret was to be found in the energy changes in the special inductive circuit used. He had
made experiments to test his ideas, but Modersohn denied knowledge of his results. Modersohn
was extremely methodical and showed his files on the subject: these contained copies of all letters
and reports concerning the device, since 1933.
3. Construction and Testing of the 'Magnetstromapparat'

In our presence and with material supplied by us (some brought from England and the rest bought
locally) Coler built an apparatus as shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3. It is to be noted that some magnets
are wound in a clockwise direction looking at the N pole (called left) and others in an anti-
clockwise direction (called right). The magnets were selected to be as nearly equal in strength as
possible, and the resistance of the magnet-coil was uniform (about 0.33 ohm). The physical
arrangement was as shown in Fig. 2 in a breadboard style. Measurements of voltage and current
across A-B were made by Mavometer. A mechanical arrangement of sliders and cranks for
separating the magnets evenly all round was made up.
On July 1, 1946 experiments were being continued after three days of fruitless adjusting, and when
the magnets were at a separation of about 7 mm the first small deflection was noted (about 9 a.m.).
The switch was closed and, by slow adjustment of the sliding coil and by increasing the separation
of the magnets to just over 8 mm, by 11 a.m., the tension was raised to 250 millivolts and by 12.30
p.m. it was 450 millivolts. This was maintained for another 3 hours, when a soldered tag became
disconnected, and the meter slowly dropped back to zero. Soldering up the broken connection did
not restore the tension. The magnets were closed up and left overnight and the same procedure for
finding the adjustment was repeated on July 2, 1946. After about three hours a deflection of 60
millivolt was obtained; this was maintained for more than 30 minutes, but then decreased to zero
when further adjustments were tried.
During all this work the model was completely open, and nothing could be hidden in it. The
breadboard and meter could be picked up and moved round the room, tilted, or turned, without
effect.
The apparatus would appear to be too crude to act as an a receiver of broadcast energy, or to
operate by induction from the mains (the nearest cable being at least 6 feet away), and the result
must for the moment be regarded as inexplicable.
'CONCLUSIONS':
1. It was judged that Coler was an honest experimenter and not a fraud, and due respect must be
paid to the judgment of Frohlich in the matter, as deduced from his report to Seysen.
2. The result obtained was genuine in so far as could be tested with the facilities available, but no
attempt has yet been made to find an explanation of the phenomenon.
3. It is felt that further investigation by an expert in electromagnetic theory is warranted and that
Coler's offer to construct a model of the "Stromerzeuger" should be taken up.
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1/17/2010 THE HAMSTER CAGE MAGNETIC MOT…
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THE HAMSTER CAGE MAGNETIC MOTOR
Ok the design works on the principle of a hamster cage effect.
Have you ever seen a hamster exercise in the wheel in his cage? As he tries to run up the wheel
he goes nowhere, but the wheel goes around and around.
If you take 2 rather large cylinder magnets and turn them so they oppose each other, one will roll
away from the other.
You can actually make the magnet go uphill with the other magnet without touching the second one.
Keep in mind that the magnet is not trying to turn to escape the other magnet, it is only getting away
from the other magnet by rotating because it is round
Can we use this energy of the magnet rolling away from the other as work?
I did it twice.
…fortunecity.com/…/hamstercagerotor… 1/7
The rpm on mine was slow maybe 50 rpm. It turned about 16 turns before the top magnet hung up
on the side plate. I have not been able to get it to work that long since.
The design is quite simple, but much patience is needed in the building and adjustment of the
magnets for the motor to work properly.
As I said, adjustment of the magnets must be precise. Maybe one of you Engineers out there can
perfect this design.
This motor consists of (4) 1x3 and 3/8 inch Alnico cylinder magnets.
Also (2) 1"id x 2"od stainless steel bearings.
The cage is made of schedule 40, 10" id PVC pipe cut to 3 and 1/2 inches wide. The side plates
are 1/8 inch plexiglass cut in a circle 11" across. The shaft is all thread 7/16 cut at a length of 10
inches.
The bearings for the shaft and plates are 1/2 id x 1 and 1/16 od inches, standard bearings.
A cradle must be made to hold (1) "chaser" magnet inside the wheel.
This cradle must be attached to the shaft to oppose the "running" magnet.
The reason for such large magnets are that each one has enough weight to keep from "flipping"
when they are in the opposed position.
Plus the weight to wheel ratio on the motor is a serious consideration.
When the "chaser" magnet is in position in its cradle from the shaft,
the "running" magnet is opposed. It tries to go up the wheel away from the "chaser" magnet.
But this does not make the wheel turn, if fact the force on the "running" magnet is held against the
wheel. It cannot turn.
We have to back off of the "chaser" magnet to give the bearings on the "running" magnet a chance
to roll backwards, but the force of the "chaser" magnet is there, but not as strong.
When we put the same application on top of the wheel on the outside of it, we offset the balance of
the magnets repulsion causing the wheel to turn, because the weight of the magnet offsets the
centre "running" magnets repulsion from the "chaser" magnet.
The top "running" magnet starts to roll backwards causing the centre "running" magnet to roll
forward causing the wheel to turn.
Be warned...the wheel must be in perfect balance, plus all these adjustments are critical.
It is not as easy as it seems! It takes much patience to get the adjustments correct to start
the wheel turning.
The plates will extend beyond the edge of the pipe, this is what it must do. We are building a
hamster cage for the magnets.
Mount bearings in the centre of each plate and attach them to each side of the pvc pipe using
brass screws. I used all thread material for the shaft.
Let me say here that it is of the most importance that the wheel be in perfect balance. I used
pennies taped to the side of the wheel to obtain this.
Now, build a bracket to hold one of the magnets inside the wheel attached to the shaft. I call this the
"chaser" magnet. The chaser magnet must not contact the wheel anywhere.
Make your shaft a little long so as to adjust the chaser magnet from outside the wheel. I built mine
out of aluminium carpet strips. It also helps to cut a 2" hole in each plate to access the magnets.
When the wheel it built, build a stand to hold the wheel supported by the shaft on each side.
Purchase (2) stainless steel bearings1" id by 2" od.
Place one on each end of the "running" magnet. Be careful of your choice of bearings, some
stainless steel bearings are attracted to magnets depending on the material they are made of. I
suppose brass bearings would work if they can be found.
Place this "running" magnet inside the wheel through the 2" access holes in the plates in front of the
chaser magnet.
If you have your chaser magnet and bracket built right, you should be able to move the running
magnet back and forth by turning the shaft by hand outside the wheel.
Now, back the chaser magnet up away from the running magnet until the wheel starts to move in the
opposite direction.
Keep it in this position for now. Take the other 2 magnets and place them on top of the wheel
opposing one another. Note: these are a chasing and running magnets also.
Using the chasing magnet towards the bottom of the wheel gradually come down the side of the
wheel holding the running magnet suspended against the wheel.
This is why the plate sides overhang the wheel to keep the magnets in line and to stay on the
wheel.
Note: these magnets do not have bearings on them. I did wrap the running magnet with
one turn of electrical tape to give it "traction" so to speak against the wheel.
When the wheel starts to turn, stop and build a adjustable bracket to hold the chaser magnet in this
position. This is, as should be a "hands off" motor.
Build brackets and a adjustable stop for the shaft also.
Go back to the shaft and bring down the chaser magnet slowly and the wheel will turn if the
adjustments are made correctly.
Adjustment of the bracket holding the magnet inside the wheel should be made adjustable.
All these adjustments are critical and takes much patience to do. But if you get them right,
you will be humbled to watch it work.
Improvements:
I think if tracks could be made in the wheel hub, inside and out, that the magnets would stay in line
more.
Perhaps the wheel could be made of a better material, such as aluminium. The magnets still have a
tendency to "cock" without tracking.
Balance could be much better with a aluminium wheel. The distance between the shaft and the
cradle to the wheel is critical.
The "chaser" magnet seems to have to have more down force on the "running" magnet as well as a
repulsive force up the wheel.
But the repulsive force seems not as critical. I wish someone would consider replicating this
design.
If this motor has a previous patent, I'm not aware of it. I give the design away as shareware.
Use it as you wish, but remember who offered this design! Send all huge donations to me
personally.
Contact the Inventor Robert H. Calloway
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1/17/2010 The Humphrey gas operated water pu…
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The Humphrey Pump

Here below are the details of a very interesting water pump used in the earlier history of and a part of Riverland
irrigatrion area. The pump no longer provides this service as modern electrical equipment performs this. However
the operation is interesting and may give some an insight in to making something better. The pump can be still
seen in operation on Sundays most South Australia Public long weekend holidays.
The Humphrey Pump, was invented by Mr. H.A. Humphrey, eminent Gas Engineer and Chemist. Born in
London in 1868 and educated at Finsbury Technical College and the Central Institution of the City Guilds,
Kensington, England, he died in 1951 at Cape Province, South Africa.
His pump is an internal combustion pump in which the force exerted by the explosion of a mixture of flammable
gas and air acts directly on the surface of the water, forcing it to an elevated position.
The aim of Mr. Humphrey was "to produce a pump of great simplicity and strength of construction in which the
explosive force is exerted directly on the water and in which no rotating flywheel, solid piston, rotating crank,
connecting rod, bearings or glands of any sort are required".
The diagram in Figure 1 shows the essential components of the pump, and is similar to an experimental pump
designed by Humphrey, which worked satisfactorily from the first occasion on which is was started.
The pump was composed of 3 main parts, viz:-
1. The combustion chamber C, fitted with an exhaust valve, gas and air mixture valve, scavenge air valve and
spark plug.
2. The water suction chamber, and valves.
3. The playpipe, connecting to an elevated tank and outlet pipe.
It will be noted that the form of the pump, is that of a large U-pipe closed at one end and without any obstruction
to the free flow and oscillation of the water column within the pipe. The only moving fittings in the pump are the
various valves and an interlocking mechanism to automatically lock or unlock them according to their
requirements in the cycle of operating events. The interlocking and ignition apparatus are operated by the
pressures within the combustion head, to which they are connected. It was from this basic design that subsequent
models were developed for the London Water Supply Authority at Chingford, installed in 1913 and the
Cobdogla Pumps which are practically replicas of these pumps, apart from their output capacities.
…fortunecity.com/…/humphreypump.h… 1/11
OPERATION OF THE PUMP CYCLE

Imagine all valves closed and the pump standing full of water to the water tower outlet, which would be the
condition before starting.A charge of combustible gas and air is pumped in the combustion head by a suitable
compressor and is fired by closing the ignition circuit manually. The spark plugs ignite the gas mixture and initiate
the four strokes comprising the complete cycle of operation in the following manner.
FIRST OUTWARD STROKE The pressure on the water exerted by the force of the explosion and expansion
of heated gasses, sets the water column in motion with increasing velocity. The Kinetic Energy acquired by the
rapidly moving column of water, causes it to flow outwards until a partial vacuum is formed at the combustion
end of the playpipe. When the pressure falls to nearly that of the atmosphere the exhaust valves open inwardly
with the assistance of springs. The lightly spring loaded water inlet valves open inwards admitting a large quantity
of new water into the playpipe, partly to follow the column of outgoing moving water and partly to endeavour to
fill the pipe to the same level as the water in the suction sump.
With a further fall in pressure, the scavenge air valves, also lightly spring loaded, open, allowing pure air to be
admitted to occupy the space above the exhaust valve level, a retentive valve in the exhaust valve casing
preventing the return of burnt gases from the exhaust pipe. By means of an interlocking apparatus operated by
pressures within the combustion head, the exhaust and scavenge air valves were released when the explosion
occurred and the gas mixture valves were locked in the closed position. A portion of the outgoing water column
spills out into the receiving basin, starting a syphoning action in the outlet discharge pipe.
FIRST RETURN STROKE The momentum of the water column expends itself at the end of the first outward
stroke, allowing the water column to flow back by gravitational force towards the combustion head. This in turn
drives the burnt products of 'combustion through the open exhaust valves, ultimately closing them by impact of
the water. The spring loaded water inlet and scavenge air valves were closed when the pressure again rose to
approximately that of the atmosphere. The returning water column, having gained considerable velocity, now
compresses the scavenge air (mixed with a percentage of spent gasses) in the top of the combustion chamber,
forming a compressed elastic cushion.
The energy thus stored in this cushion is then equal to the energy given out by the rapidly moving water column,
urged on by the static head behind it, so that the cushion pressure is considerably in excess of that due to the
static head. The interlocking mechanism, now operated by the cushion pressure, automatically releases the catch
from the mixture valves and locks the exhaust and scavenge air valves.
SECOND OUTWARD STROKE The expansion of the compressed air cushion now drives the water column
outward again, the pressure becoming atmospheric as the surface reaches the exhaust valve level, and if it were
not for the friction losses in the playpipe it would ultimately be driven out to the same position that it occupied
prior to the commencement of the first return stroke.
The outward movement of the water column continues until a partial vacuum is again formed and the water inlet
valves open, admitting a large quantity of water into the playpipe.A portion of the water column at the outward
end again overflows into the receiving basin.
The gas mixture valves alone being free to operate, a new charge of inflammable gas and a small amount of air is
admitted into the combustion chamber, which mingling with the scavenge air taken in on the previous stroke,
forms a fresh combustion mix.
SECOND RETURN STROKE The second outgoing impetus given to the water column having expended itself,
a return flow again takes place, and, all valves being closed, the new charge is compressed and fired
automatically at the moment of maximum compression. The electric current to the coils is switched on by a
plunger-operated ignition mechanism.
Thus another cycle commences, and providing that the correct mixture of air and gas is admitted by the proper
functioning of valves and the correct timing of ignition gear, the four cycles continue with a regular pendulum
action of the water column, although the length of the strokes are unequal. A portion of the water column is
discharged into the receiving basin on each outward stroke.
The design of the Cobdogla Pumps differs from the original experimental model, in that multiple valves and spark
plugs are installed in place of the single fittings in the original, the combustion head is dome shaped and the
delivery tank is replaced by an inverted conical tower from which the water is syphoned to the receiving basin.
The operation however does no differ in any respect from that of the original design. The multiple valves open
and close as one, and the multiple spark plugs ensure a complete and sudden detonation of the entire explosion
charge.
A typical indicator diagram is shown in Figure 6 on a time basis. AB is the period of compression of the
combustible charge which is fired at B causing a pressure rise to C. CD is the expansion curve during which
work is expended on the water column. The end of the stroke is E, scavenger air and new water to take the
place of that discharged during the previous cycle, being admitted between D & E. At F the exhaust valves close
and the cushion reaches a maximum pressure at C.
The second outward stroke then commences, the gas charge being taken in between H & J where the second
return begins to compress the new mixture, the explosion again taking place at point K, to start a new cycle of
events.
THE GAS GENERATING PLANT
The gas for the Cobdogla Pumps was originally supplied by two updraft producers with scrubbing and tar
extracting plant and the fuel used being mallee, box and redgum wood, which was supplied from the extensive
wood stacks situated to the North in 6 ft lengths.
The wood was cut on site into 2 ft lengths for feeding into the producers. The May Bros. saw bench used in this
operation is part of the machinery display.
The installation was designed by Mr. W.F. Saunders A.M.I.E. Australia and was manufactured by Messrs. May
Bros of Gawler, and erected by the Irrigation Department. It produced 26,500 cubic feet of gas per hour to a
gasometer of 2,2900 c. ft. capacity. The power to operate the various auxiliary plant for the pumps saw bench
and gas plant was supplied by a 30 hp Crossley Gas Engine. This engine is still in situ and in working condition,
but all auxiliary plant is now electrified.
At the closing down of the Humphrey Pumps from service in 1965, the producers were in poor condition and
were scrapped. Consequently, when one of the pumps was to be restored, investigation was conducted to find a
suitable fuel. Bottled gas was found to be too expensive and a suitable gas producing plant was located at
Murtoa in Victoria and purchased and installed at Cobdogla in 1985. This plant is fuelled by charcoal and
supplies sufficient gas to operate the Humphrey Pump for the short periods required. The plant is currently being
refurbished, as funds allow.
An interesting feature of the original plant, was the production of approximately 4 gallons per hour of tar, when
the plant was operating, posing a problem of disposal.
Investigations revealed that the tar had considerable calorific value if reburned in the producers, but because of
the significant cost, the tar was piped to the North of the plant and discharged into a backwater of the river.
This large black, malodorous lake, adjacent to the new highway within a few hundred metres of the town was a
permanent reminder to residents and travellers of the presence of the Humphrey Pumps! It was finally rerouted to
a receiving basin close to the pumps, where the solidified tar is still visible. It is pleasing to report that within the
last 30 years, nature has erased all trace of the original tar lake.
THE COBDOGLA PUMPS The Humphrey Pump appeared to fulfill the requirements of the main pumping
station of the proposed Cobdogla Irrigation Area of over 10,000 Acres, as it was a high volume and relatively
low lift pump of higher efficiency than a conventional steam plant.
Officers of the Irrigation Department made an inspection of the Humphrey Pumps installed at Chingford.
Impressed with their ease of operation, reliability and low cost of maintenance, the decision was made to install 2
of the Pumps in preference to a steam driven plant.
They became the only pumps of their type in the Southern Hemisphere, from a total of only,12 manufactured
world wide. During the reconstruction period it was decided by the Department to raise the level of water in the
suction sump by 6 ft. to take advantage of the increased pool level of the river. This was caused by the
installation of LOCK 3 near Overland Corner, which had been put in hand after the installation of the Humphrey
pumps was started.
The pumping head was thus reduced from 34 feet to 27 feet. This had the effect of reducing the working
horsepower and hence the fuel consumption, but due to the unique design of the Humphrey Pump, the overall
efficiency was slightly reduced. With the effect of reducing the head, the length of the water in the playpipe was
increased, thereby increasing the time period of the cycle and hence the number of delivery strokes per minute.
To have achieved the highest possible efficiency it would have been necessary to reconstruct the pumps to
shorten the playpipes, but this was not a practical proposition.
The guaranteed design output was eventually achieved by further modification to the valve action, allowing a
greater volume of gas~air mixture to be admitted to the combustion head.
After many years of trouble free operation, the Humphrey Pumps were finally shut down in 1965 due to
diminishing supplies of wood fuel. They were replaced by an electrically powered pumping station constructed
next to the Humphrey Pumps.
The Humphrey Pumps were completely submerged in the record flood of 1956, and were returned to active
service when the waters receded.
All pumping for the area now is carried out by an electric pumping station situated on the main stream of the
river, which replaces the Cobdogla and Loveday Pumps.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Much of the information is taken from a paper by Mr. J.1. McLauchlan, an
associate member of the Institute of Engineers, and presented to the Adelaide Division in Adelaide, March 1932.
and taken from a booklet from The Cobdogla Steam Friends Society Inc.
P.O box 208 Berri S.A phone 08 8582 2603 The Barmera National Trust P.O box 472 Bamera S.A. 5345
Phone 08 8588 2521
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1/17/2010 THE INTERFERENCE DISK ELECTRIC …
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THE INTERFERENCE DISK ELECTRIC GENERATOR

BY ALAN L FRANCOEUR
schematic diagram blue prints

more photographs
Photographs of the Edwin Gray device from the present owner Alan L.Francoeur
This device is described in a non-technical format so anyone can understand the concepts, it is an
improved version of the Ecklin generators. It seemed logical to me that to produce electricity more
efficiently the design of the generator had to be altered to rotate less internal mass with a balanced
rotor disc. At the same time it has to allow for a collapsing magnetic field within the coils without
rotating the magnets or the coils.
Using more powerful neodymium magnets and amorphous coils, I designed the system in such a way
as to allow the flux to circulate in a magnetic loop while incorporating magnetic shielding. I performed
some simple experiments with magnetic shielding using iron strips, ceramic magnets and small
transformers. I positioned the magnets and the transformer stationary opposite of each other with an
air gap between the magnet and the transformer.
Once the apparatus was assembled I proceeded to move the metal strips in and out of the air gap
between the magnet and the transformer which has produced an AC pulse in the stationary coil. Using
this principal and refining the design I built a mechanical device incorporating magnetic shielding into
the design. I named it the Interference Disc Generator being that the metallic thin iron disc
interrupted the magnetic field in the air gap (neutral zone) between the coils and magnets.
…fortunecity.com/…/interference.htm 1/7
This method is unique in that it produces electricity with greater efficiency due to both the magnets
and coils being stationary, brushes and a commutator in this design are not needed and it requires
very little startup torque. The first of this concept came to me in 1985 in Yellowknife NWT as I
worked in the mining industry.
I worked part time in a machine shop in Calgary Alberta in the summer of 1986, this is where I built
the components and tested the first Interference Disk Generator. With this information released you
will see a schematic diagram blue prints of the first generator prototype with numbers corresponding
to parts.
You will also see high quality photos of the actual machines during several stages of development and
the original description. There is enough information to replicate the device and to improve upon it.
I have also replicated the Gary W. Wesley permanent magnet motor from 1879, the magnet motor
does seem to produce over unity but it is not connected as a self-runner yet. The neutral zone that
Gary W. Wesley talked about is real and it does by pass back EMF. I felt it is worthy of reproducing
this interesting device for it is related to the Interference Disc Generator that I constructed many
years ago, which also by passes the back EMF.
The reproduction of the Gary W. Wesley permanent motor that I have constructed is not exactly the
same, for I used two large very powerful neodymium horseshoe magnets that are incorporated into the
design. The principal is simular and it does show very interesting results regarding balancing of the
Interference shield, this is what contributes to the apparent overunity results. There are no field coils
in the design of the reproduced Gary W. Wesley permanent magnet motor.
SCHEDULE "A"
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE
INTERFERENCE DISC GENERATOR
The Interference Disc electrical generator is made of a stator (114) consisting of an array of even
number parallel mounted bar magnets (112) arranged and supported (114) in a circular fashion
equidistant from each other, where the polarity of the magnets (112) are alternating when viewed at
either end.
Also in the stator (102) there are twice the number of coils (111) as bar magnets (112) wound in pairs
on U-shaped cores (110). One half of the coil pairs mounted at one end of the bar magnets (112) in the
same circular fashion, each corresponding to and aligned opposite to a pair of bar magnets (112) and
separated from it by an air gap. On the other end of this pair of bar magnets (112) there are another
set of coils (111) aligned likewise.
*The rotor is made of two magnetically susceptible circular plates (109A or 109B) (such as iron or
steel) centrally mounted on an axle (107) which is in respect to the array of magnets and coils.
The interference discs (109A or 109B) are separated from each other such that they can rotate in the
air gaps between the magnets (112) and the coils (111). The interference discs (109A or 109B) have a
number of equidistant opening, either more or less in number than the number of the bar magnets
(112).
The arrangement and size of the openings are such that when the discs (109A or 109B) are rotated by
an outside motive force, they open the magnetic field between adjacent bar magnets (112), and the
opposing coils (111) at both ends of the stator (114) simultaneously, hence inducing an alternating
electric current in the coils (111).
By opening and closing the magnetic influx to the core (110) of the coils (111), an alternating current
will be generated in the coils (111) in a retro-order to the rotational direction of the interference discs
(109A or 109B). Depending on the number of magnet-coil assemblies three phase AC current can be
obtained. The regulation and attenuation of these currents can be achieved by known electric
engineering methods.
OPTION I AND OPTION II ASSEMBLIES.
A variation of this option I or option II generator has been constructed by mounting two sets of
magnets (113) of the stator (115) on magnetically susceptible rings (119) such as soft iron. The
polarity of the neighboring magnets (113) are alternating N, S, N, S, etc.
Adjacent to one ring of the magnets and separated by an air gap are parallel mounted induction coils
(111A) corresponding to and aligned with the magnets (113). On the other end of the coils, (111A) are
an identical set of magnets (113) arranged in the same manner as the first set, but the polarity is
reversed in respect to the coil (111A). Thus if on one of the end plates (123) the magnetic pole facing
the coil (111A) is the (N) pole than on the opposite end plate (123A) the (S) pole will face the coil
(111A).
The rotor (109A or 109B) and it’s configuration is the same as in the first variant (see*), and the
induction of AC current, occurring in the same manner and in the same order as described before. This
assembly can be constructed in any practical multiple units of the above (123A).
Some of the unique characteristics of this design are:
0. Non rotating magnets.
0. Non rotating coils.
0. No need for brushes or commutator.
0. Less rotating mass due to the field coils and magnetic alloys being stationary
1. No back emf is noted upon the spinning balanced interference disc while the coils are loaded.
Take a look at the drawings provided, look at the interference disc, one has 11 fins, and the other has
10. I tested a disc with 12 fins, (the same number of magnets) but it had a large static hold on it. I also
tested a 10 fin disc with improved results that lead to a reduction of energy input, but the 11 fin disc
proved to reduce the drag on the drive motor the most. Using the 10 or 11 fin disc the apparatus
needed very little start up torque to rotate the discs. Magnetic balancing of the disc does reduce start
up torque on the rotor disc regardless of the number of poles on the disc so long as it is less than the
number of magnet poles.
Each and every time I changed the disc on the generator it involved a complete dismantle and
reassemble to continue the experiments. The horse shoe coil shape was chosen because it provided an
easy flow for the magnetic flux and it fit the overall design very well. Using amorphous alloys instead
of soft iron in the coils made for a higher efficient coil with less hysteresis losses and with no heat
buildup in the coils.
I used 14 gauge magnet wire to wind the early coils and I wound several of the coils with approx. 100
to 250 turns of wire, 4 coils with 250 turns of wire each. Four coils with 100 turns each, and the other 4
were used for experimenting with other combinations, there are 12 coils in the early machine and 6
larger (letter I shape) coils in the latest machine. The coils in the larger machine were wound with #12
gauge wire.
The efficiency of the unit would vary greatly depending on the speed of rotation, the width of the air
gap, the strength of the magnets, and the materials used to construct the coils. I used nickel base
amorphous met glass in the coils in both the smaller and larger machines. The efficiency of the
machine is inconclusive because my funding was depleted during the testing stage, this has shelved
the machine until a later date when I can restore funding to complete the development of this
Interference disc generator concept. However I publicize my work in this machine so as to help in your
progress and or to give you ideas to advance your projects.
The Interference Discs Generators in this document has the potential to produce over unity. Refining
the device with tighter tolerances and correctly selected materials and incorporating internal magnetic
balancing will add to the success of this unique generator design.
Less energy is needed to spin the rotor while causing a moving magnetic field in the coils, It is easy to
visualize the advantages this design has over conventional generators and motors.
The interference discs will need to be constructed stronger while using rare earth neodymium magnets
high permeability steel would be a good choice. Using high permeability steel will reduce the warp in
the interference discs allowing for a smaller air gap between the magnets and the coils. I also suggest
constructing several layers of metglass shielding material (laminated amorphous alloys) pressed
together with very strong epoxy resins. Using amorphous alloys in the interference discs will produce
superior magnetic shielding with almost zero hysteresis. The flanges have to be constructed to support
the discs and to eliminate the warpage in the disc, at the same being small enough to fit the design and
keeping the mass in the rotor/discs to a minimum. Doing these few improvements will equal to a big
increase in electrical output and improved efficiency.
The characteristics of using the 11 finned disc to balance the rotor disc will have the same effect of
reducing start up torque regardless of the type of magnetic material used. The use of high powered
rare earth neodymium magnets produces greater amperage output, and increased stress upon the
interference discs due to stronger magnetic fields pulling on the discs.
Remember to use high permeability high strength steel as the metal of choice for constructing the
discs for durability and closer tolerances and less cost. Amorphous metglass shielding material will
give you the best results for this application but with an increased cost.
There is plenty of room for improvement in this design while the operating principal remains the same.
Looking at the photographs included you will see that the 1st generator frame is constructed mainly
from aluminum. This metal was used only because it was an inexpensive material and easy to work
with for the first test generator.
Non magnetic and non-conductive materials should be used to construct the generator frame supports
to eliminate the eddy currents. Many of the nuts and bolts used to hold the generator together can be
eliminated for they were used just to hold it together for testing.
I am sure that you could come up with some real good ideas and improvements of your own with this
concept. If you do I would sure like to know so we could all benefit from them.
Many improvements were adopted in the next much larger #2 version of the Interference Disc
Generator. Phanolic material (non conductive and non magnetic) were used in the frame supporting
the magnets and the coils thus eliminating eddy current losses within the frame support.
Large aluminum E bars were used to support the magnet frame support and the coil frame support
with no noticeable eddy current losses. The aluminum used is positioned further away from the coils
and magnets in the larger generator so as not to be affected by the magnets. Much larger neodymium
magnets and larger I shaped transformer coils were tested in the larger unit that has an increase in
output power over the 1st machine.
Using the more powerful neodymium magnets created some problems with the interference discs. Not
only did they warp the discs they caused them to vibrate and chatter causing the fins to hit the
magnets and the coils. I increased the air gap to over half an inch and moved the disc further away
from the magnets to prevent damage.
The effect was a reduction of magnetic flux reaching the coils that reduced the power output. The discs
must be constructed much stronger and rigid if using neodymium magnet grade 35 or greater. After
this has been done the air gap can be closed so more magnetic flux will reach the coils allowing for a
greater electrical output.
The wiring circuit can be constructed by known engineering methods to rectify the output current, as
well the coils are stationary which makes it easy to harness AC power directly from the coils without
brushes. The coils can be wired in series or parallel so long as they are in phase, the number of the
poles on the interference disc determines the phasing of the coils.
Financing had been exsausted with the development of the two Interference Discs Generators. I have
over 35 thousand dollars in the development of the generator concept up to this point since 1985-86. I
decided to write this report and release the knowledge to the public in the hopes that others will
replicated the machine for the advancement of overunity systems.
Any one is free to develop and use this technology for the benefit of all in need. I have covered a lot of
ground and research in developing the Interference Disc Generator thus far, including replicating the
Gary W. Wesley permanent magnet motor. A lot of the home work has been done for you, but more
work and refining is needed to perfect the Interference Disc Generator for the ultimate goal of
producing an overunity self regenerating permanent magnet machine.
I have several machines on the go and I can only complete one at a time, this release is so others can
make a contribution to the cause and have a starting point of where I left off with this machine if you
choose. I hope this will help you on your quest in reducing your dependency on the grid one way or the
other, whether your reproduce the concept or it stimulates even better ideas in your mind.
I wish you good fortune and success in developing your own Interference Disc Generator if you chose
to take on this challenge. Take what you have learned in this report to your advantage and build your
machine at less cost than the authors price tag.
I would like to thank my wife Jan and family for their patience and support with the development of all
my machines (Inventions) and vapor carburetors to date.
Best regards and a bright future to you all
Email Alan L Francoeur
Research/Inventor
Penticton, BC. Canada

Photographs
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1/17/2010 The inventions of captain hans coler
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investigation was necessary and an official report was produced.
Experts examined the device and could find no fraud. It was judged Coler was an honest
experimenter but no expert opinion was forth coming to how the unit operated.
The device consisted of permanent magnets of steel ,copper coils and capacitors in a special
holding arrangement.
The device incorporated six steel magnets in a six sided arrangement where the magnets were
connected in series with the coils of about .33 ohm resistance to form part of the circuit. That is a
conducting path was made through the magnet core.
The design also incorporated two small capacitors, a switch and a pair of sliding solenoid coils , one
fitting inside the other. as shown in illustration.
To allow the device to power up the following was done. The switch was left open. The magnet
and coil combination were moved slightly apart using a mechanical arrangement of cranks and
sliders that allowed each magno coil combination to be altered equally, There was a wait of several
minutes between changes. The sliding coils were also set to different positions relative to one
another.
These changes were made often until a precise point was reach as indicated on the voltmeter. The
switch was then closed. There were still more changes more slowly this time until the best result was
achieved.
Several tests gave the 450 millivolt for period of some hours other times 60 millivolts was all they
could get.
The best voltage obtained was about 12 volts and remained there indefinitely until the unit was shut
down.
An experimenters attempt at reproducing the device as described above.
Their results are unknown at the moment
I believe that this device has some similarities to the Hendershot design.
Coler was also said to have created a device called the stromerzeuger.
This consisted of a arrangement of steel magnets, flat coils and copper plates on open arms
mounted in a parallel combination with one another and fed power from a tranformer from the
centre..
The output is said to have lit a blank of lights of which the output exceeded the input power level.
He was said to have built a 10 watt unit in 1925 and a 70 watt unit in 1933.
Other units followed until the end of the war where work seems to have come to halt.
The Official British Secret Service Report on Hans Colers Device
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1/17/2010 The Puharich papers on electrolysis
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The Puharich papers on electrolysis
1 CUTTING THE GORDIAN KNOT OF THE

GREAT ENERGY BIND
It is hardly necessary to weigh the value of the World Energy bank account for any sophisticated person ,these
days
It is grim. The oil reserves will dwindle away in a score of years or so, and the coal reserves will be gone in some
twelve score years (1)
This is not to say that the outlook is hopeless. There is an abundance of alternative energy sources, but the
economics of development and exploitation present an enormous short term strain on the world political and
banking resources.
Visionary scientists tell us that the ideal fuel in the future will be
as cheap as water,
That it will be non toxic both in its short term, and in its long term, effects. That it will be renewable in that it can
be used over and over again; That it will be safe to handle, and present minimal storage and transportation
problems and costs.
And finally that it will be universally available anywhere on earth.
what is this magical fuel, and why is it not being used?
The fuel is water. It can be used in its fresh water form
It can be used in its salt water form. It can be used in its brackish form. It can be used in its snow and ice form.
When such water is decomposed by electrolytic fission into hydrogen and oxygen gases- it becomes a high
energy fuel with three times the energy output which is available from an equivalent weight of high
grade gasoline.
[1 The interested reader should refer to the special issue of National Geographic,ENERGY,February
1981.]
Please note because I am unable to print symbols when the word triangle is mentioned in a formula it
is for the symbol triangle and when the words to the power of is mentioned it is a exponent power
…fortunecity.com/…/puharich.htm 1/10
value. (web Ed)
Then why is water not being used as a fuel?
The answer is simple .Because it costs too much with existing technology to convert water into gases hydrogen
and oxygen. The basic cycle of using water for fuel is described in the following two equations, familiar to every
high school student of Chemistry:
electrolysis
HO -------- +249.68 Btu h2 + (1/2)O2 per mole of water (1)
triangle G (1 mole = 18 gms. )
This means that 302.375 Btu of energy (heat or electricity) will be released when the gases, hydrogen and
oxygen, combine. The end product (the exhaust ) from this reaction is water.
Note that more energy (under ideal conditions ) is released. from combining the gases than is used to
free them from water.
It is know that under ideal conditions it is possible to get some 20% more energy out of reaction (2) above, then
it takes to produce the gases of reaction (1) above. Therefore ,if reaction (1) could be carried out at 100%
efficiency, the release of energy from reaction (2) in an optimally efficient engine( such as a low temperature fuel
cell),there would be a net energy profit which would make the use of water as a fuel an economically feasible
source of energy .
The cost of producing hydrogen is directly related to the cost of producing electricity. Hydrogen as produced
today is generally a by product of off- peak-hour electrical production in either nuclear or hydro electrical plants.
The electricity thus produced is the cheapest way of making hydrogen. We can compare the cost of production
of electricity and the cost of producing hydrogen. The following is based on federal Power commission ,and
American Gas Association Figures of 1970 and on a 1973 price evaluation (just before OPEC oil price
escalation.)
Relative prices in dollars per 10000000 Btu . See Appendix 1 for definition of British Thermal units (a)
@9.1 mils/kWh
COST COMPONENT ELECTRICITY ELECTROLYTICALLY
PRODUCED HYDROGEN
Production 2.67 (b) 2.95 to 3.23 (b)
Transmission 0.61 0.52 ©
Distribution 1.61 0.34
Total Cost $4.89 $3.81 to $4.09
Table 1.
if we compare only the unit cost of production of electricity vs Hydrogen from the above table:
10000000 Btu H2 $3.23---------------------- = = 1.209 ,or 20.9% higher cost ,H2
10000000 Btu El. $2.67
2. Penner, S.S. and L. Iceman .Vol II . Non Nuclear Technologies,Addison-Wesley Publishing

Company,Inc.Reading, MA. 1977, CHAPTER 11, AND TABLE 11.1-2 (PAGE 132).
It must also be noted that the price of natural gas is much cheaper than either electricity or hydrogen, but because
of the price fluctuations due to recent de-regulation of gas. It is not possible to present a realistic figure. In the
opinion of Penner (Op. Cit.),
if the hydrogen production cost component of its total cost could be reduced three fold, it would
become a viable alternate energy source.
In order to achieve such a three-fold reduction in production costs, several major breakthroughs would have to
occur.
1) ANDROGENIC REACTION
(1) supra. A technological breakthrough that permits 100% conversion efficiency of water by
electrolysis fission into the two gases, Hydrogen as fuel and Oxygen as oxidant.
2) HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
in situ .A technological breakthrough that eliminates the need and cost of hydrogen liquefaction and
storage, transmission, and distribution, by producing the fuel in situ, when and where needed.
3) EXERGONIC REACTION
supra. A technological breakthrough which yields a 100% efficient energy release from the combination
of hydrogen and oxygen into water in an engine that can utilize the heat, or steam , or electricity thus
produced.
4) ENGINE EFFICIENCY.
By a combination of the breakthroughs outlined above ,1),2), and 3) utilized in a highly efficient engine to do
work, it is possible to achieve a 15% to 20% surplus of energy return over energy input, theoretically.
It is of interest to record that a new invention is now being developed to realise the above outlined
goal of cheap, clean renewable and high grade energy.
A Thermodynamic Device has been invented
which produces hydrogen as fuel, and oxygen as oxidant, from ordinary or from sea water, eliminating the cost
and hazard of liquefaction ,storage, transmission, and distribution. The saving of this aspect of the invention alone
reduces the total cost of hydrogen by about 25%. This Thermodynamic Device is based on a new discovery-
The efficient electrolytic fission of water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas by the use of low frequency
alternating currents as opposed to the conventual use of direct current, or ultra-high frequency current today.
Such gas production from water by electrolytic fission approaches 100% efficiency under laboratory conditions
and measurements.
No laws of physics are violated in this process
This Thermodynamic Device has already been tested at ambient pressures and temperatures from sea level to
an altitude of 10,000 feet above sea level without any loss of its peak efficiency. The device produces two types
of gas bubbles; one type of bubble contains hydrogen gas; the other type contains oxygen gas. The two gases are
thereafter easily separable by passive membrane filters to yield pure hydrogen gas, and pure oxygen gas.
The separate gases are now ready to be combined in a chemical fusion with a small activation energy such as
That from a catalyst or an electrical spark, and yield energy in the form of heat, or steam, or electricity- as
needed .When the energy is released by the chemical fusion of hydrogen and oxygen, the exhaust product is
clean water. The water exhaust can be released into nature .and then renewed in its energy content by natural
processes of evaporation, solar irradiation in cloud form, an subsequent precipitation as rain on land or sea ,and
then collected again as a fuel source. Or, the exhaust water can have its energy content pumped up by artificial
processes such as through solar energy acting through photocells. Hence, the exhaust product is both clean and
renewable. The fuel hydrogen, and the oxidant oxygen, can be used in any form of heat engine as an energy
source- If economy is not an important factor. But the practical considerations of maximum efficiency dictate that
a low temperature FUEL CELL with its direct chemical fusion conversion from gases to electricity offers the
greatest economy and efficiency from small power plants (less than 5 kilowatts).
For large power plants ,steam and gas turbines are the ideal heat engines for economy and efficiency. With the
proper engineering effort ,automobiles could be converted rather easily to use water as the main fuel source.
2 AN ELEMENTARY INTRODUCTION TO THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE

THERMODYNAMIC DEVICE TO ELECTROLYSE WATER WITH A.C.
The Thermodynamic Device (TD) is made up of three principal components: AN electrical function generator,
Component I, that energizes a water cell, the TD ,Component II and Component III , a weak electrolyte.
COMPONENT I. The Electrical Function Generator See Fig 1.
This electronic device has a complex alternating current output consisting of an audio frequency (range 20 to
200 Hz) amplitude modulation of a carrier wave (range - 200 to 100,000 Hz)
The output is connected by two wires to Component II at the center electrode, and at the ring electrode. See
fig1. The impedance of this output signal is continuously being matched to the load which is the water solution in
Component II.
COMPONENT II The Thermodynamic Device. See Figure 2.
The TD is fabricated of metals and ceramic in the geometric form of a coaxial cylinder made up of a centered
hollow tubular electrode which is surrounded by a larger tubular steel cylinder.
These two electrodes comprise the coaxial electrode system. energised by Component I. The space between
the two electrodes is, properly speaking, Component III which contains the water solution to be electrolysed.
The center hollow tubular electrode carries water into the cell, and is further separated from the outer cylindrical
electrode by a porous ceramic vitreous material. The space between the two electrodes contains two lengths of
tubular Pyrex glass, shown in Figures 2 and 3. the metal electrode surface in contact with the water solution are
coated with a nickel alloy.
COMPONENT III the weak electrolyte water solution. Fig.3
This consists of the water solution ,the two glass tubes, and the geometry of the containing wall of Component
II. It is the true load for Component I, and its electrode of Component II.
The Component III water solution is more properly speaking ,ideally a 0.1540 Molal Sodium Chloride solution,
and such is a weak electrolyte. In figure 4 we show the hypothetical tetrahedral structure of water molecule,
probably in the form in which the complex electromagnetic waves of Component I to see it. The center of mass
of this tetrahedral form is the oxygen atom. The geometric arrangement of the p electrons of oxygen probably
determine the vectors I(L1) and I (L2) and I (H1) and I(H2) which in turn probably determine the tetrahedral
architecture of the water molecule. The p electron configuration of oxygen is shown in figure 5 . reference to
Figure 4 shows that the diagonal of the right side of the cube has at its corner terminations the positive charge
hydrogen (h+) atoms; and that the left side of the cube diagonal has at its corners the lone pair electrons,(e). It is
to be further noted that this diagonal pair has an orthonormal relationship.
3. ELECTROTHERMODYNAMIC
we will now portray the complex electromagnetic wave as the tetrahedral water molecule sees it. The first effect
felt by the water molecule is in the protons of the vectors, I (H1) and I (H2). These protons feel the 3 second
cycling of the amplitude of the carrier frequency and its associated side bands as generated by Component I.
This sets up a rotation moment of the proton magnetic moment which one can clearly see on the X Y plot of an
oscilloscope, as an hysteresis loop figure. However, it is noted that this hysteresis loop does not appear in the
liquid water sample until all the parameters of the three components have been adjusted to the configuration
which is the novel basis of this device. The hysteresis loop gives us a vivid portrayal of the nuclear magnetic
relaxation cycle of the proton in water.
The next effect felt by the water molecule is the Component I carrier resonant frequency, Fo. At the peak
efficiency for electrolysis the value of Fo is 600 Hz plus or minus 5 Hz.
This resonance however is achieved through control of two other factors. The first is the molal concentration of
salt in the water . this is controlled by measuring the conductivity of the water through the built in current meter of
Component I. There is maintained an idea ratio of current to voltage I/E =0.01870 which is an index to the
optimum salt concentration of 0.1540 Molal.
The second fact/or which helps to hold the resonant which helps to hold the resonant frequency at 600 Hz is
the gap distance of Y, between the centre electrode, and the ring electrode of Component II.
This gap distance will vary depending on the size scale of Component II, but again the current flow, I, is used to
set it to the optimal distance when the voltage reads between 2.30 (rms) volts, at resonance Fo, and at molal
concentration ,0.1540. The molal concentration of the water is thus seen to represent the electric term of the
water molecule and hence its conductivity.
The amplitude modulation of the carrier gives rise to side bands in the power spectrum of the carrier frequency
distribution. It is these side bands which give rise to an acoustic vibration of the liquid water, and it is believed to
the tetrahedral water-molecule. The importance of the phonon effect.- The acoustic vibration of water in
electrolysis was discovered in a round -about way. research work with Component I had earlier established that
it could be used for the electro stimulation of hearing in humans. When the output of Component I is comprised
of flat circular metal plates applied to the head of normal hearing humans, it was found that they could hear
pure tones and speech. Simultaneously acoustic vibration could also be heard by an outside observer with a
stethoscope placed near on of the electrodes on the skin.
Puharich Papers part 2
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1/17/2010 The Rodin Coil and some description o…
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This following Source of this information as below
Thoughts upon Reading Marko Rodin's on his unusual coil design
Aerodynamics
by Alastair Couper
abstract
The curious writings of Marko Rodin are examined for some lines of continuity with
established theory. The ancient science of numerology is the basis on which this
work is founded, but there is little in modern thought with which to link these old
mathematical techniques. It is speculated that research into fractals will lead to
some new connections with Rodin's theories. It is shown in detail that the Fibonacci
sequence, archetype of growth, form, and the golden mean spiral, contains an
explicit periodicity of 24 when analyzed with numerological techniques. This result
duplicates essential features of Rodin's assertions. The intent is to point to the
possibilities of tapping the apparently random zero point fluctuations that are
theorized in modern physics, by showing the potential for structure in chaos.
Visionaries
members.fortunecity.com/…/rodin.htm 1/16
The following is a philosophical tour through some of the concepts which I have been
considering, which may help show a way through Marko Rodin's ideas in his book
Aerodynamics to a link with more established theories and concepts. And hopefully go
beyond them. Like most visionaries, Marko's peculiar but compelling message is hard
to understand and set in a very personal language. The life work of the seer is to
make the translation accessible to others, lest what was valid in the original
perception is lost to humanity. So I hereby offer my small effort toward the process
of distillation of the essence, which could lead to an experimental test of these
ideas. Lest one be dubious of such "visionary" material that does not contain an
established flow of logical continuity with previous theories, let it be pointed out
that in history, exceptional minds have been able to perceive directly new concepts
and ideas; this is old hat for many of the most creative in all walks of life. At
the same time distortion and garbling is inevitable, and the process of creation
then involves discernment of the essence, a process which has been called "1 percent
inspiration, 99 percent perspiration".
Marko's original vision was essentially a perception of a four dimensional sphere,

which becomes a complicated toroidal structure when projected into three dimensions.
He also perceived a mapping of an energy flow on the surface of this projected
toroid. The Rodin coil is the best guess at this stage as to how this original
insight could be made in physical form. He conceives of a coil of very specific
geometry which may or may not be a conventional copper conductor, he has no clear
indication of how the winding is to be energized. The details of the flow of energy
are encoded in his Sunflower Map, which is an elaborate numerological scheme
rendered on the surface of the toroidal form. He expects strong gravitational
effects from a properly executed and powered winding. Throughout his book he freely
uses conventional terms in unusual ways: fractal, hologram, monopole, phased array,
synchronized electricity, polarity, etc.; the effect being more like poetry than
anything else. Rather than reject the work as being unschooled, I felt that these
terms merit further scrutiny in the spirit of his writing.
Numerology
The foundation for the whole book lies in the numerological tradition, which is
ancient, probably
something handed down from the Sumerians. As a modern, the whole of numerology seems
trivial at most; and with various cultural overlays, downright superstitious. The
science of the Ancients made much use of numerology along with astrology and sacred
geometry, and one would guess these were branches of a central tradition. The
assertion is made in this tradition that the base ten system is the most natural
number scheme, as it mirrors some potent aspect of exisence. As an example, DNA
molecules have ten rungs per complete turn of the helix. The key numerological
operation is cross addition, wherein a given number's digits are added to each other
horizontally and reduced to a single digit 1-9. Thus, 5682 becomes 21 becomes 3.
This tradition would be trying to teach that in forming a physical quantity, single
units carry as much weight as units of ten or units of a thousand. Elaborating on
the DNA model, it is as if each power of ten denotes an additional dimension of
spiraling. Thus the horizontal sum denotes a totalizing of positions on the spirals,
the meaning being strictly geometrical in nature, as when a higher dimensional
object is projected onto a lower dimensional surface.
Thus Marko begins with the sequence of powers of two: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64... .and
turns this into a repeating pattern: 1, 2, 4, 8, 7, 5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 7, 5. The claim
is that this doubling sequence is seen in all life processes and throughout nature.
(Refer to figure 1.). It is this sequence, joined by its reverse, which form the
bifilar doubling circuits layered around the torus. The quandary is, what energy
conditions could these numbers refer to ? The remaining numbers form a gap space
pattern: 3, 9, 6, 6, 9, 3, 3, 9, 6, 6, 9, 3... which separates the previous
circuits. It is presumed that this sequence is associated with a vorticity of the
vacuum or electromagnetic field between the conductors. It is shown that when these
sequences are laid out in a grid, and various groupings are made using the
horizontal addition, a fractal effect occurs where the same sequence of numbers
appears at higher and higher levels of groupings. One is immediately reminded of the
various examples of period doubling leading to chaos that are seen in all sciences
these days. These bifurcation maps, such as that produced by the much studied
logistics equation, show a repeating pattern at all levels of magnification, much as
does the Sunflower map.
A very curious correspodance to the Sunflower Map is provided by a technique

pioneered by physicist Roger Penrose called quasitiling. This is a technique for
covering a surface with so called tiles of non-equal shapes. An on-line application,
called Quasitiler, uses a technique to achieve this tiling similar to that mentioned
earlier, whereby a higher dimensional object is projected down to two dimensions. A
typical output from the program show distinct similarity to Marko's work, especially
as the initial dimensionality is increased to 13, its maximum capabilitry.
Fractals
Many physical systems display fractal properties, and it is not known to what level
the bifurcations of a nonlinear dynamical system extend to. They may extend all the
way to the quantum level, and that fractals provide a means for the ever troublesome
"collapse" of the wave function. All that is required to generate fractal behavior
is two things: nonlinearity and iteration; which is to say take a nonlinear process
and feed back some form of its output to its input. The numerological binary
doubling sequence as used by Marko is indeed nonlinear and iterative, so it should
be no surprise when he shows us the repeating fractal patterns of the Sunflower Map.
And yet it is compelling at the same time. The question I ask at this point is: What
can the study of fractals say about the possible extension of our theories of
electromagnetism and gravity?
Conventional engineering uses Maxwell's equations as its guide to field effects.

These equations were developed through the use of experiments measuring the physical
forces exerted by extended bodies, in effect glossing over the finer details which
may be present in the fields. In the use of calculus and surface integrals, there is
always a blur caused by allowing one component to become infinitesimal while another
becomes infinite. The flavor of this blurring occurs in the following infinite
series expansion:
1/x-1 = 1/(x-1) - 1/x + 1/x**2 + 1/x**3 +.... 1/x**n
For any finite number of elements on the right hand side, the series is undefined
at x-O. But if the series is allowed to go to infinity, then the left hand side
results, which is undefined at x= + 1. Problems with infinities pop up like
mushrooms in the lawn order of physics. (Peat, 1988, p. 260-1). Not withstanding the
various extensions to EM theory which have been proposed, one needs to ask if linear
continuous math be trusted for all purposes. Another case in point is shown in
figure 2. Everyone has seen what happens when iron filings are used to show the
shape of the field around a magnet. This is misleading in that each iron filing
becomes a magnet itself, and what is shown is actually the force interaction between
the two magnets. When the field is scanned by electrons, the picture is radically
altered, and a complicated, apparently fractal pattern emerges. (Bearden, 1988, p.
44). My guess is that with a new technique, a similar, fractal result could be
obtained for the static electric case as well, since we presently use electrons to
sense the field created by electrons. As with the magnetic case, this only gives a
force interaction, and doesn't indicate finer details. I feel that the "internal
structure" which Bearden uses in his writings to describe the vacuum state is not
random in any sense, but perfectly chaotic or infinitely structured. Marko has said
"there is no chaos", which I take to be in the sense of no disorder. (The Koran
states: Not an atom moves, which He does not know.) So white noise is the signature
of infinite information, rather than zero information. And the fractal road of
bifurcations is a map (perhaps one of many) of the territory. It is the virtue of
the fractal approach to ungainly systems that high orders of complexity can often be
collapsed to a very simple model which mimics the overall characteristics, not in
the sense of a linearized approximation, but in the manner in which noise and order
(or information) are transmitted by the system. Richard Feynman has remar ked, in
relation to the &quotbutterfly effect" or &quotsensitivity to initial conditions",
which renders nonlinear systems like the atmosphere fundamentally unpredictable,
that &quotthere seems to be an infinity of calculation going on in a very small cube
of air". Marko's mathematics purports to be a sort of Rosetta stone for modeling the
ultimate order on the level of the quantum. He uses the term 'number crunching' to
denote the leveling of the computational problem to a simple form.
Dan Winter's writings have many points of contact here, particularly in the use of
fractals, of toroids of specific geometry, and the notion that form and ratio are
primary. With great poetry, he shows how spin and shape of a Unified Field conspire
to effect the cascade of wavelengths from long into short, and vice versa, by sacred
stone architecture and biological systems; and thereby allowing the translation of
energy from one frequency to another. Note what a slippery concept "energy" is. We
all seem to want it, and yet we don"t really know what it is. Here is Dan's version
of the story of the One
Substance:
"When you have only one kind of flowing material to work with, it is like the
universe is one giant flowing ocean. Then the only shape you can make is the
vortex.., which makes donuts. Hydrogen as the basic building block of all the atoms,
is really a wave shaped into a donut or torus." (Winter, 1994a, p. 130)
"The fractal nature of the waveform creates gravity. The relationship of the
electron shell to the nucleus is fractal, as both have Platonic symmetry, and this
permits the cascade for the wave to fall into shorter and shorter wavelengths. We
call that one way wind gravity. Hydrodynamically it is a flow between frequencies,
lower to higher, into a center, induced because the symmetry is fractal. It is the
nature of recursion itself that creates gravity. It is that recursion or self-
imbeddedness that creates the attractiveness in waveforms that draws them back to
center, recursively making them nest in more and more self-imbedded patterns."
(Winter, 1 994b)
It is this vortex mechanics which Marko is endeavoring to construct at the center
"nozzle" of his torus form, or the "Primal Point of Unity". The swirling and
spiraling of the Sunflower Map as it topologically distorts in the center gives the
impression, artistically anyway, of the cascade between frequencies. It is as if
Marko is attempting to construct a macroscopic electron. Is it possible that the
flow of electrons in wire could be used to orchestrate this vortex flow of energy?
We need to conceive of the energy as distinct from the moving electrons, as Bearden
points out. (Bearden, 1993, p.6) After all, the drift of electrons in a conventional
wire is only millimeters per second, whereas the energy involved in that flow, or ON
that flow, travels at close to the speed of light. The work of David Bohm provides
an additional insight here.
Bohm has developed an alternative form of quantum theory which provides for a very
different interpretation of what happens at the subatomic level, although it gives
the same numeric results as the standard theory. (Bohm, 1980, p. 67-9). This is
proper, as quantum physics to its credit can boast very precise levels of agreement
between theory and experiment, although that is possibly a case of finding what is
looked for. I will quote here from the book Turbulent Mirror, by Briggs and
Peat:
"Bohm's 'causal interpretation' is a proposal that introduces nonlinearity into the
quantum theory. He realized that it's possible to write down Schrodinger's equation
in a new way, essentially by splitting it into two parts. The first part describes a
sort of 'classical electron'. The second equation describes a bizarre 'potential' in
which the electron moves, a kind of infinite sensitivity possessed by the electron
(or other particle) to its surroundings. Bohm calls this sensitivity the 'quantum
potential'....
The quantum potential that dictates the way an electron moves is nonlinear and is
determined, in an unimaginable way, by all the . . .particles that surround the
electron in question. The quantum potential controls the movement of an electron
inside an atom, or as it travels inside a piece of experimental apparatus.
Because of the extreme sensitivity of the quantum potential, an electron is

constantly pushed into bifurcation points along its path, regions where it may be
flung in one direction or the other. So complex is this nesting of bifurcations and
wildly fluctuating regions that the result is the indeterminism and unpredictability
that characterize the movement of an individual quantum such as an electron,
'quantum chaos' as it's sometimes called. But as far as Bohm is concerned, the
quantum electron's movement is not one of chance and uncertainty; rather, it is
totally determined- but by a potential of such endless complexity and subtlety that
any attempt at prediction is out of the question.
For Bohm the quantum potential- which every particle possesses-is an infinitely
sensitive feedback with the whole. Picture the electron as an airplane controlled,
by an automatic pilot. The quantum potential associated with the particle is
analogous to a radar signal informing the automatic pilot about everything in the
plane's environment. The signal doesn't actually power the plane but can influence
its course profoundly " (Briggs and Peat, 1989, p. 183)
This idea of an information signal telling a particle where to go is also found in

Bearden's writings, where he describes a scalar electric potential as being like a
patterning of the chaotic vacuum, and that a spinning particle (spinning IS charge)
"hooks" into the potential, somewhat like gears meshing. The particle is not pushed
by the ESP, but moves from its own energy source. (Bearden, 1983, part IV, p, 17)
The ESP only provides the pattern or information of where to move. I begin to get
the image of the electric field as having a quality of complexity and baroque
curliness as does the Mandelbrot set. Our notions of requiring work to move charge
in a wire comes from the fact that our circuits discharge the electron potential in
'random' (a better word would be unsynchronized) collisions, delivering the
depotentized electron back to the source where it must be pumped back up. Thus the
original source potential is discharged. (Bearden, 1993, p. 11).
Moray King has made a similar point in noting that electrons are not useful for
polarizing the vacuum, due to the ease with which they are buffeted about by the
quantum chaos. This is part of why electrons are conceived of as a &quotsmear". He
states that one must coherently move masses of nuclei to achieve a stable vacuum
polarization, and the heavier the nuclei, the better. However, he further states
that energy effects are also reported from the use of coils which cancel their
magnetic fields, such as caduceus or bifilar wound coils. All the instances cited
require a sudden, abrupt change of current, such as occurred in Tesla's apparatus
when ball lightning was produced. This would be a case of electron flow alone
generating some sort of self-organization in the fields around the coil. (King,
1989, p.77-88). The annals of energy research contain a bewildering array of reports
and folk lore regarding the effects associated with these flux canceling coils. Dr.
Hooper, who coined the term motional E field to describe his research on flux
cancellation, has stated that increase of the speed of the charge flow would vastly
increase the effects he measured. (Hooper, 1971, p. 4). Now increasing the speed of
conduction sounds like superconductivity, in that it would require the orchestrated
movement of all the charge carriers in synchronism to minimize jostling. This story
is seen in Marko's writings as well, where he says that his geometry ensures the
longest possible collision free path, allowing the flow of synchronized electricity,
which he also refers to as accelerated electricity. (Could cooperating electrons be
referred to as a smear campaign?) He claims that superconductivity is a result of
form and proportion, and not of material content. Bill Ramsay has measured the flux
characteristics of an initial prototype of Marko's coil, finding that it lies in
between the open radiation of a solenoid and the enclosed flux of a usual toroid,
with partial flux cancellation due to the bifilar configuration. (Ramsay, 1995, p.
10). Perhaps his toroid geometry could create a synergy of the separate quantum
potentials, each telling all to move in such a way as to eliminate resistance. The
use of 'gear teeth, mesh, number crunching, entrainment and transmission' throughout
Marko's glossary seems to me to point to this idea. A very strong intuition that I
have at this point is that if indeed this synergistic flow of energy is to be
orchestrated in a wire coil, the driving or inducing signal will not be a simple
sine wave or square wave, but must itself partake of the fractal and vortexian
natures. It will have to reference in some way a transcendental condition, as does
the transcendental number PHI which can not be contained in a number system, but can
be invoked by simple geometry.
Only a small "leg up" on the natural quantum chaos would be required for large
results to be obtained. At present, chaos theory and Fibonacci sequences are making
a big stir in investment methods on the stock exchange. There is presently an
artificial intelligence program using these concepts to learn and adapt to the
fluctuations of the stock market index, and to then make predictions. The program
shows results which consistently give an advantage of a fraction of a percent over
the usual odds. This is not impressive at first sight, but when one moves around
large sums daily with an assured gain, the advantage quickly accumulates. This is
similar to the presumed immensity of the background jitterbug' energy. A special
geometry would give a return based on how well it accorded with a preferred path of
least resistance.
The I Ching
Further impetus in this direction comes from the work of Terence McKenna and his
Time Wave theory. While this theory is as intuitive and elaborate as Marko's, it is
also implemented in software which allows for some sort of testing. The theory
states that the nature of time is not one of simple linear flow, but has a fractal
quality with the usual attribute of repetition of self similar pattern at various
levels of duration. The quality which is charted by his software is referred to as
novelty (in the sense of A. N. Whitehead), and which he interprets in the historical
perspective as the flow of new ideas and epoch making events into the life of earth.
While it is arguable as to what Terence has actually accomplished, the process he
used is potentially relevant to energy research.
He began with the King Wen sequence of the 64 I Ching hexagrams, which he calls a
"profoundly artificial arrangement", as a model for the way in which time's changes
could be mapped. He then took the first order difference. between each hexagram, a
sort of first derivative of the changing number of lines in the sequence. This
generated a random appearing series having values of 1,2,3,4, and 6 (no changes of
5). It was then noticed that if this "waveform" were turned around in time and
inverted, it would overlay the original at each end. This impressed Terence at the
time as there were several interesting numerical relations that came out of this.
What I thought of when reading this for the first time was that he was constructing
something like a forward moving particle/ backward moving anti-particle pair.
(Figure 3.) (Note the similarity to Marko's use of the forward and reverse binary
doubling sequence.) He took this pair of wave forms through a series of mappings,
all intuitively guided, to finally produce a sequence of 384 numbers which are the
"seed" of his time wave.
This seed is then used as the basis in what is called a fractal transformation. If
the 384 numbers are considered as elements of a discreet function v(n), then the
function f(n) is the fractal transform given by:
f(n) = sum( v(n*(a**i)) / a**i ) for i = -infinity to + infinity
This function is constructed of an infinite number of versions of the original

function which are stretched or compressed, and added together. In practice the
number of additions need only go as far as required for numeric accuracy. The Time
Wave Zero program uses this function as a way to calculate backwards in time from a
given date. When Terence chose Dec.21, 2012 as the end date, he found that there was
a very compelling coincidence between the sudden changes in the time wave and
historically significant events on Earth, be it the appearance of mammals eons ago,
or the sudden change of consciousness in the mid 60s. The function can be
interpolated to any length of time. What is of interest to me in this is some notion
as to how one could proceed in creating other nonperiodic wave forms of a fractal
nature. See Terence's pages for more details on this fascinating creation. (And this
one. And also this one.).
A complementary analysis of relevance is given by Lama Govinda, shown in figure 4.

(Govinda, 1981, p. 152). Here we see the result of taking the same King Wen sequence
used by McKenna, a temporal arrangement, through various transformations to give an
abstract arrangement which is able to be shown most succinctly by this geometric
mandala. While I do not want to push any analogies too hard, what McKenna's time
wave and this form represent to me is a particle and wave duality; one an unfolding
in time, the other a sort of Platonic solid existing in some timeless dimension,
much like the vibrating plate patterns produced by Chladni and Hans Jenny which show
a geometry resulting from a waveform in time. Or perhaps like a flowing liquid
solution and a crystallized solid. (As Whitehead says, the sole appeal is to
intuition.) This seems to define the essence of sacred geometry, which is to
construct a shape or form, be it toroid or pyramid or whatever, that is the
crystallization of a temporal wave form. The toroid which Marko and others favor is
clearly a primary form. What can be said about the doubling sequence?
Glimpses of Universality
As pointed out by Lawlor in Sacred Geometry, (1982, p.28- 31), the division of the
primordial unity into two is symbolized by the square, and the diagonal. It is the
essence of cellular growth and
expansion. Doubling is a motion which makes no reference to anything but itself, and
when out of control it causes cancer or explosion. So doubling requires a form in
order to be useful. Marko maintains that the doubling sequence is fundamental to all
energy processes. On the other hand, the Golden Mean spiral would appear to denote
the rather different process of cascading between frequencies, as mentioned earlier.
However, Marko shows that there is a relation in his math between these two energy
archetypes which is a numerological transform not having any parallels in
conventional math that I am aware of. But it does seem to me to be significant.
It is clear that the Binary doubling sequence and the Fibonacci sequence are
related by the following construction called the Pascal triangle, of Chinese
origins:
11
121
1331
14641
1510105
Each number is obtained by adding together the numbers diagonally above. If one adds
the rows across, the binary sequence is obtained. If the numbers are added on a
diagonal path, the Fibonacci sequence is obtained. (As: 1=1, 1=1, 1+1=2, 1+2=3,
1+3+1=5, 1+4+3=8, 1+5+6+1=13, etc.'
The mood of numerology is to view numbers as geometric forms or process rather than
simple quantity, so it is very difficult to see how these ideas could link with our
normal scientific notions. Marko contends that the digits 1-9 represent an
essential, perfect, and complete system. In reference to the Kabbalah, it is said
that the Hebrews thought in terms of twelve, even though they counted in the decimal
system. The Chinese thought in powers of two, especially 8 and 64. In figure 5,
we see these systems combined in a mandala of Tibetan origin. (The magic square at
the center is one which is also used by John Searl, of levitating disc fame,in his
design process.) (Govinda, 1981, p. 54). The transcendental numbers like PHI and
root two do not have a simple numeric representation; they seem to point to another
dimension than Earth bound integers. But again there is a mysterious connection
between these various numbers that caught my attention.
I became intrigued with the idea of attempting to create a wave form which would
invoke in some way the golden mean spiral vortex. Moray King has suggested using a
"chirp" or logarithmic swept sine wave as an excitation for energy devices, in order
to stimulate the cascade of energy between frequencies. But is there a signal which
would partake of the fractal nature in a direct way? I began by examining the
elements of the Fibonacci sequence, which gives an arbitrarily close approximatior
to PHI by taking the ratio of adjacent values. If one takes the horizontal sum of
each value of the series, the result will be as shown in figure 7. It is seen that,
regardless of the numbers used to start, the sequence of numbers will always have a
period of 24, with a significant symmetry between the first 12 entries and the
second. There is also symmetry in the first order difference. My immediate question
was, "Why 24, or twice 12 ?" We have 12 months, 12 inches, 24 hours, etc. In figure
8 I show further the symmetries which come from this sequence of numbers. In fact,
one can start with any two ascending numbers, and following this Fibonacci process,
end up with a very similar pattern There are only four different patterns which are
possib le using this process, and these groupings again showing a natural symmetry.
Finally, in figure 9, the sequence of figure 7 is detailed to show the magical
appearance of Marko's two opposing binary doubling sequences along with the gap
space sequence from this process, which points to some deep image of Universality.
This was an unexpected result and lends weight Marko's assertion that the doubling
sequence is indeed a fundamental construct. But the quandary remains as to what
entities are performing this 'number crunching'. To a neo-Platonist, these glimpses
of an unchanging form which lies behind the ever swirling transience of energy in
motion are very appealing and encouraging. They have the same feeling as a conserved
quantity in normal physics which is unaffected by transformations.
I can't say any further at this stage. How does numerology relate to energy states
in electrical circuit?
Hopefully experiment will follow from all this. I must leave these speculations for
now, and do something toward the next step. I hope that, if nothing else, I have
stimulated thought and expanded a few minds.
References:
Bearden, T.E., 1983. Toward A New Electromagnetics. Tesla Book Co., Chula Vista, Ca.
Bearden, T.E., 1988. Excalibur Briefing. Strawberry Hill Press, San Francisco, Ca.
Bearden, T.E., 1993. The Final Secret Of Free Energy. Self published.
Bohm, David, 1980. Wholeness and the Implicate Order. ARK, London Briggs,. J. and
Peat, F. D.,
1989. Turbulent Mirror. Harper & Row, New York.
Govinda, Lama, 1981. The Inner Structure of the I Ching. Wheelwright Press, San
Francisco.
Hooper, W.J.,Oct. 5, 1971, "All Electric Motional Electric Field Generator", U.S.
Patent 3,610,971.
King, M.B., 1989. Tapping The Zero Point Energy. Paraclete Publishing, Provo, UT.
Lawlor, R., 1982. Sacred Geometry. Thames and Hudson, London.
Peat, F.D., 1988. Superstrings, Contemporary Books, Chicago.
Ramsay, Bill, 1995. "Rodin Coil Design"; New Energy News, Dec., p.10-12.
Rodin, Marko. 1994. Aerodynamics, P.O. Box 950, Waimanalo, HI. 96795. ($30
postpaid).
Winter, Dan, 1994. Alphabet Of The Heart. Crystal Hill Farm, Eden, NY.
Jean Naudin website Location
A possible Curl Free-A Transceiver
The Time Energy Pump project
The following is from the Jean Louis Naudin website I suggest ou have a look at the
vast array of information and experiements he has constructed and of the information
provided at his website
created on 09/28/97 - JLN Labs - last update on 09/28/97
Notes from Jean-Louis Naudin This device uses the "possible" emission of a curl-
free-A potential which radiates from the Rodin coil both to its inside or center
space and outside and beyond into space. The device is being under tests and I can't
confirm this fact today. Also I give you this electronic diagram for your
information and I take no responsiblity concerning the supposed characteristics
(Faster Than Light (FTL) transmissions, E.T. communications
Obviously if you hold all the B-Field inside the coils of the torus, and then put
something else in the center region outside the coils, you can get some additional
potential and field energy there in the center of works. You can also get similar
propagation outside the coil, with effects on distant objects.
Rodin is apparently going by elementary electricity concepts but augmented by

excellent native intuition. What he really is doing is attempting to separate the A-
potential (i.e., the magnetic vector potential A) from the B-Field, and utilize the
curl-free A-potential as an independent field of nature in the central "crossover"
region. It is know that it is possible, the well known Aharonov-Bohm effect depends
upon precisely this separation...¯
In the Rodin's document about the coil design:
A winding pattern for a torus which creates Synchronized Electricity. By winding in

this manner, you orient the electrons moving through the windings and thereby
minimize random collision of electrons, as well as heat, friction and reluctance.
The right and left doubling circuits (beginning and ending at position 1; and,
beginning and ending at position 2) conduct the flow of electrons in opposite,
parallel diagonal directions. The dotted lines (beginning and ending on numbers
which are multiples of 3) represent the gap spaces, the equal potential major
grooves, which separate the winding.
Today, according to my first series of test, I can say that this coil have some
interesting spec:
Obviously the center crossover region is active ,.. .A long ferrite rod placed
through the center of the Rodin style coil change the value of the inductance....
So, the center region in Rodin style coil is quite active...¯
I can confirm experimentaly this fact now, also more tests are planned soon.
Rodin Coil Experiment
You may see also some patents about EM transmission using the curl free A field
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A webmaster note.
Whilst this invention relates to the automotive industry I feel the spark plug could also be used in
other applications requiring a sparking method that is reliable.

Krupa , et al. August 10, 1999
…fortunecity.com/…/sparkplug.htm 1/17
Spark plug
Abstract
A very unique universal bi-directional firing spark plug for any spark-ignited internal combustion engine is
described. This spark plug eliminates misfire and improves gas mileage, peaks engine performance, horsepower,
and increases the RPM range. This unique spark plug is made of an elongated or non-elongated body with an
electrical connector at one end. An absolute aerodynamic semispherical dome or sphere electrode is secured to
the other end of the body. At least one absolute aerodynamic semicircular electrode is also secured to the body
adjacent to the dome or sphere electrode such that the semicircular electrode has its inner surface equidistantly
spaced from the dome or sphere electrode's surface. The electrodes can be fabricated from various metals,
alloys, and/or precious metals and can also be coated with various metals, alloys, and/or precious metals.
Alternate embodiments of the invention include two, three or four or more semicircular electrodes, all of which
have a surface equidistantly spaced from the aerodynamic semispherical dome or sphere electrode along its
complete arc length.
Inventors: Krupa; Robert (Sterling Heights, MI); Lulavage; Chester C. (Warren, MI)
Assignee: Century Development International Ltd. (Farmington Hills, MI)
Appl. No.: 897349
Filed: July 21, 1997
Current U.S. Class: 313/141; 313/138; 313/140

Intern'l Class: H01T 013/20
Field of Search: 313/141,123,138,140 123/169 EL

4416228 Nov., 1983 Benedikt et al. 313/141.
4914343 Apr., 1990 Kagawa et al. 313/141.
5280214 Jan., 1994 Johnson 313/139.
5369328 Nov., 1994 Gruber et al. 313/141.
5408961 Apr., 1995 Smith 123/169.
5420473 May., 1995 Thomas 313/141.
5510668 Apr., 1996 Rohwein et al. 313/141.
5527198 Jun., 1996 Chiu et al. 445/7.
Primary Examiner: Patel; Ashok

Attorney, Agent or Firm: Gifford, Krass, Groh, Sprinkle, Anderson & Citkowski, P.C.
Claims
We claim:
1. A spark plug for an internal combustion engine comprising:
a body having an electrical connector at one end, a dome electrode having a semispherical surface secured to a
second end of said body, means for electrically connecting said connector to said dome electrode, and at least
one semicircular electrode secured to said body such that said at least one semicircular electrode has an inner
surface equidistantly spaced from said dome electrode along a portion of the length of said inner surface, said
portion forming an arc surface of said semicircular electrode.
2. The invention as defined in claim 1 wherein said at least one semicircular electrode comprises two semicircular
electrodes, said semicircular electrodes being attached at midpoints of said semicircular electrodes.
electrodes secured to said body such that said semicircular electrodes each have a circular inner surface spaced
from said dome electrodes said semicircular electrodes each having two ends and a midpoint and being spaced
from each other at the midpoints of said semicircular electrodes and attached at their ends.
electrodes secured to said body such that each of said semicircular electrodes has an inner circular surface
equidistantly spaced from said semispherical electrode along at least a portion of said inner circular surface, said
semicircular electrodes being spaced from each other along the entire length of said semicircular electrodes.
5. The invention as defined in claim 1 wherein said at least two semicircular electrodes comprise two semicircular
electrodes, each having two ends secured to said body, wherein semicircular electrodes are attached to each
other at a point intermediate said ends.
6. The invention as defined in claim 3 and comprising a third semicircular electrode attached at intermediate
points to said first two mentioned semicircular electrodes.
7. The invention as defined in claim 3 and comprising a third semicircular electrodes attached at a midpoint to
said first two mentioned semicircular electrodes.
8. The invention as defined in claim 4 and comprising a third semicircular electrode, said third electrode being
attached to midpoints of said first two mentioned semicircular electrodes.
9. The invention as defined in claim 1 wherein said dome electrode has a semispherical outer surface.
10. The invention as defined in claim 1 wherein said dome electrode is spherical in shape.
Description
I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to bi-directional firing spark plugs for all internal combustion engines.
II. Description of the Prior Art
There are many previously known spark plugs of the type used in internal combustion engines. These spark plugs
typically comprise an elongated body having an electrical connector at one end. A pair of variable-spaced
electrodes are provided at the other end and one of those electrodes is electrically connected to the electrical
connector.
In many of these previously known spark plugs, one of the electrodes consists of a cylindrical post while the
second electrode is generally L-shaped and has a portion which overlies one end of the cylindrical post.
Consequently, upon the application of voltage to the cylindrical post, a spark is formed between the end of the
cylindrical post and the overlying portion of the other L-shaped electrode. The spark, of course, tries to ignite the
fuel in the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.
As is well known, an electrical spark between the post and the other electrode will occur at the position of the
shortest distance between the two electrodes. Consequently, with these previously known spark plugs, the spark
repeatedly strikes or extends between the same two surfaces on the two electrodes during the operation of the
spark plug. This has many disadvantages.
One disadvantage is that, since the spark repeatedly strikes the same area on both electrodes, a portion of the
electrodes is repeatedly ablated by the spark, which can result in premature failure of the spark plug.
Another disadvantage is the smolder caused by conventional L-shaped wire that obstructs and diverts the
incoming air fuel charge, causing a lighting and quenching and relighting of the flame front.
A more serious disadvantage of these previously known spark plugs, however, is that, due to ionization caused
by the spark during operation of the spark plug, the spark plug repeatedly misfires during operation of the internal
combustion engine due to the small surface firing area. For each misfire of the spark plug, the fuel within the
combustion chamber is not ignited but, instead, exhausted to the atmosphere. This adversely affects not only the
efficiency of the engine, it causes fouling of the plugs and increases the exhaust of noxious fumes and pollutants to
the atmosphere causing SMOG. This is particularly critical, moreover, due to ever increasing governmental
regulations and environmental concerns regarding the permissible level of emissions from spark-ignited internal
combustion engines.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

The present invention provides a unique universal bidirectional-firing low emission spark plug for all spark-ignited
internal combustion engines which overcomes the above-mentioned disadvantages of the previously known spark
plugs.
In brief, the spark plug of the present invention comprises an elongated or non-elongated body having an
electrical connector at one end. An aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode is secured to the other end of the
body and the connector and aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode are electrically connected together.
At least one spherical or semicircular electrode is also secured to the body such that the semicircular electrode
has its inner surface equidistantly spaced from the outer surface of an aerodynamic semispherical dome
electrode. The shape of the cross-section of the semicircular electrode can be circular, elliptical, rectangular,
rectangular with rounded edges, square, square with rounded edges, trapezoidal, trapezoidal with rounded
edges, and/or arced such that the semicircular electrode's inner surface is equidistantly spaced from the dome
electrode's surface. Consequently, during the operation of the spark plug, the spark between the semispherical
and semicircular electrodes continuously travels back and forth along the length of the semicircular electrode. In
doing so, misfiring is completely eliminated by the spark constantly moving away from the previously generated
ionization zone. The electrodes can be fabricated from various metals, alloys, and/or precious metals and can
also be coated with various metals, alloys, and/or precious metals.
In alternative embodiments of the invention, two, three or four or more semicircular electrodes are secured to the
spark plug body. These multiple semicircular electrodes each have its inner surface equidistantly spaced from the
aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode, so that the spark between the semispherical dome electrode and the
semicircular electrode travels along multiple semicircular electrodes.
Preferably, the semispherical electrode forms the anode while the semicircular electrode(s) form the cathode.
Depending on what ignition system the spark plug is installed in, the semispherical dome electrode could be the
cathode, while the semicircular electrode forms the anode.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
A better understanding of the present invention will be had upon reference to the following detailed description
when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, wherein like reference characters refer to like parts
throughout the several views, and in which:
FIG. 1 is an elevational view illustrating a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the operation of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an elevational view illustrating a portion of a second preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an elevational view illustrating a portion of a third preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an elevational view illustrating a fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is an elevational view of a portion of a fifth preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is an elevational view illustrating a portion of a sixth preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is an elevational view illustrating a portion of a seventh preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is an elevational view illustrating an eighth preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is an elevational view of a portion of a ninth preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is an elevational view illustrating a portion of a tenth preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is an elevational view illustrating a portion of an eleventh preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is an elevational view illustrating a twelfth preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is an elevational view of a portion of a thirteenth preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 15 is an elevational view illustrating a portion of a fourteenth preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 16 is an elevational view illustrating a portion of a fifteenth preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 17 is an elevational view illustrating a sixteenth preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 18 is an elevational view of a portion of a seventeenth preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 19 is an elevational view of a portion of an eighteenth preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 20 is an elevational view of a portion of a nineteenth preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
FIGS. 21 and 22 are side views illustrating alternative embodiments of the electrode.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
With reference first to FIG. 1, a first preferred embodiment of the spark plug 10 of the present invention is there
shown and comprises an elongated body 12 that can have many different shapes, typically constructed of a
metallic/alloy or other electrical conducting material, as well as an electrical insulator of varying chemical
composition. An electrical connector 14 is attached to one end of the body while an electrode assembly 16 is
provided at the opposite end of the body 12. An externally threaded metal boss 18 of various sizes is also
secured to the body 12 adjacent the electrode assembly 16 for attaching the spark plug 10 to an internal
combustion engine 20 (illustrated only diagrammatically).
With reference now particularly to FIGS. 1 and 2, the electrode assembly 16 is there shown in greater detail and
comprises an aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22 and a semicircular electrode 28. The aerodynamic
semispherical dome electrode 22 is coaxial with the spark plug body 12 and protrudes outwardly from one end
24 of the spark plug body 12. Any conventional means 26 (FIG. 1) is used to electrically connect the electrical
connector 14 to the semispherical electrode 22.
The electrode assembly 16 further includes a semicircular electrode 28 having its inner surface 30 facing the
aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22. The semicircular electrode 28, furthermore, is secured to the
spark plug body 12 such that its inner surface 30 is equidistantly spaced along its length from the outer surface of
the semispherical electrode 22. Furthermore, the semicircular electrode 28 is electrically connected to the metal
boss 18 and thus to the internal combustion engine 20.
With reference now to FIG. 2, the operation of the first preferred embodiment of the spark plug 10 of the
present invention is there shown. In operation, electrical voltage applied to spark ignition wire (not shown) to the
electrical connector 14 (FIG. 1) is conducted to the semispherical electrode 22. The voltage potential between
the semispherical electrode 22 and semicircular electrode 28 thus causes a spark 34 to extend between the
electrode 22 and electrode 28. In the conventional fashion , the spark 34 ignites the fuel within the engine
combustion chamber.
Still referring to FIG. 2, unlike the previously known spark plugs, because the outer surface of the aerodynamic
semispherical dome electrode 22 is equidistantly spaced from the inner surface 30 of the semicircular electrode
28, repeated sparking of the spark plug 10 causes the spark 34 to "walk along" the adjacent surfaces of these
two electrodes so that the spark 34 does not always extend between the same spots on the electrodes 22 and
28 as in the previously known spark plugs. In doing so, the spark plug 10 of the present invention not only
exhibits a longer life, but also eliminates misfirings of the spark plug and greatly reduces emissions from the
engine.
Typically, a positive voltage is applied to the electrical connector 14 (FIG. 1) and thus to the aerodynamic
semispherical dome electrode 22 while the semicircular electrode 28 is maintained at the electrical ground of the
internal combustion engine 20. As such, the aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode forms an anode while the
semicircular electrode 28 forms a cathode. However, the electrical polarities of the electrodes 22 and 28 may be
reversed while still remaining within the scope of the present invention.
With reference now to FIG. 3, the second preferred embodiment of the present invention is there shown in which
the electrode assembly 16, as before, includes an aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22 as well as the
semicircular electrode 28. Additionally, however, the electrode assembly 16 includes a second semicircular
electrode 40 having an inner surface 42 along its length which is equidistantly spaced from the aerodynamic
semispherical dome electrode 22. The second semicircular electrode 40, like the electrode 28, is electrically
connected to the metal boss 18 as well as to the first semicircular electrode 28.
Still referring to FIG. 3, preferably the second semicircular electrode 40 intersects the first semicircular electrode
28 generally perpendicularly. Additionally, the semicircular electrodes 28 and 40 are also preferably of a one-
piece construction. During the operation of the spark plug illustrated in FIG. 3, the spark between the
aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22 and the semicircular electrodes 28 and 40 continuously "walks
along" between the electrodes 22 and both electrodes 28 and 40.
With reference now to FIG. 4, a still further embodiment of the electrode assembly 16 is there shown and which,
like the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, includes the aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22 as well as
two semicircular electrodes 28 and 40. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 3, however, the semicircular electrodes
28 and 40 intersect each other at their ends at various angles. However, as before, the inner surface 42 of the
electrode 40 as well as the inner surface 30 of electrode 28 are equidistantly spaced from the aerodynamic
semispherical dome electrode 22.
two semicircular electrodes 28 and 40 intersecting each other at their ends at various angles. Unlike the
embodiment of FIG. 4, this embodiment contains an additional electrode 43 that intersects electrodes 28 and 40
at their ends. However, as before, the inner surfaces of the three electrodes 28, 40, and 43 are equidistantly
spaced from the aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22 and, as before, intersect each other at their ends
at various angles.
three semicircular electrodes 28, 40, and 43 intersecting each other at their ends at various angles. Unlike the
embodiment of FIG. 5, this embodiment contains an additional electrode 44 that intersects electrodes 28, 40,
and 43 at their ends. However, as before, the inner surfaces of the four electrodes 28, 40, 43, and 44 are
equidistantly spaced from the aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22, and are at various angles.
two semicircular electrodes 31 and 32. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 4, however, the semicircular electrodes
31 and 32 do not intersect each other at their ends at various angles or at the apex. However, as before, the
inner surfaces of electrodes 31 and 32 are equidistantly spaced from the aerodynamic semispherical dome
electrode 22.
two semicircular electrodes 31 and 32. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 7, however, this embodiment contains a
third semicircular electrode 33 that does not intersect semicircular electrodes 31 and 32 at their ends at various
angles or at the apex. However, as before, the inner surfaces of electrodes 31, 32, and 33 are equidistantly
spaced from the aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22.
With reference now to FIG. 9, a still further embodiment of the electrode assembly is there shown and which,
like the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, includes an aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22 as well as
two semicircular electrodes 34 and 35. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 3, however, electrodes 34 and 35 do not
intersect perpendicularly at the apex. However, as before, the inner surfaces of electrodes 34 and 35 are
equidistantly spaced from the aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22.
two semicircular electrodes 34 and 35. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 9, however, this embodiment contains a
third semicircular electrode 36 that intersects electrodes 34 and 35 at the apex. However, as before, the inner
surfaces of electrodes 34, 35, and 36 are equidistantly spaced from the aerodynamic semispherical dome
electrode 22.
three semicircular electrodes 34, 35, and 36. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 10, however, this embodiment
contains a fourth semicircular electrode 37 that intersects electrodes 34, 35, and 36 at the apex. However, as
before, the inner surfaces of electrodes 34, 35, 36, and 37 are equidistantly spaced from the aerodynamic
With reference now to FIG. 12, a still further modification of the electrode assembly 16 is there shown and
which, like the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, includes a semispherical dome electrode 22 as well as a first and
second semicircular electrodes 28 and 40 which are angularly offset from each other and connected at their
bases. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 4, however, in FIG. 12 a third semicircular electrode 50 is also provided
which intersects the other two semicircular electrodes 28 and 40 generally perpendicularly. Preferably, all three
electrodes 28, 40 and 50 are of a one-piece construction and all three electrodes 28, 40 and 50 are electrically
connected not only to each other, but also the metal boss 18. Additionally, as before, the inner surfaces of the
semicircular electrodes are equidistantly spaced from the outer surface of the semispherical dome electrode 22.
contains a fourth semicircular electrode 43. This fourth semicircular electrode 43 intersects the semicircular
electrodes 28 and 40 at their ends at various angles and intersects the semicircular electrode 50 generally
perpendicularly. However, as before, the inner surfaces of these semicircular electrodes are equidistantly spaced
from the aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22.
three semicircular electrodes 28, 40, 43, and 50. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 13, however, this embodiment
contains a fifth semicircular electrode 44. This fifth semicircular electrode 44 intersects the semicircular electrodes
28, 40, and 43 at their ends at various angles and intersects the semicircular electrode 50 generally
perpendicularly. However, as before, the inner surfaces of these semicircular electrodes are equidistantly spaced
from the aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22.
contains a fourth semicircular electrode 51. This fourth semicircular electrode 51 intersects the semicircular
electrodes 28 and 40 generally perpendicularly, and it does not intersect the semicircular electrode 50. However,
as before, the inner surfaces of these semicircular electrodes are equidistantly spaced from the aerodynamic
four semicircular electrodes 28, 40, 50, and 51. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 15, the third and fourth
semicircular electrodes 50 and 51 intersect at their bases. However, as before, the inner surfaces of these
semicircular electrodes are equidistantly spaced from the aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22.
With reference now to FIG. 17, a still further embodiment of the electrode assembly 16 is there shown and
which, like the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7, includes the aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22 as
well as two semicircular electrodes 31 and 32 that are spaced apart. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 7, however,
this embodiment contains a third semicircular electrode 50 that intersects semicircular electrodes 31 and 32
generally perpendicularly at the apex. However, as before, the inner surfaces of electrodes 31, 32, and 50 are
well as two semicircular electrodes 31 and 32 that are spaced apart and a third semicircular electrode 50 that
intersects semicircular electrodes 31 and 32 generally perpendicularly. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 17,
however, this embodiment contains a fourth semicircular electrode 51 that intersects semicircular electrodes 31
and 32 generally perpendicularly. Furthermore, semicircular electrodes 50 and 51 are spaced apart and parallel
to each other. However, as before, the inner surfaces of the semicircular electrodes 31, 32, 50, and 51 are
well as two semicircular electrodes 31 and 32 that are spaced apart and two additional semicircular electrodes
50 and 51 that are spaced apart. The semicircular electrodes 31 and 32 intersect and are generally perpendicular
to semicircular electrodes 50 and 51. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 18, however, this embodiment contains a
fifth semicircular electrode 33 that is spaced apart from semicircular electrodes 31 and 32. Furthermore,
semicircular electrodes 50 and 51 intersect semicircular electrode 33 generally perpendicularly. However, as
before, the inner surfaces of the semicircular electrodes 31, 32, 33, 50, and 51 are equidistantly spaced from the
aerodynamic semispherical dome electrode 22. As stated before, all semicircular electrodes are electrically
connected to the metal boss 18 and thus to the internal combustion engine.
well as three semicircular electrodes 31, 32 and 33 that are spaced apart and three additional semicircular
electrodes 50, 51 and 52 that are spaced apart. The semicircular electrodes 31, 32 and 33 intersect and are
generally perpendicular to semicircular electrodes 50, 51 and 52. However, as before, the inner surfaces of the
semicircular electrodes 31, 32, 33, 50, 51 and 52 are equidistantly spaced from the aerodynamic semispherical
dome electrode 22. As stated before, all semicircular electrodes are electrically connected to the metal boss 18
and thus to the internal combustion engine.
With reference now to FIGS. 21 and 22, further embodiments of the electrode assembly are there shown in
which the cathode electrode 22' is spherical in shape rather than the semispherical cathode electrodes 22 of
FIGS. 1-20. Although only one electrode 28 (FIG. 21) or 28' (FIG. 22) is shown, the spherical electrode 22'
can be utilized in conjunction with any of the anode electrode configurations of FIGS. 1-20. Furthermore, the
anode electrode 28 or 28' may be either U-shaped as shown in FIG. 21 or semicircular in shape as shown in
FIG. 22 in order to maintain the distance between the electrodes 28' and 22' equidistance along substantially the
entire length of the electrode 28'.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that the present invention provides a novel spark plug construction which
completely overcomes the previously mentioned disadvantages of the previously known spark plug constructions.
Having described my invention, however, many modifications thereto will become apparent to those skilled in the
art to which it pertains without deviation from the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the appended
claims.
*****
Additional information can be found at Robert Stanleys Firestorm website
There was also an article by the same author in the Nexus New times magazine
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1/17/2010 Water cleaner Scrubber
Ads by Google Steel Plate Fabrication Hard Water Removal Welding Fabrication Drinking Water
Building A Water Scrubber.
Purpose
Parts List
Getting Started
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Introduction
Build your own water scrubber to further clean and purify house hold tap water...
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Purpose of the Water Scrubber.
The purpose of the water scrubber is to remove unwanted dirt and heavy minerals from house hold tap
water. This will leave the water clean, clear and tasting very similar to rain water.
The following plans will show you how to make a simple water cleaner/scrubber that will clean dirt,
heavy minerals an a range of other additives out of any type of water. The water tested includes bore
water, ground water, salt water ,bacterial and some artificial additives in house hold water.
There is no guarantee that once water is scrubbed clean, that the water will be fit for human
consumption. The fitness of the water for human or live stock consumption depends entirely on what
type of substances and bacteria are in the water to begin with. Salt for example is difficult to removed
entirely from the water with this cleaning process.
The information given in these pages is for the average home handy man to experiment further with
cleaning dirt,heavy minerals and certain bacteria out of ordinary house hold tap water.
The experimental model given on this page is but a simple model that any one can build with some
simple ingenuity, or can be readily made at any machine shop for a minimal price. The electronics
needed to run the water scrubber is just a simple every day battery charger.
Like the charger used to charge any automobile battery. The battery changer can be purchased from
any supermarket, automotive, hardware or electronics store. The voltage an amperage required to
operate the water scrubber unit is 13.8 volts at around 1 to 6 amps, depending on the minerals an
electrolytes in the water.
The power output of the battery charger is of a low wattage, and therefore is considered reasonably
safe. Although every precaution should be exercised when using the 110/220/240v mains electrical
power.
Construction Plans
Parts list
5 @ 100mm x 100mm x 1.6 stainless steel plates. Food grade 316

4 @ 5.5 or 6mm dia stainless steel nuts. Food grade 316
2 @ 5.5 or 6mm dia stainless washers. Food grade 316
1 @ 100mm x 5.5 or 6 mm dia of stainless steel all threaded rod. Food grade 316
4 @ 38mm x 9 or 10mm nylon/acrylic or perspex spacers . Food grade if available.
2 @ 316 Stainless welding rods. ( for the electrodes.)
1 @ 12.5mm steel drill bit (to drill holes)
1 @ 5.5 or 6 mm steel drill bit (to drill holes)
1 @ 40mm O/D (38mm I/D) Hole Saw (with 6mm centre drill bit to cut spacers.)
1 @ 50 mm x 6mm mild steel bolt. (for mini lathe shaft see text.)
2 @ 6mm mild steel nuts (to fit the 50mm bolt above)
Getting Started:
Cutting and drilling the plates :
If you have purchased a 500mm x 100mm x 1.6 mm large sheet of 316 stainless steel plating, then you
need to cut the 5 @ 100 x 100 mm plates from this larger sheet. You will need to use a cutting wheel
designed to cut stainless steel, and the correct cutting machine.
You may like to purchase these plates already pre-cut from a welding or metal fabrication work shop.
Using a steel ruler an a scriber or pencil, mark one of the cut out plates with two diagonal lines from
corner to corner. This will give an 'X' across the plate which will give you the dead centre of that plate.
see figure 1.
figure 1. (100mm x 100mm)
Using a centre punch and a hammer, centre punch the first drill point in the metal at the precise centre
of the cross. This is the centre where you will drill all five plates at the same time. Now place the other
4 plates under the plate you have just centre punched. While using a clamp or metal vice of some
description, clamp all of the plates firmly together.
The plates should be flush an equal on all sides, with all plates being as symmetrical as possible
although not critical. No plate should overlap or stick out sideways from any of the other plates once
they are all clamped. Now using the 5.5 or 6mm drill bit, drill through all 5 plates at the same time.
You will need some physical pressure and an oil lubricant to drill through all the plates in one process.
Important, once you have drilled through all 5 plates, you must undo the clamp and remove any 2
plates away from the rest of the stack.
Do not re-drill these two plates. Replace the clamp back onto the stack of 3 plates and tighten firmly
as before. Now change the drill bit in the drilling machine and fit the 12.5 mm drill bit. You are now
required to redrill these 3 clamped plates only out to the larger 12.5 mm drill bit size.
These 3 plates have larger holes as these holes will fit the 12.5mm x 0.75 - 1mm wide collar on the
nylon spacers. Don't worry if you don't understand this collar function just yet... (see figure 4.)
If you wish to go to additional expense you may get the 5 plates lathed round to get a more
professional look and finish to your plates. This is totally optional and left to your own preference.
The more plate area the better the system works. Lathing the plates round only improves the
cosmetics, which is at a small but negligible expense to the overall operation of the unit.
figure 2
Cutting The Spacers :
If you have purchased the nylon or acrylic as one large block then you will need to cut the spacers
from this larger block of material.
Using a pencil or texture, mark the larger block of acrylic or nylon into 40 x 40mm squares.
As described previously, mark across the diagonals of each small square and centre punch the centre
the cross only of each of the small squares. see figure 3.
figure 3. (4 @ 40mm x 40mm )
Now fit the 40mm holesaw (with 6mm drill bit) into the drilling machine. Important, be sure that the
drill bit in the centre of the holesaw is 5.5 or 6mm diameter, as the centre of the spacer/collars are
fixed at this 5.5 - 6mm diameter. Align the holesaw drill bit to the centre punch mark of each square.
Drill through the acrylic/nylon until you have gone right through with the holesaw. You have now
created your first plate spacer. Carefully remove the cut spacer from the holesaw cutting blade and
continue on cutting the rest. The dimension of each spacer should equal ~38mm x 9-10 mm (x 6 mm
hole in the centre). Repeat the process until all 4 spacers have been drill with the holesaw.
Alternatively, you may also purchase a round rod of 40mm diameter nylon/acrylic and cut the above
spacers to 9-10mm thick... Note : drilling the centre hole of this round rod type material is much
harder when trying to locate the drill bit in the absolute centre.
figure 4. (3 of the 4 spaces. )
Lathing the Collar on the spacer:
Once you have all the spacers cut out you will need to modify only 3 of these spacers to hold the 3
middle plates in the centre. The 4th spacer does not require a collar.
These 3 collars prevent the plates from making contact and shorting out with the 75mm x 6mm main
fixing bolt of the unit. A 12.5mm x 0.75 -1mm collar will be lathed onto the face of each of these 3
spacers. See figure 4 above for the collar dimensions.
Making the miniature lathe for the job:

Obtain a 6mm dia x 50 mm long bolt with 2 nuts. Cut the head of the bolt off as close to the head as
possible. Now place the bolt in a hand drilling machine with the cut off end foremost in the chuck.
Tighten the bolt into the drill chuck securely. Place the first nut on the bolt about half way down the
threaded shaft of the bolt in the chuck. Now place one of the 3 nylon/acrylic spacers on the bolt and
secure with the second nut. Tighten the nuts firmly, but not overly tight, with a spanner.
Secure the hand drilling machine in a wood vice or similar clamping utility and fix the machine firmly.
Turn the drilling machine on and fix the power button with a rubber band to stay on for the duration of
each job. With a block of wood clamped securely to the bench top as a cantilever, carve away the
nylon/acrylic spacer face with a sharp chisel or sharp screw driver.
You may like to remove a small checkout or mortice the width of the chisel from the block of wood
cantilever. This will allow you to maintain firm control over the tool while lathing these collars. (see
figure 5.) Start at the edge of the nylon or acrylic spacer and work your way into the centre. You must
leave the centre section with a 12.5 mm x 0.75 -1 mm deep collar .
This collar is the main object of importance that you are trying to accomplish with this exercise. This is
the collar that holds the plates centre most on the scrubber unit.(refer to figure 4.)
With out this collar the plates can fall away and short out on the main centre fixing rod of the
assembled unit, which may burn out your battery charger or power supply.
You should not make the depth of this collar any more than the thickness of your stainless steel
plates, as the plates will not tighten up, which will leave the plates flimsy and prone to cause problems.
figure 5. (Drill machine used as a mini lathe.)
Centre Spacer Modification:
Ok, once you have all the spacer collars lathed out you will need to modify one more of these spacers
to hold the centre electrode in the centre position on the middle plate of the unit. This centre spacer
must be one of the spacers with the lathed out collar as done above. Turn the previously lathed spaced
over and put it back on the mini lathe then tighten the locking nuts.
Now, starting at the outer rim of the spacer come in 7mm and lathe a groove 2mm deep by 3-5mm
wide. This groove is where the centre electrode gets looped around and presses against the centre
plate. Do not make this groove too deep, else the 2.5mm dia electrode will not contact the middle plate
with firm pressure when the overall main fixing bolt is tightened.
This groove prevents the centre electrode from falling away or making contact with the 75mm main
fixing bolt of the assembled unit. The centre spacer is the only spacer to get this extract groove.
You will also need to use a small round file to file an extra vertical slot coming from the newly lathed
groove to the outer rim of this centre spacer.
This is were the centre electrode shaft comes through the side of the centre spacer. This vertical slot
will be 7mm long by 2.5 mm wide/deep into the spacer material.
The vertical slot depth is not critical, as this slot can be deeper than the 2mm previous groove. See
figure 6 for the centre spacer dimensions.
figure 6. (Grooved back of the centre spacer only. )
Bending the Electrodes:
Before we can bend the ends of the unit electrodes, we must remove the flux off the welding rods;
therefore exposing the stainless steel wire underneath.Using a hammer an a hard surface, hit the
outer flux off the welding rod wire.
Do not hit the welding rod to hard else you will bend the rod and form it out of shape. Once you have
removed all the flux off the wire gently rub the wire to a shinny finish with some 200 grade sand paper.
Now the ends of both wire electrode rods are ready to be roll into shape.
The outer most electrode has a half bend the diameter of the 6mm main fixing bolt. By using two pairs
of wire pliers you can form the electrode around any 6mm diameter bolt.
Do not use the main fixing bolt for this process as you may damage the thread of this bolt. The end of
the centre electrode progresses 90 degrees more an is looped into a full circle.
The end of the centre electrode is formed around a larger 19mm diameter bolt or rod. The inner
diameter must be slightly bigger or equal in size to the inner groove on the back of the centre spacer.
A little time and perseverance will see you succeed in forming this centre electrode circular loop. See
figure 7 for electrode end loops.
figure 7.
Assembling the Unit.
Once all the materials are machined and cleaned of manufacturing errors and general grime, you are
ready to assemble the unit. Assembly of the unit is straight forward. You should have 5 plates in total,
3 with 12.5 dia holes and 2 with 6mm dia holes in the centre.
These 2 plates @ 6mm holes are the two outer most end plates. Thread one of the 4 stainless steel
nuts onto the end of the 75mm main fixing bolt which should now be cut to length.
Thread one of the outer plates with the 6mm holes right down onto the s/s nut. Thread the first one of
the 3 spacers with collars on next.
Next thread a 12.5mm plate on. Be shore that the plate goes over an onto the small lathed collar, and
fits snuggling into position.
The centre electrode will have to be placed onto the main fixing bolt at the same time as the centre
plate and the centre spacer are put into position.
Repeat the process of plates and spacers until you arrive at the end spacer and the last outer plate.
Remember the last spacer does not require a lathed collar, as the last outer plate has a 6mm hole
which by default fixes the last plate into the correct position
You will have to hold the entire assembly firmly with your hands until you can get the final nut into
position. Before tightening the last s/s nut you must place the outer electrode under the outer nut as
you tighten the whole unit.
Its not very difficult, and with a little practice as you go it becomes very simple. Refer to figure 8 and
figure 9 for any final assembly points and details.
Your final unit should look something like figure 10, but most likely with square plates instead of
round.
Figure 8
figure 9
Testing the unit
The first rule in testing you unit is to understand what is happening. If possible you should check that
the unit has no electrical shorts between either of the two outer plates and the very centre plate.
You can do this with an electrical test instrument called a multi-meter, or you can make a simple light
bulb circuit with a 1.5 volt D cell battery , a light bulb and two wires.
Place one wire or test probe onto one of the outer plates; place the other wire or test probe onto the
very centre plate.
If the light comes on or there is an error signal or zero resistance with your multi-meter; it is most
likely you have a dead short between the two plates or electrodes.
Do not connect power to your unit until you have corrected the shorted plates.Check all plates to see
that there is no direct shorts, with the exception of coarse for the two outer most plates. Now
understanding the unit.
Starting from the two outer most plates working in toward the centre. The two outer most plates are
electrically connected via the main fixing bolt.
This is the correct function of these two plates. The next two inner plates are independently neutral
plates an are not electrically connected to any other plates or electrodes.
They are only partially connected when placed in water. The function of how these plates work is
known in the electrical field as a capacitive coupling.
The centre plate is of the opposite polarity as the two outer most plates. Ie. if your outer plates are
connected positive then your inner centre only plate must be connected negative, and/or visa versa...
figure 10.
Ok, so your sure the unit is functioning correctly with the test meter ? Then it's time now to place the
unit in some water and hook up the power.
For the first test we will use a 2 litre icecream container 4/5 full of hot water; taken directly out of the
hot tap over the sink or bath. With the power to the unit turned off, connect the battery charger
negative lead to the centre most electrode.
Next connect the battery charger positive electrode to the outer most electrode. Now place the
scrubber unit in the 2 litre container of hot water.
Standing slightly away from the unit turn on the power. If your battery charger is fitted with a meter
you should see a small amount of needle movement.
The needle on the charger meter may read up to around 1 or 2 amps. It really depends on the
condition of and the mineral content in the water.
If the battery charger starts to get hot for any reason; switch it off immediately an assess any
problem.
Never let the battery charger leads or the electrode contacts short together or touch each other.
If you are a novice or just newly into this field of research you should never ever use a metal container
or steel drum to sit your unit in while it cleans the water.
The metal container provides a dead short through your water scrubber unit, which could damage your
power supply.
If all is well you should immediately see hydrogen and oxygen bubbles forming on the surface of the
plates.
Hydrogen comes off the negative plates while oxygen comes off the positive. These bubbles are very
beneficial in killing most bacteria in the water, particularly the oxygen, for oxygenation of water kills
most bacteria as well as benefiting our own health.
If you use a bit of ingenuity you can catch these bubbles and burn the hydrogen. But be extremely
careful, because hydrogen in the presence of oxygen is extremely explosive.
If you operate your water scrubber in a closed environment you should never allow any build up of this
explosive gas mixture. Some bubbles will form on the top of your water as your unit does its job, but
they will eventually burst harmlessly into the air.
As a further precaution you should avoid smoking or lighting matches near the water scrubber while it
is in use. It is most unlikely that you will ever have to worry about explosions if you use your unit in
the open air. If you seal the unit away in a closed environment then you should take simple
precautions to avoid the collection of H2 + 0 gas mixture.
Maintenance of your Unit:
Its a good idea to change the polarity (swap battery charger electrodes over) every time you use your
unit.
This will prevent the plates from building up scum and heavy metals onto one set of plates. The
technical term for this heavy metal build up is called electro-plating.
If you notice your plates in the centre containing more dirt and grime than the outer plates, then
reverse the battery charger leads over and the dirt and grime will eventually remove itself off the
plates.
You may also clean your plates with steel wool or kitchen cleaning pads.
You may also soak your plates in mixture of 50/50 hydrochloric acid and water if the plates become to
dirty to clean by hand.
If you drive your unit too hard with high current because of dense electrolytes or dense mineral
compositions in the water, then the plates can become pitted with tiny micro holes all over the plates.
Try placing a resistor in series with the battery charger electrodes, as this will limit the electrical
current going through the unit.
It's best to try an avoid these adverse conditions. Treat your water scrubber with some respect and
you will likely get years of service and thousands of gallons of clean water out of your unit...
Drinking the Water:
Once you have your Water Scrubber Unit© working as it should, with small bubbles of hydrogen and
oxygen happily rising to the top, you will start to see a conglomeration of dirt and heavy minerals
starting to make the water turn a cloudy filthy brown colour, and finally to a disgusting black colour
with particles floating on the top.
This black sludge is said to be something akin to the sump oil from an automobile.This dirty sludge
and grime function of cleaning the water is perfectly normal for the scrubber unit.
The microscopic dirt and mineral particles are starting to come together and form larger molecules.
Depending on their composition, these larger molecules will either float to the top because the
hydrogen/oxygen bubbles carry them upward, or they may become heavy and sink to the bottom of
your plastic container. Do not be discouraged by the look and smell of your water at this stage.
After two or three hours (depending on your water) you should see the needle on your battery charge
start to drop in current.
This proves that the dirt and minerals in the water are being removed. The amount the needle or
current drops depends on your water and what composition of elements are in it.
This may take 3- 4 hours or it may take a lot longer. It doesn't really matter how long it takes.
With some trial an error you will establish the best time for cleaning and charging your water.
You will eventually work out that leaving the unit on for an extra 2 hours does nothing to remove any
more dirt and minerals... Like all good analyses, it's best to keep a diary of what you have done an
how you have done it.
I would like to hear feed back from people who have done experiments and what modification they
have made to improve the overall system.
Once you are happy that the unit has completed its job, switch off the power at the wall and rinse the
scrubber unit under running water while scrubbing the plates with a kitchen bottle brush.
If you let the dirt or sludge dry on your unit plates there will be a slightly longer period for the unit to
clean the same amount of water the next time around. Now, look at all that sludge sitting on top of
your test container.
Remember that clean clear water you thought was clean and healthy when you first placed it in the
container ? Makes you take a second look at what you are really drinking doesn't it? Anyway, source
a large plastic or wooden kitchen spoon an stir all of that sludge and grime back into the water.
Yes, just stir the whole container full of water and sludge until the whole lot becomes one brown/black
looking container full crude oil. Now cover the container and let it sit in a quiet location for some 4- 8
hours.
What will happen is, the hydrogen an oxygen bubbles mixed into sludge on the top of the water will
eventually burst allowing the sludge to sink and form a layer at the bottom of the container.
This will force the water to become crystal clear again. You may become quite surprised by this ? Now
all you have to do is carefully separate the water and sludge by syphoning or pouring off the clean
water from above the sludge layer at the bottom of the container.
There you have it, clean oxygenated charged water ready to drink. The health benefits of this water
are numerous.
I have no medical degree and therefore cannot justify the truth in these claims, I will therefore decline
to mention such anecdotes.
People may like to form their own discussion group and/or email list to exchange information ?
Cheers, enjoy your water...
G.D.Mutch
16-2-2000
Caution. The above unit is assembled an used at the user/constructors own discretion. The information here in does not
guarantee the water is always fit for human or live stock consumption.
The user/constructor assumes all responsibility for the use or inability to use the above information or machinery listed .
Ok manufacture a unit for me:
If you are unable to manufacture or find a suitable source for the 5 plate unit described in this text,
then I can manufacture a unit with any number of plates and to any reasonable size for you.
All jobs will be quoted and priced as per request. As friendly note, acrylic/nylon and stainless steel
materials are unjustly expensive and very hard on machine tools.
As a guide I can manufacture the 5 plate unit described in this text ,100mm x 100 mm square unit, for
a price of $126.00 Australian (as @ 16-2-200). A percentage discount applies for larger units or bulk
orders...
The unit price quoted here covers the manufacturing of the water scrubber unit only, as described in
the above text. It does not include the electrical power supply or battery charger mentioned above.
Further costs will be involved if you wish to purchase a power supply with the water scrubber unit.
Please send email to :

G.D.Mutch
email : pagemaster@rocknet.net.au
Author G.D.Mutch
Email : pagemaster@rocknet.net.au
All material , images, illustrations and text on this page are ownership of G.D.Mutch.
Copyright © 2000 All Rights Reserved.
This page is subject to change without notice.
The author accepts no responsibility what so ever for the use or inability to use the above information
enter email address
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1/17/2010 Archie_ Blue's Electrolytic Cell Patent
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Web editor
ELECTROLYTIC CELL
[75] Inventor: Archie H. Blue, Christchurch, New
Zealand [56] References Cited
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS United States Patent [11] 4,124,463
[45] Nov. 7, 1978 1,219,333 3/1917 Kynaston . 204/149 X
[73] Assignees: Ross Derisley Wood; Roland Edgar; 1,376,207 4/1921 Jacobs 204/265 X
Alec Henry Taylor , all of St. Martin's 1,431,047 10/1922 Ruben ...... 204/265
Guernsey, Channel Islands; 1,544,052 6/1925 Avery 204/149X
Margaret Elizabeth Pyke, Essex, 1,862,663 6/1932 Curtis 204/285 X
England 2,000,815 5/1935 Berl 204/265 X
(21] AppI. No.: 755,608 3,292,138 6/1965 Enk et al 204/246X
3,433,729 3/1969 Proskuryakov et al 204/129
3,515,036 6/1970 Staat et al 204/129X
[22] Filed: Dec. 29, 1976
[51] Int. CL2 C25B 1/02; C25B 9/00 C25B 9/02
152] US. Cl 204/129; 204/265; 204/277; 204/288
(58) Field of Search 204/129, 246, 263, 265,204/266, 269, 270, 277, 278, 275, 288, 289
Primary Examiner-Arthur C. Prescott Attorney Agent, or Firm-Haseltine, Lake & Waters
[57] ABSTRACT
In the electrolytic production of hydrogen and oxygen, air is pumped through the cell while the electrolysis is in progress so as to obtai
5 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures
ELECTROLYTIC CELL
BACKGROUND AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE.
INVENTION
This invention relates to the production of gases which can be utilized primarily
but not necessarily as a fuel.
To electrically decompose water it is necessary to pass direct current between a

pair of electrodes which are immersed in a suitable electrolyte.
It is normal in such electrolysis to place some form of gas barrier between the two
electrodes in order to prevent the gases evolved during the electrolysis from
forming an explosive mixture.
However provided suitable precautions are taken it has been found that the gases can
be allowed to mix and can be fed into a storage tank for subsequent use.
Because the gases when mixed form an explosive mixture, it is possible for the
mixture to be utilized for instance as a fuel for an internal combustion engine.
In such circumstances it is desirable that the gases should also be mixed with a
certain proportion of air in order to control the explosive force which results when
the gases are ignited.
…fortunecity.com/…/archieblue.htm 1/3
FIG. I is a diagrammatic elevational view partly in
section of one form of the invention,
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic elevational view partly in
section of a modified form of the invention,
FIG. 3 is a section along the line III- III of FIG. 2.
The cell as shown in FIG. I comprises a gas-tight casing 11 which is formed from a
non-corrodible material such as a plastics material as is known in the art. A
plurality of cathodes 11 and a plurality of anodes 12 are supported within the cell
by means of an electrically insulating central post 13, with the cathodes and anodes
being spaced apart by means of insulating spacers 14 The anodes 12 are all
with the gases evolved during the electrolysis a proportion of air so that when the
mixture is ignited within the cylinder or cylinders of the engine, the explosive
force so created can be of the desired amount.
While in the foregoing description reference is made to the utilization of the mixed
gases as a fuel, it will of course be understood that the gases can be separated for
individual use by techniques as known in the art.
What is claimed is:

1. A process for producing by electrolysis of an aqueous liquid a combustible
mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, comprising: electrolyzing the aqueous liquid into
hydrogen and oxygen in an electrolytic cell having a gas-tight casing, a
substantially central tubular post mounted in the casing and having an air inlet at
its upper end, and a plurality of electrodes supported on the post and axially
spaced there a long. alternate electrodes being connected to a first electrical
terminal and to a second electrical terminal respectively connected to a respective
poles of a current source and being mutually insulated, the post having an air
outlet below the electrodes out of which flows air from the air inlet into the cell
and over the electrodes; and a source of air under pressure connected to the said
air inlet forcing a flow of air through the aqueous liquid contained in the cell in
operation thereof the cell having in its upper region a common outlet exhausting the
combustible mixture comprising air forced through the cell and hydrogen produced by
electrolysis of said liquid in said cell.
2. The process according to claim 1 wherein the electrodes are discs each having a
plurality of holes there through.
3. The process according to claim 1 further including a dish-shaped air deflector

plate supported on the said post below the said air outlet.
4. Apparatus for reproducing by electrolysis of an aqueous liquids combustible

mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, comprising: an electrolytic cell having a gas-tight
casing, a substantially central tubular post mounted in the casing and having an air
inlet at its upper end, and a plurality of electrodes supported on the post and
axially spaced there a long, alternate electrodes being connected to a first
electrical terminal and to a second electrical terminal respectively for connection
to respective poles of a current source and being mutually insulated, the post
having an air outlet below the electrodes for flow of air from the air inlet into
the cell and over the electrodes; a dish-shaped air deflector supported on said post
below said air outlet; and a source of air under pressure connected to the said air
inlet for forcing a flow of air through the aqueous liquid contained in the cell in
operation thereof; the cell having in its upper region a common outlet for
exhausting the combustible mixture comprising air forced through the cell and
hydrogen and oxygen produced by electrolysis of said liquid in said cell.
5 The apparatus according to claim 4 wherein the electrodes arc discs each having a
plurality of holes there through
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1/17/2010 Capacitor electric Charger power from …
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By: Mitch
Below is an interesting article indicating that it is possible to collect free electrical energy from the
atomosphere is indeed possible at only $10
What would you say if I told you it is possible to build an effective simple battery charger that has no moving
parts, has no generator, works day or night, and has no solar cells? What if I told you this could be done with a
few scrounged parts for which $10 would be an exorbitant price?
Just about every Ham operator knows better than to disconnect an antenna and then pick it up later by the
connector and touch a ground. Enormous charges can build up on an insulated wire and the longer the wire the
more charge that will build. Most all of us have learned to pick up the coax and tap or hold the antenna against
the case of the radio to bleed off this charge. How few of us have ever been so poor as to have to think about
how they can use this free energy. Wiley Almond, told me how to do this a few years ago. When he was a kid in
the depression, buying batteries to listen to his homebrew 2 tube regen radio was out of the question. So they
used the long wire antenna they had scrounged from an old telegraph line to charge the batteries so they could
listen to the radio.
What Wiley did at the rip old age of 12 or 13 was hook a sparkplug to the end of the wire and then run the
ground end (where the threads are) into a 12 volt coil off an old A model, but any old coil will do. The bottom
connector of the coil that used to go to the points is hooked to the positive side of the battery. The negative side
of the battery is hooked to a good earth ground and a 1 to 3 KV capacitor (a few picofarred type like those
found in the horizontal section of a television chassis) is hooked from ground back to the wire where the top of
the sparkplug is connected. That's it! Nothing should be touching ground except the ground post of the battery.
Wiley was using about 200 feet of insulated wire and it will completely charge a 12 volt deep cycle every 2 or 3
days! A thousand feet of wire will do it a lot quicker but the voltages approach lethal levels.
What is behind this feat is that a very long wire acts like a capacitor and builds a charge on the wire. When a few
thousand volts are reached, it will discharge by "sparking" across the sparkplug. The sparkplug delivers the
charge to the coil that downconverts it to a few hundred volts and pulses the battery, kind of "squirting" a charge
into it. The weather controls how much static electricity is in the air. Wind and super cold air seem to really make
you think you can weld with this thing! I hooked a small neon bulb to a full wave loop on winter nigh when it was
snowing with a high wind and the bulb burned continuously all night long! The higher you get the wire of the
ground the better. The wire has to be completely insulated. It doesn't seem to make any difference whether you
lay it out in a straight line or weave it back and forth. Length is the thing here, not size. Old phone wire, old coax
from the cable company , anything that is insulated and long will do the job. I use my Ham radio antennas, as
they are up and long already. This thing will weld the fillings in your teeth together if you are not careful with it!
Maybe next time I will tell you about the time I went by to see old Wiley, and asked his wife his whereabouts.
She shook her head and replied that he was in his shop, listening to the radio by candlelight. She was not lying
either! He was sitting in his shop with about 30 thermocouples he had made wired in series and formed into a
circle with the centers in a tight circle on a homemade stand. Under the stand, in the center, was a kerosene lamp
with the flame heating the thermocouples. 2 clip leads were hooked to a small transistor radio and he was
…fortunecity.com/…/capacitorcharger.… 1/3
enjoying the local country music station. He just winked at me and asked if I had ever enjoyed listening to the
radio by candlelight.
CU 73 AE4YW Mitch
Here is something along similar lines ,but I afraid I don't know much about it ,it might be worth a try.
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1/17/2010 Charles Flynn Parallel magnetic Path T…
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Flynn June 12, 2001
Methods for controlling the path of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet and devices
incorporating the same
Charles Flynn's own website with more on his device"
Abstract
A permanent magnet device includes a permanent magnet having north and south pole faces with a first pole
piece positioned adjacent one pole face thereof and a second pole piece positioned adjacent the other pole face
thereof so as to create at least two potential magnetic flux paths. A first control coil is positioned along one flux
path and a second control coil is positioned along the other flux path, each coil being connected to a control
circuit for controlling the energization thereof. The control coils may be energized in a variety of ways to achieved
desirable motive and static devices, including linear reciprocating devices, linear motion devices, rotary motion
devices and power conversion.
Inventors: Flynn; Charles J. (Greenwood, MO)

Assignee: Magnetic Revolutions Limited, L.L.C (St. Louis, MO)
Appl. No.: 127056
Filed: July 31, 1998
…fortunecity.com/…/parallel_path.html 1/62
Current U.S. Class: 361/147; 361/210

Intern'l Class: H02K 021/12
Field of Search: 361/143,147,206,210
361/143.
Primary Examiner: Fleming; Fritz
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Haverstock, Garrett and Roberts LLP
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A permanent magnet device, comprising a permanent magnet having north and south pole faces, a first pole
piece, a second pole piece, a first control coil, a second control coil, and circuit means, the first pole piece
positioned adjacent the north pole face of the permanent magnet and including a first path portion, a second path
portion and a third portion, the first path portion extending beyond a perimeter of the north pole face in one
direction and the second path portion extending beyond the perimeter of the north pole face in another direction
to define first and second flux paths for magnetic flux emanating from the north pole face of the permanent
magnet, the first path portion of the first pole piece connected to the second path portion of the first pole piece
by the third portion which extends across the north pole face of the permanent magnet, the second pole piece
positioned adjacent the south pole face and including a first path portion and a second path portion, the first path
portion extending beyond a perimeter of the south pole face and substantially aligned with the first path portion of
the first pole piece, the second path portion extending beyond the perimeter of the south pole face and
substantially aligned with the second path portion of the first pole piece, the first control coil positioned around
the first path portion of the first pole piece, the second control coil positioned around the second path portion of
the first pole piece, the circuit means connected to each of the first control coil and the second control coil to
alternatingly energize the first coil and the second coil in a timed sequential manner.
2. The permanent magnet device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the first control coil and the second control coil
are alternatingly energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner.
are alternatingly energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner.
4. The permanent magnet device as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a rotor member mounted on a shaft
for rotation therewith, the rotor member sized, shaped, and positioned to extend substantially from the first path
portion of the first pole piece to the first path portion of the second pole piece during at least some part of its
rotation.
5. The permanent magnet device as set forth in claim 4, wherein the rotor member is formed by at least one
permanent magnet.
6. The permanent magnet device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the second path portion of the first pole piece
and the second path portion of the second pole piece are positioned alongside the first path portion of the first
pole piece and the first path portion of the first pole piece.
7. The permanent magnet device as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a first bypass extending from the first
path portion of the first pole piece to the first path portion of the second pole piece, one end of the first bypass
positioned adjacent the first path portion of the first pole piece and between the permanent magnet and the first
control coil.
8. The permanent magnet device as set forth in claim 6, further comprising a second bypass extending from the
second path portion of the first pole piece to the second path portion of the second pole piece, one end of the
second bypass positioned adjacent the second path portion of the first pole piece and between the permanent
magnet and the second control coil.
9. The permanent magnet device as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a plurality of armatures arranged to
define a path of movement, wherein the second path portion of the first pole piece and the second path portion of
the second pole piece are positioned alongside the first path portion of the first pole piece and the first path
portion of the second pole piece, and wherein all of such pole piece path portions include an end face positioned
adjacent the path of movement defined by the plurality of armatures.
are simultaneously energized one in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner and one in a permanent
magnet magnetic flux opposing manner.
11. The permanent magnet device as set forth in claim 1, further comprising two shaft connected armatures
positionable adjacent the ends of the first and second pole pieces, wherein each of the armatures is formed by a
permanent magnet.
12. The permanent magnet device of claim 1 further comprising a first fixed armature extending between the first
path portion of the first pole piece to the first path portion of the second pole piece and a second fixed armature
extending between the second path portion on the first pole piece to the second path portion of the second pole
piece.
13. The permanent magnet device of claim 12 where a first secondary coil is wrapped around the first fixed
armature and a second secondary coil is wrapped around the second fixed armature.
14. The permanent magnet device of claim 13 including circuit means connected to the control coils to control the
energizing thereof to produce a varying flux in the armatures and to induce voltage in the secondary coils.
15. The permanent magnet device of claim 1 wherein there are at least two permanent magnets each having north
and south pole faces, the first pole piece being positioned extending between the north pole faces of the
permanent magnets and the second pole piece positioned extending between adjacent south pole faces of the
permanent magnets.
16. A method for controlling the path of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet, the method comprising the
steps of:
(a) placing a first pole piece adjacent a first pole face of the permanent magnet so as to have at least first and
second path portions extending beyond a perimeter of the first pole face;
(b) placing a second pole piece adjacent a second pole face of the permanent magnet so as to include at least
one portion which substantially aligns with the first and second path portions of the first pole piece;
(c) placing a first control coil along and around the first path portion of the first pole piece;
(d) placing a second control coil along and around the second path portion of the first pole piece;
(e) repeatedly energizing the first control coil in a permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner so as to
prevent magnetic flux of the permanent magnet from traversing the first path portion of the first pole piece; and
(f) repeatedly energizing the second control coil in a permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner so as to
prevent magnetic flux of the permanent magnet from traversing the second path portion of the first pole piece.
17. The method as set forth in claim 16 wherein the energization of steps (e) and (t) take place in a simultaneous
manner.
18. A method for controlling the path of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet, the method comprising the
steps of:
(d) placing a second control coil along and around the second path portion of the first pole piece; and
(e) alternatingly performing the following steps in a repeated manner:
(i) energizing the first control coil in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner so as to couple with
substantially all magnetic flux of the permanent magnet such that substantially no magnetic flux of the permanent
magnet traverses the second path portion of the first pole piece when the first control coil is so energized; and
(ii) energizing the second control coil in a permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner so as to couple with
magnet traverses the first path portion of the first pole piece when the second control coil is so energized.
19. A method for controlling the path of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet the method comprising the steps
of:
(d) placing a second control coil along and around the second path portion of the first pole piece; and
(e) alternatingly performing the following steps in a repeated manner:
(i) simultaneously energizing the first control coil in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner and the
second control coil in a permanent magnet flux opposing manner; and
(ii) simultaneously energizing the first control coil in a permanent magnet flux opposing manner and the second
control coil in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner.
20. A rotary motion device, comprising a rotor assembly including a shaft which defines an axis of rotation of the
assembly, a rotor pole piece mounted for rotation with the shaft, the rotor pole piece including an outer ring
portion having at least two path portions extending inwardly from a periphery of the outer ring portion;
a stator assembly including a permanent magnet having a generally ring-shaped configuration, a first pole face of
the permanent magnet positioned adjacent the outer ring portion of the rotor pole piece, the stator assembly
further comprising a stator pole piece including an outer ring portion positioned adjacent a second pole face of
the permanent magnet and having a plurality of path portions extending inwardly from the periphery, each path
portion further including a respective portion which extends toward a plane defined by the first pole face of the
permanent magnet and alignable with each of the rotor pole piece path portions at certain rotational positions of
the rotor pole piece, each path portion including a control coil positioned therealong;
and circuit means connected to each of the coils and including a source of electrical energy and switch means for
energizing respective ones of the control coils in a predetermined timed sequence based upon rotation of the
rotor assembly.
21. A rotary motion device, comprising:
a rotor assembly including a shaft which defines an axis of rotation of the assembly, a pair of spaced elongated
rotor members mounted on the shaft at spaced locations thereon and angularly oriented with respect to each
other, each of the elongated rotor members formed of a magnetic material;
a stator assembly including a permanent magnet having opposed first and second pole faces, a first pole piece
positioned adjacent the first pole face and a second pole piece positioned adjacent the second pole face, each
pole piece including a respective first path portion extending beyond a perimeter of its adjacent pole face and
having an arcuate shaped end portion, the first path portion of the first pole piece aligned with the first path
portion of the second pole piece, each pole piece further including a respective second path portion extending
beyond the perimeter of its adjacent pole face in a direction opposite to that of the first path portions and having
an arcuate shaped end portion, the second path portion of the first pole piece aligned with the second path
portion of the second pole piece, at least one of the first path portions of the first pole piece and the first path
portion of the second pole piece including a control coil mounted on at least one of the pole pieces, at least one
of the second path portions of the first pole piece and the second path portion of the second pole piece including
a control coil mounted on at least one of the pole pieces,
wherein the rotor assembly extends from end to end of the stator assembly such that the elongate members are
aligned with the arcuate shaped end portions of the path portions of the pole pieces;
and circuit means connected to each of the coils and including a source of electrical energy and switch means for
energizing respective ones of the control coils in a predetermined timed sequence based upon rotation of the
rotor assembly.
22. A rotary motion device comprising:
a rotor assembly including a shaft which defines an axis of rotation of the assembly, a ring-shaped rotor member
mounted for rotation with the shaft, the ring-shaped rotor member including a plurality of distinct circumferential
regions;
a stator assembly including a first permanent magnet, a first pole piece positioned against a first pole face and a
second pole piece positioned against a second pole face, the first pole piece including at least a first path portion
extending beyond a perimeter of the first pole face, the second pole piece including at least a first path portion
extending beyond a perimeter of the second pole face, the first path portion of the first pole piece aligned with the
first path portion of the second pole piece, at least a portion of the ring-shaped rotor member positioned
between the first path portion of the first pole piece and the first path portion of the second pole piece, at least
one of the first path portions of the first pole piece and the first path portion of the second pole piece including a
first control coil positioned at a point intermediate the first permanent magnet and the ring-shaped rotor member;
and circuit means connected to the first control coil and including a source of electrical energy and switch means
for energizing the first control coil in a predetermined timed manner based upon rotation of the rotor assembly.
23. The rotary motion device as set forth in claim 22, wherein the ring-shaped rotor member is formed by a
permanent magnet having distinct circumferential regions of opposite polarity.
24 . The rotary motion device as set forth in claim 23, wherein the first pole piece includes a second path
portion spaced from and extending adjacent to the first path portion, the second pole piece including a second
path portion spaced from and extending adjacent to the first path portion such that the second path portion of the
first pole piece is aligned with the second path portion of the second pole piece, at least a portion of the ring-
shaped permanent magnet rotor member positioned between the second path portion of the first pole piece and
the second path portion of the second pole piece, at least one of the second path portions of the first pole piece
and the second path portion of the second pole piece having a second control coil mounted on at least one of the
pole pieces at a point intermediate the first permanent magnet and the ring-shaped permanent magnet rotor
member, the second control coil connected to the circuit means so as to be energized in a predetermined timed
manner based upon rotation of the rotor assembly.
25. The rotary motion device as set forth in claim 22, wherein the stator assembly further comprises a second
permanent magnet, a third pole piece positioned adjacent a first pole face of the second permanent magnet and a
fourth pole piece positioned adjacent a second pole face of the second permanent magnet, the third pole piece
including at least a first path portion extending beyond a perimeter of the second permanent magnet first pole
face, the fourth pole piece including at least a first path portion extending beyond a perimeter of the second
permanent magnet second pole face, the first path portion of the third pole face aligned with the first path portion
of the fourth pole piece, at least a portion of the ring-shaped permanent magnet rotor member positioned
between the first path portion of the third pole piece and the first path portion of the fourth pole piece, at least
one of the first path portions of the third pole piece and the first path portion of the fourth pole piece including a
third control coil mounted on at least one of the pole pieces at a point intermediate the second permanent magnet
and the ring-shaped permanent magnet rotor member, the third pole piece including a second path portion
spaced from and extending adjacent to the first path portion the fourth pole piece including a second path portion
spaced from and extending adjacent to the first path portion thereof such that the second path portion of the third
pole piece is aligned with the second path portion of the fourth pole piece, at least a portion of the ring-shaped
permanent magnet rotor member positioned between the second path portion of the third pole piece and the
second path portion of the fourth pole piece, at least one of the second path portions of the third pole piece and
the second path portion of the fourth pole piece including a fourth control coil mounted on at least one of the pole
pieces at a point intermediate the second permanent magnet and the ring-shaped permanent magnet rotor
member, wherein each of the third and fourth control coils are connected to the circuit means so as to be
energized in a predetermined timed manner based upon rotation of the rotor assembly.
26. A device for producing rotary motion comprising:
a rotor assembly including a shaft which defines an axis of rotation for the assembly, a ring-shaped rotor member
mounted for rotation with the shaft, the ring-shaped rotor member having a plurality of distinct circumferentially
positioned regions extending around the axis, a stator assembly including a first permanent magnet, a first pole
piece positioned against the first pole face of the first pole piece and a second pole piece positioned against a
second pole face of the first pole piece, the first pole piece including at least a first path portion extending beyond
a perimeter of the first pole face, the second pole piece including at least a first path portion extending beyond the
perimeter of the second pole face, the first path portion of the first pole piece aligned with the first path portion of
the second pole piece, at least a portion of the ring-shaped rotor member positioned between the first path
portion of the first pole piece and the first path portion of the second pole piece, at least one of the first path
portions of the first pole piece and the first path portion of the second pole piece including a first control coil
mounted on at least one of the pole pieces at a point intermediate the first permanent magnet and the ring-shaped
rotor member; and circuit means connected to the first control coil and including a source of electrical energy and
switch means for energizing the first control coil in a predetermined timed manner based upon position of the
rotor assembly during rotation of the rotor assembly.
27. The device for producing rotary motion of claim 26 wherein the circuit means includes means for timing the
energizing of the first control coil includes means for adjusting the timing thereof.
28. The device for producing rotor motion of claim 26 including means to vary the flux generated in the first and
second pole pieces.
29. A device for handling the flux between two separate permanent magnets each of which has a north magnetic
pole adjacent one side face and the south magnetic pole adjacent to the opposite side face, the north and south
side pole faces respectively of both magnets being substantially in alignment, a first member in surface-to-surface
contact with the north magnetic faces of the spaced permanent magnets, a second member in surface-to-surface
contact with the south magnetic faces of the spaced permanent magnets, first and second armatures each
positioned adjacent opposite ends of the first and second permanent magnets and adjacent to opposite ends of
the spaced members, a coil mounted on each of the members in the space between the adjacent permanent
magnets, and means for applying voltages of predetermined polarities across the respective coils to change the
magnetic coupling between the permanent magnets and between the armatures.
30. A device for producing rotational movement comprising:
a rotor having a shaft rotatable about the axis thereof, a member constructed of permanent magnets mounted on
the shaft, said member having circumferential portions some of which have a north magnetic pole and others a
south magnetic pole adjacent to the same side thereof, the opposite surface of the permanent magnet member
having north magnetic poles opposite the south magnetic poles and south magnetic poles opposite the north
magnetic poles, a stator having a plurality of circumferentially spaced portions each of which includes at least one
permanent magnet and a pair of members mounted adjacent opposite sides of the permanent magnets, the
members being positioned adjacent to the periphery of the rotor permanent magnet member and means on the
member adjacent each opposite side of the stator permanent magnet for mounting a coil, and means for
energizing the coil on each stator portion in sequence to produce magnetic coupling force between the stator and
the rotor in a direction to produce rotating motion of the rotor.
31. A device including a rotating member and a stationary member, each having a permanent magnet portion
positioned to produce magnetic coupling force therebetween in predetermined positions thereof, the rotor
including a shaft rotatable about its axis and the permanent magnet extending around the shaft and formed by a
plurality of adjacent portions of permanent magnet material whereby adjacent portions have their north and south
magnetic pole faces on opposite sides of the rotor permanent magnet, a plurality of stator members each stator
member having at least one permanent magnet having a north magnetic pole adjacent one side and a south
magnetic pole adjacent to the opposite side, a pair of members positioned adjacent respective opposite sides of
the stator permanent magnet in position to extend to adjacent the rotor permanent magnet whereby a flux path is
formed between the members and the stator and rotor permanent magnets, a coil mounted on each member of
the stator and means for applying a voltage of predetermined polarity to each of said coils to control the flux
through a path between the permanent magnets and to control the coupling force between the permanent
magnets on the stator and the permanent magnets on the rotor.
32. A motion producing device comprising at least one permanent magnet having a north pole opposite and
spaced from a south pole, a pair of spaced substantially parallel members adjacent respectively the north and
south poles of the at least one permanent magnet and extending outwardly to substantially aligned opposite
edges, a flux supporting member positioned adjacent the respective opposite edges of each pair of parallel
members, a coil on selected ones of the parallel members, and a source of electrical energy connected to each of
the coils for energizing the coils to change the flux in the parallel members and in the flux supporting members.
33. The motion producing device of claim 32 wherein there are at least two spaced permanent magnets
extending between the parallel members.
34. The motion producing device of claim 32 wherein one of said pair of parallel members is subdivided into a
plurality of sidewardly extending portions extending to one of said opposite side edges, at least one of said coils
being positioned on at least one of said sidewardly extending portions.
35. The motion producing device of claim 34 wherein there are coils on a plurality of respective ones of the
sidewardly extending portions.
36. The motion producing device of claim 32 wherein the permanent magnet and the parallel members are
annular in shape.
37. The motion producing device of claim 32 including a by-pass member extending between the pair of spaced
substantial parallel members adjacent one side of the permanent magnet.
38. A permanent magnet device comprising at least two permanent magnets each having north and south pole
faces, a first pole piece, a second pole piece, a first control coil, a second control coil and circuit means, the first
pole piece positioned adjacent the north pole faces of the at least two permanent magnets and including a first
path portion, a second path portion and a third path portion, the first path portion extending beyond the
perimeter of the north pole faces and the second path portion extending beyond the perimeter of the north pole
faces to define first and second flux paths for magnetic flux emitting from the north pole faces of the at least two
permanent magnets, the first path portion of the first pole piece connected to the second path portion of the first
pole piece by a third portion which extends across the north pole face of the at least two permanent magnets, the
second pole piece positioned adjacent to the south pole faces of the at least two permanent magnets and
including a first path portion and a second path portion, the first path portion extending beyond a perimeter of the
south pole faces and substantially aligned with the first path portion of the first pole piece, the second path
portion extending beyond the perimeter of the south pole faces and substantially aligned with the second path
portion of the first pole piece, the first control coil positioned around the first path portion of the first pole piece,
the second control coil positioned around the second path portion of the first pole piece, and the circuit means
connected to each of the first control coil and the second control coil to alternatingly energize the first coil and the
second coil in a timed sequential manner.
39. The permanent magnet device of claim 38 further comprising a first fixed armature extending between the first
path portion of the first pole piece to the first path portion of the second pole piece and a second fixed armature
extending between the second path portion of the first pole piece to the second path portion of the second pole
piece.
40. The permanent magnet device of claim 39 where a first secondary coil is wrapped around the first fixed
armature and a second secondary coil is wrapped around the second fixed armature.
41. The permanent magnet device of claim 40 including circuit means connected to the control coils to control the
energizing thereof to produce a varying flux in the armatures and to induce voltage in the secondary coils.
42. The permanent magnet device of claim 38 wherein there are at least two permanent magnets each having
north and south pole faces, the first pole piece being positioned extending between the north pole faces of the
permanent magnets and the second pole piece positioned extending between the south pole faces of the
permanent magnets.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to permanent magnet devices and more particularly, to a permanent magnet
control component in which the flow of flux from a permanent magnet is controlled between two or more flux
paths by utilizing timed delivery of electrical signals through one or more coils placed along at least one of the flux
paths. Such permanent magnet control components may take on a variety of configurations facilitating use of such
components in a variety of applications including applications involving the production of reciprocating, linear,
and rotary motion and power conversion. Several novel permanent magnet rotary motion devices of motor
constructions which operate by controlling the path of magnetic flux from one or more permanent magnets are
described, such permanent magnet rotary motor constructions having increased efficiency and more desirable
torque characteristics as compared to many currently used motors.
Magnetic force of attraction is commonly used in a variety of types of permanent magnet devices including both
linear and rotary motors. In the field of such permanent magnet devices there is a continuous pursuit of increased
efficiency and reduced complexity.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a permanent magnet control component in which the
path of a given level of permanent magnet flux can be controlled by a lesser level of electromagnetic flux.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a permanent magnet control component in which
substantially all of the flux from a permanent magnet can be switched between at least two different flux paths of
the permanent magnet control component so as to enable useful work in the form of linear, reciprocating, and
rotary motion.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide permanent magnet control components and motor
constructions in which flux path control is provided by energizing an 10 electromagnet to oppose the magnetic
flux of one or more permanent magnets.
Another object of the present invention is to provide permanent magnet control components and motor
constructions in which flux path control is provided by energizing an electromagnet to aid the magnetic flux of one
or more permanent magnets.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide permanent magnet motor 15 constructions with
improved operating characteristics.
These and other objects of the invention are attained by an apparatus which, in one aspect, is a permanent
magnet device, comprising a permanent magnet having north and south pole faces, a first pole piece, a second
pole piece, a first control coil, a second control coil, and circuit means, the first pole piece positioned adjacent
the north pole face of the permanent magnet and including a first path portion, a second path portion and a third
portion, the first path portion extending beyond a perimeter of the north pole face and the second path portion
extending beyond the perimeter of the north pole face to define first and second flux paths for magnetic flux
emanating from the north pole face of the permanent magnet, the first path portion of the first pole piece
connected to the second path portion of the first pole piece by the third portion which extends across the north
pole face of the permanent magnet, the second pole piece positioned adjacent the south pole face and including a
first path portion and a second path portion, the first path portion extending beyond a perimeter of the south pole
face and substantially aligned with the first path portion of the first pole piece, the second path portion extending
beyond the perimeter of the south pole face and substantially aligned with the second path portion of the first pole
piece, the first control coil positioned around the first path portion of the first pole piece, the second control coil
positioned around the second path portion of the first pole piece, the circuit means connected to each of the first
control coil and the second control coil to alternatingly energize the first coil and the second coil in a timed
sequential manner.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for controlling the path of magnetic flux from a
permanent magnet which involves placing a first pole piece adjacent a first pole face of the permanent magnet so
as to have at least first and second path portions extending beyond a perimeter of the first pole face. A second
pole piece is placed adjacent a second pole face of the permanent magnet so as to include at least one portion
which substantially aligns with the first and second path portions of the first pole piece. A first control coil is
placed along and around the first path portion of the first pole piece and a second control coil is placed along and
around the second path portion of the first pole piece. The first control coil is repeatedly energized in a
permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner so as to prevent magnetic flux of the permanent magnet from
traversing the first path portion of the first pole piece, and the second control coil is repeatedly energized in a
permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner so as to prevent magnetic flux of the permanent magnet from
traversing the second path portion of the first pole piece.
Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a method for controlling the path of magnetic flux from a
permanent magnet by placing a first pole piece adjacent a first pole face of the permanent magnet so as to have
at least first and second path portions extending beyond a perimeter of the first pole face. A second pole piece is
placed adjacent a second pole face of the permanent magnet so as to include at least one portion which
substantially aligns with the first and second path portions of the first pole piece. A first control coil is placed
along and around the first path portion of the first pole piece, and a second control coil is placed along and
around the second path portion of the first pole piece. The following steps are alternatingly performed in a
repeated manner:
A further aspect of the present invention provides method for controlling the path of magnetic flux from a
permanent magnet by placing a first pole piece adjacent a first pole face of the permanent magnet so as to have
at least first and second path portions extending beyond a perimeter of the first pole face, and placing a second
pole piece adjacent a second pole face of the permanent magnet so as to include at least one portion which
substantially aligns with the first and second path portions of the first pole piece. A first control coil is placed
along and around the first path portion of the first pole piece, and a second control coil is placed along and
around the second path portion of the first pole piece. The following steps are alternatingly performed in a
repeated manner:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
For a better understanding of the present invention reference may be made to the accompanying drawings in
which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a magnetic device in which the magnetic flux from a magnetic member traverse a
single path to produce a coupling force;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a magnetic device in which the magnetic flux from a magnetic member splits
between two paths;
FIG. 3 is a side view of two magnetic members arrange in parallel between pole pieces;
FIG. 4 is a side view of two magnetic members arranged in series between pole pieces;
FIGS. 5-6 are side views of a permanent magnet device including a permanent magnet having pole pieces
positioned against the pole faces thereof and including a movable armature;
FIGS. 7-9 are side views of a permanent magnet device including a permanent magnet having pole pieces
positioned against the pole faces thereof to provide two magnetic flux paths and including a movable armature
positionable along each magnetic flux path;
FIGS. 10, 10A-10H are perspective views of various embodiments of permanent magnet 5 control components
which include two or more magnetic flux paths;
FIGS. 11, 11A-11F are side views of a permanent magnet device including a permanent magnet having pole
pieces positioned against the pole faces thereof and including a movable armature and a permanent bypass
extending between the pole pieces;
FIGS. 12, 12A-12E are side views of a two path permanent magnet device including two bypasses;
FIGS. 13A-13C are side views of a permanent magnet linear reciprocating device;
FIG. 14 is a side view of an electromagnetic linear reciprocating device;
FIG. 15 is a side view of a two path permanent magnet device showing control coils energized in an exceeding
manner;
FIGS. 16A-E are a side view of a linear reciprocating device with control coils energized in an exceeding
manner;
FIGS. 17A-17D depict another embodiment of a linear reciprocating device;
FIGS. 18A-18E show a linear motion device;
FIG. 19 is an exploded perspective view of a rotary motion device;
FIG. 20 is a partial assembled and cut away view of the rotary motion device of FIG. 19;
FIGS. 21A-21E are top views of the partial assembly of FIG. 20, which views depict rotational motion thereof,
FIG. 22 is an assembled, cut-away view of the rotary motion device of FIG. 19 including a housing;
FIG. 23 is an exploded perspective view of another embodiment of a rotary motion device;
FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the rotary motion device of FIG. 23 as assembled;
FIGS. 25A-25B are end views of the rotary motion device of FIG. 24 with the end cap removed to expose the
rotor member;
FIGS. 26-28 show end views of various configurations for skewing the direction of rotation in the rotary motion
device of FIG. 24;
FIGS. 29A-29D are end views of the rotary motion device of FIG. 24 illustrating a sequence of rotational
movement thereof;
FIG. 30 is an exploded partial perspective view of another embodiment of a rotary motion device;
FIG. 31 is a perspective view of the rotary motion device of FIG. 30 as assembled
FIGS. 32A-32D are top views of the rotary motion device of FIG. 31 illustrating rotational movement thereof;
FIG. 33 is a side view of the rotary motion device of FIG. 31 as assembled and including a housing;
FIG. 34 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a rotary motion device;
FIG. 35 is a top view of the rotary motion device of FIG. 34;
FIG. 36 is a perspective view of the permanent magnet rotor member of the rotary motion device of FIG. 34;
FIGS. 37 and 38 show alternative configurations for the control component incorporated into the rotary motion
device of FIG. 34;
FIGS. 39A-39D are top views of the rotary motion device of FIG. 34 and depict rotational movement thereof;
FIGS. 40-44 are alternative variations of circuit means for controlling the timed energization of control coils in the
various devices of the present invention;
FIGS. 45A-45C and 45X-45Z are side views of two path power conversion devices;
FIG. 46 is a schematic view of the permanent magnet portion of a rotor for use in some embodiments of the
present device;
FIGS. 47 and 48 show other embodiments of a linear motion device;
FIG. 49 is a top view of another embodiment of a rotating motor like construction; and
FIG. 50 is a schematic view of one of the three stator portions of the device shown in FIG. 49.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Referring now to the drawings, FIGS. 1-4 are provided to facilitate an understanding of various aspects or
features of the technology utilized in the present invention. FIG. 1 depicts a device 10 having a magnetic flux
producing member 12 which may be a permanent magnet or electromagnet with magnetic poles 14 and 16 as
shown. Pole pieces 18 and 20 are positioned adjacent respective poles 14 and 16 to provide a path for the
magnetic flux of member 12. Each pole piece 18 and 20 includes a respective pole piece end face 22 and 24. As
used throughout this specification it is understood that a pole piece, regardless of its shape or size, is preferably
formed of soft iron, steel or some other magnetic material, with the preferred material being one which provides
low reluctance, exhibits low hysterisis, and has a high magnetic flux density capability. Accordingly, the various
pole pieces disclosed and described herein could likewise be of laminate type construction. Referring again to
FIG. 1 an armature 26, also formed of magnetic material, is shown with end faces 28 and 30 which are
positioned and sized for being placed adjacent pole piece end faces 22 and 24, such that when so positioned a
substantially continuous low reluctance path 32 is provided for magnetic flux from north pole 14, through pole
piece 18, through armature 26, through pole piece 16, and to south pole 16. The magnetic flux traveling along
such path 32 results in a force which tends to hold armature 26 in position adjacent pole piece end faces 22 and
24. The resulting magnetic coupling or holding force F provided between adjacent pole piece end face 22 and
armature end face 28, and between adjacent pole piece end face 24 and armature end face 30, can be
approximated by the following equation:
F=B.sup.2 A/2.mu..sub.0,
where B is the magnetic flux density passing through the adjacent end faces and where A is the surface area of
the adjacent end faces. Assuming B uniform throughout flux path 32 and the area A of all end faces 22, 24, 28,
and 30 to be the same, the total holding force F.sub.T26 of armature 26 against pole pieces 18 and 20 will be:
F.sub.T26 =B.sup.2 A/.mu..sub.0.
In FIG. 2 a device 40 having the same magnetic flux producing member 12 with magnetic poles 14 and 16 is
shown. Pole pieces 42 and 44 are positioned adjacent respective pole faces 14 and 16 to provide two paths, as
opposed to one above, for the magnetic flux of member 12. In particular, pole piece 42 includes a first path
portion 46 extending beyond a perimeter of north pole face 14 in one direction and a second path portion 48
extending beyond the perimeter of north pole face 14 in another direction. Similarly, pole piece 44 includes a first
path portion 50 extending beyond the perimeter of south pole face 16 in one direction and a second path portion
52 extending beyond the perimeter of south pole face 16 in another direction. Each pole piece path portion 46,
48, 50, 52 includes a respective end face. A first armature 54 is positionable adjacent the end faces of pole piece
path portions 48 and 52 to provide a first magnetic flux path 56 and a second armature 58 is positionable
adjacent the end faces of pole piece path portions 46 and 50 to provide a second magnetic flux path 60. If the
flux carrying area along flux paths 56 and 60 is the same as the flux carrying area along flux path 32 of FIG. 1,
the magnetic flux density along each flux path 56 and 60 will be one-half the magnetic flux density along flux path
32 of FIG. 1 because the same amount of flux is split between two like paths. The effect of dividing a given
amount of magnetic flux along two like flux paths instead of along one flux path can be seen by examining the
holding force on armature 54 as compared to the holding force on armature 26 of FIG. 1. As already noted the
magnetic flux density along path 56 will be one-half that along flux path 32 and thus the total holding force
F.sub.T54 can be determined as:
F.sub.T54 =(B/2)2A/,.mu..sub.0 =B.sup.2 A/4.mu..sub.0 =F.sub.T26 /4.
It is therefore seen that dividing the same amount of magnetic flux along two flux paths rather than along one flux
path reduces the magnetic holding or coupling force on an armature by one-fourth rather than one-half as might
have been expected. This unexpected magnetic holding or coupling force differential, resulting from multiple flux
paths, can provide advantageous properties in linear, reciprocating, and rotary motion devices.
Referring now to FIGS. 3-4, the behavior of multiple magnetic flux sources arranged in parallel and series is
described as compared to a single flux source. When identical flux sources or magnetic flux producing members
70 and 72 are positioned in parallel as shown in FIG. 3 with pole pieces 74 and 76 positioned adjacent the poles
thereof to provide a flux path through armature 78, the flux density B through armature 78 is double what the flux
density would be if only one magnetic flux producing member were present. However, the field intensity H
resulting from the two members 70 and 72 remains unchanged. This result holds true regardless of whether
members 70 and 72 are both permanent magnets, are both electromagnets, or are a combination of one
permanent magnet and one electromagnet. On the other hand, the properties resulting from magnetic flux
producing members 80 and 82 arranged pole-to-pole in series between pole pieces 84 and 86, with armature
88, as shown in FIG. 4, will vary depending on the nature of the members 80 and 82.
In a first case, if both members 80 and 82 are permanent magnets, the magnetic field intensity H resulting from
the two permanent magnets will be double that of one permanent magnet and the flux density B through armature
88 will be the same as what the flux density would be if only one permanent magnet type member were present.
In a second case, if both members 80 and 82 are electromagnets, the field intensity H again doubles and the flux
density B increases according to the B/H curve or relationship of the pole piece 84, 86 and armature 88
materials.
In a third case, if member 80 is a permanent magnet and member 82 is an electromagnet, the field intensity H
again doubles, but, since the permanent magnet is near flux density saturation B.sub.r the flux density can only be
increased from B.sub.r to B.sub.max of the permanent magnet. At the point where electromagnet-type member
82 contacts permanent magnet-type member 80 the flux from the electromagnet-type member 82 couples with
the flux of the permanent magnet-type member 82 until the flux density through permanent magnet-type member
80 reaches B.sub.max. At that point additional flux from electromagnet-type member 82 does not contribute to
the flux density along the flux path unless a bypass path around the permanent magnet-type member is provided.
Use of such bypass paths will be described hereinbelow.
Controlling the flow of flux along both one and multiple flux paths is best described with reference to FIGS. 5-9.
In FIGS. 5 and 6 a permanent magnet device 90 including a permanent magnet 92 having pole pieces 94 and 96
positioned adjacent the pole faces thereof and an armature 98 completing a low reluctance path 104 from pole to
pole is shown. Control coils 100, 102 are positioned along path 104. When control coils 100, 102 are not
energized, the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 92 follows path 104 as shown and armature 98 is held in place
against pole pieces 94, 96 due to the resulting magnetic coupling forces. However, if coils 100, 102 are
energized to provide an equal but opposing magnetic flux to that of permanent magnet 92, the result is that the
magnetic flux of permanent magnet 92 is blocked and no magnetic flux traverses the path which includes
armature 98 and therefore no magnetic coupling forces act on armature 98 allowing it to fall away as shown in
FIG. 6. The permanent magnet device 90 is useful, although as will become apparent below, it is more
advantageous to provide multiple flux paths rather than one.
In this regard, in FIG. 7 a permanent magnet device 110 includes a permanent magnet 112 having pole pieces
114, 116 positioned adjacent the pole faces thereof with armatures 118, 120 completing two low reluctance
paths 130, 132 from pole to pole thereof. Control coils 122, 124 are positioned along path 130 and control coils
126, 128 are positioned along path 132. The two paths provided are assumed to be of equal reluctance. With no
coils energized, the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 112 divides equally along flux path 130 and along flux
path 132 such that both armatures 118, 120 are subjected to a magnetic coupling force which holds them in
place against pole pieces 114, 116.
If coils 122, 124 are energized to provide a magnetic flux equal to but opposing the magnetic flux which travels
along flux path 130 from permanent magnet 112 when no coils are energized, the result is that the magnetic flux
of permanent magnet 112 is blocked and no magnetic flux traverses the path which includes armature 118 and
therefore no magnetic coupling forces act on armature 118 allowing it to fall away as shown in FIG. 8. Further,
the magnetic flux traversing path 132 will be double that of when no coils are energized and therefore the
magnetic coupling force on armature 120 will be about four (4) times that of when no coils are energized. By
energizing coils 126, 128 in an opposing manner a similar result would be achieved such that armature 120 would
fall away and such that the magnetic coupling force on armature 118 would be increased.
If coils 122, 124 are energized to provide a magnetic flux equal to and aiding the magnetic flux which travels
along flux path 130 when no coils are energized, the result is that the control coils couple completely with the
magnetic flux of permanent magnet 112 and no magnetic flux traverses the path which includes armature 120 and
therefore no magnetic coupling forces act on armature 120 allowing it to fall away as shown in FIG. 9. Further,
the magnetic flux traversing path 130 will be double that of when no coils are energized and therefore the
magnetic coupling force on armature 118 will be about four (4) times that when no coils are energized. By
energizing coils 126, 128 in an aiding manner a similar result would be achieved such that armature 118 would
fall away and the magnetic coupling force on armature 120 would be increased.
Based on the foregoing it is seen that the full magnetic coupling force available from the permanent magnet 112
can be switched from one path to another path by the application of one half the power it would require for a coil
alone to produce the same magnetic flux along one path. The ability to easily switch the full magnetic coupling
force from one path to another allows for efficient reciprocating, linear, and rotary motion and power conversion
to be achieved.
The basic device utilized to achieve permanent magnet flux division and to control such permanent magnet flux
division is defined herein as a "permanent magnet control component," various configurations of which are shown
by way of example only, and not by way of limitation, in FIGS. 10A-10F. FIG. 10A depicts a permanent
magnet control component 150 in which pole pieces 152 and 154 are positioned adjacent the pole faces of
permanent magnet 156 to provide two magnetic flux paths extending from opposite sides of permanent magnet.
Control coils 158 are positioned along each path. FIG. 10B depicts a permanent magnet control component 160
in which pole pieces 162 and 164 are positioned against the pole faces of permanent magnet 166 to provide two
spaced, adjacent magnetic flux paths extending from the same side of permanent magnet 166. Control coils 168
are positioned along each path. FIG. 10C depicts a permanent magnet control component 170 in which pole
pieces 172 and 174 are configured so as to be positioned adjacent the pole faces of permanent magnet 176 so
as to provide four flux paths, each flux path extending in a respective direction from permanent magnet 176.
Control coils 178 are also positioned along each path. FIG. 10D depicts another four path configuration of a
permanent magnet control component 180 in which pole pieces 182, 184 are configured and positioned to
provide four flux paths for permanent magnet 186, with a pair of spaced, adjacent flux paths extending from each
side of permanent magnet 186. Control coils 188 are positioned along each path. FIG. 10E depicts another four
path configuration of a permanent magnet control component 190 in which all four flux paths formed by pole
pieces 192, 194 extend from one side of permanent magnet 196. Again, control coils 198 are positioned along
each flux path. FIG. 10F still further depicts a four path configuration of a permanent magnet control component
200 in which pole pieces 202, 204 extend to one side of permanent magnet 206, with pole piece 202 defining
four flux paths and with pole piece 204 including a continuous return path. Control coils 208 are positioned along
each path of pole piece 202. Many other variations are possible.
Accordingly, it is seen that a variety of different configurations of permanent magnet control components in
accordance with the present invention are possible. The important considerations for division of permanent
magnet flux in such permanent magnet control components include extending each pole piece to or beyond the
outer perimeter of the pole face of the permanent magnet in each region where a flux path is intended and
assuring that the pole face of the permanent magnet intersects each of the flux paths. It is not necessary for each
pole piece to include the same number of path portions extending beyond the perimeter of the respective
permanent magnet pole face as noted with reference to permanent magnet control component 200. Although two
control coils are shown along each of the flux paths in FIGS. 10A-10E it is apparent from component 200 in
FIG. 10F that one control coil positioned along a flux path is generally sufficient for purposes of the present
invention. Further, although in the illustrated configurations each pole piece is positioned to contact a respective
pole face of the permanent magnet, a small spacing between a pole piece and its adjacent permanent magnet
pole face could be provided, particularly in applications where relative movement between the subject pole piece
and the permanent magnet will occur.
In its simplest form a two path permanent magnet control component only requires one control coil positioned
along one of the control paths to permit the magnetic flux of a permanent magnet to be switched between the two
paths. In particular, a side view of such a two path component 210 is shown in FIG. 10G and includes a
permanent magnet 211 pole pieces 212 and 213, and control coil 214 which may be connected to a suitable
control circuit. By alternating energizing control coil 214 in an opposing manner and an aiding manner the
magnetic flux of permanent magnet can be switched between the path including armature 215 and the path
including armature 216. When control coil 214 is energized in an opposing manner the magnetic flux will traverse
the path including armature 215 and when control coil 214 is energized in an aiding manner the magnetic flux will
traverse the path including armature 216. Control coil 214 could also be placed at anyone of positions 217, 218,
or 219 to achieve the flux path switching. Further, in the two coils embodiment shown in FIG. 10H control coil
217 is added. In such a device flux switching can be achieved by simultaneously energizing control coil 214 in a
flux aiding manner and control coil 217 in a flux opposing manner, and by then simultaneously reversing the
energization of the respective control coils 214 and 217.
Reference is made to FIGS. 11A-11F which depict devices similar to that of FIGS. 5-6 except that a bypass,
formed of magnetic material, is provided in each case. In device 220 of FIGS. 11A-11C a bypass 222 is
provided from pole piece 224 to pole piece 226 and is located between permanent magnet 228 and control coils
230, 232, with armature 234 located adjacent the ends of pole pieces 224, 226. In FIG. 11A with no coil
energization, magnet flux components 236 and 237 travel as shown. When coils 230 and 232 are energized in an
aiding or adding manner as in FIG. 11B, the result is permanent magnet magnetic flux components 236 and 237
traveling as shown, and with the added magnetic flux component 238 from coils 230 and 232 also traveling as
shown. Thus, in device 220 energizing the coils in an aiding manner results in an increased magnetic coupling
force on armature 234. In FIG. 11C coils 230, 232 are energized in an opposing exceeding manner which results
in permanent magnetic flux components 236 and 237 traveling as shown and excess magnetic flux component
238 traveling as shown. Thus, in device 220 energizing the coils in an opposing exceeding manner results in
magnetic coupling force on armature 234, albeit smaller than that in the aiding exceeding case.
In device 240 of FIGS. 11D-11F a bypass 242 is provided between pole piece 244 and pole piece 246 but is
located on an opposite side of permanent magnet 248 as compared to control coils 250, 252 and armature 254.
Permanent magnet flux components 256 and 257 are shown for no coil energization in FIG. 11D. In FIG. 11E
the paths of permanent magnet flux components 256 and 257, as well as excess coil magnetic flux 258, are
shown when coils 250, 252 are energized in an aiding exceeding manner. In FIG. 11F the path of each magnetic
flux component 256, 257, and 258 is shown when coils 230, 232 are energized in an opposed exceeding
manner.
FIGS. 12A-12E depict a device 270 similar to that shown in FIGS. 7-9 except that bypasses 272 and 274 are
provided from pole piece 276 to pole piece 278. Bypass 272 is located between permanent magnet 280 and
control coils 282, 284 and bypass 274 is located between permanent magnet 280 and control coils 286, 288.
Armatures 290 and 292 are also provided. When no coils are energized permanent magnet magnetic flux
components 294, 296, 298, and 300 travel as shown in FIG. 12A.
If coils 282, 284 are energized in an opposing manner permanent magnet flux components 295, 297, and 299
travel as shown, with no flux component traversing the path which includes armature 290 and therefore no
magnetic coupling force acting thereon. This would be the case for when coils 282, 284 are energized to the level
where the coils magnetic flux just blocks, but does not exceed, the magnetic flux component 294 (FIG. 12A)
from permanent magnet 280. If, however, coils 282, 284 are energized in an opposed exceeding manner an
excess coil magnetic flux component 301 is produced which travels a path including armature 290 and bypass
272 results as shown in FIG. 12C.
Coils 286, 288 may be energized in an aiding manner such that all permanent magnet magnetic flux travels along
the path which includes armature 292 as shown in FIG. 12D. If coils 286, 288 are energized in excess of the
level of FIG. 12D then the excess magnetic flux component 304 traverses the path which includes armature 292
and bypass 274 as shown in FIG. 12E, thereby increasing the magnetic coupling force on armature 292 as
compared to FIG. 12D. The advantage of incorporating such bypasses into permanent magnet control
components in certain applications will become apparent below.
Reciprocating Motion
As mentioned above, controlling the path of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet can be useful in a variety of
applications such as achieving reciprocating motion. In this regard, if the device 110 of FIGS. 7-9 is modified
such that armatures 118 and 120 are fixed to a sliding shaft 320 as shown in FIGS. 13A-13C, and if the distance
between the armatures is greater than the end to end length of pole pieces 114, 116, limited linear motion in two
directions (left and right in FIGS. 13A-13C), and therefore linear reciprocating motion, can be achieved by the
timed, alternate delivery of electrical signals to control coils 122, 124 and control coils 126, 128. By way of
example, FIG. 13A represents the position of shaft connected armatures 118, 120 when coils 122, 124 are
energized in an opposing manner to block the flux of permanent magnet 112 such that all magnetic flux traverses
path 132 as shown and such that the resulting magnetic coupling force acts to the left as indicated by arrow 322.
As shown in FIG. 13B when coils 122, 124 are de-energized the magnetic flux from permanent magnet 112 can
again travel along path 130 through armature 118. However, due to the air gap 324 between armature 118 and
pole pieces 114, 116 the reluctance along path 130 will be significantly greater than the reluctance along path
132. Accordingly, the amount of magnetic flux which flows along path 130 will be less than the amount of
magnetic flux which flows along path 132 such that the magnetic coupling force on armature 118 acting to the
right will be significantly less than the magnetic coupling force on armature 120 acting to the left as shown by
arrows 326 and 328, which arrows are sized to represent the strength of the respective directional force. FIG.
13C represents the position of shaft connected armatures 118, 120 after coils 126, 128 are energized in a
manner to oppose the flux of permanent magnet 112 such that all flux traverses path 130 and the resulting
magnetic coupling force on armature 118, depicted by arrow 330, moves the shaft 10 connected armatures 118,
120 to the right.
Control coils 122, 124 and 126, 128 could also be energized in a flux aiding manner to achieve the same result.
In such a device, FIG. 13A would represent coils 126, 128 energized to aid magnetic flux along path 132, FIG.
13B would again represent no coils energized, and FIG. 13C would represent coils 122, 124 energized to aid
magnetic flux along path 130.
Thus, by alternatingly energizing and de-energizing control coils 122, 124 and 126, 128 a linear reciprocating
motion of shaft connected armatures 118, 120 may be achieved. Further, such reciprocating motion may be
achieved by energizing the coils in either an opposing or aiding manner. The magnetic coupling force exerted on a
given armature when 20 the control coils are energized to establish all magnetic flux along a single path which
includes that armature is significantly greater than the magnetic coupling force which would be exerted on such
armature by an identical energization of the control coils in the absence of the permanent magnet. This is
demonstrated with reference to FIG. 14 which depicts a reciprocating device 340 in which only coils or
electromagnets are utilized. As shown armatures 342 and 344 are connected by shaft 346, and each armature
342, 344 includes a respective U-shaped pole path piece 348, 350 which pole path pieces are mechanically
connected by a non-magnetic material 352. Each pole path piece 348 and 350 has respective control coils 354,
356 and 358, 360 positioned therealong. By comparison with the device of FIGS. 13A-13C, if coils 358, 360
of device 340 are energized to cause magnetic flux flow in either direction, clockwise or counterclockwise, along
path 362, the amount of electrical energy which would be required in order to achieve the same magnetic
coupling force on armature 344 as achieved on armature 120 above in FIG. 13A would be twice that delivered
to coils 122, 124 or 126, 128 in FIG. 13A. It is therefore demonstrated that by controlling or switching the flow
of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet between at least two different paths results in greater coupling forces
per unit of input electrical energy, and therefore that such control or switching will enable more work to be
achieved per unit of input electrical energy.
As described above, if a coil is energized beyond the point where the magnetic flux produced by the coil aiding
the amount of the permanent magnet's flux that is either opposed or aided, the extra magnetic flux needs a low
reluctance path between the poles of the coil that produces the excess magnetic flux. If a complete low
reluctance path is not provided for the excess magnetic flux there is little potential for taking advantage of the
excess magnetic flux in terms of producing additional magnetic coupling forces. The path for such excess flux
cannot be through a permanent magnet member. In assemblies which include an armature on each path, the
armature will provide the necessary low reluctance path. Referring to FIG. 15, various components of the
magnetic flux in device 110 (FIGS. 7-9) are depicted by numerals 380, 382, and 384 for the case when coils
122, 124 are energized to oppose the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 112 in an amount which exceeds the
level of magnetic flux which permanent magnet 112 would cause to flow through armature 118 when no coils are
energized. FIG. 15 is likewise representative of the case when coils 126, 128 are energized to aid the magnetic
flux of permanent magnet 112 in an amount which exceeds the level of magnetic flux which permanent magnet
112 would cause to flow through armature 118 when no coils are energized. In particular, magnetic flux
component 380 represents the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 112 which normally flows through the path
including armature 120; magnetic flux component 382 represents the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 112
which is diverted by the opposing field of coils 122, 124 so as to traverse the path which includes armature 120;
and magnetic flux component 384 represents the magnetic flux produced by coils 122, 124 which is in excess of
the diverted magnetic flux 382. As shown, the excess magnetic flux 384 produced by coils 122, 124 traverses
the path which includes armature 120 and bypasses permanent magnet 112 so as to also traverse the path which
includes armature 118. Thus, the excess magnetic flux produced by coils 122, 124 adds to the permanent
magnet flux traversing the path which includes armature 120, thus increasing the magnetic coupling force on
armature 120, while at the same time providing a magnetic coupling force on armature 118.
In a reciprocating device where armatures 118 and 120 are connected by shaft 320 as shown in FIGS. 13A-
13C and again in FIG. 16, excess magnetic flux 384 will increase magnetic coupling force 390 on armature 120
acting to the left. However, because such excess flux 384 also traverses the path which includes armature 118,
such excess magnetic flux 384 also results in a magnetic coupling force 392 on armature 118 which acts to the
right. Even though excess magnetic flux 384 traversing the path which includes an armature 118 has an opposite
polarity to that which would traverse the path due to permanent magnet 112, the magnetic coupling force on
armature 118 still acts to the right because armature 118 is not polarity sensitive, that is, armature 118 will be
attracted regardless of the direction of the magnetic flux traversing the path. The overall effect is that a resultant
force which is the difference between force 390 and force 392 will act on the shaft-connected armatures 118,
120. However, if armatures 118 and 120 were formed by permanent magnets having polarities as shown at the
top and bottom of such armatures, the force acting on each armature would be in the same direction and
therefore additive.
In this regard reference is made to FIG. 16B in which a two path device 371 having four control coils 373, 375,
377 and 379 is shown with the illustrated armatures being formed by permanent magnets 381 and 383 having
polarities as shown. With no coils energized both permanent magnet armatures 381 and 383 are attracted to the
ends of pole pieces 385 and 387. With coils 373375 energized in an opposing manner and coils 377, 379
energized in an aiding manner, the attractive force on permanent magnet armature 383 will generally increase and
the attractive force on permanent magnet armature 381 will generally decrease. This is demonstrated with
reference to the graph of FIG. 16C which depicts a graph of the current flowing in the control coils on the x-axis
verses the magnetic flux in gauss on the y-axis with line 389 representing the flux along the aiding side of device
371 and line 391 representing the flux along the opposing side of device 371. As shown the magnetic flux on the
coil opposing side decreases as the coil current increases and passed through zero at point 393. After point 393
reverse magnetic flux begins to be produced and would result in a repelling force on permanent magnet armature
381. In some applications particularly those where permanent magnet armatures and rotors are not utilized, it will
be critical to recognize point 393 so that reverse magnetic flux is not produced. In this regard reference is made
to FIGS. 16D and 16E in which use of Hall Effect switches 401 and 403 is incorporated to enable controlling the
coil energizing current in situations where it is desirable to prevent reverse magnetic flux. As shown small
bypasses 405 and 407 are provided with Hall Effect switches 401 and 403 disposed in gaps therealong, the
switches being connected to control circuit 409. As the flux traveling along the bypass path falls to zero the Hall
Effect switch can be utilized to prevent further energization of the control coils so that no reverse flux is created.
Another embodiment of a device 400 which would provide reciprocating motion is shown in FIGS. 17A-17D in
which a permanent magnet control component 402 having two flux paths may is provided. A first pole piece 404
has two spaced, adjacent path portions 406 and 408 extending beyond the perimeter of the pole face of
permanent magnet 410, and a second pole piece 412 includes only one continuous portion 414 extending
beyond the perimeter of the pole face of permanent magnet 410, each path portion 406 and 408 of pole piece
404 being substantially aligned with at least a part of portion 414 of pole piece 412. Control coil 416 is
positioned along pole piece path portion 406 and control coil 418 is positioned along pole piece portion 408. An
armature 420 is positioned in the region between pole piece path portions 404, 406 and pole piece portion 414
and is free to slide from side to side as shown by arrows 422 and 424. A front view of component device 400
with no coils energized and armature 420 at a mid-point depicts flux flowing from the north pole face of
permanent magnet 410, through each of pole piece path portions 406 and 408, through armature 420, and
returning to the south pole face through pole piece portion 414. Thus, the magnetic flux divides equally along two
paths. If coil 416 is energized in an aiding manner, or if coil 418 is energized in an opposing manner, all or a
majority of the permanent magnets'magnetic flux can be made to flow through pole piece portion 406 such that a
resulting magnetic coupling force on armature 420 causes it to move to the left as shown in FIG. 17C.
Likewise, if control coil 416 is energized in an opposing manner, or if control coil 418 is energized in an aiding
manner, all or a majority of the permanent magnet flux can be made to flow through pole piece path portion 408
such that a resulting magnetic coupling force on armature 420 causes it to move to the right as shown in FIG.
17D. Accordingly, by alternately energizing and de-energizing coils 416 and 418 a reciprocating motion of
armature 420 may be achieved.
Linear Motion
Referring now to FIGS. 18A-18E, linear motion in accordance with the present invention is described. In
particular, a permanent magnet control component 440 including a permanent magnet 442 with a pole piece 444
positioned against the north pole face thereof and a pole piece 446 positioned against the south pole face thereof
is shown in an exploded view in FIG. 18A and assembled in FIG. 18B. Pole piece 444 includes five path
portions 448A-448E which extend beyond the perimeter of the north pole face of permanent magnet 442 to one
side thereof and at respective positions along the length thereof, each path portion 448A-448E including a
respective control coil 450A-450E positioned therearound. Pole piece 446 includes one portion 452 extending
beyond the perimeter of the south pole face of permanent magnet 442 to the one side thereof, which portion 452
extends along the entire length of permanent magnet 442. A plurality of armatures 454 define a path of relative
movement between permanent magnet control component 440 and such armatures 454, and by providing timed
energization of given control coils 450A-450E such relative movement can be achieved. The sequence of side
views depicted in FIGS. 18C-18E illustrate such relative movement, with coils 450A, 450C and 450E being
energized in an opposing manner simultaneously in FIG. 18C, with coils 450A and 450D being energized
simultaneously in an opposing manner in FIG. 18D, and with coils 450B and 450D being energized
simultaneously in an opposing manner in FIG. 18E. In FIG. 18C, magnetic flux will only flow along path portions
448B and 448C of pole piece 444 causing resultant magnetic coupling forces depicted by arrows 456, 458
which act to move permanent magnet control component 440 to the left, assuming armatures 454 are fixed.
Similarly, due to the timing of subsequent coil energization resultant magnetic forces depicted by arrows 460, 462
in FIG. 18D and arrows 464, 466 in FIG. 18E act to continue movement of permanent magnet control
component 440 to the left. Thus, if permanent magnet control component 440 were fixed to a device or
structure, controlled movement of the device or structure along the path defined by armatures 454 could be
achieved. Conversely, if permanent magnet control component 440 were fixed and armatures 454 were located
on a device or structure, controlled movement of the device or structure could also be achieved. It is also easily
recognized that by varying the coil energization sequence and timing relative movement in the opposite direction
can be achieved. Further, if the permanent magnet was doughnut shaped and the armatures were arranged in a
circumferential pattern, rotary motion would likewise be achievable.
Rotary Motion
One embodiment of a rotary motion device or motor 500 which incorporates various permanent magnet flux
control aspects of the present invention is shown in the exploded view of FIG. 19 and in the partial assembled
view of FIG. 20. Motor 500 includes a rotor assembly which includes a shaft 502 and associated upper bearing
504, a non-magnetic disk member 506 mounted for rotation with shaft 502, and a rotor pole piece 508 which is
mounted for rotation with disk member 506 such as by the use of screws 510. Rotor pole piece 508 includes a
ring-shaped portion having two inwardly extending magnetic flux path portions 512A and 512B. A stator
assembly of motor 500 includes a doughnut or ring-shaped permanent magnet 514 having an upwardly directed
north pole face positioned adjacent and in close proximity to rotor pole piece 508, and a downwardly directed
south pole face positioned adjacent and in contact with a stator pole piece 516. Stator pole piece includes a ring-
shaped portion having five inwardly projecting path portions 518A-518E. Each path portion includes a
respective winding post 520A-520E extending therefrom and having a respective control coil 522A-522E
wound thereon. Stator pole piece faces 524A-524E are positionable on respective winding posts 518A-518B
and, as shown in the partial assembly of FIG. 20, are substantially aligned with the top surface of permanent
magnet 514 so as to be positionable adjacent rotor path portions 512A and 512B when aligned therewith. Each
of winding posts 518A-518E and stator pole piece faces are formed of magnetic material, and although shown
as separate pieces, an integral, one piece stator could be formed with similar winding posts and pole piece faces
machined thereon. Lower bearing 526 is also shown.
FIGS. 21A-21E illustrate top views of the partial assembly of FIG. 20 with magnetic flux shown. In FIG. 21A
magnetic flux travel when none of coils 522A-522E are energized is depicted. Disregarding leakage flux, due to
the low reluctance path provided by rotor pole piece path portions 512A and 512B, the majority of magnetic
flux from the north pole face of permanent magnet 514 will travel radially inward along one of such path portions
before passing downward through the stator assembly and returning to the south pole face of permanent magnet
514. It is noted that rotor pole piece 508 includes two path portions and stator pole piece 516 includes five path
portions such that rotor pole piece path portions 512A and 512B will always be skewed relative to the stator
pole piece faces 524A-524E. Only one rotor pole piece path portion can directly align with a stator pole piece
face at a given time. By alternatingly energizing the control coils of each of the stator pole piece paths, rotary
motion of the rotor may be achieved.
In particular, referring to FIGS. 21B-21D, an energizing sequence which results in such rotary motion is
described. In FIG. 21B, control coils 522A and 522C are energized in a permanent magnet flux opposing
manner. Permanent magnet magnetic flux traveling along rotor pole piece path portion 512A tends to traverse to
stator pole piece face 524B causing a magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 526. Likewise, permanent
magnet flux traveling along rotor pole piece path portion 512B tends to traverse to stator pole piece face 524D
causing a magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 528. The result is rotation of rotor pole piece 508 in a
clockwise direction as indicated by arrow 530.
Referring to FIG. 21C, just after rotor pole piece path portion 512B is no longer aligned with stator pole piece
face 524D, control coil 522C is de-energized and control coil 522D is energized in an opposing manner such
that the permanent magnet flux traveling along rotor pole piece path 512B tends to traverse to stator pole piece
face 524E resulting in magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 532. Control coil 522A remains energized
such that a magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 534 results. Accordingly, clockwise rotation of rotor pole
piece 508 is continued.
In FIG. 21D, just after rotor pole piece path portion 512A is no longer aligned with stator pole piece face 524B,
control coil 522A is de-energized and control coil 522B is energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux
opposing manner such that the permanent magnet magnetic flux traveling along rotor pole piece path 512A tends
to traverse to stator pole piece face 524C such that a magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 536 results.
Control coil 522D remains energized such that a magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 538 results, and
clockwise rotation of rotor pole piece 508 is continued.
As shown in FIG. 21E, just after rotor pole piece path portion 512B is no longer aligned with stator pole piece
face 524E, control coil 522D is de-energized and control coil 522E is energized in a permanent magnet magnetic
flux opposing manner such that the permanent magnet magnetic flux traveling along rotor pole piece path 512B
tends to traverse to stator pole piece face 524A such that a magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 540
results. Control coil 522B remains energized such that a magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 542 results,
and clockwise rotation of rotor pole piece 508 is continued.
Thus, by alternating energizing and de-energizing control coils 522A-522E, in a predetermined timed sequence
based upon rotation of the rotor assembly, continued rotation movement of rotor pole piece 508 may be
achieved. Such an energization/de-energization scheme can be achieved utilizing circuitry common in the art, such
as the control circuitry described in Applicant's U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,463,263 and 5,455,474, as well as various of
the circuit configurations described herein below. Referring now to FIG. 22, an assembled view of rotary motor
500 is shown including a housing or cover formed by an upper housing member 544 and a lower housing
member 546, with portions of each housing member cut away to expose motor structure described above. It is
recognized that such housing members 544 and 546 should be formed of a non-magnetic material, and likewise
that motor shaft 502 and bearings 504, 526 should be formed of a non-magnetic material.
In another embodiment, a rotary motion device or motor 580 in accordance with the present invention is shown
in an exploded perspective view in FIG. 23 and in an assembled perspective view in FIG. 24. Two spaced
permanent magnets 582 and 584 are positionable between stator pole pieces 586 and 588. Stator pole piece
586 includes two path portions 590A and 590B extending away from permanent magnets 582, 584 in opposite
directions. Likewise, stator pole piece 588 includes two path portions 592A and 592B extending away from
permanent magnets 582, 584 in opposite directions and alignable respectively with stator pole piece path
portions 590A and 590B. Control coils 594, 596, 598, and 600 are each positioned along a respective stator
pole piece path portion as shown. A non-magnetic shaft 602 includes a pair of like elongated rotor members 604
and 606, formed of magnetic material, mounted at spaced locations thereon and being angularly oriented with
respect to each other, shaft 602 passing between spaced permanent magnets 582 and 584. Non-magnetic end
cap members 608 and 610 are attachable to the ends of stator pole pieces 586 and 588 and are configured for
receiving shaft 602 and respective bearings 612 and 614.
The ends of respective stator pole pieces 506 and 508 are configured for a given desired coupling relationship
with rotor members 604 and 606. For example, as shown in the exemplary end views of FIGS. 25A and 25B,
with end cap 608 removed, the end of stator pole piece 586 may include an arcuate portion 616 which is
configured to create a variable reluctance air gap 618 with elongate rotor member 604. The end of stator pole
piece 588 includes an arcuate portion 620 which is likewise configured to create a variable reluctance air gap
622 with rotor member 604. In particular, portion 618 includes a circumferential curvature which has a center
point offset below the axis of rotation of shaft 602 and rotor member 604 as indicated by circle 624 shown in
shadow. Similarly, portion 620 includes a circumferential radius of curvature which has a center point offset
above the axis of rotation of shaft 602 and rotor member 604. When magnetic flux is passing along the path
which includes a given end of the assembly, maximum coupling between the rotor member and stator pole pieces
occurs when the rotor is positioned as shown in FIG. 25B. Accordingly, the illustrated rotor member and stator
pole piece configurations in and of themselves do not provide any skewing to the direction of rotation of the rotor
assembly.
In this regard, various configurations for the rotor and ends of the stator pole pieces are shown in the end views
of FIGS. 26-28, which configurations provide skewing the direction of rotation. In particular, in device 620 of
FIG. 26 a rotor member 622 having notches 624 and 626, which notches provide for greater magnetic coupling
with the stator pole pieces 628 and 630 at corners 632 and 634 such that rotation is skewed in the clockwise
direction. If notches were instead located at corners 632 and 634, skewed rotation in the counterclockwise
direction would be the result. In device 620 such counterclockwise rotation could also be achieved by removing
rotor 622 from shaft 636, flipping it end to end, and replacing it on shaft 636.
In the device 640 of FIG. 27, a portion 642 of the arcuate end portion of stator pole piece 644 is removed and a
portion 646 of the arcuate end portion of stator pole piece 648 is removed. This configuration results in greater
magnetic coupling between rotor member 650 and stator pole piece 644 at corner 652, and greater magnetic
coupling between rotor member 650 and stator pole piece 648 at corner 654, such that rotation is skewed in the
counterclockwise direction. Clockwise rotation could be achieved by instead modifying the opposite side of
stator pole pieces 644 and 648.
FIG. 28 depicts an end view of a device 660 in which the axis 662 of the arcuate end portion of upper stator
pole piece 664 and lower stator pole piece 666 is placed at an angle A as shown. This configuration creates an
unequal variable reluctance air gap where opposite corners of rotor member 668 are closer to stator pole pieces
664 and 666. Further, the angle at which maximum magnetic coupling between rotor member 668 and stator
pole pieces 664 and 666 occurs is retarded by angle A. Rotation would be in the counterclockwise direction for
the illustrated configuration.
Referring again to motor 580 of FIGS. 23-25, rotary motion of such device is depicted in the end views of FIG.
29A-29D. In each end view the end cap has been removed to show rotation of the rotor members and in each
of FIGS. 29A-29D an end view depicting rotor member 604 and an end view depicting rotor member 606 are
shown side-by-side. In FIG. 29A, rotor member 604 is defined as being at zero degrees and rotor member 606
is defined as being at ninety degrees. Control coils 594, 598 are energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux
aiding manner such that no magnetic flux passes through stator pole piece path portions 590B and 592B. This
allows rotor member 606 to move out of its ninety degree position and the magnetic coupling between rotor
member 604 and stator pole piece path portions 590A and 592A will cause rotation to the position shown in
FIG. 29B and then FIG. 29C. When rotor member 604 reaches the ninety degree position shown in FIG. 29D
control coils 594, 598 are de-energized and control coils 596, 600 are energized in a permanent magnet
magnetic flux aiding manner causing rotation to continue due to the magnetic coupling between rotor member 606
and stator pole piece path portions 590B and 592B. Thus, by alternatingly energizing the control coils of each
path with every ninety degree rotation of rotor members 604 and 606, continuous rotary motion is achieved.
The initial direction of rotation can be controlled by the circuit means used to energize control coils 594, 598 and
596, 600, which circuit means includes circuitry for detecting the angular position of the rotor members. In
particular, if rotor members 604 and 606 are at rest in the position shown in FIG. 29A, and coils 594, 598 are
energized in an aiding manner, rotation may be clockwise or counterclockwise. If the desired direction is
clockwise but upon energization of coils 594, 598 the rotor members begin to move counterclockwise, the
detection circuitry will immediately de-energize coils 594, 598 and energize coils 596, 600 so that the
counterclockwise direction is achieved.
Further, bypasses around permanent magnets 582 and 584 could be provided in rotary motion device 580, such
as those shown in FIG. 12, and rotor members 604 and 606 could be formed by permanent magnets so as to
take advantage of energizing the control coils in an exceeding manner.
A third embodiment of a rotary motion device or motor 650 is shown in the exploded partial perspective view of
FIG. 30 and in the assembled partial perspective view of FIG. 31. In motor 650 the stator assembly includes a
control component 651 including a permanent magnet 652 having a stator pole piece 654 positioned adjacent
one pole face thereof and a stator pole piece 656 positioned adjacent the opposite pole face thereof. Stator pole
piece 654 includes a path portion 658A extending to one side of permanent magnet 652 and a path portion
658B extending to the one side thereof and spaced from first path portion 658A. Control coils 660 and 662 are
positioned along respective stator pole piece path portions 658A and 658B. Likewise, stator pole piece 656
includes path portions 664A and 664B which extend in a similar manner therefrom so as to be aligned with stator
path portions 658A and 658B respectively. Control coils 666 and 668 are positioned along respective stator
pole piece path portions 664A and 664B. Positioned opposite and facing control component 651 is a like
control component 670 including permanent magnet 672, stator pole piece 674 with path portions 676A and
676B having respective control coils 678 and 680, and stator pole piece 682 with path portions 684A and 684B
having respective control coils 686 and 688. The end of each of the pole piece path portions 658A, 658B,
664A, 664B, 676A, 676B, 684A, and 684B is of a generally arcuate configuration.
A rotor assembly of motor 650 includes a non-magnetic shaft 700 having a permanent magnet rotor member 702
mounted thereon for rotation therewith. Permanent magnet rotor member 702 is generally ring-shaped and
segmented to include distinct north and south pole faces which reverse about every ninety degrees therearound.
When assembled the top and bottom surfaces of permanent magnet rotor member 702 align with pole pieces
654, 656, 674, and 682 of the stator assembly and are preferably configured such that a minimal gap between
the outer surface of permanent magnet rotor member 702 and the arcuate surfaces of the pole piece path
portions is provided.
Rotation of device 650 can be achieved by controlled, timed energizing and de-energizing of control coils 660,
662, 666, 668, 678, 680, 686, and 688. Exemplary rotation is demonstrated with reference to the top views of
FIGS. 32A-32B which depict counterclockwise rotation of permanent magnet rotor member 702 through one-
hundred eighty degrees. In FIG. 32A stator pole piece path portion 658A of component 651 is active and stator
pole piece path portion 658B is not active, which may be achieved by energizing control coil 660 in a permanent
magnet magnetic flux aiding manner or by energizing control coil 662 in a permanent magnet magnetic flux
opposing manner. Stator pole piece path portion 676B of component 670 is active and stator pole piece path
portion 676A is not active, which may be achieved by energizing control coil 680 in a permanent magnet
magnetic flux aiding manner or by energizing control coil 678 in a permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing
manner. Thus, portions 690 and 692 of permanent magnet rotor member 702, which both have a north magnetic
polarity, will be repelled by the north polarity of stator pole piece path portions 658A and 676B aligned
therewith. Portions 694 and 696 of permanent magnet rotor member 702, both of which have a south magnetic
polarity, will be attracted to the active path portions 658A and 676B. At the instant that rotor member portion
694 becomes aligned with stator pole piece path portion 658A, as shown in FIG. 32B, all coils are de-energized
such that all pole piece path portions will be active as shown. Pole piece path portions 658B and 676A are then
kept active while pole piece path portions 658A and 676B are made inactive. This is achieved by energizing
control coils 662 and 678 in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner or by energizing control coils 660
and 680 in a permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner. Rotor member portions 690 and 692 will again
be repelled by the north polarity of path portions 658B and 676A aligned therewith such that rotation of
permanent magnet rotor 702 is continued. In FIG. 32D all coils are shown de-energized when rotor portion 692
aligns with pole piece path portion 658A. By continuing this timed sequence of energization and de-energization
of the control coils, continued rotary movement is achieved. As explained above, the initial direction of rotation
can be controlled by circuit means which detects the initial direction of permanent magnet rotor 702 and
immediately alters the coil energization scheme if the initial direction is incorrect.
A side view of assembled motor 650 is shown in FIG. 33 and includes an upper housing or enclosure portion
710, a bottom housing portion 712, upper bearing 714, and a lower bearing 716.
A fourth embodiment of a rotary motion device or motor 740 is illustrated in FIGS. 34-39. Motor 740 includes
five stator control components 742A-742E positioned around a ring shaped permanent magnet rotor member
744 (FIG. 36). As shown with reference to component 742A in FIG. 37 each stator component 742A includes
a permanent magnet 746A with an upper pole piece 748A positioned adjacent one pole face thereof and a lower
pole piece 750A positioned adjacent the opposite pole face thereof. Control coils 752A, 754A are positioned
along respective pole pieces 748A, 750A. A bypass 756A extends from pole piece 748A to pole piece 750A
and is positioned between permanent magnet 746A and control coils 752A, 754A. Alternatively, bypass 756A
could be provided on the opposite side of permanent magnet 746A as shown in FIG. 38. Although not shown, it
is anticipated that permanent magnet rotor member 744 would be mounted on an axis for rotation therewith and
that a motor housing or enclosure could be provided, such as shown in relation to motor 650 of FIG. 33.
Referring to the top views of FIGS. 39A-39D, rotary motion of rotor member 744 is depicted by the sequence
of views. Regions 770 and 772 in FIGS. 39A-39D represent the magnetic north regions of the top of permanent
magnet rotor 744. In FIG. 39A control coils 752E and 752C are energized in a permanent magnet aiding and
exceeding manner such that regions 770 and 772 of permanent magnet rotor 744 are repulsed by components
742E and 742C while permanent magnet motor regions 774 and 776 are attracted by components 742E and
742C. The resultant coupling forces act to move permanent magnet rotor in a counterclockwise direction to the
location shown in FIG. 39B. Just after permanent magnet rotor region 772 passes the point shown in FIG. 39C,
control coil 752B is energized in a permanent magnet aiding and exceeding manner, while control coils 752E and
752C also remain energized, and counterclockwise rotation of permanent magnet rotor 744 is continued. Just
after permanent magnet rotor region 772 passes by control component 742C control coil 752C is de-energized,
while control coils 752E and 752B remain energized, so as to continue counterclockwise rotation. Then, just
after permanent magnet rotor region 770 reaches the location shown in FIG. 39D control coil 752D is energized
in a permanent magnet flux aiding and exceeding manner, while coils 752E and 752B remain energized, so as to
continue counterclockwise rotation. Thus, as in the other embodiments, repeated and timed energization and de-
energization of the control coils produces the desired rotational movement.
In terms of controlling the energization of coils in the devices described above, various electronic control
circuit/switching means and electromechanical control circuit/switching machines are depicted in FIGS. 40-44. In
circuit 800 of FIG. 40 a given coil 802 is placed in series between an electrical energy source 804 and a power
mosfet 806. An LED 808 is connected to electrical energy source 804 through resistor 810 and is positioned to
impinge upon a phototransistor 812 which is connected in series with resistor 814. A control input of mosfet 806
is connected between phototransistor 812 and resistor. Accordingly, when LED 808 activates phototransistor
812 the voltage drop across resistor 814 activates, or turns ON, mosfet 806 and coil 802 is energized. Timed
energization of coil 802 is provided by mounting an interrupter 816, such as shown in FIG. 42, to the shaft 816
of the motor device to be controlled, such that as interrupter 814 rotates with shaft 816 coil 802 is alternately
energized and de-energized. In a device with a plurality of coils a corresponding plurality of LED/photoresistor
pairs may be provided.
In circuit 820 of FIG. 41 a coil 822 is positioned between electrical energy source 824 and power mosfet 826.
A hall switch 828 is connected in series with resistor 830. Hall switch 828 is also connected to the control input
of mosfet 826 through resistor 832. In a given device hall switch 828 would be positioned to react to a change in
magnetic flux so as to control the ON/OFF switching of mosfet 826, and thus the alternate energization and de-
energization of coil 822.
In FIG. 43 a circuit 840 for controlling two coils in an opposite manner is provided such that when coil 842 is
energized coil 844 is de-energized, and such that when coil 842 is de-energized coil 844 is energized. Both coils
842 and 844 are connected in series between electrical energy source 846 and respective power mosfets 848
and 850. An LED 852 and phototransistor 854 arrangement is provided, LED connected in series with resistor
856 and phototransistor connected in series with resistor 858. When LED 852 turns phototransistor 854 ON the
voltage drop across resistor 858 turns mosfet 848 ON and coil 842 is energized. At that time the voltage applied
at the control input of mosfet 850 will be low and therefore mosfet 850 will be OFF and coil 844 will be de-
energized. When interrupter 814 blocks LED 852, phototransistor 854 is turned OFF and mosfet 848 is likewise
turned OFF. The control input of mosfet 850 is therefore pulled high through resistor 860 and mosfet 850 is
turned ON such that coil 844 is energized.
In a FIG. 44 a system 870 including member 872 mounted on rotating shaft 874 is provided, with the left side of
member 872 being alternately conductive at 876 and non-conductive at 878. Coils 880 and 882 are connected
to respective brushes 884 and 886 which are positioned to contact member 872 during rotation thereof.
Member 872 is connected through brush 890 to power supply 888. Thus, coils 880 and 882 will alternatingly be
energized and de-energized as the respective brushes thereof contact the conductive and non-conductive
portions of member 872.
Any of such circuit means, variations thereof, or other circuit means may be used to provide the timed
energization of the control coils in the various embodiments of the present invention.
From the preceding description of the illustrated embodiments, it is evident that the objects of the invention are
attained. Although the invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be clearly understood that the
same is intended by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation.
For example, although the magnetic flux control techniques of the present invention have been discussed as
applicable mainly to various motive applications, such magnetic flux control techniques are also useful in static
applications.
Power Conversion
Referring to FIGS. 45A-45C there is shown the permanent magnet device 900 of FIGS. 45A-45C that has two
magnetic flux paths provided by rectangular pole piece 902 which includes upper portion 904 and lower portion
906 each positioned against a respective pole face of permanent magnet 910. Unlike the device of FIGS. 7-9,
fall away armatures are not provided. Rather, fixed armatures in the form of integral pole piece portions 912 and
914 extend from upper portion 904 to lower portion 906 completing the two flux paths in a permanent manner.
Control coils 916, 918 are provided along one flux path and control coils 920, 922 are provided along the other
flux path, such control coils acting as primary windings in device 900. One coil 924 is positioned around pole
piece portion 912 and another coil 926 is positioned around pole piece portion 914, such coils 924, 926 acting
as secondary windings in device 900.
In FIG. 45A coils 916, 918 are energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner so as to couple
with all the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 910. All magnetic flux flows along path 930 as shown and thus
couples with coil 924. In FIG. 45B no coils are energized and the permanent magnet magnetic flux splits evenly
between paths 930 and 932, coupling with both coil 924 and coil 926. In FIG. 45C coils 920, 922 are energized
in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner such that all magnetic flux traverses path 932 and couples
with coil 926. In FIG. 45D no coils are energized as in FIG. 45B. By continuously alternatingly energizing and
de-energizing coils 916, 918 and 920, 922 in such a manner energy conversion is achieved due to the coupling
with coils 924 and 926. The magnetic flux in the integral pole piece portions 912 and 914, and thus the flux
coupling with respective coils 924 and 926, varies by a factor of twice the amount of magnetic flux generated by
energizing coils 916, 918 and 920, 922.
The construction shown in FIGS. 45A and 45X are similar to the construction shown in FIGS. 7 and 47. The
difference in both cases relates to replacing the two flux paths and armatures with one continues flux path. The
arrangement in FIG. 7 has one permanent magnet and four coils and the arrangement in FIG. 47 has two
permanent magnets and two coils. Although the physical aspects of the two arrangements and the details of the
flux control vary, the control method for varying the permanent magnets flux are similar and will be described
simultaneously and only differences will be pointed out.
With continuous flux paths the static flux from the permanent magnet or magnets is useless. However, if the static
flux of the permanent magnet confined to the flux paths were modified to be time varying it would have utility for
electromagnetic induction devices for power conversion like transformers and power inverters. However, the
same basic method for controlling the flux of a permanent magnet to provide linear and rotary motion can also be
applied to time varying the static flux from the permanent magnetic. The construction shown in FIG. 45X utilizes
four control coils and a single permanent magnet and the construction shown in FIG. 45A uses two control coils
and two permanent magnets. The flux that would normally be supplied by a primary winding is supplied by the
static flux of the permanent magnet or magnets and the control coils convert this static flux into a time varying flux
in a novel way. Both arrangements use two secondary coils, the secondary coils are placed in the region of the
continuous flux path that would be occupied by an armature or rotor in the linear or rotary arrangements. The
regions of the flux paths that perform work are the same in all cases.
In all cases the control coils can either be wired in series or parallel and the secondary coils can be either wound
in series or parallel. More than one secondary coil or secondary coils with multiple taps can be placed in the
working regions and further multiple flux paths can be utilized with one or more secondary coils placed in each of
the working regions. This is made obvious by the disclosures of the linear and rotary devices herein and based on
the fact that the working regions of the flux paths are identical.
FIGS. 45X and 45A also show the paths of the static flux of the permanent magnet or magnets when no current
is flowing in the control coils. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 45X the flux from the single permanent magnet
divides between the two working areas of the flux path. In the arrangement of FIG. 45A all of the flux of one of
the permanent magnets passes through one of the working regions and all of the flux of the second permanent
magnet passes through the other working region. Each of the working regions in both cases are occupied by
secondary coils.
FIGS. 45Y and 45B show the control coils energized with the polarity shown with respect to the polarity of the
permanent magnet or magnets included. In FIG. 45Y the opposing coil blocks the passage of flux from the
permanent magnet and the aiding coil couples with the flux of the permanent magnet and therefore all of the flux
of the permanent magnet passes through one working region as shown. In FIG. 45A the opposing side of the coil
blocks the passage of flux from the permanent magnet on the opposing side of the coil and the aiding side of the
coil couples with the flux of the other permanent magnet and therefore all of the flux of both the permanent
magnets passes through the working region as shown.
FIGS. 45Z and 45C show the control coils energized with a polarity opposite of that shown in FIGS. 45Y and
45B. The same action occurs and results in all of the permanent magnet or magnets path flux passing through the
opposite working regions.
By alternating the polarity of the control coils during one cycle, one working region experiences an increasing flux
and the opposite region experiences a decreasing flux and during the next cycle the opposite occurs. This results
in the induction of a voltage in the secondary coils that is decided by the magnitude of the change in flux in the
working region and the time in which this change occurs. The novelty of this discovery is that the primary flux
inducing the voltage in the secondary coils is supplied by the permanent magnet or magnets and is far greater than
the flux supplied by the control coils.
Further, in the rotary motion devices of FIGS. 31 and 34, it is not necessary that respective rotor members 702
and 744 be formed of permanent magnets. Each could take the form shown in FIG. 46 where sections 950 and
952 are formed of magnetic material such as soft iron and sections 954 and 956 are formed by a non-magnetic
filler material.
FIGS. 47 and 48 show another embodiment 1000 of the subject device. The embodiment 1000 includes two
spaced permanent magnets 1002 and 1004 each of which has its north pole adjacent the upper surface and its
south pole adjacent the lower surface. A magnetizable bridging member 1006 extends across and makes contact
with the north magnetic poles of the magnets 1002 and 1004 and another magnetizable bridging member 1008
makes contact with the south magnetic poles of the two permanent magnets 1002 and 1004. The members 1006
and 1008 extend slightly beyond the opposite sides of the respective permanent magnets 1002 and 1004 and a
pair of spaced armature members 1010 and 1012 are positioned to move into and out of engagement with the
ends of the members 1006 and 1008. Coils 1014 and 1016 are mounted respectively on the members 1006 and
1008 in the space between the permanent magnets 1002 and 1004, and the armatures 1010 and 1012 are
shown connected together by a rod 1018 which enables them to move backwards and forwards into
engagement with the respective members 1006 and 1008 when different voltages are applied to the respective
coils 1014 and 1016. In FIGS. 47, the coils 1014 and 1016 are energized as shown with the coil 1014 having its
north magnetic end to the left and its south magnetic end to the right and the opposite is true of the coil 1016. In
FIG. 48, the voltage applied to the respective coils 1014 and 1016 is reversed so that the polarity of the left end
of coil 1014 is south and the polarity of the opposite end of the same coil 1014 is a north magnetic pole. The
reverse is true of the coil 1016. It is to be noted in FIGS. 47 and 48 that the relationship of aiding and opposing
is indicated on the figures to indicate the relationship when the coils are energized. For example, in FIG. 47 when
the coils are energized as shown the relationship is opposing for the permanent magnet 1002 and is aiding with
respect to the permanent magnet 1004. The reverse is true when the voltage on the coils is reversed as shown in
FIG. 48. By properly timing the voltage on the respective coils the movement of the armature is controlled. The
same principles can be applied to produce rotating movement as shown in FIG. 42.
FIG. 49 shows another embodiment 1030 of the subject invention using principles similar to those described in
connection with FIGS. 47 and 48. The embodiment 1030 includes a plurality, three being shown, of stationary
members 1032, 1034 and 1036. The details of these members are better shown in FIG. 50 which shows the
details of the member 1036. This member includes a pair of permanent magnets 1038 and 1040, each of which
has magnetizable members mounted adjacent opposite sides thereof as in the previous construction. The
members 1042 and 1044 also have coils 1046 and 1048, respectively, and the coils are energized as described
in connection with FIGS. 47 and 48 to produce aiding and opposing magnetism. The construction shown in FIG.
49 may have three stator portions as shown or it may have more stator portions as desired. The rotor 1050 is
positioned in the space between the members 1032, 1034 and 1036 and includes a permanent magnet portion
part of which has its north magnetic pole on the surface as shown and the other parts has its south magnetic pole
in the same surface as shown. The permanent magnets 1038 and 1040 on the stators interact with the permanent
magnets on the rotor to produce the rotating motion and is controlled by the energizing of the coils.
Other applications and advantages of the devices and methods of the present invention exist and various
modifications are possible, and therefore the present invention is not intended to be limited to the specific
examples disclosed herein. Accordingly, the spirit and scope of the invention are to be limited only by the terms
of the appended claims.
Joe Flynns Parallel Path Magnetic Technology by Tim Harwood
Charles Flynn's own website with more on his device"
*****
enter email address
Motion Control, OMS

Pro-Dex OMS motion controllers for Ethernet, USB, RS232, VME & PCI bus
www.Pro-DexOMS.com
1/17/2010 Conversion Tables and Formulas you …
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Conversion Table
TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY
acres sq feet 43,560.0

sq meters 4,047.
so miles 1.562x10^-3
sq yards 4,840.
acre-feet cu feet 43,560.0
gallons 3.259 x10^5
amperes/sq cm amps/sq in. 6.452
amps/sq meter 10^4
amperes/sq in. amps/sq cm 0.1550
amps/sq meter 1,550.0
amperes/sq meter amps/sq cm 10^-4
amps/sq in. 6.452 x 10^-4
ampere-hours coulombs 3,600.0
faradays 0.03731
ampere-turns gilberts 1.257
ampere-turns/cm amp-turns/in. 2.540
amp-turns/meter 100.0
gilberts/cm 1.257
ampere-turns/in. amp-turns/cm 0.3937
gilberts/cm 0.4950
ampere-turns/meter amp-turns/cm 0.01
amp-turns/in. 0.0254
gilberts/cm 0.01257
ares acres 0.02471
sq meters 100.0
atmospheres cms of mercury 76.0
ft of water(at4Deg.C) 33.90
in. of mercury (at 0 C) 29.92
kgs/sq cm 1.0333
kgs/sq meter 10,332.
pounds/sq in. 14.70
tons/sq ft 1.058
barrels (oil) gallons (oil) 42.0

bars atmospheres 0.9869
dynes/sqcm 10^6
kgs/sq meter 1.020 x 10^4
pounds/sq ft 2,089.
pounds/sq in. 14.50
…fortunecity.com/…/conversion.html 1/17
Btu ergs 1.0550 x 10^10
foot-lbs 778.3
gram-calories 252.0
horsepower-hrs 3.931 x 10^4
joules 1,054.8
kilogram-calories 0.2520
kilogram-meters 107.5
kilowatt-hrs 2.928 x 10^-4
Btu/hr foot-pounds/sec 0.2162
gram-cal/sec 0.0700
horsepower 3.929 x 10-4
watts 0.2931
Btu/min foot-lbs/sec 12.96
horsepower 0.02356
kilowatts 0.01757
watts 17.57
Btu/sq ft/min watts/sq in. 0.1221
bushels cu ft 1.2445
cu in. 2,150.4
cu meters 0.03524
liters 35.24
pecks 4.0
pints (dry) 64.0
quarts (dry) 32.0
centares (centiares) sq meters 1.0

Centigrade Fahrenheit (Deg.C x 9/5)+32
centigrams grams 0.01
centiliters liters 0.01
centimeters feet 3.281 x 10^-2
inches 0.3937
kilometers 10^-5
meters 0.01
miles 6.214 x 10^-6
millimeters 10.0
mils 393.7
yards 1.094 x 10^-2
centimeter-dynes cm-grams 1.020 x 10^-3
meter-kgs 1.020 x 10^-8
pound-feet 7.376 x 10^-8
centimeter-grams cm-dynes 980.7
meter-kgs 10^-5
pound-feet 7.233 x 10^-5
centimeters of mercury atmospheres 0.01316
feet of water 0.4461
kgs/sq meter 136.0
pounds/sq ft 27.85
pounds/sq in. 0.1934
centimeters/sec feet/min 1.1969
feetsec 0.03281
kilometers/hr 0.036
knots 0.1943
meters/min 0.6
miles/hr 0.02237
miles/min 3.728 x 10^-4
centimeters/sec/sec feet/sec/sec 0.03281
kms/hr/sec 0.036
meters/sec/sec 0.01
miles/hr/sec 0.02237
circular mils sq cms 5.067 x 10^-6
sq mils 0.7854
sq inches 7.854 x 10^-7
coulombs faradays 1.036 x 10^-5
coulombs/sq cm coulombs/sq in. 64.52
coulombs/sq meter 10^4
coulombs/sq in. coulombs/sq cm 0.1550
couiombs/sq meter 1,550.
coulombs/sq meter coulombs/sq cm 10^-4
coulombs/sq in. 6.452 x 10^-4
cubic centimeters cu feet 3.531 x 10^-5
cu inches 0.06102
cu meters 10^-6
cu yards 1.308 x 10^-6
gallons (U.S. liq.) 2.642 x 10^-4
liters 0.001
pints (U.S. liq.) 2.113 x10^-3
quarts (U.S. liq.) 1.057 x 10^-3
cubicfeet bushels (dry) 0.8036
cu cms 28,320.0
cu inches 1,728.0
cu meters 0.02832
cu yards 0.03704
gallons (U.S. liq.) 7.48052
liters 28.32
pints (U.S. liq.) 59.84
quarts (U.S. liq.) 29.92
cubic feet/min cu cms/sec 472.0
gallons/sec 0.1247
liters/sec 0.4720
pounds of water/min 62.43
cubic feet/sec million gals/day 0.646317
gallons/min 448.831
cubic inches cu cms 16.39
cu feet 5.787 x 10^-4
cu meters 1.639 x 10^-5
cu yards 2.143 x 10^-5
gallons (U.S. liq.) 4.329 x 10^-3
liters 0.01639
mil-feet 1.061 x 10^5
cubic meters bushels (dry) 28.38
cu cms 10^6
cu feet 35.31
cu inches 61,023.0
cu yards 1.308
liters 1,000.0
pints (U.S. liq.) 2,113.0
quarts (U.S. liq.) 1,057.
cubic yards cu cms 7.646 x 10^5
cu feet 27.0
cu inches 46,656.0
cu meters 0.7646
liters 764.6
pints (U.S. liq.) 1,615.9
cubic yards/min cubic ft/sec 0.45
gallons/sec 3.367
liters/sec 12.74
days hours 24.0

minutes 1,440.0
seconds 86,400.0
decigrams grams 0.1
deciliters liters 0.1
decimeters meters 0.1
degrees (angle) minutes 60.0
quadrants 0.01111
radians 0.01745
seconds 3,600.0
degrees/sec radians/sec 0.01745
revolutions/min 0.1667
revolutions/sec 2.778 x 10^-3
dekagrams grams 10.0
dekaliters liters 10.0
dekameters meters 10.0
drams grams 1.7718
grains 27.3437
ounces 0.0625
dynes grams 1.020 x 10^-3
joules/cm 10^-7
joules/meter (newtons) 10^-5
kilograms 1.020 x 10^-6
poundals 7.233 x 10^-5
pounds 2.248 x 10^-6
dynes/sq cmbars 10^-6
ergs Btu 9.480 x 10^-11

dyne-centimeters 1.0
foot-pounds 7.367 x 10^-8
gram-calories 0.2389 x 10^-7
gram-cms 1.020 x 10^-3
horsepower-hrs 3.7250 x 10^-14
joules 10^-7
kg-calories 2.389 x 10^-11
kg-meters 1.020 x 10^-8
watt-hours 0.2778 x l0^-10
ergs/sec Btu/min 5,688 x lO^-9
ft-lbs/min 4.427 x 10^-6
ft-lbs/sec 7.3756 x 10^-8
horsepower 1.341 x 10^-10
kg-calories./min 1.433 x 10^-9
kilowatts 10^-10
farads microfarads 10^6

faradays ampere-hours 26.80
coulombs 9.649 x 10^-4
fathoms feet 6.0
feet centimeters 30.48
kilometers 3.048 x 10^-4
meters 0.3048
miles (naut.) 1.645 x 10^-4
miles (stat.) 1.894 x 10^-4
millimeters 304.8
mils 1.2 x 10^4
feet of water atmospheres 0.02950
in. of mercury 0.8826
kgs/sq cm 0.03048
kgs/sq meter 304.8
pounds/sq ft 62.43
feet/min cms/sec 0.5080
feet/sec 0.01667
kms/hr 0.01829
meters/min 0.3048
miles/hr 0.01136
feet/sec cms/sec 30.48
kms/hr 1.097
knots 0.5921
meters/min 18.29
miles/hr 0.6818
miles/min 0.01136
feet/sec/sec cms/sec/sec 30.48
kms/hr/sec 1.097
meters/sec/sec 0.3048
miles/hr/sec 0.6818
feet/100 feet per cent grade 1.0
foot-pounds Btu 1.286 x 10^-3
ergs 1.356 x 10^7
gram-calories 0.3238
hp-hrs 5.050 x 10^-7
joules 1.356
kg-meters 0.1383
foot-pounds/min Btu/min 1.286 x 10^-3
foot-pounds/sec 0.01667
kg-calories/min 3.24 x 10^-4
kilowatts 2.260 x 10^-5
foot-pounds/sec Btu/hr 4.6263
Btu/min 0.07717
kg-calories/min 0.01945
kilowatts 1.356 x 10^-3
furlongs rods 40.0
feet 660.0
gallons (U.S.) cu cms 3,785.0

cu feet 0.1337
cu inches 231.0
cu meters 3.785 x lO^-3
cu yards 4.951 x 10^-3
gallons (Imp.) 0.83267
liters 3.785
pints 8.0
quarts 4.0
gallons (liq. Br. Imp.)gallons (U.S. liq.) 1.20095
liters 4.54
gallons of water pounds of water 8.3453
gallons/min cu ft/sec 2.228 x 10^-3
liters/sec 0.06308
cu ft/hr 8.0208
gausses lines/sq in. 6.452
webers/sq cm 10^-8
webers/sq in. 6.452 x 10^-8
webers/sq meter 10^-4
gilberts ampere-turns 0.7958
gilberts/cm amp-turns/cm 0.7958
amp-turns/in 2.021
gills liters 0.1183
pints (tig.) 0.25
gin martinis (dry) 20g + 1v
grains (troy) grains (avdp) 1.0
grams 0.06480
ounces (avdp) 2.0833 x 10^-3
pennyweight (troy) 0.04167
grains/U.S. gal parts/million 17.118
pounds/million gal 142.86
grains/lmp. gal parts/million 14.286
grams dynes 980.7
grains 15.43
joules/cm 9.807 x 10^-5
joules/meter (newtons) 9.807 x 10^-3
kilograms 0.001
milligrams 1,000.
ounces (avdp) 0.03527
ounces (troy) 0.03215
poundals 0.07093
pounds 2.205 x 10^-3
grams/cmpounds/inch 5.600 x 10^-3
grams/cu cm pounds/cu ft 62.43
pounds/cu in 0.03613
pounds/mil-foot 3.405 x 10^-7
grams/liter grains/gal 58.417
pounds/1,000 gal 8.345
pounds/cu ft 0.062427
parts/million 1,000.0
grams/sq cm pounds/sq ft 2.0481
gram-calories Btu 3.9683 x 10^-3
ergs 4.1868 x 10^7
foot-pounds 3.0880
horsepower-hrs 1.5596 x l0^-6
watt-hrs 1.1630 x 10^-3
gram-calories/sec Btu/hr 14.286
gram-centimeters Btu 9.297 x 10^-8
ergs 980.7
joules 9.807 x 10^-5
kg-cal 2.343 x 10^-8
kg-meters 10^-5
hectares acres 2.471

sq feet 1.076 x 10^5
hectograms grams 100.0
hectoliters liters 100.0
hectometers meters 100.0
hectowatts watts 100.0
henries millihenries 1,000.0
horsepower Btu/min 42.44
foot-tbs/min 33,000.
foot-lbs/sec 550.0
horsepower (metric) horsepower 0.9863
(542.5 ft lb/sec) (550 ft Ib/sec)
horsepower horsepower (metric) 1.014
(550 ft Ib/sec) (542.5 ft Ib/sec)
horsepower kg-calories/min 10.68
kilowatts 0.7457
watts 745.7
horsepower (boiler) Btu/hr 33.479
kilowatts 9.803
horsepower-hrs Btu 2,547.
ergs 2.6845 x 10^13
foot-lbs 1.98 x 10^6
gram-calories 641,190.
joules 2.684 x 10^6
kg-calories 641.1
kg-meters 2.737 x 10^5
kilowatt-hrs 0.7457
hours days 4.167 x 10^-2
minutes 60.0
seconds 3,600.0
hours weeks 5.952 x 10^-3
inches centimeters 2.540

feet 8.333 x 10^-2
meters 2.540 x 10^-2
miles 1.578 x 10^-5
millimeters 25.40
mils 1,000.0
yards 2.778 x 10^-2
inches of mercury atmospheres 0.03342
feet of water 1.133
kgs/sq cm 0.03453
kgs/sq meter 345.3
pounds/sq ft 70.73
pounds/se in. 0.4912
inches of water
(at 4 deg.C) atmospheres 2.458 x 10^-3
inches of mercury 0.07355
kgs/sq cm 2.540 x 10^-3
ounces/sq in. 0.5781
pounds/sq ft 5.204
joules Btu 9.480 x 10^-4

ergs 10^7
foot-pounds 0.7376
kg-meters 0.1020
newton meter 1
watt-hrs 2.778 x 10^-4
joules/cm grams 1.020 x 10^4
dynes 10^7
joules/meter (newtons) 100.0
poundals 723.3
pounds 22.48
kilograms dynes 980,665.

grams 1,000.0
joules/cm 0.09807
poundals 70.93
pounds 2.205
tons (long) 9.842 x 10^-4
tons (short) 1.102x 10^-3
kilograms (force) newtons 9.80665
kilograms/cu meter grams/cu cm 0.001
pounds/cu ft 0.06243
pounds/cu in, 3.613 x 10^-5
kilograms/meter pounds/ft 0.6720
kilograms/sq cm atmospheres 0.9678
feet of water 32.81
pounds/sq ft 2,048.
pounds/sq in. 14.22
kilograms/sq meter atmospheres 9.678 x 10^-5
bars 98.07 x 10^-6
feet of water 3.281 x 10^-3
inches of mercury 2.896 x 10^-3
pounds/sq ft 0.2048
pounds/sq in. 1.422 x 10^3
kilograms/sq mm kgs/sq meter 106
kilogram-caloriesBtu 3.968
foot-pounds 3,088.
hp-hrs 1.560 x 10^-3
joules 4,186.
kg-meters 426.9
kilojoules 4186
kilowatt-hrs 1.163 xlO^-3
kilogram meters Btu 9.294 x 10^-3
ergs 9.804 x 10^7
foot-pounds 7.233
foot-in. 86.51102
joules 9.804
kilolines maxwells 1,000.0
kiloliters liters 1,000.0
kilometers centimeters 10^5
feet 3,281.
inches 3.937 x 10^4
meters 1,000.0
miles 0.6214
millimeters 10^6
yards 1,094.
kilometers/hr cms/sec 27.78
feet/min 54.68
feet/sec 0.9113
knots 0.5396
meters/min 16.67
miles/hr 0.6214
kilometers/hr/sec cms/sec/sec 27.78
ft/sec/sec 0.9113
metars/sec/sec 0.2778
miles/hr/sec 0.6214
kilowatts Btu/min 56.92
foot-lbs/min 4.426 x 10^4
foot-tbs/sec 737.6
horsepower 1.341
watts 1,000.0
kilowatt-hrs Btu 3,413.
ergs 3.600 x 10^13
foot-lbs 2.655 x 10^6
gram-calories 859,850.
horsepower-hrs 1.341
joules 3.6 x 10^6
kg-calories 859.85
kg-meters 3.671 x 10^5
pounds of water
evaporated from and
at 212 deg.F. 3.53
pounds of water
raised from 62 deg.
to 212 deg.F. 22.75
knots feet/hr 6,080.
kilomaters/hr 1.8532
nautical miles/hr 1.0
statute miles/hr 1.151
yards/hr 2,027.
feet/sec 1.689
feet/min. 101.34
league miles (approx.) 3.0

lines/sq cm gausses 1.0
lines/sq in, gausses 0.1550
lines/sq in. webers/sq cm 1.550 x 10^-9
webers/sq in. 10^-8
webers/sq meter 1.550 x 10^-5
links (engineer's) inches 12.0
links (surveyor's) inches 7.92
liters bushels (U.S. dry) 0.02838
cu cm 1,000.0
cu feet 0.03531
cu inches 61.02
cu meters 0.001
cu yards 1.308 x 10^-3
gallons (imperial) 0.21997
liters/min cu ft/sec 5.886 x 10^-4
gals/sec 4.403 x 10^-3
lumens/sq ft foot-candles 1.0
lux foot-candles 0.0929
m^2 ft^2 10.765

maxwells kilolines 0.001
webors 10^-8
megalines maxwells 10^6
megohms microhms 10^12
ohms 10^6
meters centimeters 100.0
feet 3.281
inches 39.37
kilometers 0.001
miles (naut.) 5.396 x 10^-4
miles (stat.) 6.214 x 10^-4
millimeters 1,000.0
yards 1.094
varas 1.179
meters/min cms/sec 1.667
feet/min 3.281
feet/sec 0.05468
kms/hr 0.06
knots 0.03238
miles/hr 0.03728
meters/sec feet/min 196.8
feet/sec 3.281
kilometers/hr 3.6
kilometers/min 0.06
miles/hr 2.237
miles/min 0.03728
meters/sec/sec cms/sec/sec 100.0
ft/sec/sec 3.281
kms/hr/sec 3.6
miles/hr/sec 2.237
meter- kilograms cm-dynes 9.807 x 10^7
cm-grams 10^5
pound-feet 7.233
microfarad farads 10^-6
micrograms grams 10^-6
microhms megohms 10^-12
ohms 10^-6
microliters liters 10^-6
miles (naut.) feet 6,076103
kilometers 1.852
meters 1,852.
miles (statute) 1.1508
yards 2,025.4
miles (statute) centimeters 1.609 x 10^5
feet 5,280.
inches 6.336 x 10^4
kilometers 1.609
meters 1,609.
miles (naut.) 0.8684
yards 1,760.
miles/hr cms/sec 44.70
feet/min 88.
feet/sec 1.467
kms/hr 1.609
kms/min 0.02682
knots 0.8684
meters/min 26.82
miles/min 0.01667
miles/hr/sec cms/sec/sec 44.70
feet/sec/sec 1.467
kms/hr/sec 1.609
meters/sec/sec 0.4470
miles/min cms/sec 2,682.
feet/sec 88.
kms/min 1.609
miles (naut.)/min 0.8684
miles/hr 60.0
mil-feetcu inches 9.425 x 10^-6
millierskilograms 1,000.
milligrams grams 0.001
milligrams/liter parts/million 1.0
millihenries henries 0.001
milliliters liters 0.001
millimeters centimeters 0.1
feet 3.281 x 10^-3
inches 0.03937
kilometers 10^-6
meters 0.001
miles 6.214x 10^-7
mils 39.37
yards 1.094 x 10^-3
million gals/day cu ft/sec 1.54723
mils centimeters 2.540 x 10^-3
feet 8.333 x 10^-5
inches 0.001
yards 2.778 x 10^-5
miner's inches cu ft/min 1.5
minutes (angles) degrees 0.01667
quadrants 1.852 x 10^-4
radians 2.909 x 10^-4
seconds 60.0
myriagrams kilograms 10.0
myriameters kilometers 10.0
myriawatts kilowatts 10.0
nepers decibels 8.686

newtons dynes 10^5
kilograms (force) 0.10197162
pounds (force) 0.046246
ohms megohms 10^-6

ohms microhms 10^6
ounces drams 16.0
grains 437.5
grams 28.349527
pounds 0.0625
tons (long) 2.790 x 10^-5
tons (metric) 2.835 x 10^-5
ounces (fluid) cu inches 1.805
liters 0.02957
ounces (troy) grains 480.0
grams 31.103481
ounces (avdp.) 1.09714
pennyweights (troy) 20.0
pounds (troy) 0.08333
ounces/sq in. pounds/sq in. 0.0625
parts/million grains/U.S. gal 0.0584

grains/lmp. gal 0.07016
pounds/million gal 8.345
pascal newton/sq meter 1
kilograms/sq cm 1.0197 10^-5
pennyweights(troy) grains 24.0
ounces (troy) 0.05
grams 1.55517
pounds (troy) 4.1667 x 10^-3
pints (dry) cu inches 33.60
pints (liq.) cu cms. 473.2
cu feet 0.01671
cu inches 28.87
cu meters 4.732 x 10^-4
cu yards 6.189 x 10^-4
gallons 0.125
liters 0.4732
quarts (liq.) 0.5
poundals dynes 13,826.
grams 14.10
joules/cm 1.383 x 10^-3
joules/meter(newtons) 0.1383
kilograms 0.01410
pounds 0.03108
pounds drams 256.
dynes 44.4823 x 10^-4
grains 7,000.
grams 453.5924
joules/cm 0.04448
kilograms 0.4536
ounces 16.0
poundals 32.17
pounds (troy) 1.21528
tons (short) 0.0005
pounds (troy) grains 5,760.
grams 373.24177
ounces (avdp.) 13.1657
ounces (troy) 12.0
pennyweights (troy) 240.0
pounds (avdp.) 0.822857
tons (long) 3.6735 x 10^-4
tons (metric) 3.7324 x 10^-4
tons (short) 4.1143 x 10^-4
pounds (force) newtons 21.6237
pounds of water cu feet 0.01602
cu inches 27.68
gallons 0.1198
pounds of water/min cu ft/sec 2.670 x 10^-4
pound-feet cm-dynes 1.356 x 10^7
cm-grams 13,825.
meter-kgs 0.1383
pounds/cu ft grams/cu cm 0.01602
kgs/cu meter 16.02
pounds/cu in. 5.787 x 10^-4
pounds/cu in. gms/cu cm 27.68
kgs/cu meter 2.768 x 10^4
pounds/cu ft 1,728.
pounds/ft kgs/meter 1.488
pounds/in. gms/cm 178.6
pounds/mil-foot gms/cu cm 2.306 x 10^6
pounds/sq ft atmospheres 4.725 x 10^-4
feet of water 0.01602
kgs/sq meter 4.882
pounds/sq in. 6.944 x 10^-3
pounds/sq in. atmospheres 0.06804
feet of water 2.307
kgs/sq meter 703.1
pounds/sq ft 144.0
bar 0.068966
quadrants (angle) degrees 90.0

minutes 5,400.0
radians 1.571
seconds 3.24 x 10^5
quarts (dry) cu inches 67.20
quarts (liq.) cu cms 946.4
cu feet 0.03342
cu inches 57.75
cu meters 9.464 x 10^-4
cu yards 1.238 x 10^-3
gallons 0.25
liters 0.9463
radians degrees 57.30

minutes 3,438.
quadrants 0.6366
seconds 2.063 x 10^5
radians/sec degrees/sec 57.30
revolutions/min 9.549
revolutions/sec 0.1592
radians/sec/sec revs/min/min 573.0
revs/min/sec 9.549
revs/sec/sec 0.1592
revolutions degrees 360.0
quadrants 4.0
radians 6.283
revolutions/min degrees/sec 6.0
radians/sec 0.1047
revs/sec 0.01667
revolutions/min/min radians/sec/sec 1.745 x 10^-3
revs/min/sec 0.01667
revs/sec/sec 2.778 x 10^-4
revolutions/sec degrees/sec 360.0
radians/sec 6.283
revs/min 60.0
revolutions/sec/sec radians/sec/sec 6.283
revs/min/min 3,600.0
revs/min/sec 60.0
rods feet 16.5
seconds (angle) degrees 2.778 x 10^-4

minutes 0.01667
quadrants 3.087 x 10^-6
radians 4.848 x 10^-6
square centimeters circular mils 1.973 x 10^5
sq feet 1.076 x 10^-3
sq inches 0.1550
sq meters 0.0001
sq miles 3.861 x 10^-11
sq millimeters 100.0
sq yards 1.196 x 10^-4
square feet acres 2.296 x 10^-5
circular mils 1.833 x 10^8
sq cms 929.0
sq inches 144.0
sq meters 0.09290
sq miles 3.587 x 10^-8
sq millimeters 9.290 x 10^4
sq yards 0.1111
square inches circular mils 1.273 x 10^6
sq cms 6.452
sq feet 6.944 x 10^-3
sq millimeters 645.2
sq mils 10^6
sq yards 7.716 x 10^-4
square kilometers acres 247.1
sq cms 10^10
sq ft 10.76 x 10^6
sq inches 1.550 x 10^9
sq meters 10^6
sq miles 0.3861
sq yards 1.196 x 10^6
square meters acres 2.471 x 10^-4
sq cms 10^4
so feet 10.76
sq inches 1,550.
sq miles 3.861 x 10^-7
sq millimeters 10^6
sq yards 1.196
square miles acres 640.0
sq feet 27.88 x 10^6
sq kms 2.590
sc meters 2.590 x 10^6
sq yards 3.098 x 10^6
square millimeters circular mils 1,973.
sq cms 0.01
sq feet 1.076 x 10^-5
sq inches 1.550 x 10^-3
square mils circular mils 1.273
sq cms 6.452 x 10^-6
sq inches 10^6
square yards acres 2.066 x 10^-4
sq cms 8,361.
sq feet 9.0
sq inches 1,296.
sq meters 0.8361
sq miles 3.228 x 10^-7
sq millimeters 8.361 x 10^5
stone kg 6.35
temperature absolute temperature

(deg.C) +273 (deg. C) 1.0
temperature temperature (deg. F) 1.8
(deg. C) +17.78
temperature absolute temperature
(deg. F)+460 (deg. F) 1.0
temperature temperature(
(deg. F)-32 deg. C) 5/9
tons (long) kilograms 1,016.
pounds 2,240.
tons (short) 1.120
tons (metric) kilograms 1,000.
pounds 2,205.
tons (short) kilograms 907.1 848
ounces 32,000.
ounces (troy) 29,1 66.66
pounds 2,000.
pounds !troy) 2,430.56
tons (long) 0.89287
tons (metric) 0.9078
tons (short)/sq ft kgs/sq meter 9,765.
pounds/sq in. 2,000.
tons of water/24hrs pounds of water/hr 83.333
gallons/min 0.16643
cu ft/hr 1.3349
watts Btu/hr 3.413

Btu/min 0.05688
ergs/sec 10^7
foot-lbs/min 44.27
foot-lbs/soc 0.7378
horsepower (metric) 1.360 x 10^-3
kilowatts 0.001
watt-hours Btu 3.413
ergs 3.60 x 10^10
foot-pounds 2,656.
gram-calories 859.85
horsepower-hrs 1.341 x 10^-3
kilogram-calories 0.8598
kilogram-meters 367.2
kilowatt-hrs 0.001
webers maxwells 10^8
kilolines 10^5
webers/sq in. gausses 1.550 x 10^7
lines/sri in. 10^8
webers/sq cm 0.1550
webers/sq meter 1,550.
webers/sq meter gausses 10^4
lines/sq in. 6.452 x 10^4
webers/sq cm 10^-4
webers/sq in. 6.452 x 10^-4
yards centimeters 91.49

feet 3.0
inches 36.0
meters 0.9144
miles (naut.) 4.934 x 10^-4
miles (stat.) 5.682 x 10^-4
millimeters 914.4
This information copied from The Astro website check them out
enter email address
1/17/2010 Earth batteries power directly from the…
James C Bryan of Philadephia January 27 1875
1875 Patent on Earth Batteries
There has recently been a question on Earth batteries on the Free energy newsgroup as so many were unaware
of the existence of such a device and must admit that I was ignorant of the device myself until I came across this
patent and so I reproduce an except from the patent application below.
"The object of my invention is to produce a current of electricity from an earth battery or batteries capable of
generating a constant current of considerable intensity to be used for lightning rod and other purposes where
voltaic batteries using solutions are now applied.
It is known that if different elements-for instance sheets of zinc and copper-be buried or placed in the earth ,a
current of electricity is generated; but I have discovered that if such elements be partly embedded in sulphur so
that the dampness of the earth may act in conjunction with the sulphur on the metals, a more intense will be
created.
I utilise this in the following way: The current is collected by insulated wires coiled around nickel plated steel
magnets ,which are planted north and south in the earth to receive the magnetic current of the earth; a secondary
coil or coils of insulated wire surrounds the coil or coils around the magnets and receives by induction, electricity
from both the voltaic and magneto-electro batteries.
In the drawing, the voltaic battery is composed of several pieces or plates of chemically pure zinc B, and the
same number of copper, A they are embedded in a cake of sulphur C and are connected by a large insulated
…fortunecity.com/…/earthbatteries.htm 1/22
wire D, which being the primary coil between dissimilar elements is extended, without insulation to the base of
the sulphur cake C, and also in a spiral coil or coils around steel magnets E, which are pointed magnetised and
nickel plated.
These batteries are planted in the earth north and south, to receive the earths current of electricity according to
the magnetic poles.
The primary coil or coils D are surrounded by secondary insulated wire F, in a spiral coil or coil to receive by
induction ,electricity from the batteries current through D
end of patent extract
For those that are interested I recommend you getting a copy of the Borderlands Journal issue volume L111
number one first quarter 1997.
Where there is an interesting article giving more details are other related research into this interesting field..
In the article it is suggested that if you want to try the idea of earth batteries for yourself
If you want to try it then get two copper rods or pipe and drive them into the ground and then connect a
galvanometer(place them near a tree for better results.) apparently the needle always points positive although it
may take time for the current and voltage to build up.
It seems that early engineers and telegraph operators knew of the effects of these ground currents when their
Edison batteries they had used went flat and long time depleted and their telegraph kept giving out sparks
sometimes of greater intensity than when they had been using batteries.
The Stubblefield Earth Battery
Electrical Battery by
NATHAN B.STUBBLEFIELD OF MURRAY KENTUCKY
The following is a reproduction of Nathan B. Subblefield Patent the drawing may be inaccurate due to some
difficulty in reading of the patent drawings Geoff
ASSIGNOR OF ONE HALF TO WILLIAM G.LOVE OF SAME PLACE
Specification forming part of letters patent no 600,457 dated march 9 1898
Application filed October 24,1896 serial number 609969 no model
To all whom it may concern.
Be it known that I Nathan B Stubblefield a citizen of the United states of America, residing at Murray in the
county of Calloway and
[ 5]
State of Kentucky have invented a new and useful Electrical Battery of which the following is a specification.
This invention relates to electrical batteries and it has for its objects to provide a
[10]
novel and practical battery for generating electrical currents of sufficient force for practical use, and also
providing means for generating not only a constant primary current but also an induced momentary secondary
[15]
current. it is well know that if any voltaic couple be immersed in water placed in moist earth the positive element
of the couple will undergo a galvanic action of sufficient intensity
[20]
to produce current when the terminals of the couple are bought in contact , and this form of battery is commonly
as the "water Battery ", usually employed for charging electrometers , but are not capable of giving
[25]
any considerable current owing to their great internal resistance . Now the principle involved in this class of
batteries is utilised to some extent in carrying out the present invention , but I contemplate, in connection
[30]
with water or moisture as the electrolyte ,t he use of a novel voltaic couple constructed in such a manner as to
greatly multiply or increase the electrical output of ordinary voltaic cells , while at the same time producing in
[35]
operation a magnetic field having a sufficiently strong inductive effect to induce a current in a solenoid or
secondary coil..To this end the invention contemplates a form of voltaic battery having a magnetic.
[40]
induction properties of sufficient intensity , so as to be capable of utilisation for practical purposes , and in the
accomplishment of the results sought for the invention further provides a construction of battery capable of
[45]
producing a current of practically constant electromotive force and being practically free of the rapid polarization
common in all galvanic or voltaic batteries . With these and many other objects in view
[50]
the invention ,combination , arrangement of arts herein after more fully described, illustrated and claimed.
In the drawings Figure 1 is a side elevation of an electrical battery constructed in
[ 55]
accordance with this invention . Fig 2 is a central longitudinal sectional view of the battery , showing the same
immersed in water as the electrolyte. Fig 3 is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of the battery ,showing
[60]
more clearly the manner of winding the voltaic couple or in other words , the wires comprising the couple . Fig 4
is a vertical sectional view of the battery , shown modified for use with an induction-coil.
[65]
referring to the accompanying drawings the numeral 1 designates a soft-iron core-piece extending longitudinally
of the entire battery and preferably in the form of a bolt having at one end a nut 2 which permits of
[70]
the parts of the battery being readily assembled together and also quite readily taken apart for the purpose of
repair , as will be readily understood. The central longitudinally-arranged core-piece 1 of the battery has
[ 75]
removably fitted on the opposite ends thereof the oppositely - located end heads 3,confining there between the
magnetic coil-body 4 of the battery , said heads 3 being of wood or equivalent material. The coil -body 4 of the
battery
[80]
is compactly formed by closely-wound coils of a copper and iron wire 5 and 6 ,respectively ,which wires form
the electrodes of the voltaic couple , and while necessarily insulated from each other ,so as to have no metallic
[85]
contact ,are preferably wound in the manner clearly illustrated in fig 3 of the drawings.
In the preferred winding of the wires 5 and 6 copper wire 5 is incased in an insulating covering 7,while the iron
wire 6
[90]
is a bare or naked wire ,so as to be more exposed to the action of the electrolyte and at the same time to
intensify the magnetic field that is created and maintained within and around the coil-body 4 when the battery is in
operation
[ 95]
and producing an electrical current . While the iron wire is preferably bare or naked for the reasons stated , this
wire may also be insulated without destroying the operativeness of the battery , and in order to secure
[100 ]
the best results the wires 5 and 6 are wound side by side in each coil or layer of the windings, as clearly shown in
FIG 3 of the drawings ,so that in each coil or layer of the windings
[2]
there will be alternate convolutions of the copper and iron wires forming
[5]
the voltaic couple , and it will of course be understood that there may be ant number of separate coils or layers of
the wires according to the required size and capacity of the battery. Each coil or layer of the windings
[10]
is separated from the adjacent coils or layers by an interposed layer of cloth or equivalent insulating material 8
and in a similar layer of insulating material 9 also surrounds the longitudinal core-piece 1 to insulate from this
core-piece
[15]
the innermost coil or layer of the windings. The terminals 10 of the copper and iron wires 5 and 6 are
disconnected so as to preserve the character of the wires as the electrode of the
[20]
voltaic couple; but the other or remaining terminals of the wires are bought into contact through the interposition
of any electrical instrument or device with which they may be connected to cause the electric currents
[25]
generated in the coil-body 4 to flow through such instrument or device. In the use of the battery constructed as
described the same may be immersed in a cell or jar 11, containing water as the electrolyte
[30]
but it is simply necessary to have the coil-body 4 moist to excite the necessary action for the production of a
current in the couple , and it is also the contemplation of the invention to place the battery in moist earth, which
[35]
alone is sufficient to provide the necessary electrolytic influence for producing an electric current. It has been
found that by reason of winding the couple of copper and iron wires into a
[40]
coil-body the current traversing the windings of this body will produce a magnetic field within and around the
body of sufficiently strong inductive effect for practical utilisation by means of a solenoid or secondary coil 12 as
illustrated in Fig 4 of the drawings.The solenoid or
[45]
secondary coil 12 is of an ordinary construction, comprising a wire closely wound into a coil of any desired size
on
[50]
an ordinary spool 13 and increased within a protective covering 14 of mica, celluliod or equivalent material. The
spool 13 of the solenoid or secondary coil may be conveniently secured directly on the exterior of the
[55]
coil-body 4 between the heads 3 with a suitable layer or wrapping of insulated material 15, interposed between
the spool and the body 4, and the terminals 16 of the solenoid or secondary coil may be connected up with any
[60]
instrument usually operated by a secondary currents- such for instance as a microphone-transmitter or

telegraphic relay. The magnetic field produced by the current traversing the coil-body 4 induces a secondary
[65]
current in the solenoid or secondary coil 12 when the ordinary make and break of the primary current produced
within the coil 4 is made between the terminals of said coil 4. It will therefore be seen that the construction of the
battery illustrated in FIG 4 is practically
[70]
a self generating induction-coil, and it cab be used for every purpose that a coil of this character is used, for as
long as the coil-body 4 is wet or damp with moisture electric currents will be produced in the manner
[75]
described. It will also be obvious that by reason of the magnetic inductive properties of the coil-body 4 the core-
piece 1 will necessarily be magnetised while a current is going through the body 4 so that the battery
[80]
may be used as a self-generating electromagnet, if so desired, it being observed that to secure this result is simply
required connecting the extended terminals of the wires 5 and 6 together after wetting or dampening
[85] the coil-body.
Many other uses of the herein-described battery will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art, and I will have
it understood that any changes in the form, proportion and the
[90]
minor details of construction may be resorted to without departing from the principle or sacrificing any of the
advantages of this invention.
Having thus described the invention what
[95]
is claimed and desired to be secured by letters Patent is-
1 A combined electrical battery and electomagnet, for use with water as an electrolyte ,comprising a soft -iron
core-piece and a
[100]
voltaic couple of copper and iron wires insulated from each other and closely and compactly wound together in
separate insulated layers wound together in separate insulated layers to produce a solid coil-body surrounding
the soft-iron core-piece, substantially as
[105]
set forth.
2 An electrical battery for use with water as an electrolyte comprising a voltaic couple of insulated copper wire
and bare iron wire closely wound into a coil-body substantially
[110]
as described.
3 An electrical battery for use with water as an electrolyte comprising a voltaic couple of insulated copper and
bare iron wire wound side by side in separate insulated layers
[115]
to produce a coil-body, substantially as described.
4 An electrical battery ,for use with water as an electrolyte ,comprising a voltaic couple having its separate
electrodes insulated from
[120]
each other and closely wound into a compact coil-body forming a self-generating primary coil when moistened
and a solenoid or secondary coil fitted on the coil-body of the couple, substantially as set forth.
[125]
In testimony that I claim the foregoing as my own I have hereto affixed my signature in the presence of two
witnesses.
NATHAN B STUBBLEFIELD
Witnesses
John H Siggers
W.B.Hudson
Stubble field site
Additional Stubblefield Info
If anyone has experimented and had experience with this energy source could you let me know what you did and
how you went and inform yours truly of some of the results you achieved .I will add the results and info here if
you wish.
Contact me at my main email address below.
Geoff
To: energy2000@yahoogroups.com
Subject: Re: [energy2000 / energy 21) earth battery
This a collections of emails taken from our energy 2000 newsgroups concerning Earth batteries
several members forwarded this information to the group
Again this is nothing new. Poor soil conditions result in a
Difference
Of potential. This is why in communications one has to run ground tests.
Also another reason some places has to put in a ground field.
Well differences in metals can create power just like anything. Gold of
Course is a better conductor then lead. But copper is the cheapest middle
ground or best bang for the buck. Putting one zinc and the other nickel
isn’t going to help. You can get a nice fluke meter.. Get 2 grounding
rods. Connect them via 2 wires. Walk around the land and take readings
after pounding them in. this will tell you what tell difference in
potential is. The larger the difference the larger the amount of power
produced. The more rods in the ground tied together the less of a
potential since you will be equalizing the potential. And remember as it
rains or the ground gets moisture the less of a potential will be in
existence sense the water will also act as a conductor and equalizer
It’s fully possible, but think carefully of which metals you put in the ground. You don’t want to get the wrong metal salts in the
ground, because the land can quite fast become unusable if you get the wrong salts in the ground.
Hi earth battery enthusiast. I have a small E battery in the yard. Copper tube and zinc rod. I’m not convinced that this is not a
chemical reaction. The voltage is unstable. Zinc is hard to come by. I understand you can get this working well with copper and
aluminum. Does anyone know of a good configuration that will produce one amp or so? I would like to test for electrolysis and
try to use the energy. I have yet to hear from someone that is making use of this power source.
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You’ll find out that earth batteries work in a very different way that typical chemical reaction. When I began my testing (using
dissimilar metals) I decided to separate the plates, zinc & copper, by a distance of Thirty-two feet. The soil was BONE DRY as
we were in a drought. The plates worked equally well whether placed next to each other and wetted or thirty two feet apart in
BONE DRY earth.
They will also work if made from similar plate material. Thirty two feet is far too distant to maintain ion stripping as in a standard
chemical battery. This is generally how I know whether or not someone is talking "hands on" or "blowing smoke". You
certainly CAN cause a chemical reaction with moist earth and dissimilar plates, but the Earth Battery effect transcends standard
chemical ion stripping theories.
Try your own experiments and you’ll see!

-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So what you are saying is wet earth and good soil and poor soil and dry will work the same? We have done studies and have
seen that good soil has a very low difference of potential. Poor soil can have a higher difference of potential.
Now what I would like to see is some data. What materials were used? What is the soil conditions and makeup. What output is
produced and at what load.
Workings in the communications where one can see 100amps at 50 volts go through a bad return we have to ensure we have
good ground. The only way of doing this is a grounding test in the location we are working. Also any measurable amount of
potential difference can cause errors in the data transmissions. We have had to put in 20 grounding rods in a grounding field to
create a decent return but I will say there was never enough difference to produce any meaningful power.
Blowing smoke? Not me. My life my co-workers life as well as your data is in my hands when we put in a new office.
1/17/2010 Earth
y batteriesy powerypdirectly from the… g y g( g
dissimilar metals) I decided to separate the plates, zinc & copper, by a distance of Thirty-two feet. The soil was BONE DRY as
we were in a drought. The plates worked equally well whether placed next to each other and wetted or thirty two feet apart in
BONE DRY earth.
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No offence taken. My meters I use is a fluke 87III calibrated 2times a year. But installers use a much nicer and more sensitive
meters. The soil that we have had to put in the 20 posts where very loamy soil. Difference of potential was very high for
communications work. We have had to go in 6 months after install and increase a ground field due to the soil drying out
causing hits on transmissions equipment. I do have good soil for this to take place as I have loamy soil and poor ground. If I
can get this kind of output this will more than handle my server and PC equipment in the house as a backup. Right now I have
10 60aH gell cells I use for ups and I think this could more then easily keep these batteries topped up and charge if I loose
power. Since I have plenty of ground rods I can put in a system relatively easy. How do you install the plates?? And what
design are they? Are they flat plate? What size?
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So what you are saying is wet earth and good soil and poor soil and dry will work the same?
Yes, in my experience I’ve found negligible differences.
We have done studies and have seen that good soil has a very low difference of potential. Poor soil can have a higher
difference of potential.
This has not occurred in ANY of my experiments! What is the geological nature of the "poor soil" you speak of?
Now what I would like to see is some data. What materials were used?
What is the soil conditions and makeup. What output is produced and at
what load.
Go back thru my comments. Output produced is 15v @ 9 amps. Load is 8 6v 235ah battery bank & 8 12v 325ah battery bank. I
am aware of a government published result of 53v @ 56amps, though I’ve not tried that as it would cook my batteries. I utilize
my meager experimental budget for practical items.
Workings in the communications where one can see 100amps at 50 volts go

through a bad return we have to ensure we have good ground. The only way of doing this is a grounding test in the location
we are working.
Also any measurable amount of potential difference can cause errors in
the data transmissions. We have had to put in 20 grounding rods in a grounding field to create a decent return but I will say
there was never enough difference to produce any meaningful power.
Hmmm, if you measure the potential from one end of a bridge to the other, my experience shows a MINIMUM voltage of 200
and a usable amperage of 190! In your discipline you should be able to modify your testing equipment to prove this for you.
VERY long leads! I’ve tested several bridges and they are simply Giant earth batteries!
Blowing smoke? Not me. My life my co-workers life as well as your data
is in my hands when we put in a new office.
I’d not pointed fingers and did not intend to offend you! I was actually not speaking of anyone on the list. I believe that my soil
is pretty well balanced, though it does have a lot of granite/silicon. This leads me to believe the phenomena is grounded
1/17/2010
p y g Earth gbatteries power directly from the… p g
(pardon the pun) in the EB simply being a collector. I’m sure you’re aware of the ground radio effect and I think that this is why
the EB works with similar plates as well as dissimilar. This would also explain the distance between the plates not having an
effect. We all know the effects of electricity on semi conducting materials and the granite and silicon, though impure in nature,
still conduct the energy that it’s exposed to.
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You’ll find out that earth batteries work in a very different way that
typical chemical reaction. When I began my testing (using dissimilar metals) I decided to separate the plates, zinc & copper, by
a distance of thirty-two feet. The soil was BONE DRY as we were in a drought. The plates worked equally well whether placed
next to each other and wetted or thirty-two feet apart in BONE DRY earth.

-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Again this is nothing new. Poor soil conditions result in a difference of potential. This is why in communications one
has to run ground tests. Also another reason some places has to put in a ground field.
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I wonder if depending on your soil if two dissimilar materials can be

put in the soil and the chemical reaction between the two would
produce a small voltage? But can enough be made to be useful if this
is possible.
Firstly, ZINC is not hard to come by at all. Any "galvanized" sheet metal
is zinc coated and available in hardware stores and roofing supply stores,
metal siding suppliers, etc. You can also find large sheets of copper at
the same suppliers. If you wish to supplement a chemical reaction, pour
liquid bleach over the area of your EB.
Excepting minor diurnal fluctuations, my Earth Batteries are quite stable thru 4
seasons. I am making use of the "power" as we speak! I live on natural
energy, the nearest power lines being ½ mile away. As far as
configuration, place them as close to a tree as you can if possible,
experiment with different configurations. I have found the greatest
potential by establishing the plates at right angle vectors. I have used
several combinations, copper, zinc zinc, copper zinc, and have found
NO difference of potential! But then I’m not trying to re-invent the wheel
by using the earth as a chemical battery, I’m trying to attract and utilize
the subtle energies found in all of nature.
Now what I would like to see is some data. What materials were used? What is the soil conditions and makeup. What output is
produced and at what load.
Workings in the communications where one can see 100amps at 50 volts go through a bad return we have to ensure we have
good ground. The only way of doing this is a grounding test in the location we are working. Also any measurable amount of
potential difference can cause errors in the data transmissions. We have had to put in 20 grounding rods in a grounding field to
create a decent return but I will say there was never enough difference to produce any meaningful power.
and a usable amperage of 190! In your discipline you should be able to modify your testing equipment to prove this for
yourself. VERY long leads! I’ve tested several bridges and they are simply Giant earth batteries!
Blowing smoke? Not me. My life my co-workers life as well as your data is in my hands when we put in a new office.
I’d not pointed fingers and did not intend to offend you! I was actually not speaking of anyone on the list.
I believe that my soil is pretty well balanced, though it does have a lot of granite/silicon. This leads me to believe the
phenomena is grounded (pardon the pun) in the EB simply being a collector. I’m sure you’re aware of the ground radio effect
and I think that this is why the EB works with similar plates as well as dissimilar. This would also explain the distance between
the plates not have an effect. We all know the effects of electricity on semi conducting materials and the granite and silicon,
though impure in nature, still conduct the energy that it’s exposed to.
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dissimilar metals) I decided to separate the plates, zinc & copper, by a distance of thirty-two feet. The soil was BONE DRY as
we were in a drought. The plates worked equally well whether placed next to each other and wetted or thirty-two feet apart in
BONE DRY earth.

-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
has to run ground tests.
Also another reason some places has to put in a ground field.
I wonder if depending on your soil if two dissimilar materials can be put in the soil and the chemical reaction between the two
would produce a small voltage? But can enough be made to be useful if this is possible.
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The plates I normally use are just flat plates. I have an array that utilizes a "V" style corrugation but that was to conserve space.
My most successful set uses an "H" configuration where two pairs of plates are on either side or one horizontal in between
them. That is the configuration I use most often now, though I don’t know how they work in loamy soil. I just make sure they’re
buried at least 18 inches. I’ve learned a lot since I first wrote the booklet and haven’t had time to update the info.
Modify some leads for that Fluke and take it to a bridge for kicks. I actually burned a loading coil but it got real bright before it
separated! The coil was simply bailing wire (or re-bar tie wire in the city) 20ft long wrapped around a mop handle. Each turn was
separated about 1 inch from the next. The whole coil was only a couple of feet long and I tested it @ 100 amps. It got hot, but
worked well. When I used it on the bridge, it got hot, got bright and burned in half.
At first I thought is was some sort of galvanic phenomena, but all the supporting material is made of the same metal. (iron) This
eliminated the dissimilar chemical issues and made me really start into the EB research hot and heavy.
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
can get this kind of output this wills more then handle my server and PC equipment in the house as a backup. Right now I have
10 60aH ell cells I use for ups and I think this could more then easily keep these batteries topped up and charge if I loose power.
Since I have plenty of ground rods I can put in a system relatively easy. How do you install the plates?? And what design are
they? Are they flat plate? What size?
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
what load.
Workings in the communications where one can see 100amps at 50 volts go

we are working.
and a usable amperage of 190! In your discipline you should be able to modify your testing equipment to prove this for you.
VERY long leads! I’ve tested several bridges and they are simply Giant earth batteries!
is pretty well balanced, though it does have allot of granite/silicon. This leads me to believe the phenomena is grounded
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You’ll find out that earth batteries work in a very different way
that
typical chemical reaction. When I began my testing (using dissimilar
metals) I decided to separate the plates, zinc & copper, by a
distance of
Thirty-two feet. The soil was BONE DRY as we were in a drought. The plates worked equally well whether placed next to each
other and wetted or thirty two feet apart in BONE DRY earth.
I guess the bottom line does it have any practical use? can enough power is gained to light an LED for example.
Now another idea can all those radio waves (and all those watts
radiated) in the air be gathered by an antenna and put to use?
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If I can get this kind of output this will more then handle my server and PC equipment in the house as a backup. Right now I
have 10 60aH gell cells I use for ups and I think this could more then easily keep these batteries topped up and charge if I loose
Hasn’t it been found out that buried horizontal ground rods are more effective than vertical. This is how I run my Ham setup.
Also if dealing with transmitted power horizontal rods matching part of the wave length you are using and the more of them
you have the more effective your signal output. but there comes a point of diminishing returns. OF course maybe we are
looking at different things here.
when you put in a ground, what is the
sop for testing it???
methods and results?
Please note this is not for any argument I’m just
wondering what you use to determine a "good
ground"
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So what you are saying is wet earth and good
soil and poor soil and dry
will work the same? We have done studies and
have seen that good soil
has a very low difference of potential. Poor
soil can have a higher
Now what I would like to see is some data. What
materials were used?
What is the soil conditions and makeup. What
output is produced and at
what load.
Working in the communications where one can see
100amps at 50 volts go
through a bad return we have to ensure we have
good ground. The only way
of doing this is a grounding test in the
location we are working. Also
any measurable amount of potential difference
can cause errors in the
data transmissions. We have had to put in 20
grounding rods in a
grounding field to create a decent return but I
will say there was never
enough difference to produce any meaningful
power.
Blowing smoke? Not me. My life my co-workers
life as well as your data
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
When I began my
testing (using dissimilar
metals) I decided to separate the plates, zinc
& copper, by a distance
of thirty-two feet. The soil was BONE DRY as
we were in a drought. The
plates worked equally well whether placed next
to each other and wetted
or thirty-two feet apart in BONE DRY earth.
They will also work if made from similar plate
material. Thirty two
feet is far too distant to maintain ion
stripping as in a standard
chemical battery. This is generally how I know
whether or not someone is
talking "hands on" or "blowing smoke". You
certainly CAN cause a
chemical reaction with moist earth and
dissimilar plates, but the Earth
Battery effect transcends standard chemical ion
stripping theories.

-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Again this is nothing new. Poor soil
conditions result in a
difference of potential. This is why in
communications one has to
run ground tests.
Also another reason some places has to put

in a ground field.
Can you share the size and material of the plates you use. I looked for this in previous post and seemed to have mist this.
Thanks,
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
My most successful set uses an "H" configuration where two pairs of plates are on either side and one horizontal in between
At first I thought is was some sort of galvanic phenomena, but all the supporting material is made of the same metal. (iron) This
eliminated the dissimilar chemical issue and made me really start into the EB research hot and heavy.
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
can get this kind of output this will more then handle my server and PC equipment in the house as a backup. Right now I have
what load.
Working in the communications where one can see 100amps at 50 volts go

we are working.
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Again this is nothing new. Poor soil conditions result in a
difference of potential. This is why in communications one has to
run ground tests. Also another reason some places has to put in a
ground field.
my plates range from 2x2 feet to standard 4x8-sheet stock. The larger the surface area, the larger the output. Pretty simple really.
I believe that the plates act as collectors similar to an antenna and as one who was a radio nut in my younger days, I have a
pretty good grasp of radio/electronics theory. Hope that helps.
Can you share the size and material of the plates you use. I looked for this in previous post and seemed to have mist this.
Thanks,
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
My most successful set uses an "H" configuration where two pairs of plates are on either side and one horizontal in between
At first I thought is was some sort of galvanic phenomena, but all the
supporting material is made of the same metal. (iron) This eliminated the
dissimilar chemical issue and made me really start into the EB research
hot
and heavy.
----- Original Message -----
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
can get this kind of output this will more then handle my server and PC equipment in the house as a backup. Right now I have
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We have done studies and have seen that good soil
has a very low difference of potential. Poor soil can have a higher difference of potential.
what load.
Working in the communications where one can see 100amps at 50 volts go

through a bad return we have to ensure we have good ground. The only way of doing this is a grounding test in the
location we are working.
the data transmissions. We have had to put in 20 grounding rods in a grounding field to create a decent return but I will
say there was never enough difference to produce any meaningful power.
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
typical chemical reaction. When I began my testing (using dissimilar metals) I decided to separate the plates, zinc &
copper, by a distance of thirty-two feet. The soil was BONE DRY as we were in a drought. The plates worked equally
well whether placed next to each other and wetted or thirty-two feet apart in BONE DRY earth.
They will also work if made from similar plate material. Thirty two feet is far too distant to maintain ion stripping as in a
standard chemical battery. This is generally how I know whether or not someone is talking "hands on" or "blowing
smoke". You certainly CAN cause a chemical reaction with moist earth and dissimilar plates, but the Earth Battery effect
transcends standard chemical ion stripping theories.

-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
has to run ground tests. Also another reason some places has to put in a ground field.
I wonder if depending on your soil if two dissimilar materials can be

put in the soil and the chemical reaction between the two would
produce a small voltage? But can enough be made to be useful if this
is possible.
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes horizontal grounds can work better then straight but it becomes unstable. With the grounding rods vertical you have better
balance due to the inconsistencies of soil.
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If I can get this kind of output this will more then handle my server and PC equipment in the house as a backup. Right now I
have 10 60aH gell cells I use for ups and I think this could more then easily keep these batts topped up and charge if I loose
-------------------------------end of email---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hasn’t it been found out that buried horizontal ground rods are more effective than vertical. This is how I run my Ham setup.
Also if dealing with transmitted power horizontal rods matching part of the wave length you are using and the more of them
you have the more effective your signal output. but there comes a point of diminishing returns. OF course maybe we are
looking at different things here.
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1/17/2010 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM experi…
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ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
occur everywhere in nature.

Early man was well acquainted with the awesome power of lightning
and knew that iron and certain other metals were attracted to
magnetite, a kind of iron ore. The Ancient Greeks were familiar
with the fact that rubbed amber attracted dust and chaff; indeed,
their word for amber, "elektron," is the origin of the word
electricity.
Yet surprisingly, the link between magnetism and electricity was

not discovered until early in the last century. Even today, there
is a great deal about electromagnetic forces that we still cannot
explain. Nevertheless, we make use of them in an endless variety of
ways to produce heat, light and other forms of energy. We also know
enough about electricity and magnetism to have a lot of fun, as you
will see in this web page site
AN ELECTROSCOPE
Bend a piece of wire into a double right-angled shape with upturned ends as illustrated. Put one end on the rim
of a glass and keep it in position with a metal plate or tray. The vertical arm inside should not touch the glass.
Hang a strip of metal foil over the horizontal wire arm.
…fortunecity.com/…/electricityexperim… 1/8
Charge a comb or piece of paper with static by rubbing, then hold it near the tray rim. The foil ends will spring
apart. You have made an electroscope, a delicate instrument for detecting electric charges.
Touch the plate with your finger. This grounds the foil charge, giving it an opposite charge to the paper. The
leaves collapse. Then take away your finger. The opposite charge in the paper will now flow to the foil. The
leaves will spring apart again as they now have an opposite charge to the paper. All clear? Try it yourself.
HANS OERSTED (1777-1851), a Danish scientist, discovered that an

electric current produces a magnetic field at right angles to its
flow. Now prove him right.
Float a magnetised needle in a glass of water to make a compass .
When those who aren't in the scientific "know" drop metal objects
into water they sink like stones to the bottom. You are different,
for when you drop, say, pins and needles into water they float.
Miraculous? Not really. The secret is to keep the surface of the

pin or needle that isn't touching the water quite dry. There are
four ways of doing this, two rather difficult and two fairly easy.
Lowering the needle by two looped threads is one way but you would
have to remove the thread without disturbing either the water or
the needle - no easy job.
The second method, dropping it horizontally from just above the

surface, is better, but you need a very steady hand because a
crooked drop won't work.
The bottom two methods illustrated here are best; either lower the
needle (or pin) gently on a fork,
or float it on a piece of paper.
The last is probably the most effective but you will leave a tell-
tale piece of paper on the bottom because it is going to absorb the
water and sink, leaving the needle afloat.
Puzzle your friends by first giving them some pins and needles and
inviting them to make these metal objects float. Unless they know
the secret they will fail.
The things will sink miserably and swiftly. Then you unveil your
collection of floating pins and needles which you have previously
prepared.
"How's it done?" they ask. "Magic water," you say, putting them off
the scent.
Having mastered the art of making needles float, you can become a
compass manufacturer. If you magnetise a needle - by stroking it
one way only with a bar magnet - and float it in the way we have
described, it will always point north and south. Of course, you
know why.
What you have made, in the simplest possible way, is a rudimentary

compass. It won't be much use as a means of finding your way in the
country, but it is a compass nevertheless.
In both these demonstrations, the important point to remember is

that the objects must be dry or they will sink.
Place a teaspoon parallel to the needle across the rim of the

glass. The battery to supply the current is made as follows. Wrap
some small pieces of coke in a cloth and insert the handle of a
fork. Immerse the bundle in a strong salt solution then rest the
fork prongs on one end of the spoon. Balance a strip of zinc
between the other end and the salt solution taking care not to
touch the coke bundle.
Chemical reaction in the solution produces a flow of electricity

through the circuit of zinc, spoon, fork and salt solution. Notice
how the needle is now deflected at right angles.
A MAGNETIC MOTOR
A fairly elaborate motor that is powerful enough to spin a wire
wheel can be made from just a simple magnet and a spirit lamp. In
this instance, building the wheel turns out to be far more
complicated than assembling the motor itself.
To make the wheel, use a thick slice of cork as the hub and insert
four equal lengths of stiff copper wire as spokes. Make grooves in
the end of each to take a rim of thin iron wire. Slot the rim into
each spoke and twist both ends together so that it forms a circle.
The axle for the wheel will be a steel knitting needle mounted on a
base of cork that is glued to a thick cardboard circle. The entire
axle rotates on a bearing made from a small, concave-centred button
glued to the cork base. In the "cup" of this button place a glass
bead with a hole bored through it. Now bend a hairpin or paper clip
to form a small loop in the middle. Insert the two ends in the cork
base so that it arches over the button. The axle is kept upright by
the loop and the hole in the bead. Together they form a ball-and-
socket arrangement. If necessary, oil this hinge from time to time.
Place a horseshoe magnet on a stand at the same level as the wheel.

Heat the rim of the wheel with a spirit lamp placed just in front
of one of the two poles of the magnet. As the rim heats up, the
wheel starts to revolve. When the iron becomes red hot, at a
temperature of around 1 1100 degree F, it becomes immune to
magnetic attraction. Now only the colder part of the iron rim is
attracted
HOMEMADE LIGHT BULB

Electricity does not only flow out of wall sockets. It occurs

everywhere in nature often appearing in the most unsuspected
places. This is why it is possible to make a light without even
using anything as elaborate as wires, light bulbs and fuses.
You will need a glass cylinder, preferably one from an old oil
lamp. Wrap a ring of tin foil around its middle. Attach another
thin strip of foil from the end of the glass to roughly half an
inch away from the foil ring. Next wrap a long soft brush in a silk
handkerchief or silk cloth. Rub the inside of the glass briskly
making sure not to touch the foil with your fingers. If you stand
in a darkened corner you will soon see a large spark jump across
the gap between the foil every time you pull the brush out of the
cylinder.
With this simple electricity generator you will be able to perform

an endless variety of tricks and experiments. For example, if you
the ring of tin foil and hang a few strips of thin paper at the end
you will have built an electroscope quite similar to the one made
earlier in the book. This time, rub the inside of the glass
cylinder from the opposite direction you used before. The paper
strips will soon bristle and lift up as the charge from the foil
flows along the thread and into the paper. Since like charges repel
each other, the bits of paper will be pushed apart.
You have also demonstrated in this experiment that objects that are
poor conductors, such as glass, readily take an electric charge
when rubbed. Good conductors, on the other hand, readily transmit
electricity between charged and neutral bodies.
THE KNOWING ARROW

Fold a small piece of paper in such a way that it divides into
quarters with creases to show where you have folded it. Using the
intersection of these creases as the centre point, cut out a cross
like the one illustrated.
Trim the longer arms to make the point a little further from the
centre intersection than the other squared end. Balance the paper
cross on the point of a needle at the centre but take care not to
pierce the paper. Insert the head of the needle in a cork and cover
the whole structure with a glass tumbler.
Tell your friends you can make the arrow inside the glass point at
anyone you name without removing the glass. All you need to do is
rub it with a silk handkerchief on the side facing the person you
choose. The arrow will be attracted by the static on that side of
the glass and will turn to point in his direction.
Follow up this trick by making the arrow rotate at quite a speed by

rubbing the tumbler top well, it isn't the top because the bottom
is uppermost here - in a circular motion but always in the same
direction.
If you have the patience to do some rather fiddly paperwork you

could make a paper cross with equal arms and from them suspend tiny
cut-out horses by fine threads. This electric merry-go round will
delight and amuse young children.
Glass, porcelain, wood, textiles, waxes and resins are easily

charged with static electricity but they are, like all such
materials, bad conductors of an electric current. They are
therefore obvious choices for use as insulators to separate
conducting materials.
Article take from book 100 amazing magic tricks
Written by Arthur Good Illustrated by poyet Translation and adaptation David Roberts
Wishing Books
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1/17/2010 ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC ALTERNATI…
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ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC ALTERNATING
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ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATOR
Milton A. Knight, Box 113, Rte. 1,

Centreville Va. 22020
Filed Jan. 4,1966, Ser. No. 511,745
fat. CI. H02k 45/OO
1st Cl. 318-11 6 Claims
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

An electro hydro dynamic alternating current generator wherein a stream of
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supersaturated gas is passed through an elongated channel, the gas being formed into
ionized groups by an oscillator. As the ionized groups pass along the length of the
channel they act on a plurality of coils which are wound around the outside of the
channel. Electromagnetic flux caused by the ionized gas groups induces a potential
in the coils, the coils being connected in parallel to a load.
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government
of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any
royalties thereon or therefor.
The present invention relates to electric power generating equipment and more
particularly to an electro hydro dynamic generator that adapted to produce
alternating current electric power.
Electro hydro dynamic generation differs from conventional magneto-hydrodynamic

generation in that, in tile former, a magnetic field is produced by a flowing fluid,
whereas in the latter, a magnetic field is produced by a coil or magnet surrounding
a find conduit.
The most effective present state-of-the-art process for power generation by the use
of electro hydro dynamic generators utilises two gasses a first neutral gas flowing
in a channel into which is injected a second supersaturated gas.
As the supersaturated gas enters the neutral gas it is expanded and caused to
condense into minute particles (0.1 to 2 microns).
The point of the tube outlet front which the supersaturated gas enters the moving
neutral gas stream is connected to one terminal of a 1000 to 5000 volt, electrical
potential while a metallic ring forming an imide past of the channel wall slightly
downstream front the tube outlet is connected to the other terminal.
Since the terminal on the supersaturated gas tube outlet is formed into a sharp
point, a corona field is established there around. Accordingly, as the
supersaturated gas the gas particles become' charged but since the central gas flow
accelerates the charged particles and carries them downstream, no current actually
flows between the two terminals.
Thus, the ring around the channel will serve as an ionizer and the terminal at the
inner tube furnishes the corona field for charging the particles. Present generators
use a collector plate or rod downstream from the ionizer so that the charged
particles are carried by their own momentum and by the kinetic energy of the neutral
gas stream to the collector where they give up their charge.
However, as is well known, when two like charges are bought together, such as the
charged particles and the charge already existing on the collector plate, the
electric field intensity varies inversely as the square of the distance between the
two charges provide low mobility so as to obtain many collisions with the neutral
gas, thereby providing the necessary energy to raise the intensity of the collector
plate.
Thus considerable work must be expended by the kinetic energy of the moving gas to
force the charged particles into the electric field of the collector.
This work is provided by the energy of the neutral gas particles colliding with the
charged particles, thereby resulting in a transfer of energy.
To improve performance, the size of the charged particles is selected to provide low
mobility so as to obtain many collisions with the neutral gas, thereby providing the
necessary energy to raise the intensity of the collector plate.
There are several major disadvantages with the present charged particle system which
have precluded their practical application First, they are highly inefficient in
that only a small amount of the kinetic energy of the neutral gas is transferred to
the kinetic energy of the charged particles. Previous work has obtained an
efficiency of Ion than 1 percent against a theoretical efficiency of 50 percent.
The reason for this is that the collector plate must be placed so close to the
ionizer ring that, with increased density of the charged particles, the gas breaks
down electrically and shorts between the collector and the ionizer.
Accordingly, low density charging is necessary with resulting low efficiency. The
second major disadvantage is that the collector insist be placed in the gas flow
and, under high velocity gas conditions, this collector provides considerable
turbulence and friction loss to the generator.
A third disadvantage is that a high voltage direct current output is generated and,
as such, is unusable. This output must be connected to alternating or pulsed current
and reduced to a usable voltage by an external conversion system.
Although, with respect to the last-mentioned disadvantage, there have been developed
prior art alternating current generators, these generators have been characterised
by mechanical switching means for converting the direct current produced by the
generator into alternating current prior to distribution. Such mechanical switching
means are inherently unreliable, require considerable maintenance and are expensive
to construct.
Accordingly, the general purpose of this invention is to provide an electro hydro

dynamic generator which embraces all of the advantages of similarly employed prior
art generators and which process none of the aforesaid disadvantages.
To attain this, the present invention utilizes a unique plasma pulsing system which
is used in conjunction with a unique collector assembly to efficiently produce an
alternating current output without the need for mechanical switching arrangements.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an electro hydro

dynamic generator which produces an alternating current output
of an object of the present invention is the provision electro hydro dynamic

generator which produces alternating current at a much higher efficiency than
heretofore considered possible.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an electro hydro dynamic

generator which produces an alternating current output without utilizing mechanical
switching arrangements.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an electro hydro dynamic
generator which is characterized by simplicity of construction, low cost and ease of
operation and use.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become
apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a side elevation view, partly in section, of a preferred embodiment of the

invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the collector of the present invention;
FIG 3 in a diagrammatic view, partly in vertical section, of a portion of the

apparatus and
FIG 4 is a graphic illustration of the voltages produced by the apparatus of the

present invention.
In general, the present invention is based upon the concept that considerable power
may he concentrated into a small plasma column. In other words, it has been
discovered that the coulomb intensity is such that an appreciable magnetic field may
be created by a moving mass of charged particles in addition to the ever present
electric field.
For examp1e, a charged particle density of 1014 charges per cubic centimeter at a gas
flow velocity of 200 meters per second will give a current flow of approximately two
coulombs per square centimeter of channel area.
The present invention, therefore, makes use of both the magnetic field and electric
field of the moving plasma without creating any frictional impediment to the of gas,
and also utilizes a series of generator conductor coils and rings to folly exploit
the 'kinetic energy of the gas.
Of course, in order to incite use of the magnetic field of the plasma, the field
must be made to pulse. This is accomplished by oscillating the electric field at the
ionizer so as to provide pulses of charged particles separated by short spaces of
neutral gas.
Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference characters designate like or
corresponding parts through-out the designate like or corresponding parts throughout
the several views, there is shown in FIG. 1 an electro hydro dynamic generator,
generally indicated by reference character 10. comprised of a duct or conduit 12
through which a pressurised neutral gas 14 is caused to flow. A second conduit or
tube 16 having a truncated conical disposed configuration is concentrically disposed
within the outer duct 12 at the inlet end thereof. A supersaturated gas 18 is
introduced into the neutral gas via the conduit 16 at the outlet 20. An annular
ioniser ring 22 is disposed in the channel slightly downstream from the opening 20
of the supersaturated gas tube 16 and an electrical potential, generally indicated
by a battery 24 and electrical conductors 26, 28, is connected across the ioniser
ring 22 and the supersaturated gas tube 16. This potential is controlled by an
ioniser oscillator 30 which, in the embodiment illustrated, controls a switching
mechanism 32 in the conductor 28. Of course, it should be understood that any type
of conventional pulsing equipment may be used in place of the ioniser oscillator 30
end the mechanical switching means 32. For example, the mechanical switching means
32 may be completely eliminated and replaced by either a vacuum tube or a solid
state switching device which is well known in the art. As is apparent, when the
terminals 20, 22 are charged, a corona will form at the opening 20 of The
supersaturated gas tube 16 and the gas emitting therefrom will be condensed and the
particles charged. Since the pulses are of short duration, the charged particles
well form in branches as illustrated at 34 end be caused to move downstream
accelerated by the kinetic energy of the neutral gas 14. By the use of this system,
a very high density of charged particles is permissible.
Disposed downstream from the ioniser ring 22 is a plurality of spaced collector

means 36. As best illustrated in FIG 1 land 2, each of the collector means 36 is
comprised of a collector ring 38 having multiple turns of a conductor wide 48
wrapped there around with one end of the conductor wire 40 electrically connected to
the ring 38. as Illustrated at 42. Each of the collector assemblies 36 may then he
connected together in a conventional manner to produce either a single phase or a
three-phase alternating current output. For example, as illustrated in FIG, 1, the
collector assemblies 36 are all connected in parallel to produce a single phase
alternating current output at 44. The downstream end of flat duct 12 may be opened
as at 46 to atmosphere so that the neutral gas and the groups of charged particles
34 are exhausted.
Alternatively', a closed loop may be provided for returning the gases back to the
inlet side of the conduit 12. In the latter alternative means such as a gas pump
must be utilised to increase the pressure and velocity of the gases prior to
recirculation.
The operation of the invention will now be described

A neutral gas 14 is admitted into the inlet of the conduit 12 and a supersaturated
gas 18 admitted into the inner duct 16 so that the supersaturated gas 18 condenses
at the exit 20 of the inner duct 16 and is carried along the length of the tube by
the neutral gas 14 A voltage source supplied across the inner duct 16 and the
ionizer ring
22 causes a corona to form at the exit 20 of the inner duct 16, thereby ionizing the
gas 18 Since the voltage source 20 is pulsed by an oscillator 30 and switching means
32 the ionised charged particles form in groups as illustrated at 34
When the field of a group of charged particles 34 approaches a collector assembly,
two separate and assisting voltages area induced therein. The electric field of the
particle builds up an induced voltage varying inversely as the square of the
distance between the charges 34 and the ring collector 38.
This voltage will increase until the group of charged particles 34 is directly
beneath the collector 36 and will thereafter decrease until another group of charged
particles approaches within inductive range. The magnetic field of the charged
particles approaching the conductor cells 40 will cut these coils and induce a
voltage there in. The voltage will increase to a maximum and then fall to zero as
the center of the charged particle mass is directly beneath the coil since, at this
point, no lines of force are being cut. As the center of the mass moves away, the
voltage again builds up to a maximum in the opposite direction and then returns to
zero.
As illustrated In FIG 3 and 4, the voltage 44 induced by the electric field 48 and
the voltage 46 induced by the magnetic field 50 assist one another in increasing the
efficiency at the generator. This is accomplished for the following reasons. As the
negatively charged electric field 34 approaches the ring collector 38, it repulses
electrons in the ring collector which flow away to ground through the collector
coils leaving the ring collector in a highly positive charged state.
The magnetic field voltage induced in the collector coils 40 assists this flow of
current Then as the negative charged electric field 34 moves away from the collector
assembly 36, the charges in the collector ring 38 will neutralize, ie, the electrons
will return back from ground through the conductor coils 40 to the conductor ring
38. The reversal of the voltage induced in the conductor coils 49 by the magnetic
field 50 expedites the flow of electrons back to the conductor ring 38.
Since it is known that all of the kinetic energy of the. neutral gas 14 will not be
expended in pushing the charged particles 34 past one set of the collector
assemblies, a series of collector assemblies 36 are mounted around the channel 12 at
spaced intervals so that the voltages induced will synchronize, with each collector
assembly extracting a portion of the total kinetic energy of the gas. As shown In
FIG. 1, the collectors can be connected in parallel for single phase alternating
current power. Alternatively, the collectors may be connected in a conventional
manner (not shown) so an to provide three-phase alternating current power.
The frequency of the output power can be regulated by controlling the frequency of
the ionizer oscillator.
There has been described a charged particle alternating current generating system
which is capable of producing alternating current at a higher efficiency than here
to for thought possible. This system permits maximum charged particles density in
the channel and, by the use of both electric and magnetic field collectors, converts
a maximum amount of the kinetic energy of the gas into electric power. Furthermore,
since there are no obstructions in the channel, frictional loses are minimised.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible In
the light of the above teachings. It is there for to be understood that within the
scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as
specifically described
What is claimed is
1 An electro hydro dynamic generator comprising a conduit
a truncated conical tube concentrically disposed within and terminating near the
inlet end of said conduit for producing a flow of gas through said conduit
An annular ioniser ring disposed within said conduit s1ightly downstream from the
exit end of said conical tube for ionising the gas, said ioniser ring and conical
tube having a voltage potential connected there across; and
means circumscribing said conduit for generating an alternating electric current in

response to the passage of said gas through said conduit.
2.An electro hydro dynamic generator in accordance with claim 1 wherein said means
for intermittently pulsing said ionising means comprises:
an electrical oscillator:
and switching means responsive to said oscillator serially
connected between said voltage potential end said conical tube.
3 An electro hydro dynamic generator in accordance with claims 2 wherein said means
circumscribing said conduit for generating an alternating current comprises :
an annular collector ring responsive to the electric field
produced by said ionised gas and an annular conductor coil responsive to the
magnetic field
produced by said ionized gas.
4.An electrohydrodynamic generator in accordance 'with claim 3 wherein:
said annular conductor colt is wrapped around said annular collector ring with one
end of said conductor coil being electrically connected to said collector
5. An electrohydrodynamic generator in accordance with claim 4 wherein:
a plurality of said annular collector ring and conductor
coil assemblies are disposed at spaced intervals along a portion of the length of
said conduit,said assemblies being electrically connected to each other and a load
device.
6. An electrohydrodynamic generator in accordance
with claim 1 where in said means circumscribing said
conduit for generating an alternating currant comprises
an annular collector ring having an annular conductor coil wrapped there around with
one end of said conductor coil being electrically connected to said collector ring.
7. An electrohydrodynamic generator in accordance with claim 6 where in:
a plurality of said collector ring and conductor coil assemblies are disposed at
spaced intervals along a portion the length said conduit.
8.A method of generating an alternating current utilising the structure defined in

claim 1 comprising introducing a pressurised neutral gas and a supersaturated gas
into the conduit condensing the supersaturated gas intermittently ionising said
condensed gas; and generating an alternating electrical current in response to the
passage of said ionised gas through said conduit
references cited
United States patents
3,080,515 3/1963 Kehoe 310-11
3201,622 9/1965 Thring 310-11
3,327,223 6/1967 Hnlista 310-11
3,363,120 1/1968 Ricateau et al 310-11
David X.Sliney primary examiner
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1/17/2010 Articles on Electrostatics from those th…
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Articles on Electrostatics from those that actually made the

discoveries
Here is an interesting article on electrostatics from the original builders fron the late 1800's and early 1900's and
may be of interest to those interested in building such devices in the hunt for free energy devices. The device is
constructed with amalgamated leather, technically termed the rubbers. On the back sides of these rubbbers. On
the back sides of these rubbers are fixed strong bent brass springs making contact with the earth-conductor
sphere, EC. This earth-conductor is connected to earth by a chain or a copper wire, fixed, if necessary, to the
nearest gas or water-pipe.
The springs also serve by their elasticity to keep the rubbers pressed firmly on each side of the glass plate,
Even although the plate should be a little out of the truth. Silk flaps, SF, suspended from whalebone or ebonite
…fortunecity.com/…/electrostatics.htm 1/9
rods atttached to the wooden frame of each rubber, serve to protect the glass
Earthing the prime conductor plate where it is + charged, from attracting dust or hairs, which would dissipate the
charge into the atmosphere before the electricity reached the collector , C. The collector is formed of two rings
of wood (one on each side of the glass plate) having pin-points, P, projecting from brass liners sunk into them, as
shown by the separate sectional view of the collector.
When the rings are in position, these points face the glass plate (within half an inch of the same), and are
connected to the prime conductor, PC, by horizontal brass rods screwed into the large brass ball fixed on the top
of the long left-hand glass support, GS. in the upper side of this ball is bored a tapered hole to receive the shank
of a metal ring covered with wood, termed Winter's ring.
Action and theory.-On turning the handle in the direction of the arrow shown on the top of GP, the friction
between the amalgmated rubbers AR and the plate, generates + electricity on the glass and - on the rubbers. The
(-) flows to earth or mixes with, and is neutralised by, (+) from the earth through the conducting chain or wire,
thus keeping the rubbers always neutral.
The (+) being prevented from dissipation into the air by the silk flaps, SF, adheres to the glass until it comes
opposite to the comb or points, P, of the collector C where it induces an equal quantity of (-) electricity of great
density on the points, repelling (+) to the prime conductor and the Winter's ring.
The (-) streams off the points towards the (+) on the plate, where it neutralises or cancels all the ( +) thereon,
thus leaving the plate neutral on its upper side, until it comes round to the neutral rubbers again, when the same
action is repeated. The Winter's ring is simply a crude device for enlarging the surface and capacity of the prime
conductor. It may be replaced by a condenser or a Leyden jar .
Earthing the Prime Conductor and Freeing the Earth-Conductor.-lf you desire to obtain - electricity from this
machine,all you have to do is to remove the earthing chain or wire from EC to PC.
The (-) electrification of the rubbers charges EC negatively, whilst the (+) on the glass attracts (-) from the earth
through the chain PC and the points P. If a large quantity is desired, then BC should be connected to one side of
a condenser or Leyden jar, whilst the other side of the jar is put to earth.
Short Circuiting the Prime and Earth-Couductors.-lf the prime and the earth-conductor of the machine be
connected together by a conductor, or "short-circuited," as it is technically termed, then there will be no free
charge; for the (+ ) from the prime conductor is entirely conveyyed to the equal and opposite of the earth
conductor, whereby they cancel each other, leaving the prime conductor neutral.
If both are simultaneously connected to earth, then the latter furnishes an equal quantity of to kill. the (+)
generated on the prime conductor, and an equal quantity of (+) to kill the - produced on the rubbers, there by
rendering the prime and earth-conductors neutral.
Freeing both prime and earth-conductors.-The rubbing of glass by the amalgamated rubbers can but produce a
certain total difference of potential, which limit can only be reached when the insulation of the machine is perfect.
Tthe potential attained is generally less than the maximum possible. When the earth-conductor is connected to
earth, this difference of potential is entirely +, or above the zero of the earth , but if the earth-conductor be also
free and thoroughly insulated, then this total difference of potential is made up by a certain + potential above the
earth on the glass plate and an equal potential below the earth on the rubbers.
When Owing to leakage this total (difference of potential has been reached, then the machine will stop generating
electricity, for the prime conductor will refuse to dischard more on to the glass. There is, in fact, only a small
limited - charge on the rubbers, and + on the prime conductor, owing to the low capacity of the rubber.
If we draw sparks from the prime conductor, or connect it for an instant at a time to earth, then we soon reach a
condition of affairs where the whole available difference of potential is negative or below the potential of the earth
and the prime conductor will give off no further sparks. If you connect by a wire one free conductor with an
insulated body, and the other with another insulated body (such as the outside and inside coatings of an insulated
Leyden jar or condenser ) then these bodies or coatings will also be charged to the full difference of potential
which the machine can produce, whenever a sufficient number of turns his been given to the glass-plate to fill the
additional capacity of the insulated bodies.
Other High-Pressure Electrical Machines.-Many other kinds of electrical machines hive been invented for
producing electitification at -a high pressure. Most of these (such as the Varley, Topler,Holtz, Voss, and
Wimshurst) come under the term "influence machines ; that is to say, their -action when started depends upon
induction.
Influence Machines
In the previous lecture, the principle and action of the frictional electrical machine is described.
We shall now consider another type whose principle is based on the inductive action displayed by Volta's
Electrophorus of 1775.
The fundamental principle of the influence machine is the same; in fact, the influence machine is merely a
convenient
mechanical arrangement for collecting and storing a number of small charges in quick succession, and thus
securing a sufficiently great charge at a high pressure.
Kelvin's Replenisher.-An influence machine in its simplest form is shown by the accompanying figure, which
indicates the action of the replenisher for Kelvin's original Quadrant Electrometer of 1867. This electrometer is
still used for testing the loss of charge and thus the insulation resistance of dielectrics ['or submarine and other
cables, ect.
If the, student thoroughly masters the principle of this device, he will have no difficulty in understanding more
complex types of influence machines.
A for Axis. B,12,3,4 for. Brushes.
I R Insulating Rod. p + p - ,Metal Plates.
CIC2 Metal Carrier. + and -, or E for terminal,;.
PC for Prime Conductor.
Teachers and students, who desire to learn all that is known about the history of this subject should study the
paper on "
The Influence Machine from 1788 to 1888," read by Plrofessor Silvanus P. Thompson, before the Instituiion of
Electrical Engineers. See vol. xvil., No. 74, P. 569, of the proceedings
DIAGRAM OF THE LORD KELVIN REPLENISHER
Details and Action-
The replenisher consists of two metal plates P, one of which may be earthed, and the other insulated for the sake
of simplicity. If B, B2 B, B4 be contact, springs or brushes and B1 and B2 be connected with a conductor while
Cl and C2 are metal carriers joined by an insulating rod IR capable of being turned on a central axis A in the
Anticlockwise direction indicated by the arrows, then this completes the arrangement.
(1) Suppose a (+) charge to be given to the left-handed plates, P by a silk rubbed glass rod. When the metal
carrier Cl comes under the influence of this (+) charge, a ( -) charge is then bound on its outer face, And a(+)
electricity is repelled to its back face as in the horizontal position opposite to the + prime conductor PC. As C1
is turned further round it touches B1 which permits the repelled (+) to pass along the conductor to B2, and C2.
(2) When Cl touches c2, it gives up the whole of its (-) charge to the earth E1 through the right-hand plate P, and
passes on neutral. At the same time, C2 passes on to B2, and gives up all it can of its ( +) charge to P +.
(3) When C1, comes to the position C2 it receives (as previously stated in case (1)a(+) charge which it also
gives up to the left-hand plate on making contact with B2. This adds a further increment to the original (+) charge
on the plate P+.
We see, that during each revolution of the carriers the insulated plate P+ thus receives two small charges from the
carriers C1 C2
(4) If the earth connection be removed from the right-hand plate, and each plate be joined with, say, a Leyden
Jar, then both plates will mutually act upon the carriers. A reverse action will take place on C2 simultaneously
with that on Cl.
Conclusion.-Hence, this and all other influence machines depend upon two actions. (i.) The action of induction,
which shows that a body (within the influence of an electrified body), when relieved of its free or repelled charge
(by being touched or earthed), acquires a charge of electricity of the opposite kind to the inducing charge. And
(ii) the more complex action of induction, depending on (i.) and known as " reciprocal accumulation," whereby
successive small charges are produced, collected and stored until the pressure of the desired charge reaches the
required potential; or until disruption takes place by a snapping spark between the knobs of the prime
conductors.
Wimshurst's Machine.-General Description.-
This machine in its simplest form consists of two varnished thin highly insulating glass discs of such a diameter as
will suit the purposes for which the apparattus is required
The circular plates G P have holes bored through their centre in order that they may be fixed.
To dependent axles and are so placed alongside each other that only a a narrow gap of air intervenes. They are
thus capable of being rotated in opposite directions about the same horizontal axis by means of a handle H and
two pairs of two of turning wheels TW with their driving cords. Strips Of tin Or other metal-foil of sector shape
are cemented to, and placed at equal distances around the outer face of each of the two glass plates GP,
Details.-There are two conductors. one for each set of sectors
These conductors cross at right angles outside the faces of the glass discs. At both ends of each conductor there
are fine wire flexible brushes B, which come in contact with the sectors as the glass places rotate For better
contact this is usually a projecting knob or button, fixed to that part of each sector which passes beneath the
brushes as in first figure.At each end of the horizontal diameter there is a collecting comb CC fixed to a vertical
insulating stand. Both of these combs are bent around the outsides of the plates in horse-shoe fashion . The teeth
or prongs of the combs are thus made to face the sectors, but are not permitted to touch them.
The apparatus is generally provided with two Leyden Jars, LJ connected with the Prime conductors of the
machine to increase its capacity for holding a charge, whilst two adjustable discharging knobs are supported by
the prime conductors and are actuated by insulated handles, for the purpose of showing brush or spark
discharges. When the discharging knobs are kept at certain distances apart, and are connected to a condenser
and voltmeter, the condenser may be charged to a known potential which will be indicated by the voltmeter.
Action of the Wimshurst Machine.-From an inspection of the outside perspective view, and by carefully studying
the educational diagram (due to Professor S.P.Thompson), the action of this apparatus will be made clear to the
student by simply applying the knowledge which he has already gained from and from the previous case of Lord
Kelvin's Replenisher.
INDEX T0 PARTS FOR OUTSIDE AND DIAGRAMMATIC VIEWS.
DK 1 2 for discharing knobs P1P2 for Sectors on outer or front
PC 1 2 Prime conductors. plates. LJ 1 2 Leyden jtrs. B3.,B4 Brushes and conductor
CC 1 2 Collecting combs. connecting- B1,B2. Brushes and conductor QI Q2 Sectors on inner or back
connecting plates
H and TW for Handle and Turning Wheels in the outside View.
(1) Commence by considering that the top outside metal sector plate P, has an initial negative (-) charge imparted
to it, either derived from an ebonite rod rubbed with flannel or from the air, or from having been previously
worked.
Let this sector be followed round towards the right hand as it turns in a
clockwise direction, indicated by the outside arrow above it. When P1 has moved
through 45 deg it faces an inner metal sector Q, and attracts and binds by
induction to the outer face of Q, a (+ charge while at the same time, it repels a
(-) charge to back of Q. This causes a(+) current to come through the brush B2
from Q2 along the cross diameter conductor to brush B, to cancel the negative charge on back of Q. This action
permits the upper inner sector Q1 to pass on to the left with a(+) charge, and the lower sector Q2 to pass to the
right with a (-) charge.
(2) Let the uppper and outer sector P, move through 45' more to the right -i.e., Until it comes to a horizontal
position opposite the collecting combs CC,; while at the same time the 1ower. and upper
sector. Q2 has also moved through 45' into a horizontal position facing the set of collecting combs. Now, as P,
and Q, come towards this position they have each a (-) charge, which naturally, by induction, draws a (+) wind
or discharge from the Leyden jar LJ,
and the prime conductor PC thus leaving LJ, and PC., negatively (-) electrified, whilst the outer and inner sectors
both pass on neutral
(3) As the outer plate moves 45' from the horizontal into the position P, it comes under the inductive influence of
the (-) inner plate Q2
This attracts to P2, a (+) charge from Pl,' through B1 the cross conductor and B2, which permits P2 to move on
with a (+) charge and Q2 with a (-) charge.,
Below is a description of an interesting electrostatic device (4)As P2 rises round from below(+), and (Q,) turns
down from above also (+), until they both face the collecting combs CC1 the Leyden jar LJ, and prime
conductor PC, are robbed of (-) by the(-) wind
discharge from the points of the comb-teeth upon both outer and inner sectors, thus leaving them to proceed
neutral and at the same time, leave the prime contluctor PC, and the Leyden jar LJ, charged with positive (+)
electrical .
(5) In this simple manner, a gradually accumulating (+) charge is imparted to the prime conductor PC, and its
Leyden jar LJ whilst at the same time, a corresponding( - ) charge is given to PC and LJ
as the glass plates are rotated. If, the discharge knobs DK1 and DK2 are apart such a distance that the
maximum potential between them can break down the intervening air and -a spark take place between them, the
Leyden jars and prime conductor will be so far emptied and their voltage reduced that a certain number of turns
of the plates must take place before another spark or discharge can occur.
Advantage. of the Wimshurst Machine.-These consist in-
(a) Simplicity and clieapness of construction.
(b) Reliability under the most adverse circumstances of
damp weather,&c., since they will start accumulating charges immediately the plates begin to revolve if they have
been well made of the best materials.
(c) Non-liability to reverse their polarity as other influence
machines of the Holtz and Voss types some times do.
(d) They may be made of any desired size and number of plates from the tiny 2-inch disk up to the large 7 feet
diameter two plate machines at the Science and Art Department, South Kensington. Or, they may be made of
many pairs of plates like that belonging to Lord Renfrewshire which requires an engine of several horsepower to
drive it, and produces lightning-like sparks of millions of volts capable of penetrating and breaking down
refractory substances and thus testing their Insulating qualities.
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…fortunecity.com/…/airenergy.htm 1/3
The details sent me are thus:
Try this...get one of those cheap one shot use disposable cameras , tear it apart, carefully...find the wires that go
to the shutter switch and short then out, connect them together so that they are constantly 'on'
(** the one I tried a Kodak Fun Flash came apart quite easily it does not need a lot of force ** )
Then take out the batteries....put a long rod into the ground...8 or 9 feet long...then connect that copper rod to
the (-) negative side of where the batteries hooked up to the camera's strobe...
Make a piece of metal, alumimun foil, large and as long as you can, 3 feet long at least,
attach it to a wooden pole, just don't let it get grounded okay...then attach (+) lead that went to the batteries to it.
(webmaster note ** A high single length of wire aerial may also serve the same purpose as the al foil ,
it may be also wise to use something other than wood as your support as this will become conductive to
the ground when the wood becomes wet,use maybe plastic or rubber spacers to attach the foil to mast
** )
Put the camera's strobe unit into something that will water proof it out side {** maybe silicon or a clear plastic
jar or box..**..}.
It will take about a day for it to charge up and maybe the second day you will get a couple of flashes from
it...during a storm, it will flash more often...dont just sit around and wait for it to flash...
Just do what ever you normally do...sooner or later you will see it flash...getting power from the air and earth
charging the capacitor and then firing the camera flash strobe
Water the copper ground rod after you put it into the ground. This demonstration unit should cost you next to
nothing to build. ( **. The Kodak disposable camera in Australia cost $27.00 the rest can be anything you have
lying around.**)
( webmasters note ** It occurs to me that if you that if you don't solder the flash shutter but only
solder the trigger contacts it may be possible to fire your unit to flash at your time of choosing , after
the large capacitor has received enough charge ** )
** Please note anything between the asterisks are my comments and are not part of the construction details
received by me.from my contact
By the way the capacitor when charged has a nasty shock in store for anybody not handling it carefully
**)
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1/17/2010 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INTE…
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERFERENCE DISC

GENERATOR
main description page
photographs
Photographs of the Edwin Gray device from the present owner Alan L.Francoeur
SCHEDULE "A"
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE
INTERFERENCE DISC GENERATOR
The Interference Disc electrical generator is made of a stator (114) consisting of an array of even
number parallel mounted bar magnets (112) arranged and supported (114) in a circular fashion
equidistant from each other, where the polarity of the magnets (112) are alternating when viewed at
either end.
Also in the stator (102) there are twice the number of coils (111) as bar magnets (112) wound in pairs
on U-shaped cores (110). One half of the coil pairs mounted at one end of the bar magnets (112) in the
same circular fashion, each corresponding to and aligned opposite to a pair of bar magnets (112) and
separated from it by an air gap. On the other end of this pair of bar magnets (112) there are another
set of coils (111) aligned likewise.
*The rotor is made of two magnetically susceptible circular plates (109A or 109B) (such as iron or
steel) centrally mounted on an axle (107) which is in respect to the array of magnets and coils.
The interference discs (109A or 109B) are separated from each other such that they can rotate in the
air gaps between the magnets (112) and the coils (111). The interference discs (109A or 109B) have a
number of equidistant opening, either more or less in number than the number of the bar magnets
(112).
The arrangement and size of the openings are such that when the discs (109A or 109B) are rotated by
an outside motive force, they open the magnetic field between adjacent bar magnets (112), and the
opposing coils (111) at both ends of the stator (114) simultaneously, hence inducing an alternating
electric current in the coils (111).
By opening and closing the magnetic influx to the core (110) of the coils (111), an alternating current
will be generated in the coils (111) in a retro-order to the rotational direction of the interference discs
(109A or 109B). Depending on the number of magnet-coil assemblies three phase AC current can be
obtained. The regulation and attenuation of these currents can be achieved by known electric
engineering methods.
…fortunecity.com/…/interference1.htm 1/6
OPTION I AND OPTION II ASSEMBLIES.
A variation of this option I or option II generator has been constructed by mounting two sets of
magnets (113) of the stator (115) on magnetically susceptible rings (119) such as soft iron. The
polarity of the neighboring magnets (113) are alternating N, S, N, S, etc.
Adjacent to one ring of the magnets and separated by an air gap are parallel mounted induction coils
(111A) corresponding to and aligned with the magnets (113). On the other end of the coils, (111A) are
an identical set of magnets (113) arranged in the same manner as the first set, but the polarity is
reversed in respect to the coil (111A). Thus if on one of the end plates (123) the magnetic pole facing
the coil (111A) is the (N) pole than on the opposite end plate (123A) the (S) pole will face the coil
(111A).
The rotor (109A or 109B) and it’s configuration is the same as in the first variant (see*), and the
induction of AC current, occurring in the same manner and in the same order as described before. This
assembly can be constructed in any practical multiple units of the above (123A).
main description page

photographs
Email Alan L Francoeur
Research/Inventor
Penticton, BC. Canada
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1/17/2010 Homebrew Plastic cup capacitors
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Marc Metlicka's Party Cup Cap

Coiler Marc Metlicka has been experimenting with a novel new homebrew capacitor
design based on disposable plastic beverage cups. This idea is very sensible, as
plastic cups are often made of very high quality dielectric, such as polystyrene and
polyethylene. Watch out for Mylar though! Ugh! Anyhow, I'll let Marc tell you more
about his innovative new capacitor in his own words and with his own pictures from
our e-mail correspondence. Says Marc:
Here's the pix of the party cup cap. In building this I first started out trying to build it using the
knowledge I have gained from my other hawg cap constructions, then I decided to "slap" it together
in the quickest, easiest way possible. This way I could test the cap in a "worst" case scenario, sort
of a base line scale of endurance. I started by purchasing a stack of party cups at a big lots type
store, cost $1.20. I also bought a roll of heavy-duty aluminum foil, cost $1.50. I pulled out about 5"
…fortunecity.com/…/cupcap.htm 1/4
by 18" strip, I rolled it around the cup at about 1" from the top holding the overlap of about 1" tightly,
then tearing off the excess. Holding the seam I started rubbing the foil tightly around the cup with the
other hand, then folding it under the cup and pressing flat. Then I put the cup inside another cup and
putting my hand inside I pressed, squeezed, pushed, twisted, and rubbed the two cups together.
When I pulled the cups apart I was surprised at how flat and formfitting the foil had become. I then
rubbed the foil even smoother with a sharpie marker, burnishing the bottom folds tightly against the
cup. I took the foil cup and pushed it inside the other cup and did the rub, twist, push routine again
then pulled them apart one more time, I took the torn off piece and folded it over twice to make the
contact strip, I slid it under the foil about 1" then put the cups back together. This made one cell.
I made 10 more cells and put them together alternating the strips side to side, this gave me a
double cup dielectric thickness of .035", these cups are styrene so I was guessing a pierce through
voltage of 500v per mill. I put the stack together and cut a strip of foil tape and stuck it over all the
contact strips to hold them against each other and to hold them flat against the stack. I slid the
stack into a beef jerky container (but I think a Tupperware pasta container would seal better) I filled
the container with mineral oil, pressing the cups together get most of the air out. I cut two slots in
the lid to slide the contact strips through. I then hot glued around the strips, I rolled the cap around to
get as much air out as I could. A better container and a vacuum cleaner would help to suck out the
air. I let it sit for a day or so, rolling, tapping, squeezing it to get more air out. With ten cells this cap
gives me 5 nF, I was surprised at that too.
It took me about an hour to put together at a total cost of $8.70 with a guestimated cost of $4.00 for
a better container. The pix show the 15-30 nst's arc without the cap hooked too it and with it
connected. I pushed this cap to the max of 17,500v of my nst for about a 15 minute run with no
problems, I then hooked it to my 33kv potential trans. and pushed it at full voltage for 15 minutes
with the static gap tuned at it's fullest setting that would just barely give a spark, further stressing
this cap to the max. It only gave one arc around the top of one cup to the strips then fired fine for the
duration. After all this I deemed the "party cup cap" a great success. Since I "slapped" this one
together, there is nowhere to go but up with this design. Maybe slide a 20 cell unit inside some 4"
PVC, use better cups, foil wrap them better or all of the above. Series them together, parallel them,
or whatever. The ultra low cost and good performance gives this design a hearty "thumbs up" in my
book, good for the low budget or home built fanatics such as myself. All in all, I wish I would have
thought of it sooner, my flat plate caps would have been round.
Marc
That's a pretty cool idea Marc. Thanks for sharing it with us. I hope you'll keep us
posted on further development. Perhaps in the near future newbie coilers will be
constructing "Metlicka caps" to go along with their Richard Quick gaps and Poolean
toroids.
Greg
This page appears to have come from an excellent Tesla coil website run by Greg
Hunter his last know email address is Greg Hunter
I was sent a copy of this page on a CD disk with other material and I am unaware of
it's exact location on the net although from what I saw on the CD it seems pretty
comprehensive and is certainly worth a look if you can find it on the web.
I have also done some experiemnts with this type of arrangement but with foam
drinking cups check my webapge at foam cup capacitors.
If you see this Greg and if you would let me know where your website is I be happy tp
provide a link back to your website and your email address,and will include it here for
others to visit your site.
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1/17/2010 A homemade water pumping Savonius…
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A homemade water pumping wind turbine

Peter Williams of Roleystone, Western Australia, features his home built Savonius rotor powered
water pump
Here is the story in his words
A few years ago, a friend and I were musing over building our own windmill.
Eventually we concentrated on the Savonius rotor turbine.

We decided to build one so we rounded up four empty 44 gallon (200 litre) drums and cut them all in half
lengthwise.
This gave us eight halves, which to the casual observer must have looked like eight home-made barbeques being
constructed.
We needed to make the frame and an advertisement for cheap steel found us picking up some 40mm and 50mm
tubing (exhaust pipe material).
We constructed a tower using the 50mm pipe for the uprights, with the 40mm pipe used for bracing. The finished
tower was a little over six metres in height. The next stage was to assemble the rotor. The half-drums were
welded to a solid 50mm length of steel for the shaft. We attached two sets of four drums for extra power, as can
be seen in the photos.
We still have space for another set of drums, but believe we do not need it for the moment. Self-centering
…fortunecity.com/…/savonius.htm 1/3
bearings were used to locate the finished rotor to the cross bracing on the tower. Flat strap (about 20mm wide)
was used to join the drums top and bottom for strength and stability to prevent them twisting in high winds.
I had a lot of fun working out the pulleys. The rotor spins vertically and I had to convert this motion to a
horizontal axle to drive the pump. I fixed this by simply twisting one of the belts through 90 degrees and as they
were long enough,this was not a problem.
The rotor is connected to the axle via a dog clutch which is operated by a lever. In high winds the windmill still
spins but you can disengage the clutch to protect the pump. The bore pump is a ball-type poly pump. We used a
ball joint from an old Ford Falcon attached to a metal disc (off center to give it a cranking motion) to drive the
pump.
The disc is attached to one end of a shaft which is driven by an 18 inch diameter pulley at the other end. This
pulley is driven via a second belt from the dog clutch shaft. This arrangement is mounted on 50 x 100mm RHS
(metal tubing).
This setup can seen in the photos. This machine was a lot of fun. I never tire at watching it work and it is a great
conversation piece. It has also become a bit of a landmark in our area and as a result our property is called
'Humdrum Towers. Closeup of the pulley and poly pump. The whole arrangement is quite simple and uses off-
the-shelf bits.
Check out also Micro wind power with a Savonius rotor
This article and photographs on this page copied with permission from the Australian
ReNew magazine Issue 7~ April-June, 2001
Email Australian Technology Association
Australian Technology Association Homepage
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1/17/2010 Making a free energy Electret

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I think the main points that I remember are reproduced below.

You will first need a high voltage source.

Arrange all components as per diagram below

see the diagram below

Like to hear what others think

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Additional Research material on the Gray device supplied

It is common knowledge that electric arcs emit electromagnetic radiation in the

This EMR is absorbed by the copper collection grids of the CSET.

An ARC is a type of electrical conduction in gases characterized by high current and

Ionizations of air molecules is caused primarily by the impact of electrons close to

The next CSET I build will employ stainless steel anodes.

With many intermolecular collisions this energy is readily transferred to the

Quanta of electromagnetic radiation are released by electron affinity as free

Cumulative [total] ionization is an extention of ionization by impact.

IF THE PROCESS IS REPEATED OVER AN]) OVER, THE RESULT IS CALLED

AVALANCHE, AND THE CUMULATIVE IONIZATION IS REFERED TO AS

Part one of this article

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High voltage Capacitors made from Polystyrene

Calculating Capacitates in series can be calculated by

The new value will always be lower.

Calculating capacitates in parallel

plastic cup capacitor page

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Siemens Home Wind Power Plastic Fencing Free Electricity

ALL WOODEN WIND GENERATOR

(2) Copper wire

(3) Surplus Neodymium magnets

(5) 10" piece of 3/8" steel shaft

(6) Two bolts, but these are optional.

The completed alternator! I was real surprised by the performance. I could

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Siemens Energy Solutions Just Energy ® MC² Energy Services

How to Build an Efficient Alternative Energy

Advanced Radiant Energy Power Circuitry

November 07, 2004

Improved Edwin Gray Circuitry

Simplified Edwin Gray Patent Circuit

The circuit drawn by Bruce A. Perreault at the left is

Original Edwin Gray

IMPORTANT SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

Nu Energy Horizons Alternative Energy Research

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The hydro boost device you can build yourself

email supplier of this article for any additional information

Curiosity & Freedom - Mother's of invention

A Simple Science Lesson

By the addition of various substances to water, the volume of gases produced

The First Tests

Advantages and Disadvantages

I suspect it will. I have included it in this publication so others may experiment.

Step 1: Where to Mount It