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  • I Ec Distance Protection Siemens Tap Template

    Încărcat de

    Veera Bramham
    47 vizualizări4 pagini
    This document outlines the calculations for various fault protection parameters including: 1. Source impedance, resistance, and reactance based on security factor, system voltage, and maximum phase current. 2. Zone 1 line resistance and reactance based on protection setting factor, line length, and per unit length resistance and reactance values. 3. Zone 1 short circuit resistance and reactance calculated from source and line values. 4. Zone 1 short circuit current limit calculated from security factor, system voltage, and short circuit impedance.

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    IEC distance protection Siemens algorithm

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    i Ec Distance Protection Siemens Tap Template

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    This document outlines the calculations for various fault protection parameters including: 1. Source impedance, resistance, and reactance based on security factor, system voltage, and maximum phase current. 2. Zone 1 line resistance and reactance based on protection setting factor, line length, and per unit length resistance and reactance values. 3. Zone 1 short circuit resistance and reactance calculated from source and line values. 4. Zone 1 short circuit current limit calculated from security factor, system voltage, and short circuit impedance.

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca DOCX, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    47 vizualizări4 pagini

    I Ec Distance Protection Siemens Tap Template

    Încărcat de

    Veera Bramham
    This document outlines the calculations for various fault protection parameters including: 1. Source impedance, resistance, and reactance based on security factor, system voltage, and maximum phase current. 2. Zone 1 line resistance and reactance based on protection setting factor, line length, and per unit length resistance and reactance values. 3. Zone 1 short circuit resistance and reactance calculated from source and line values. 4. Zone 1 short circuit current limit calculated from security factor, system voltage, and short circuit impedance.

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca DOCX, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 4

    Distance Protection

    Model: 7SA522,7SA6,7SD5XX

    Fault Calculation
    (Ref: IEC 61869-100:2017, Clause no: 11.4.3.1.3(Zone 1 fault), page no-93)

    𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑐) = 1.1

    𝐶 . 𝑈𝑛
    𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑧𝑠 ) =
    √3 . 𝐼"𝑘

    𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑒𝑐𝐹𝑎𝑐𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋
    𝑧𝑠 =
    √3 ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋

    𝑧𝑠 = 𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑜𝑢𝐼𝑚𝑝𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝛺

    𝑍𝑠
    𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑅𝑠) =
    2
    √1 + (2𝛱𝑓𝑟 𝑇𝑝 )
    𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑜𝑢𝐼𝑚𝑝𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋
    𝑅𝑠 =
    √1 + (2 ∗ 𝛱 ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑦𝑠𝐹𝑟𝑒𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑇𝑖𝑚𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋)2

    𝑅𝑠 = 𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑅𝑒𝑠𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝛺

    𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑋𝑠 ) = √𝑍𝑆 2 − 𝑅𝑆 2

    𝑋𝑠 = √𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑜𝑢𝐼𝑚𝑝𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 2 − 𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑅𝑒𝑠𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 2

    𝑋𝑠 = 𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑅𝑒𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝛺

    𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑍𝑠 ) = (𝑅𝑠 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

    𝑍𝑠 = (𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑅𝑒𝑠𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 + 𝑗𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑅𝑒𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 )

    𝑍𝑠 = 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝐼𝑚𝑝𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑅𝑒𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶 𝛺

    𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 1 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑅𝐿 ) = 𝐾𝑙𝑖𝑚 . 𝑙𝐿 . 𝑅′𝐿

    𝑅𝐿 = 𝑋𝑋𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑆𝑒𝑡𝐹𝑎𝑐𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑍𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑂𝑓𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑇𝑟𝑎𝐿𝑖𝑛𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑃𝑒𝑟𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑂𝑓𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑇𝑟𝑎𝐿𝑖𝑛𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋

    𝑅𝐿 = 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑅𝑒𝑠𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝛺

    𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 1 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑋𝐿 ) = 𝐾𝑙𝑖𝑚 . 𝑙𝐿 . 𝑋′𝐿

    𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝑋𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑆𝑒𝑡𝐹𝑎𝑐𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑍𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑂𝑓𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑇𝑟𝑎𝐿𝑖𝑛𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 ∗ 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑃𝑒𝑟𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑂𝑓𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑇𝑟𝑎𝐿𝑖𝑛𝐼𝐸𝐶

    𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑅𝑒𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝛺

    𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 1 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑅𝑠𝑐 ) = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝐿

    𝑅𝑠𝑐 = 𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑅𝑒𝑠𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑅𝑒𝑠𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋

    𝑅𝑠𝑐 = 𝑋𝑋𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑃ℎ𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝛺
    𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 1 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑋𝑠𝑐 ) = 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑋𝐿

    𝑋𝑠𝑐 = 𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑅𝑒𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑅𝑒𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋

    𝑋𝑠𝑐 = 𝑋𝑋𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑃ℎ𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝛺

    2 + 𝑋2
    𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 1 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑍𝑠𝑐 ) = 𝑅𝑠𝑐 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠𝑐 = √𝑅𝑠𝑐 𝑠𝑐

    𝑍𝑠𝑐 = 𝑋𝑋𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑃ℎ𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 + 𝑗𝑋𝑋𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑃ℎ𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋

    𝑍𝑠𝑐 = √𝑋𝑋𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑃ℎ𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 2 + 𝑋𝑋𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑃ℎ𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 2

    𝑍𝑠𝑐 = 𝑋𝑋𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑖𝑟𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑃ℎ𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝛺

    𝐶 . 𝑈𝑛
    𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 1 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐼𝑠𝑐,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ) =
    √3 . 𝑍𝑠𝑐

    𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑒𝑐𝐹𝑎𝑐𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋
    𝐼𝑠𝑐,𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
    √3 ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑖𝑟𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑃ℎ𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋

    𝐼𝑠𝑐,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑋𝑋𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑖𝑟𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝐴

    CT knee point voltage Calculation as per Manual

    𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 − 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 = 𝐾𝑡𝑑(𝑎)

    𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑝 ≤ 30 𝑚𝑠, 𝐾𝑡𝑑(𝑎) = 1

    𝐹𝑜𝑟 30𝑚𝑠 < 𝑇𝑝 ≤ 50 𝑚𝑠, 𝐾𝑡𝑑(𝑎) = 2

    𝐹𝑜𝑟 50𝑚𝑠 < 𝑇𝑝 ≤ 100 𝑚𝑠, 𝐾𝑡𝑑(𝑎) = 4

    𝐹𝑜𝑟 100𝑚𝑠 < 𝑇𝑝 ≤ 200 𝑚𝑠, 𝐾𝑡𝑑(𝑎) = 4

    𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑐 max(𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒−𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡)


    𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 − 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 = 𝐾 ′ 𝑠𝑠𝑐1 ≥ 𝐾𝑡𝑑(𝑎) ∗
    𝐼𝑝𝑟
    𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐶𝑙𝑜𝐹𝑎𝑢𝐼𝐸𝐶
    𝐾 ′ 𝑠𝑠𝑐1 ≥ 𝑋𝑋𝑇𝑟𝑎𝐷𝑖𝑚𝐹𝑎𝑐𝐹𝑜𝑟𝐶𝑙𝑜𝐹𝑎𝑢𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 ∗
    𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑃𝑟𝑖𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐼𝐸𝐶

    𝐼𝑠𝑟
    𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 (𝑉𝑘𝑎 ) ≥ 𝐾′𝑠𝑠𝑐1 ∗ (𝑅𝒄𝒕 + 𝑅𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 ) ∗
    1.3

    𝑉𝑘𝑎 ≥ 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑖𝑟𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐹𝑎𝑐𝐹𝑜𝑟𝐶𝑙𝑜𝐹𝑎𝑢𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋
    ∗ (𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑊𝑖𝑛𝐷𝑐𝑅𝑒𝑠𝐴𝑡75𝐷𝑒𝑔𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑅𝑢𝑛𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑂𝑓𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐸𝐷𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋)
    𝑋𝑋𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑆𝑒𝑐𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋
    ∗
    1.3
    𝑉𝑘𝑎 = 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑅𝑒𝑞𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐹𝑜𝑟𝐶𝑙𝑜𝐼𝑛𝐹𝑎𝑢𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝑉

    𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 1 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 = 𝐾𝑡𝑑(𝑏)


    𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑝 ≤ 30 𝑚𝑠, 𝐾𝑡𝑑(𝑏) = 4

    𝐹𝑜𝑟 30 < 𝑇𝑝 ≤ 200 𝑚𝑠, 𝐾𝑡𝑑(𝑏) = 5


    𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑐 max(𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒−𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡)
    𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚. 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 1 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 = 𝐾 ′ 𝑠𝑠𝑐2 ≥ 𝐾𝑡𝑑(𝑏) ∗
    𝐼𝑝𝑟

    𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐶𝑙𝑜𝐹𝑎𝑢𝐼𝐸𝐶
    𝐾 ′ 𝑠𝑠𝑐2 ≥ 𝑋𝑋𝑇𝑟𝑎𝐷𝑖𝑚𝐹𝑎𝑐𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑍𝑜𝑛𝐹𝑎𝑢𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 ∗
    𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑃𝑟𝑖𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐼𝐸𝐶

    𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 1 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 (𝑉𝑘𝑏 ) ≥ 𝐾′𝑠𝑠𝑐2 ∗ (𝑅𝒄𝒕 + 𝑅𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 ) ∗ 𝐼𝑠𝑟

    𝑉𝑘𝑏 ≥ 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑖𝑟𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐹𝑎𝑐𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑍𝑜𝑛𝐹𝑎𝑢𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋
    ∗ (𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑊𝑖𝑛𝐷𝑐𝑅𝑒𝑠𝐴𝑡75𝐷𝑒𝑔𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑅𝑢𝑛𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑂𝑓𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐼𝐸𝐷𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋)
    ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑆𝑒𝑐𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋

    𝑉𝑘𝑏 = 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑅𝑒𝑞𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑍𝑜𝑛𝐸𝑛𝑑𝐹𝑎𝑢𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝑉

    𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉𝑘 ) = 𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑉𝑘𝑎 , 𝑉𝑘𝑏 )

    𝑉𝑘 = Max(𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑅𝑒𝑞𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐹𝑜𝑟𝐶𝑙𝑜𝐼𝑛𝐹𝑎𝑢𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋, 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑅𝑒𝑞𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑍𝑜𝑛𝐸𝑛𝑑𝐹𝑎𝑢𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋)

    𝑉𝑘 = 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑅𝑒𝑞𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝑉

    Proposed CT Knee Point Voltage

    Proposed CT Knee point voltage for Class 5P,10P,5PR,10PR

    𝑆𝑛
    𝐶𝑇 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓. 𝐸𝐴𝐿𝐹 = 𝐴𝐿𝐹 ∗ 𝐼𝑠𝑟 ∗ (𝑅𝑐𝑡 + )
    𝐼𝑠𝑟 2

    𝐸𝐴𝐿𝐹 = 𝑋𝑋𝐴𝑐𝑐𝐿𝑖𝑚𝐹𝑎𝑐𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑆𝑒𝑐𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋


    𝑋𝑋𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑂𝑓𝑇ℎ𝑒𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑇𝑟𝑎𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋
    ∗ (𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑊𝑖𝑛𝐷𝑐𝑅𝑒𝑠𝐴𝑡75𝐷𝑒𝑔𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 + )
    𝑋𝑋𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑆𝑒𝑐𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 2

    𝐸𝐴𝐿𝐹 = 𝑋𝑋𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐹𝑜𝑟𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑃𝑅𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐶𝑇𝑠𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝑉

    𝐸𝑟𝑞 = 𝐸𝐴𝐿𝐹

    𝐸𝑟𝑞 = 𝑋𝑋𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝑉

    Proposed CT Knee point voltage for Class PX & PXR

    𝐶𝑇 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑋𝑅 = 𝐸𝑘

    𝑋𝑋𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐹𝑜𝑟𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑃𝑋𝑃𝑋𝑅𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐶𝑇𝑠𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 = 𝑋𝑋𝐶𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑡𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋

    𝐸𝑘 = 𝑋𝑋𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐹𝑜𝑟𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑃𝑋𝑃𝑋𝑅𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐶𝑇𝑠𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝑉

    𝐸𝑟𝑞 = 𝐸𝑘

    𝐸𝑟𝑞 = 𝑋𝑋𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝑉

    Proposed CT Knee point voltage for Class TPX,TPY & TPZ

    𝐶𝑇 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑃𝑋, 𝑇𝑃𝑌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑃𝑍 (𝐸𝑎𝑙 ) = 𝐾𝑠𝑠𝑐 ∗ 𝐾𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝐼𝑠𝑟 ∗ (𝑅𝑐𝑡 + 𝑅𝑏 )
    𝑋𝑋𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑇𝑃𝑋𝑇𝑃𝑍𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐶𝑇𝑠𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋
    = 𝑋𝑋𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑆ℎ𝑜𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐹𝑎𝑐𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝑇𝑟𝑎𝐷𝑖𝑚𝐹𝑎𝑐𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 ∗ 𝑋𝑋𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑆𝑒𝑐𝐶𝑢𝑟𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋
    ∗ (𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑊𝑖𝑛𝐷𝑐𝑅𝑒𝑠𝐴𝑡75𝐷𝑒𝑔𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑅𝑒𝑠𝐵𝑢𝑟𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋)

    𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 𝑋𝑋𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑇𝑃𝑋𝑇𝑃𝑍𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐶𝑇𝑠𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝑉

    𝐸𝑟𝑞 = 𝐸𝑎𝑙

    𝐸𝑟𝑞 = 𝑋𝑋𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 𝑉

    𝐼𝑓 𝐸𝑟𝑞 > 𝑉𝑘 , 𝐶𝑇 𝑇𝑎𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 .

    𝐼𝑓 𝑋𝑋𝑃𝑟𝑜𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋 > 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑅𝑒𝑞𝐾𝑛𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐼𝐸𝐶𝑋𝑋

    𝐶𝑇 𝑇𝑎𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒

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