Operating system

Operating system (OS)

 The Operating System is a program with the following

features:

 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface

between the software and the computer hardware.

 It is an integrated set of specialized programs used to

manage overall resources and operations of the computer.
 Operating system (OS)

 The Operating System is a program

with the following features:

 It is a specialized software that

controls and monitors the
execution of all other programs
that reside in the computer,
including application programs
and other system software.
 Functions of OS

 To make the computer system convenient to use in an efficient

manner.

 To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users.

 To provide users a convenient interface to use the computer

system.

 To act as an intermediary between the hardware and its users,

making it easier for the users to access and use other resources.
 Functions of OS

 To manage the resources of a computer system.

 To keep track of who is using which resource, granting resource

requests, and mediating conflicting requests from different
programs and users.

 To provide efficient and fair sharing of resources among users

and programs.
 Properties of OS

 Memory Management - Keeps track of the primary memory, i.e.

what part of it is in use by whom, what part is not in use, etc. and
allocates the memory when a process or program requests it.

 Processor Management - Allocates the processor (CPU) to a

process and deallocates the processor when it is no longer required.

 Device Management - Keeps track of all the devices. This is also

called I/O controller that decides which process gets the device,
when, and for how much time.

 File Management - Allocates and de-allocates the resources and

decides who gets the resources.
 Properties of OS
 Security - Prevents unauthorized access to programs and data
by means of passwords and other similar techniques.

 Job Accounting - Keeps track of time and resources used by

various jobs and/or users.

 Control Over System Performance - Records delays

between the request for a service and from the system.

 Interaction with the Operators - Interaction may take

place via the console of the computer in the form of
instructions. The Operating System acknowledges the same,
does the corresponding action, and informs the operation by a
display screen.
 Properties of OS

 Error-detecting Aids - Production of dumps, traces, error

messages, and other debugging and error-detecting methods.

 Coordination Between Other Software and Users -

Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters,
assemblers, and other software to the various users of the
computer systems.
 Types of OS

 Simple Batch System

 Multiprogramming System
 Mutiprocessing system
 Distributed Operating System
 Real-time Operating System
 Batch OS

 The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the

computer directly.

 Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch

cards and submits it to the computer operator.

 Lack of interaction between the user and the job.

 CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O

devices is slower than the CPU.
 Multiprogramming OS

 In this the operating system, picks and begins to execute one

job from memory.

 Once this job needs an I/O operation operating system switches

to another job (CPU and OS always busy).

 Two or more jobs are executed concurrently on a single CPU.

 In Non-multiprogrammed system, there are moments when

CPU sits idle and does not do any work.

 In Multiprogramming system, CPU is kept busy and it keeps on

processing.
 Multiprocessing OS

 There are more than one CPU in a single system.

 A single program is first divided into logically independent

subprogram by multiprocessing OS.

 Those subprograms are divided into available CPUs.

 Once all subprograms are processed, OS combines all of them

to produce final result.
 Distributed OS
 Advancements in technology have made it possible to design
and develop distributed systems comprising of many computers
that are inter connected by communication networks.

 The main benefit of distributed systems is its low

price/performance ratio.

 A distributed operating system is a software over a

collection of independent, networked, communicating, and
physically separate computational nodes.

 Each individual node holds a specific software subset of the

global aggregate operating system
 Real-Time OS

 A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in

which the time interval required to process and respond to
inputs is so small that it controls the environment.

 A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating

system (OS) intended to serve real-time applications that
process data as it comes in, typically without buffer delays.

 Processing time requirements are measured in tenths of

seconds or shorter increments of time.
 Popular OS

 DOS
 Windows
 Linux
 Mac
 Mobile OS
 MS-DOS

 Microsoft Disk Operating System

 MS-DOS is a non-graphical command line operating system

 Came in 1981.

 MS-DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and otherwise

manipulate files on their computer from a command line
instead of a GUI like Windows.

 Today, MS-DOS is no longer used; however, the command

shell, more commonly known as the Windows command
line is still used by many users.
MS-DOS
 MS-Windows

• Microsoft Windows is a group of OSs manufactured by

Microsoft.
• Windows offers a graphical user interface (GUI).
• Some of the well-known client versions include Windows 98,
XP, Vista, and 7.
• Windows 10 is the most recent version, released in 2015.
• On November, 1985, Microsoft introduced Windows 1.0.
• Before Windows, users had to type MS-DOS commands.
• With the introduction of Windows 1.0, users use a mouse to click
through windows or screens.
• Users were also able to switch between multiple programs without
quitting and restarting each program
 Unix
 Developed by AT&T in around 1970.

 It is written in C and assembly language.

 Unix is is a multiuser and multiprocessing system.

 It also is network oriented; which means that it is able to

operate well in a network of computers.

 The main method of interacting with a Unix system is the

command line interface.
 Linux

 Linux is a free and open-source operating system.

 The Linux kernel runs on numerous different platforms

including the Intel and is available under the GNU General
Public License.

 The system can be distributed, used, and expanded free of

charge.

 In this way, developers have access to all the source codes, thus
being able to integrate new functions or to find and eliminate
programming bugs quickly.
 Mac

 Macintosh operating systems developed by Apple Inc.

 In 1984, Apple debuted the operating system that is now

known as the "Classic" Mac OS, as rebranded "Mac OS" in
1996.

 Mac OS uses Unix and some additional features.

 The latest Mac OS version is 10.13 High Sierra, announced

on June 5, 2017.
 Mobile OS

 A mobile operating system is the software platform on top of

which other programs can run on mobile devices, such as mobile
phones, smartphones, PDAs, tablet computers etc.

 Famous Mobile OSs are:

 Android: The Android mobile operating system is
Google's open and free software.
 Apple iOS: It is supported on a number of Apple devices
including the iPhone, iPad, iPad 2 and iPod.
 Symbian: The Symbian platform was developed
by Nokia and was discontinued in 2012.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
THEORY & CONCEPT
 What is a Programming Language

 a language
 to communicate with the machine
 to perform some specific task
 have keywords
 follow certain rules
 Why needed

 Is there any other better method to give instructions to

computers ?
 Would you prefer to give instructions to machines in
binary commands ?
 Machine language is difficult to understand.
 PL is an interface between humans and computers.
Why so many programming languages

 Available resources
 Different tools for different jobs
 Ruby and JavaScript are great for building web sites
 Java and C++ are often used for financial trading
 Python and R are good for data analytics.
 They evolve (New programming languages often learn from
existing languages and add, remove and combine features in a
new way.)
 Developers have tastes (A programming language is a tool for
humans to express ideas to computers. While we developers
have many things in common, there is natural variety in the way
our minds work. Ex- some like fliexibity of pointers & most of us
don‟t like pointers).
 PLs

 The only language a computer can understand is machine

language (strings of 0 and 1).
 Binary opcodes are difficult to remember and it is hard to tell
the difference between data and instructions.
 Assembly language

 each instruction is presented in more human-readable form.

 If e9 represents addition instruction; „add‟ can be used in place
of e9, called mnemonics.
 But before executing, you have to convert assembly language
into m/c language.
 Assembly language is machine dependent & OS dependent.
 High level PLs

 This problem of machine dependency should be removed

 Need for more expressivity and portability.
 High-level programming languages came into picture to solve
above-mentioned issues.
 Classification of PLs

 Imperative
 Declarative
 functional
 object oriented

o visual language
o scripting language
o Markup language
 Imperative PL

 emphasis on how to do.

 program describes a sequence of steps that change the

state of the computer.

 Ex- C, C++
 Declarative PL

 emphasis on what to do.

 expresses the logic of a computation without describing

its control flow.

 Example- SQL
 Example

 Ex- “I‟m by Wal-Mart. How do I get to your house from here?”

 Imperative: Go out of the north exit of the parking lot and

take a left. Get on I-15 south until you get to the Bangerter
Highway exit. Take a right off the exit like you‟re going to Ikea.
Go straight and take a right at the first light. Continue through
the next light then take your next left. My house is #298.

 Declarative: My address is 298 West Immutable Alley, Draper

Utah 84020.
 Language translators

 Computer understands only machine language.

 A programming language translator is the piece of software that

translate a computer program written in some specific
programming language into another programming language
(Machine language).

 Example-
 Assembler
 Compiler
 Interpreter
 Assembler

 The assembler converts a program written in assembly language

into machine code.
 An assembler works by assembling and converting the source
code of assembly language into object code.
 An object file constitutes a stream of zeros and ones of machine
code, which are directly executable by the processor.
 Compiler

 The compiler is a program that converts a program

written into a high-level programming language into
machine code.

 The process of converting high-level programming

into machine language is known as compilation.

 Generates a file usually called object file which is read

by machine.

 Scans the entire program and translates it as a whole

into machine code.
 Interpreter

 An interpreter is a program that converts program

written in high-level language into machine code
understood by the computer.

 Translates program one statement at a time.

 No intermediate object code is generated.

Multimedia and Utilities
 Multimedia

 In the early days of computing, most of the information consisted

of text and numbers.

 Since those early days, however, photos, audio and video have
become a very important part of using computer systems.

 Multimedia refers to content that that uses a combination of

different forms, as opposed to text-only content.

 Multimedia describes the combination of text, audio, images,

animation, video, and other types of interactive content.
 Multimedia components

 Images
 Audio
 Video
 Images

 An image is usually a two-dimensional picture, that has a

similar appearance to some subject—usually a physical object or
a person, thus providing a depiction of it.

 Images are presented as a combination of pixels in computer.

 Graphic softwares are used to edit images.

 Famous graphic softwares are:

 Adobe Photoshop
 MS Paint
Image
 Audio

 Audio most commonly refers to sound.

 Digital audio is a technology that can be used for sound

recording and reproduction using audio signals that have been
encoded in digital form.

 Audio capture and audio editing software are used to create and
edit audio files.

 Audacity is a free program that includes both audio capturing

and editing elements.
Audio
 Video

 Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying,

playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media.

 Digital video is a representation of moving visual images in

the form of encoded digital data.

 Digital video comprises a series of digital images displayed

in rapid succession.

 Movie Maker is a famous video editing software from

Microsoft.
Utilities
 Portable Document Format (PDF)

 The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to

present documents in a manner independent of application
software, hardware, and operating systems.

 Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-

layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other
information needed to display it.

 Invented by Adobe, PDF is now an open standard maintained by

the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

 There are many online PDF editors to compress PDF files and
extract selected pages from a given PDF file.
 Optical Media

 Optical media refers to any data storage device or equipment that

uses optical data storage and retrieval techniques to read and write
data.
 Optical media provides more data capacity and longer media
device life.
 The data on optical media is stored in a digital form in circular
sectors and written, edited and accessed using a laser head.
 Optical media units are often portable and can easily be
transported to different systems and locations.
 CD, DVD and Blu-ray are currently the most common forms of
optical media devices
 Antivirus

 Malicious software, is an umbrella term used to refer to a

variety of forms of hostile or intrusive software.

 Malicious softwares are written to cause intentional harm to the

computer systems.

 Antivirus is a computer software used to prevent, detect and

remove malicious software.

 Famous antivirus are- Bitdefender, Avast, AVG, McAfee etc.