Chapter 2:

Electrostatic Fields

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 ❖ Introduction to Electrostatics :
▪ Produced by : Charge at rest and invarying of time.

▪ Models:

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2.1: Coulomb Law
and
Superposition
:

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 a)Electric Field of a Point
Charge:

Constant magnitude surfaces are spheres centered at Q. Direction

lines are radial lines emanating from Q.
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b)E due to Collection of point
charges :
aRn
Q1 aR
R1 aR32
R2 aR 1
Q2 R3
Rn
Q3
Qn

EM-Ch2_1 5
 c)E due to charge
distributions : dS

dl dv
P

ρL d
⎪⎧
Differential Charge :
dq = ⎨Aρ SdS
⎪⎩
ρ dV
V

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❖ Find the electric field: values of Vector Integrals
?

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2.2 Electric Scalar
Potential :

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a) Conservative Property of
Electrostatic:

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 b) Electric Scalar Potential
❖ Symbol: ϕ or V

❖ Defined by:
rot(gradϕ) =
→
0 rot E =
→
0
E = −gradϕ
ϕ : electric scalar potential (V)

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❖ Relationship between E and ϕ:

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Hiệu điện thế giữa A và B

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Thế điện do điện tích điểm
q
ϕ
4πε r
=

Equipotential lines

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Thế điện có tính xếp chồng

n
q ρdV
dq = ∫V
ϕ=∫
∑
ϕ= k =1
4πε
k r
k
4πεr 4πεr
ϕ ϕ

r1 rn
r
r2
q1 qn
ρdV
V
q2

EM-Ch2.2 7
❖ Find the potential: values of scalar
Integrals

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 ❖ Ví dụ 1: Phương pháp xếp chồng
❖ Tìm thế điện và trường điện
tạo ra từ 1 dipole điện:

ϕ= q −q
+ = q(R2 − R1) 2
4πεR1 4πε R 4πεr
2

Có: R2 − R1 = d cosθ
→
qd cosθ qd cosθ
⇒ϕ= 2
= E
4πε r 4πε
r2
→ qd →→
⇒E= (2cosθ ar +sinθ
4πεr EM-Ch2.2 9
2.3 Gauss Law
Application for
Electrostatics

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a) Các dạng đối xứng và cảm ứng điện

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b) Applications of Gauss Law :

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c) Examples: Application of Gauss
Law

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c) Examples: Application of
Gauss Law

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c)Examples: Application of
Gauss Law

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2.4 Poisson Laplace Equation
:

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 ❖ Introducti
on:
▪Charge distribution is given, E and ϕ can be found : Coulomb
Law or Gauss Law.

▪In many practical problem, charge distribution is not known.

But the potentials of conductors are measured, we can find ϕ
and E in the surrounding space .

▪And the charge disribution on the conductors can be computed

by using the boundary conditions .

Poisson – Laplace Equation will be discussed !

EM-Ch2_4 2
 2.4.1 Poisson- Laplace Equation :
→
❖ From: div D=ρ , if ε = const :
V
Δϕ = − (Poisson’s equation)
ρV ε

❖There is no free charge (ρV = 0) : free space (vacuum), air,

perfect dielectric .
Δϕ = (Laplace’s equation)
0
❖ If ε ≠ const, the potential is the solution of :
div[εgrad(ϕ)] = −ρV (or)εgrad(ϕ)] = 0
div[
EM-Ch2_4 3
 ❖ General procedure for solving P-L equ. :

i. Solve Laplace (if ρV = 0) or Poisson (if ρV ≠ 0) equation by :

Direct intergration if ϕ : one variable.
Separation variables if ϕ : more than one variable.

ii. Apply the boundary conditions to determine a unique solution.

iii.

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 ❖ Special cases for solving Laplace equation :
Δϕ = 0
(Laplace’s equation) If ϕ depends
only on the first variable :

▪ Cartesian:

▪ Cylindrical:

▪ Spherical:

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❖ Ví dụ 1: Dùng điều kiện biên
của φ

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2.4.2 The direct intergration on D field :

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❖ Ví dụ 1: Xác định φ từ vector
D

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2.5 Materials in Electrostatics

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 Conductors
and
Semiconductors
electric
property
Material
Dielectrics
Medium can be
classified

Magnetic magnetic
materials property

EM-Ch2_5 2
 2.5.1 Conductors and Semiconductors :
a) Introduction: trôi

❖Conductors are based upon the property of conduction, the

phenomenon of drift of free electrons in the material with an
average drift velocity proportional to the applied electric field
hiện tượng vận tốc
electron free electrons Electrons
cloud + bound
elecrons
nucleus Current

xuất hiện tách ra

❖In semiconductors, conduction occurs not only by electrons

but also by holes – vacancies created by detachment of
electrons due to breaking of covalent bonds with other atoms.
hóa trị liên kết
Electrons and holes Current
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 b) Current density and Elec.Field intensity:
❖In conducting materials (conductor and semiconductor),
current density : more than current .

(Ohm’s Law at a point)

σ = conductivity (S/m) điện dẫn suất

conductors
μe Ne e
= ⎨⎧ semiconductors
⎩μ hN he e+ μe N
e
= Mobility hoạt tính

Nh,e = Density of holes (h) or electrons

(e)
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 c) Conductor in electrostatic field :
c ) property 1:
1
ρV = 0 ; ρS ≠ 0 .
Induced surface charge
E applied = 0 E applied
≠0

ρV = 0 ρS

EM-Ch2_5 5
❖ Ví dụ 1: Vật dẫn trong trường điện tĩnh

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 c) Conductor in electrostatic field :
c ) property 2:
2
Electric field intensity inside a conductor is
zero.trường cảm ứng Induced field <> applied field trường ứng dụng

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 c) Conductor in electrostatic field :
c ) property 3:
3
Conductor surface = equipotential
surface.

c4) property 4: Electric field intensity at the surface is normal

to that sueface.

→ →
ρ s
E= an
ε0

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d) Màn điện

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❖ Lồng Faraday:

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2.5.2 Dielectrics in
Electrostatics:

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 a) Polarization in dielectrics:
ngẫu nhiên

sự định hướng

đẳng hướng
đồng nhất

❖To measure of itensity of polarization, we defined polarization

vector. For linear , isotropic and homogeneous dielectrics:

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 b) Polarization charge :

▪ Polarization surface charge density:

→ → →
⎛ 21⎟
⎜ ⎞
ρ = − a ⎝ P ⎠− P
pS
n
= −P
1n +
2n P

[C/m2 ]

▪ Polarization volome charge density: −ρp +ρp

s ρp
→ V s
ρpV = −div
P

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 c) Dielectric breakdown (strength):
▪ When E in dielecric > Eds : dielectric becomes conducting !!!

▪ Ubrk: produces E =Eds .

▪ If dielectric is not uniform:

Ubrk = min{Ubrk1, Ubrk2, ... ,

Ubrkn}
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▪ Dielectric strength:

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 ❖ Example D4.3:
−1μ C m2

ε = 4 ε0

1μ C m2

For 0 < z < d,

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❖ Example D4.3: (Cont.)

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2.6 Electrostatic Energy (We )

EM - Ch2-6 1
 a) Energy In terms of Field quantities :

1 → → 1 1
∫ ∫ ε.E .dV ∫ D
2
We E.DdV 2
dV (J)
= 2 V∞ 2 V∞ = 2 Vε∞
=

= Electrostatic
energy density

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b) Energy In terms of Charge Distribution :

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c) Energy of N Conductors:

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2.7 Capacitor And Capacitance
:

EM-Ch2_7 1
a) Capacitor :
❖ Capacitor = two conductors satisfy :
:Q1 + Q 2 = 0
Q1
❖ Some Capacitors :
Q2
conductor
insulator

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 b) the capacitance of a capacitor:

❖Capacitance C: electric field

stored energy of a capacitor ρS

❖ Two methods to compute C :

I. Assuming Q and determining U in terms of
Q (involving Gauss’s law)

II. Assuming U and determining Q in terms of

U (involving Laplace’s equation)
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 ❖ General procedure to find C :
i. Choose coordinate system .

ii. Assume UAB = potential difference between two

conductors ( Let two conductors carry + Q and – Q ).

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❖ Ví dụ: Tính điện dung

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❖ Ví dụ 2: Tìm C0 của đường dây

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❖ Ví dụ 2: Tìm C0 của đường dây (tt)

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❖ Ví dụ 2: Tìm C0 của đường dây

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 c)By using the electric field
energy :
→ → 1 1 2
We = ∫ E.DdV ∫ ε.E .dV ∫ D dV
2
(J)
2 V∞ 2 V∞ 2 Vε∞
1 = =
ϕ1 Q1
1
Q2
W = 2CU2
e
ϕ2

EM-Ch2_7 9
2.8 Steady Electric Currents :

EM - Ch2-8 1
 a)The Current Density Vector J :
❖ Steady Current is also called DC Current .

❖ From Continuity equation : divJ = − ∂ρ∂V

t
(Electrostatic : ∂/∂t = 0
)

J2
J
(ε2; σ2) 2n

(ε1; σ1) J
1n J1 n
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 b)Electrostatics in Conducting Medium :
❖ Field quantities: E, D, ϕ and J .

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 c) Resistance of a Conductor :
❖ Defined : U [Ω]
ab
R= I

1
G= = conductance[S or
U] R

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❖ General procedure to Compute Resistance :

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d) Joule’s Law :

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e) Analogy between D and J :

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