Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

Intramuros, Manila

Middle Ages:
The Age of Discovery

Submitted by:
Basa, Edwin Karl
Bernal, Diana
Cabaya, Marian
Castejon, Ashley
Cesora, Rex
Cruz, Aira Mikaela
Fajardo, Tricia
Fadul, Gladys Anne
Dela Cruz, Mikhaela
Dadivas, Maureen

Submitted to:
Prof. Jennifer C. Sy
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (STS 0002)

Course and Block:

BS in Psychology
Block 6

Date:
June 13, 2018
 Middle ages [1]:

By Diana C. Bernal

 Occurred between the fall of Western Roman Empire and beginning of colonial expansion of Western
Europe
 Surviving institutions of later empire  influenced the formation of new civilizations
o Teutonic tribes who moved into a larger part of Western Europe, who had advanced technology
(heavy ploughs – made use of the heavy soils that frustrated the predecessors of Northern and
Western Europe). They also provided an element of “innovation”
o Civilizations grew in strength and began to take interest in different aspects of human endeavor.
o Process of knowledge-seeking mainly involved the recovery of the knowledge and achievements
of the previous generations.
o “The history of Medieval technology is thus largely in the story of the preservation, recovery and
modification of earlier achievements.”
 Timeline of Ideas:

Travels of Marco Polo (1254-1324)

by Diana C. Bernal

 Marco Polo is an Italian voyager and merchant who were one of the first Europeans to travel across Asia
through China. [2]
 His father, Niccolo Polo and uncle Maffeo Polo had let him join their travels towards the east, with the
objective to trade in things as silk, guns, furs and spices. [2]
 Marco Polo was captured in battle by the Genoans when he returned from Asia. He was imprisoned and
with his fellow inmate Rustichello of Pisa, they collaborated in writing the manuscript entitled
“Description of the World” or widely known as “The Travels of Marco Polo”. This helped describe his
discoveries from the east such as landscapes and routes, palaces of Mongolian empire, paper money,
coal postal service, eyeglasses and innovations that had not yet appeared in Europe. [5]
 His 24-year travel had allowed a westward transfer of ideas on the knowledge of China and some parts
of Asia [2]
o Kublai Khan, the emperor of Mongolian empire was open to communication with foreigners and
traders. His interest allowed him to take advantage of the knowledge he acquired from the
foreigners into enormous projects such as water management, siege engineering, hydraulic
engineering and warfare. [5]
o Marco Polo was given a position in Kublai Khan’s empire, then was later promoted to a member
of Khan’s Privy Council. He was given a ‘paiza’ which allowed him to use the imperial horses
and lodging, it allowed him to travel freely. [5]
o He acquired knowledge of the cultural customs, great wealth and social structure of China.
o Western knowledge of silk working, the magnetic compass, paper making, and porcelain were
said to be derived from China. [1]
 Marco Polo’s travels greatly helped inspire the next generation of explorers such as Henry the Navigator
(discovered route to India via Cape of Good Hope) and Christopher Columbus (discovered America). [6]
o Christopher Columbus sailed to New World, purportedly carrying a copy of Marco Polo’s
“Travels” hoping to communicate with Kublai Khan’s descent, not knowing the fall of
Mongolian empire. [2]
 Information from Polo’s travels was incorporated in some important maps of Middle Ages such as
Catalan World Map (1375) [6]
  Later generations utilized his way of measuring distances of his journey through days and it was
remarkably accurate during those times. [6]
 In present, topographers consider his work as “precursor of scientific geography”. [6]

Calendar (14th Century)

by Maureen Dadivas

Gregorian calendar (1582)

After establishing that the Julian Calendar by Julius Caesar was out of date, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the
Gregorian Calendar. The tropical year is 11 minutes shorter than the 365.25 days the Julian calendar dictated, it
meant a gain of about three days every four centuries. The equinox was occurring on 11 March and since it is a
date so tied to Easter, the Roman Catholic Church instigated the change. By then, three leap year days were
dropped across every four centuries to combat the problem.

Adoption of The Gregorian Calendar

In 1582, Spain, Portugal, France, Poland, Italy, Catholic Low Countries, Luxemburg, and colonies were the
countries who adopted the Gregorian Calendar

And the Kingdom of Bohemia by 1584

 Book Printing (15th Century)

By Marian Cabaya

The 15th century saw one of the greatest inventions in the history of humankind when Johannes Gutenberg, a
citizen of the German town of Mainz, was able to print books. He developed the prototype of the printing press,
which made it possible for humanity to spread and give access to the knowledge of the world to everybody
everywhere on the globe, and to accumulate and store it in libraries, the ever-growing treasure houses of human
knowledge.

• 1423 – The first European woodcut printing on paper happened in the early 15th century. Woodcut,
(also called as block printing) is a relief printing technique in which text and images are carved into the surface
of a block of wood. It is used for printing religious images and playing cards.

• 1436 – Gutenberg started working on a printing press. His real innovation is the molding system that
enables a printer to create as many lead characters as are needed for printing a book or pamphlet.

• 1448 – Gutenberg sets up a printing shop in Mainz. Around 1450 when he began printing bibles which
has 40 lines per page in the first edition.

• 1455 – The Gutenberg Bible was considered the first mass-produced book which Gutenberg himself
prints around 180 copies with 42 lines and is set in gothic type text.

• 1457 – The first known color printing is used in ‘Mainz Psalter’, a book containing a collection of
psalms. Color, in this case, does not mean full-color images but simply the use of a second color to highlight
some initials, words or paragraphs.

• 1461 – The first illustrated books are printed using a number of woodcuts that are colored in manually.

• 1464 – Printing arrives in Italy when German monks operated the first printing press in the Abbey of
Santa Scolastica at Subiaco.

• 1472 – ‘Sinodal de Aguilafuente’ is the first book printed in Spain and in the Spanish language which
printing was ordered by the bishop of Segovia.

• 1476 – The first printing press was established in England by William Caxton.

• 1481 – There are around 40 printing shops in both Germany and Italy. In the Netherlands printing takes
place in 21 cities and towns.
• 1489 – The first print shop was established in Copenhagen, Denmark by Dutch printer Gotfried van Os
(Gotfred of Ghemen).

• 1492 – German Benedictine abbot Johannes Trithemius criticizes the effect that the printing press has on
the customs and devotion of the brotherhood of monks in his book De laude scriptorum manualium. Only by
copying the Scriptures can a scribe become in touch with the Word of God. The abbot is a complex man who
actually sees that printing also offers advantages. He expands the library of his abbey from around fifty items to
more than two thousand, many of them printed. His own treatise also is printed since that is the most cost-
effective way to spread the message.

• 1494 – Das Narrenschiff (The Ship Of Fools) by Sebastian Brant is published in Basel, Switzerland
which is satire about the state of the church is illustrated with woodcuts from the great Renaissance artist-
engraver Albrecht Dürer.

• 1495 – The first printed books are published in Danish and Swedish.

1499 – Aldus Manutius is the first printer to come up with smaller, more portable books. The book format is
called an octavo (‘in eight’) because each press sheet is folded three times to create eight pages. Manutius is
also the first to use Italic type, designed by Venetian punchcutter Francesco Griffo. In 1499 the Aldine Press
prints Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, an illustrated book set in Bembo. It is considered one of the masterpieces of
Renaissance publishing.
 Anatomy (15th -16th Century)

by Tricia Fajardo

According to my understanding, the early scientists have no sufficient evidences for their ideologies regarding
human anatomy. Their first illustration seems to be unrealistic because the society prevents them from
conducting experiments and does not support and believe them. They also had no equipments suitable to use for
an experiment that time.

Aside from constant criticisms and being treated as outcasts, they still pursued all their ideas by printing a
compilation of their works and illustrations that they want to be used in educating others (by Andreas Vesalius).
But the public refused it as they only see the body sinful and tempting.

Because of the nude content of this book, Christians told that it is the start to the fall of mankind. Medieval
images of naked bodies do not reflect close observation from real life or an understanding of the inner workings
of bodies. Also, the only way to study the first human anatomy is through dissection but the Roman Catholic
forbids them from doing so.

Knowledge is hard to come by so ignorance led them to multiple errors and misunderstanding on the part of
medical doctors. The only idea that is well accepted by the society that time is the proposed idea of Aelius
Galenus or Claudius Galens. He is a greek physician, surgeon and philosopher that greatly influenced by the
then-current theory called Humorism (also known as the four humors- black bile, yellow bile, blood and
phlegm.) He got this idea by dissecting monkeys and pigs.
 Firearms (15th -16th Century)

by Gladys Anne Fadul

FIREARMS

“Early Modern Military Revolution” paradigm – Geoffrey Parker and other military historians

1300s Gunpowder was started by Chinese, developed by Europeans

Cannons
1324 - first recorded in Europe at the siege of Metz
Mid 1300s - gunpowder appeared in Western Europe; carbon and sulfur from Europe volcanoes
1364 - first recorded use of a firearm
1380 - hand guns became known across Europe
1390 - hand cannons
Banded mail

1400s Corned gunpowder

Matchlock guns – to eliminate the need to fire a gun in a hand-held match (Ming Dynasty)
Plate armour
Steel crossbow
1498 - rifling principle is discovered

1500s Gunpowder Revolution

1509 - invention of wheel clock (rose clock) ; expensive to produce; more reliable
1540 - rifling appears in firearms; the use of spiralling for a more accurate shot in longer
distances was used by archers for their crossbows, soon applied for rifles
Ottoman empire used firearms

1600s 1630 - flintlock; pushes back the lid and sparks a flint at the same time; used by German
Mercenaries during the American Revolution
1637 - firearms proof-mark
1640 - matchlocks used by militia in Colonial America

1700s Duelling pistols

Automatic Handguns
First successful rapid firearm (Gatling Gun by Richard Gatling) – fielded by the Union Forces during
American Civil
 Architecture (15th -16th Century)

by Mikhaela Dela Cruz

Types of Architecture

Architecture in the Middle Age can be classified into two types; namely, religious architecture and military
architecture.

As a result of the kings and lords’ immense help for the spread of Christianity, they provided support for the
building of churches. To provide enough space for a Church to hold large meetings, early Christians opted for a
specific architectural design which is known as basilica. It consisted of a nave, transepts and altars. Later on,
those cathedrals which were influenced by Justinian significantly used the byzantine architectural style and
created huge domes. They also made use of a Greek cross.

Meanwhile, to protect their land and to provide protection for serfs, Lords created castles and fortified walls
which later on became most significant non-religious examples of architecture of the Middle Ages.

During the early Middle Ages, most of the innovative architectural styles were influenced by modernization as
architectural works were influenced by Italian, Northern, Spanish, and Byzantine inputs. These architectural
styles also showed the impact of religious and political competition between kings and the clergy.

Styles of Architecture

Romanesque

Romanesque architectural styles were influenced by Roman architecture with significant modernizing
techniques. During the period of Romanesque architectural style, the stones used for creating buildings were cut
with precision. The use of Roman arch system enabled constructors to support heavy stones at the middle while
the barrel vault system was used to support the stone roofs.

Gothic

Gothic arch structures were light and spacious and they helped in creating airy structures that helped in creating
high structures with proper light. Gothic architectural buildings had wider windows and doors than those of Pre-
Romanesque and Romanesque buildings. Because of the use flying buttress, the buildings of Gothic
architectural style were strong as they used higher number of towers and pillars. Gothic style also gave way for
decorative architecture as for example, in form of gargoyles.
Significant Architectural Technologies

In the middle ages, numerous technologies were invented and used. Some of these inventions are:

• Artesian well (1126)

A thin rod with a hard iron cutting edge is placed in the bore hole and repeatedly struck with a hammer,
underground water pressure forces the water up the hole without pumping. Artesian wells are named after the
town of Artois in France, where the first one was drilled by Carthusian monks in 1126.

• Central heating through underfloor channels (9th century)

In the early medieval Alpine upland, a simpler central heating system where heat travelled through underfloor
channels from the furnace room replaced the Roman hypocaust at some places. In Reichenau Abbey a network
of interconnected underfloor channels heated the 300 m2 large assembly room of the monks during the winter
months. The degree of efficiency of the system has been calculated at 90%.

• Rib vault (12th century)

An essential element for the rise of Gothic architecture, rib vaults allowed vaults to be built for the first time
over rectangles of unequal lengths. It also greatly facilitated scaffolding and largely replaced the older groin
vault.

• Chimney (12th century)

The earliest true chimneys appeared in Northern Europe during the 12th century, and with them came the first
true fireplaces.

• Segmental arch bridge (1345)

The Ponte Vecchio in Florence is considered medieval Europe's first stone segmental arch bridge.
 Fortification (15th -16th Century)

by Aira Mikaela Cruz

Fortifications, from the Latin words fortis meaning “strong” and facere meaning “to make”, is a military
construction built to fortify territories during war and battles; it is also used to strengthen rules in a region when
the country is at peace. Humans were able to create defensive works using various designs, most of them complex.

Roman forts and hill forts were the predecessors of castles in Europe that emerged during the Carolingian Empire,
an enormous empire in western and central Europe during the early middle ages. There were towns built around
castles and are usually protected only by simple stone walls ditches. The establishment of urban centers played a
vital role in expansion of territories. These cities are recognizable and its fortifications were improved based on
the reflection of its military development.

Medieval fortification refers to medieval military methods that are used in the construction of ramparts in Europe
from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance. These times changed fortifications developed for
warfare and were improved to suit new tactics, techniques and weapons.

There are different types of fortifications: Archer Towers, City Walls, Harbors, Churches and Monasteries, and
Mottes and Baileys.

 Archer Towers: Towers of medieval castles are built with stones and/or sometimes, although rarely, wood.
Battlements and arrow loops, which usually are vertical slits in the wall through which archers inside
shoot arrows at the attackers, were included in the later part of the era.
 City Walls: also known as Defensive Walls, are walls used to protect the place from possible aggressors
and were used to enclose settlements. The structure of the walls would depend on the amount of resources
available and perceived threat. There is an external and internal pomerium, from the word post murum
which means “behind the wall” and is a religious boundary between the city of Rome and the cities
controlled by it. An external pomerium gives a clear view of what is happening beyond the fort and the
internal pomerium gives access to the rear of the curtain wall to facilitate movement of the troops inside
when needed. When these walls are no longer enough to protect the city, it will then be replaced by star
fort.
  Harbors: is a sort of water access necessary in the development of medieval fortification. It was used as a
direct route for trading and provide route to resupply needs in times of war, an additional travelling method
in peacetime, and a drinking water for a besieged fort.
 Churches and Monasteries: Religion plays a big part in the lives of soldiers, so churches and monasteries
are usually included in the construction of fortifications. Religious services are done there for it is
significant in the morale of the soldiers.
 Mottes and Baileys: a prevalent form of castle during the 11th and 12th century. Bailey is called a courtyard
and is protected by timber gates, while mottes, which are earth mounds, are the castle’s final refuge.

However, medieval style fortifications have become old-fashioned when cannons on the 14th century battlefield
has risen. When black powder, also known as gunpowder had been known, fortifications evolved in much lower
structures with the use of ditches, which are used to slow down an attacking force and earth ramparts that
absorb the energy of cannon fire. Fortifications also expanded in depth, resulting into star shaped fortifications,
which allowed them to engage in attacking cannons to keep them at a safe distance, far from their vulnerable
walls.
 Alchemy (16th Century)

by Edwin Karl Basa

One important stimulus was the monarchs’ growing demand of coinable precious metals; mining made giant
strides to meet this demand.

To achieve the production of these metals, new pumping devices, new machines for lifting heavy loads, and
new methods of finding and extracting of metals were developed. These developments helped the emergence of
Metallurgy in the Middle Age.

Metallurgy in the Medieval Age has first appeared in the Middle Europe. This technique was developed by
alchemists who were eager to solve the problem of the shortage of gold in their laboratories, more or less
accidentally laid the foundation of modern Chemistry.

One invention that supported Metallurgy was the Blast Furnace (1150-1350). Blast Furnace is a type of
metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as
lead or copper. Blast refers to the combustion air being “forced” or supplied above atmospheric pressure.

As stated, Blast Furnace works through smelting. It is a process of applying heat to ore in order to melt out a
base metal. It is a form of extractive metallurgy. It is used to extract many metals from their ores; including
silver, iron, copper, and other base metals. Smelting uses heat and chemical reducing agent to decompose the
ore, driving off other elements as gasses or slag and leaving the metal base behind.
 Visual Arts

by Ashley Castejon

 Effects on Middle Ages Art - Byzantine Art

 Early Middle Ages Art in what was the Western Empire - Romanesque Art
 Medieval Gothic Art - Advances of Art in the Middle Ages
 Advances of Art in the Middle Ages - the Artists
 Middle Ages Art by Type

Art during the Middle Ages saw many changes and the emergence of the early Renaissance period. Byzantine
Art was the name given to the style of art used in very early Middle Ages Art. This period was also known as
the Dark Ages ( 410 AD - 1066 AD ). The Dark Ages were followed by the Medieval era of the Middle Ages
(1066 - 1485) and changes in Middle Ages Art which saw the emergence of the early Renaissance Art. To
appreciate the full extent of the changes in Middle Ages Art and the Early Renaissance it is helpful to
understand its fore-runner - Byzantium Art and its effects on art during the Middle Ages.

 Effects on Middle Ages Art - Byzantine Art

The capitol of the Roman Empire was Byzantium, renamed Constantinople. The Roman Empire was spit into
two sections - the Eastern and Western part of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire fell when the German
Visigoths, led by Alaric, sacked Rome. The Western part of the Empire disintegrated but the Eastern, or
Byzantium Empire, stayed intact. The Catholic religion became divided in the Great Schism. Early Middle Ages
Art reflect the differences between the development of the Catholic religion in the west and the Byzantium
Empire. Dark Ages or early Middle Ages Art was created largely for the Eastern Orthodox Church. The early
Middle Ages art style was referred to as Byzantine Art. The style of Byzantium Art was characterized by:

 Pietistic painting (religious art)

 Artists were members of religious houses such as monasteries
 There were no sculptures as these were looked upon as a form of idolatry
 Sombre tones
 Byzantine Art was totally flat - one dimensional. There was no perspective
 There were no shadows
 Figures in Byzantine Art were generally depicted front-facing
 Byzantine Art featured long, narrow and solemn faces
 There was no attempt to portray realism in sombre Byzantine Art
 Early Middle Ages Art in what was the Western Empire - Romanesque Art
The Western Empire (Europe) was dominated by warring factions and their quest for conquest and power .
Early Middle Ages Art was initially restricted to the production of Pietistic painting (religious art) in the form of
illuminated manuscripts, mosaics and fresco paintings in churches. There were no portrait paintings. The colors
were generally muted.

 Medieval Gothic Art - Advances of Art in the Middle Ages

The Later Middle Ages saw the emergence of Gothic Art and the advances of art in the Middle Ages. During
this period artists broke away from the influences of the Byzantium and Romanesque art style. It developed into
Gothic and Middle Ages visual art. The artists and painters were founders of the movement towards greater
realism which culminated in the Renaissance art style. Middle Ages art saw changes which included:

 Brighter colors
 Sculptures
 Metal work in the form of bronze art
 Middle Ages art in the form of stained glass windows
 Move towards realism
 The development of perspective and proportion in Middle Ages art
 The use of shadows and light
 New ideals of naturalism
 Creation of a sense of pictorial space
 The use of symmetry in Middle Ages art
 Changes in subject matter including the depiction of animals and mythological scenes

 Advances of Art in the Middle Ages - the Artists

The advances of art in the Middle Ages was due to the changes in more liberal religious beliefs and the efforts
and the pioneering art styles developed by the artists, sculptors and painters of the Medieval period of the
Middle Ages. The most important and famous artists and scultors of Middle Ages art included Donatello,
Giotto, Leon Battista Alberti, Cimabue, Filippo Brunelleschi, Fra Angelico and Lorenzo Ghiberti.

 Middle Ages Art by Type

Middle Ages art increased from the type of art depicted in Pietistic painting (religious art) in the form of
illuminated manuscripts, mosaics and fresco paintings in churches. Middle Ages art included the following art
by type:
 Ceramic art
 Mosaic
 Tessera
 Sculpture
 Engraving
 Stained Glass art
 Heraldry
 Illuminated manuscript
 Metalwork especially bronze art
 Silversmith and Goldsmith and new forms of jewelry
 Painting
 Fresco
 Panel painting
 Embroidery and tapestry art such as the Bayeux Tapestry
 Works of Leonardo Da Vinci

by Rex Cesora

Leonardo Da Vinci was a great proponent of the middle age. He was one of the greatest geniuses of the history
of mankind. He was well-known of his art but also, he is an expert in the scientific, mathematical, and
technological knowledge of his time. His ideologies made the middle age a scientific and technological
breakthrough; it is a progressive era not only in the scientific and technological aspect, but also it is the era for
art works. One of the famous works that was made in this era was the “Monalisa.”

However, there are ideologies that Leonardo wrote in the middle age that were only came to life in modern age.
There are two factors that affect this event. Leonardo’s scientific and technological ideas (parachutes, flying
machines, underwater diving suits, and etc.) wasn’t funded because it was believed that it was impossible to
produce. Lastly, his journals, where he wrote his ideas, were written in a cryptic language, it was decoded long
after his death. His journals made the modern age progressive and abundant in scientific and technological
development.
 Sources:
Middle age and Travels of Marco Polo
[1] Buchanan, R. (2018). History of technology - From the Middle Ages to 1750. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/From-the-Middle-Ages-to-1750
[2] Marco Polo: Explorer - EnchantedLearning.com. (2000). Retrieved from
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/p/polo.shtml
[3] History TV. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/marco-polo
[4] New World Encyclopedia. “Marco Polo.” Last modified September 20, 2016.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Marco_Polo.
[5] Szalay, J. (2017). Marco Polo: Facts, Biography & Travels. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/27513-
marco-polo.html
[6] Lee, A. (2000). Marco Polo and His Travels. Retrieved from http://www.silk-road.com/artl/marcopolo.shtml

Calendar
historicalfictionresearch.blogspot.com
https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/the-timeline-calendars-2169718.html

Book Printing
1400 - 1499 | The history of printing during the 15th century. (2018). Retrieved from
https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history/1400-1499
https://rfb.bildung-rp.de/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/Science_and_Technology_in_the_Middle_Ages_01.pdf

Anatomy
Retrieved from: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/early-renaissance1/beginners-renaissance-
florence/a/the-study-of-anatomy

Firearms
Alvarez, S. (2014, February 23). DE RE MILITARI. Retrieved from Warfare and Firearms in Fifteenth Century Morocco,
1400-1492: http://deremilitari.org/2014/02/warfare-and-firearms-in-fifteenth-century-morocco-1400-1492/
Florer, S. (2014, November 12). The hand cannon: A very early (and heavy) firearm. Retrieved from Smithsonian:
http://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/1390s-german-hand-cannon
From the Middle Ages to 1750. (n.d.). Retrieved from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-
technology/From-the-Middle-Ages-to-1750
Gun Timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/gun-timeline/
Medieval Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology
Timeline: Weapons technology. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17423-timeline-weapons-
technology/

Architecture
Buchanan, R. A. (2018, January 05). History of technology. Retrieved June 10, 2018, from
https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/From-the-Middle-Ages-to-1750#ref10431
Medieval architecture. (2018, May 11). Retrieved June 10, 2018, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_architecture
Medieval technology. (2018, May 16). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology#Architecture_and_construction
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architecture.htm

Fortification
Fortification. (2018, June 02). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification#Medieval_Europe
Medieval fortification. (2018, June 09). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_fortification

Alchemy
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Randomm Pleiner: Vom Rennfeuern Zum Hochfen. “Die Entnicklung der Eisenverhuttung”, 9. 14. Th., in: Uta Lindgien
(ed.): Europaische Technik im Mitterlalter. 800-1400, Berlin 2001 (4th ed.), pp. 249-256 (255) ISBW-3-7861-1748-9
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Visual Arts
Middle Ages Art. Retrieved from http://www.lordsandladies.org/middle-ages-art.htm

Works of Leonardo Da Vinci

https://rfb.bildung-rp.de/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/Science_and_Technology_in_the_Middle_Ages_01.pdf
 Questions
1. A technique that was developed by alchemists who 6. This fortification provided water access and direct
were eager to solve the problem of the shortage of gold route for trading.
in their laboratories.
a. Piers
A. Alchemy
b. Harbors
B. Metallurgy
c. Mottes
C. Blast Furnace
d. Baileys
D. Smelting

7. What made the teutonic tribes flourish in Western

2. The most widely used civil calendar in the world was Europe?
introduced by:
a. knowledge of irrigation
a. Pope Benedict XIV
b. warfare tactics
b. Julius Caesar
c. Heavy plough
c. Christopher Clavius
d. advance agriculture
d. Pope Gregory XIII

8. Galens’ knowledge of the four humors came from

3. Middle Age Art can be divided into three of the monkey and ____________.
following styles except:
a. Frogs
A. Romanesque
b. Rabbits
B. Gothic
c. corpses
C. Byzantine
D. pigs
D. Pointillism

9. _________ is the first mass produced book.

4. Who started the gunpowder?
a. Octave
A. Europeans
b. Mainz Psalter
B. Japanese
c. Gutenberg Bible
C. Americans
d. Sinodal de Aguilafuente
D. Chinese

10. What is the name of Medieval Europe’s first

5. The following was described in Marco Polo’s travels segmental bridge?
except:
a. Ponte Vecchio
a. Paper money
b. San Gimignano
b. Postal service
c. Carcasssone
c. coal
d. Mont Saint Michel
d. Great wall