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STAR EUROPEAN CONFERENCE 2011
Amsterdam, 22‐23 March
CFD ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE
OF A FAST CATAMARAN WITH ROUGH
SEA
G. Lombardi, M. Maganzi
Dept. of Aerospace Engineering of Pisa
Italy
The Problem
A new vessel was under
development in cooperation
with italian defence industry
Requirements:
•  Very high speed
•  High stability platform
•  Maximum performance up to Sea State 3
•  Large surface for Load allocation
A catamaran configuration was chosen
The development of the project requires a deep analysis

of the performance and stability characteristics of the hull
STAR EUROPEAN CONFERENCE 2011– G. Lombardi, M. Maganzi 2
The CONFIGURATION
•  Cruise Speed: 45 Kts (24.3 m/s)
•  Max. Speed: 80 Kts (43.2 m/s)
•  Length: 15.70 m
•  Width: 4.25 m
•  Static Draft: 0.60 m
•  Max. Displacement: 9.7 Tons
•  Surface propellers
THE APPROACH
In a previous paper
G. Lombardi, M. Maganzi, A. MarioV ‐ FREE MOTION SIMULATION OF A SAILING
YACHT IN UP‐WIND CONDITION WITH ROUGH SEA”,
STAR EUROPEAN CONFERENCE 2010
was highlighted that STAR CCM+ has the capability to evaluate the
moTon of the complete boat with rough sea
IT WAS DECIDED TO VERIFY THE POSSIBILITY TO USE THE SAME
APPROACH TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE AND THE STABILITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEW CONFIGURATION
THE APPROACH
The use of computational fluid-dynamics techniques

would be a key-point in the analysis to optimise the
platform and the system performances, generating
inputs for the detailed design :
•  Speed
•  Attitude
•  Stability characteristics
•  Power requirements
•  Weight effects
•  Loads
•  ............
SOFTWARE
CAD GEOMETRY CATIA V5 R19
Surface GRID ANSA 13.1.0
Volume GRID STAR CCM+

and CFD v5.06.010
HARDWARE
Full time available:

Linux cluster: 16 SUN Fire X4100.
Each server: 2 AMD Opteron 285 (Dual Core)
processors and 4GB RAM each
(64 processes)
For this activity we use also the National Facility for
Nuclear Physics managed by the INFN-Pisa. It is a 512
cores cluster based on the AMD 8356 processors.
We use it thanks to the scientific collaboration we have
from many years with the INFN-Pisa, using the time left
free by the physics activity.
SURFACE GRID
  Base size for hull 4.5 cm
  Base size for deckhouse 9.0 cm
  Base size for domain external surfaces 1.5 m
  Total surface elements ≈ 83000
  Skewness<0.5.
STAR EUROPEAN CONFERENCE 2011– G. Lombardi , M. Maganzi 8
VOLUME GRID
Lenght 60 m
ComputaTonal domain:
Width 25 m
“air” height 5 m
“water” height 20 m
  Trimmed volume grid with prism layers around the hull
  Grid refinement at the free surface in order to have a corrected
representaTon of the wave profile.
Free Surface Refinement
Refinement Box:
•  Flat Sea: ± 0.5 m around the free surface
•  Rough Sea (0.5 m wave height): ± 1.0 m around the free surface
In all the cases further refinements in local zones
  Total volume elements ≈ 510,000 (coarse grid)
≈ 4,100,000 (refined grid)
PHYSICAL MODEL
 3D unsteady
 k‐ε standard turbulence model
 Wave model (VOF Waves)
 6 degrees of freedom rigid body moTon
(6 DOF MoAon)
WAVE MODEL (VOF Waves)
  Volume of Fluid Waves Model, with two phases
(MulAphase Mixture).
  The sea wave dynamics is represented by the 5° order Stokes
theory.
  The following characterisTcs are assigned:
  Wave height, H
  Wave Length, L
  Sea depth, d
  DirecTon and velociy of the sea Tde, cE
H
cE d
6 DOF MoAon set‐up
•  Total mass
•  C.G. position ARE ASSIGNED
•  Inertial Moments
• The applied power is kept constant
• The thrust is evaluated as a function of the speed

and it is applied in the direction of the propeller axle
• Propulsion efficiency = 0.92
Time step: 0.005 s
Iterations per step 10
Starting Speed: 5 m/s
SensiTvity to grid resoluTon – Flat sea
THE BEHAVIOUR IS SIMILAR FOR ALL THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOTION
From the QUANTITATIVE point of view, moving

from the coarse to the refined grid, occur that:
•  The maximum speed is slightly higher ( + 4 % )
•  The dominant frequency is very close ( + 2.5 % )
•  The mean trim angle is very close (from 2.38 to 2.5 deg)
Computational time for 100 seconds of simulation:

•  Coarse Grid ≈ 5 hours
•  Refined Grid ≈ 16 hours (≈ 6 hours with 256 processes)
RESULTS
A large amount of data is obtained by the evaluaTon
InformaTon are available on:
• Performance
• Boat moTon
• Stability characterisTcs
• Hydrodynamics behaviour of the hull
• Aerodynamics behaviour of the upper‐deck
• Loads
• CorrelaTon between different data for a beker understanding
of the different effects
• ............
Max. Boat Speed, Flat sea (1900 HP)
≈ 7 sec ≈ 22 sec Regime (oscillating)
Oscill.
transient
No
oscillations
Boat MoTon, Flat sea (1900 HP)
Sea level
Drag and acceleraTons, Flat sea (1900 HP)
Dynamic Behaviour (regime condition)
Fourier transforms of the time histories
A dominant frequency at 0.80 Hz is evident.

The motion is practically harmonic.
The MoTon (CFD SimulaTon)
The MoTon (real view)
StaTsTcal values
(1900 HP, regime condiTon)
Mean St. Dev. Min. Max.
Speed (m/s) 41.6 0.30 41.1 42.0

Vert. Displ. (m) 0.50 0.12 0.34 0.693
Trim Angle (deg) 2.5 1.0 0.9 3.9
Drag (N) 15329 6928 4360 24500
Long. Acc. (g) 0 0.15 -0.20 0.24
Vert. Acc. (g) -0.06 0.33 0.45 -0.58
Correlation Analysis
•  LONG. and VERT. ACCELERATIONS are in phase ( Corr. Coeff. = 0.97 )
•  SPEED and VERT. DISPL. Have a 90° phase angle ( Corr. Coeff. = 0.001 )
•  TRIM ANGLE and VERT. DISPL. are not in phase ( Corr. Coeff. = -0.57 )
Max. Speed vs. Power
?
The increase in speed
is “higher” than the
increase in power
ExplainaTon: Drag vs Speed
≈ 7 s ≈ 22 s
dz≈0.5 m
dz≈0.4 m
dz≈0.2 m mean
value
The hull “escapes”

from the water
Sea level
Drag reduction
Speed increasing
(delayed by inertial and
apparent mass forces)
Opposite behaviour
The shut‐off characterisTcs
The time and space to arrest boat is particularly important.
This phase is simulated setting zero thrust at time = 75 sec.
10 s: speed 13.7
space 280 m
20 s: speed 2.7
space 330 m
Clearly, these data are “conservative”, because the thrust

reverse is not considered.
The effect of the weight
Weight reduced by 20%, same power
Reduced weight
Time to regime
significantly reduced
Max speed increases from 40 to 41 m/s

The Fourier spectra show that the dominant frequency
remains exactly the same
Dynamics characteristics are unchanged

(Note: inertial moments are NOT varied)
The effect of the InerTal Moments
Also Inertial Moments reduced by 20%
The behaviour
appears very similar
Red. Inert. Mom.
Max speed slightly decreases

from 41 to 40.7 m/s
The Fourier spectra show that:
•  The frequency of the motion increases
(from 0.80 to 0.88 Hz)
•  The amplitude of oscillations decreases
(St. Dev. from 0.30 to 0.26)
ROUGH SEA ‐ set‐up
With the rough sea, the resolution of the coarse grid
appears not sufficient to represent the wave shape.
WAVE SET-UP
•  Wave direcTon 0° from the hull simmetry plane
•  Sea depth 100 m
•  Sea Tide 0
•  Wave height 0.5 m
•  Wave lenght 20 m
ROUGH SEA ‐ Wave height 0.5 m
ROUGH SEA ‐ Wave height 0.5 m
( Power 2000 HP)
Reduced Oscillation Amplitude
Wave Increased Frequency
0.60 = Sea level
Boat remains more time “in air”

(Mean value from 0.52 to 0.59 m)
No Wave
Mean value similar
ROUGH SEA ‐ Wave height 0.5
m (Power 2000 HP)
Wave
Max speed is higher
(boat is “sustained” in air by
waves)
No Wave
Reduced Oscil. Ampl.
Increased Frequency
No Wave
The motion keeps harmonic with

rough sea
But
Wave
•  frequency increases from 0.8 to 2.7 Hz
•  its energy is significantly reduced
CONCLUSIONS (1 of 2)
•  The moTon of a catamaran hull is evaluated taking into account its
inerTal characterisTcs
•  Rough sea is considered
•  The case was seVng in STAR CCM+ without problems
•  All results are congruent with the real behaviour of this type of boat
• The moTon of the hull is harmonic with flat sea
• With rough sea (opposite to the boat moTon) the maximum speed
increases and the moTon remains harmonic, with a significant
increase of frequency.
• The correlaTon analysis between forces and moTon characterisTcs
gives important informaTon to understand flow behaviour
CONCLUSIONS (2 of 2)
• THE ABILITY OF STAR CCM+ TO ANALYSE THE DYNAMIC
BEHAVIOUR OF A CATAMARAN HULL IS HIGHLIGHTED
• POTENTIALITIES OF THE PROPOSED APPROACH ARE RELEVANT
• IN PARTICULAR, IT IS POSSIBLE:
•  to evaluate performances
•  to analyse stability characterisTcs
•  to have an accurate evaluaTon of the loads, in order to size and
opTmise the structural scheme
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to A. Ciampa and E. Mazzoni (INFN of Pisa) to
make the compuTng system very efficient and easy to use,
resulTng from their research acTviTes on compuTng networks,
applied to our cluster.
THANK YOU

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STAR EUROPEAN CONFERENCE 2011

A catamaran configuration was chosen

The development of the project requires a deep analysis

The use of computational fluid-dynamics techniques

CAD GEOMETRY CATIA V5 R19

Surface GRID ANSA 13.1.0

Volume GRID STAR CCM+

Full time available:

In all the cases further refinements in local zones

• The applied power is kept constant

• The thrust is evaluated as a function of the speed

THE BEHAVIOUR IS SIMILAR FOR ALL THE

From the QUANTITATIVE point of view, moving

Computational time for 100 seconds of simulation:

≈ 7 sec ≈ 22 sec Regime (oscillating)

A dominant frequency at 0.80 Hz is evident.

Speed (m/s) 41.6 0.30 41.1 42.0

The hull “escapes”

Clearly, these data are “conservative”, because the thrust

Max speed increases from 40 to 41 m/s

Dynamics characteristics are unchanged

Max speed slightly decreases

Boat remains more time “in air”

The motion keeps harmonic with

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• The applied power is kept constant

• The thrust is evaluated as a function of the speed