Bridge Design, Construction, &

Maintenance in
Korea Expressway Corporation

Heungbae “Hue” Gil, Ph. D.

Structural/Geotechnical Engineering Research Team
Expressway & Transportation Technology Institute
Korea Expressway Corporation
1
Order of Presentation
Introduction of Bridge and Classification

Design

Construction and Erection

Inspection and Maintenance

2
What is Bridge?

n Dictionary
n A structure spanning and providing passage over a gap
or barrier
n Encyclopedia
n A bridge is a structure built to span a gorge, valley,
road, railroad track, river or other body of water, or any
other physical obstacle.
n The purpose of a bridge is to allow passage of people,
vehicles, trains or ships over an obstacle.

3
Why bridge is important?

n key elements in transportation system

n It controls the capacity of the system
n It is the highest cost per km of the system
n If the bridge fails, the system fails

F 4
 Bridge Forms
Arch
Beam

Suspension

Cable-Stayed

5
Variations in Material

Stone Iron

Concrete Steel
6
 Bridge Components
Nomination

7
 Components of Bridge
n Superstructure
n Comprises all the components of a bridge over the supports

n Wearing surface: portion of the deck cross section which resists

traffic wear.
n Deck:

n the physical extension of the roadway across the obstruction to

be bridged.
n Main function:distribute loads along the bridge cross section or

transversely
n Primary members: distributes loads longitudinally and are usually
designed principally to resist flexure (girders)
n Secondary members: bracing between primary members designed
to resist cross-sectional deformation of the superstructure frame.

8
Components of Bridge(cont’d)
n Substructure
n Consists of all elements required to support the
superstructure and overpass roadway.
n Abutment:
n earth-retaining structures which support the superstructure and
overpass roadway at the beginning and end of a bridge.
n Piers:
n support the superstructure at intermediate points between the
abutments.
n Most visible components of a highway bridge
n Footing:
n Transfer loads from the substructure to the subsoil

9
Components of Bridge(cont’d)

n Bearing
n Mechanical systems which transmit loads from the
superstructure to the substructure
n Expansion bearing: accommodate both translational and

rotational deck movement

n Fixed bearing: allows rotation only

n Type:

n Rocker bearing, Roller bearing, Sliding plate

bearing, Pot bearing, Spherical bearing, Elastomeric

bearing, Lead rubber bearing

10
Components of Bridge(cont’d)
n Expansion Joint
n Play a critical role in the overall performance of a structure
n Accommodate bridge deck movements due to thermal
expansion/contraction and provide safety to the traffic over the gap
between bridge and abutment
n Act as a sealant that protects substructure elements from deicing
agents and excessive moisture
n Type
n Open joints
n Closed (filled) joints
n Compression seal joints, Strip seal joints, Modular joints, Finger

joints

11
Bridge Classification

n Capacity
n Material: Stone, Concrete, Steel, Timber,
Composite (FRP, GFRP)
n Span: Short, Medium, Long
n Structure types

12
Basic structure types

n Slab-on-stringer
n Consists of a concrete slab resting on a set of stringers
n Typical stringers: steel beams, precast-prestressed (or
poststressed) concrete girder
n Simplicity of design
n Can be standardized easily
n Construction is relatively straightforward
n Primarily short span

13
Basic structure types (Cont’d)

n Steel and concrete box girder

n Aesthetically pleasing, albeit expensive, solution for
structures with bending & torsion concerns
n Typically for highway interchanges

14
Basic structure types (Cont’d)

n Suspension Bridge
n Steel & Concrete Arch Bridge
n Truss Bridge

F
15
Bridges in Korea

16
Bridge types
n Concrete Rigid Frame (Rahmen) Bridge
n Slab Bridge
n Plate Girder Bridge
n Steel Box Girder Bridge
n Pre-stressed Concrete Girder Bridge
n Pre-stressed Concrete Box Girder Bridge
n Preflex Bridge
n Arch Bridge, Cable Stayed Bridge, Suspension
Bridge

17
 Concrete
Rigid Frame Bridge

n Reinforced concrete structures

n Have no expansion joints
n Strong seismic rigidity
n Most of the bridges have span
length less than 15M
n For small culverts, steel
corrugated plates are also used.

18
Soil-Steel Bridge using Corrugated Metal Plates
n Reduce construction time and cost

19
 Slab Bridge

n Simplest and least expensive

structure
n Built for small spans up to 15m
n Appearance is neat and simple,
especially for low, short spans
n Construction details and formwork
are the simplest of any bridge type
n Cross-section: solid, voided or
cellular

20
 Plate Girder Bridge

n Two flange plates are

welded to a web to form
an asymmetrical I-section
n Mainly used for straight
bridges due to low
torsional stiffness
n Suitable for spans from
25m to 50m

21
 Cost Effective Plate Girder Bridge
n Minimum number of plate girders are used (2 girders for 2 lane
highways) ▷ Girder spacing : ≥6m
n No longitudinal stiffeners and transverse stiffeners are minimized
n Simplified cross-frames
n Post-tensioned bridge deck for long term durability
n Pre-cast and cast-in-situ decks can be used depending on field conditions

22
 Steel Box Girder Bridge

n Steel box girder with

rectangular cross section has
high flexural & torsional
stiffness (curved bridges)
n Most frequently used steel
bridge types in Korea
n Suitable spans
n for a single span: 50M
n for continuous bridges: 60M
n Curved bridges

23
Open Box Girder Bridge

Rarely used in Korea

expected to be used more
to save construction cost

24
Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge
n PC I-Girder bridges can be
used for spans from 10-50 m
and are competitive with steel
girders
n Mainly used for 25M, 30M
n Many innovative techniques
are developed and
implemented to save
construction cost

25
IPC girder
n Incrementally
Prestressed Concrete
Girder
n Can reduce weight and
girder height
n Most popular bridge
type with KEC due to
longer span (up to
45M) and cheaper cost

26
27
 Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Bridge
n Longer spans can be
constructed
economically
n Used for spans up to
180m depending on
construction method
n FCM : 80~250M
n ILM : 40 ~ 60M
n MSS : 40 ~ 60M

28
F.S.M
I.L.M

F.C.M
M.S.S

29
Double T girder Bridge

n Inexpensive than PSC box girder bridges

30
Pre-flex Girder Bridge

n Steel plate girder and concrete composite bridge

(The girder is covered with concrete)
n Suitable for grade separation bridges when low
girder height is required

31
Pre-flex Girder Bridge(cont’d)

Steel plate
girder

Cross-section
32
Long span bridges:
Seohae Bridge

Longest cable supported bridge in Korea

Heavily monitored using many sensors
33
Long span bridges:
Yongjong Bridge

Self-Anchored Suspension Bridge (150M+500M+150M)

34
Bridge Composition by Superstructures
Total: 5,390
97
Rigid Frame
134 84
199 1,727 PSC I
256 (32.0%) St BG
315 Rc S
Prf G
PSC B
Rc H
PSC S
956 St PG
(17.7%) 1,446 St I
(26.8%) Others

35
Bridge Composition by Length
201
(3.7%) ≤ 20m
322
(6%) 20~50m
1,733
753 (32.2%) 50~100m
(14%) 100~200m
200~300m
300~400m
400~500m
1,038 1,053 500~1000m
(19.3%) (19.5%) 1000~5000m
≥ 5000m

36
 Superstructure Types by Decades
Rigid Frame
PSC I
after 2000
St BG
1990s RC S
Prf
Years

1980s
PSC B
1970s RC H
PSC S
before 1960 St PG
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% St I
Others

37
New Bridge Types

n Integral Bridge
n Hybrid Bridge
n Pre-cast (Prefabricated) Bridges
n Extradosed Bridges

38
 Integral Bridge

n Lots of maintenance
problems due to expansion
joints
n Remove expansion joints
n Make deck and approach
slab continuous
n Implementation of the
philosophy: No joint is best
joint

39
Hybrid PSC Box Girder Bridges

n Replace the concrete web of PSC box girder with

corrugated or truss web to reduce dead load of
superstructure
n Longer span
n Better seismic performance due to reduced
superstructure weight

40
PSC Box Girder with corrugated webs

41
Prestressed Composite Truss Girder Bridges

Upper member
(Composite of RC slab and Built-up steel)

Connection Unit
(Steel plate + stud bolt)

Web member
(Steel pipe or Hot-rolled beam)

Bottom member
(Prestresed or reinforced concrete)
42
Prefabricated Bridges

n To save construction time and minimize traffic

disruption, construct bridges using pre-cast
elements
n Major elements
n Full-depth or half-depth deck

n pre-cast piers

43
Prefabricated Bridges
Application of full depth pre-cast deck

F 44
Extradosed Bridges

45
Bridge Design

46
How to choose an
appropriate bridge
type?

47
ABCDs of bridge selection

n Choose
n Affordable
n Beautiful Good
n Constructable Bridges
n Durable

48
Bridge Design Encompasses

n Determining Need
n Transportation Planning
n Preliminary Site Investigation
n Geotechnical Investigation
n Environmental Investigation
n Hydraulic Investigation (River Bridges)
n Structural Design

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49
Determining Need

n What is the purpose of the crossing?

n What needs to cross over?
n What needs to cross under?
n Who are the key players?
n Is a comprehensive public consultation process required?

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50
Transportation Planning

n Route Selection
n Functional Requirements
n Geometric Design

51
Functional Requirements

n Projected traffic volumes may dictate number lanes required.

n Pedestrian walkways and cycle requirements will need to be
based on projected use and safety.
n Lane widths and shy distances need to be taken into account.
n Vertical clearances below are important.

52
Geometric Design

n Based on standards.
n Divided roadway may require twin bridges
n Cross-sectional width for traffic lanes, shy distances,
sidewalks, etc.
n Will structure cross the “service under” at a skew?
n Utilities

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53
Preliminary Site Investigation

n Site Survey to determine topography.

n Required for development of site plans showing

contours
n If possible, obtain and overlay on aerial photos

with existing and proposed utilities

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54
Geotechnical Investigation

n Site investigation may include:

n Drilling bore holes to determine soil stratigraphy.

n Extract samples for testing.

n Install slope inclinometers to determine slope stability.

n Install piezometers to determine groundwater

information.
n Determine foundation design parameters and slope
stabilization requirements.

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55
Environmental Investigation

n Environmental regulatory agencies

n Environmental Pre-screening/License.
n Identify aquatic and wildlife habitat.
n Identify short term effects from construction and long term
effects of facility.
n Identify mitigation strategies.

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56
Hydraulic Investigation

n Identify future flow increases due to development,

diversions, etc.
n Undertake hydrologic study to flow characteristics.
n Undertake hydraulic study to determine structure
requirements to pass flow.
n Water elevation important to property damage and
drainage/outfalls.

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57
Structural Design

n Preliminary design is an iterative process with above

investigations to produce an economical optimum structure
type.
n Followed by detailed structural design.
n Important to have understanding of how structure will be
constructed.
n Prepare detailed drawing, specifications, and tender
documents.

58
Structural Design Steps

n Determine geometry.
n Develop loads.
n Design and detail components starting from the top down

59
Bridge Codes

n Different codes or specifications are available

n Limit state design(LSD) vs. Allowable stress design(ASD)
n Both LSD & ASD ensure that the structure and its
members have
n a) adequate strength
n b) adequate stiffness
n c) adequate toughness
to permit proper functioning during the service life of the structure

60
Design Philosophy

n LSD
fRn ³ å ri Q i
n R; Nominal Resistance (strength)
n f ; Resistance Factor (strength reduction factor)
n ri Q i ; factored loads
n ri ; overload factor
n Q i ; load effects

61
Design Philosophy (cont’d)

n ASD
f Rn Rn
³ å Qi ³ å Qi
r FS

n FS; factor of safety

62
Bridge Codes (cont’d)
ASD
n Korea Highway Bridge Design Codes
n Japan Highway Bridge Design Code
n AASHTO Standard Specifications
LSD
n AASHTO LRFD
n OHBDC (Ontario)
n CHBDC (Canada)
n Eurocode

63
Loads to Consider

n Dead loads
n Structural Components such as girder, deck, barrier

n Wearing Surface

n Vehicular Live Loads

n Vertical + Dynamic Load Allowance

n Braking

n Centrifugal

n Pedestrian Live Loads

64
Loads to Consider (cont’d)

n Earth Pressure
n Wind
n Transverse

n Longitudinal

n Vertical

n On Vehicle

n Utility Components
n Collision

65
Other Loads

n Stream Flow
n Ice
n Earthquake

F
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66
Design considerations for members

67
Design consideration for concrete deck slabs

n Bending moment vary depending on whether main

reinforcement is perpendicular or parallel to the direction
of traffic
n Slab thickness and cover have a major impact on the
overall longevity of the slab
n Slab reinforcement details
n Waterproofing membrane and drainage

68
Design considerations for wearing surface

n Wearing surface(or deck overlay) is designed to resist

traffic wear and provide for a smooth riding surface
n Types:
n Asphalt concrete

n Latex(or polymer) modified concrete

n High density-low slump concrete

n Integrated wearing surface(monolithic concrete deck)

69
Design consideration for prestressed
concrete bridges

n Pre- or Post-tensioning
n Short span: pre-tensioning
n Long span: post-tensioning
n High strength concrete to reduce
weight and minimize volume
changes
n Prestressing force is determined
based on the stress at the top &
bottom fiber of the section and
expected prestressing loss.

70
Design consideration for prestressed
concrete bridges (cont’d)

n Loss of prestress due to

n Immediate elastic shortening of concrete under

compression
n Shrinkage of concrete during drying

n Creep under sustained compression

n Frictional force between tendons and concrete during

tensioning
n Relaxation in steel under tension

n Slippage & slackening of tendons during anchoring

71
Design consideration for steel bridges

n Composite action with a concrete deck to resist applied

load
n Shear stud, effective width

n Buckling :
n transverse and longitudinal stiffeners to prevent plate
local buckling
n Bracing to achieve stability of girders during and after
erection
n Fatigue
n Fatigue class depending on details
n yielding

72
Design considerations for piers

n Stability against overturning

n Safety against sliding
n Safety against bearing failure of the soil
n Safety against excessive or differential settlement
n Scour

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73
Bridge Design in Korea

74
 Bridge design practice in Korea

n Korean Highway Bridge Design Codes(HBDS) is

used for the design of bridges
n Based on allowable stress design method – conservative
approach
n Design manuals and guidelines are also provided by
Korea Expressway Corporation and other
government agencies

75
HBDS

n Dead loading
n Live loading
n Wind loading
n Earthquake (moderate risk)
n Impact force
n Braking force
n Thermal movements
n etc.

76
Standard Truck
Truck Loading
§ DB24 (Total Weight: 43.2 tonf)
§ DB18 (Total Weight: 32.4tonf)
§ DB13.5 (Total Weight: 24.3tonf)

• For DB24 truck, W=24tonf

• To obtain most severe loading condition,
V is varied from 420cm to 900cm.

77
Standard Truck(Cont’d)

n Lane Loading
n Truck loading generally governs for short, simple spans
n Land loading typically holds for long and continuous
span bridges
n Uniform distributed load is combined with a
concentrate force. This force varies for moment & shear
computations and is moved along the span
n DL-24:
n Uniform distributed load: 1,270 kgf/m
n Concentrated load: 10,800kgf(moment), 15,600kgf(shear)

78
Analysis

n Typical bridges are analyzed using a grid analysis

method for design. Structural analysis programs such
as SAP2000 (USA) and MIDAS (Korean) are typically
used for general bridges
n Automated structural analysis & design programs
which also can produce shop drawing for the
construction are also being developed and used.
n Standard drawings supplied by KEC are used for
typical PSC girder bridges(span length: 30m, 35m)

79
Material

n Concrete (compressive strength)

n For reinforced concrete members: 210 kg/cm
2

n For PSC members : 300~350 kg/cm

2

n Steel
n Yield strength for most girder bridges: 3200 kg/cm or
2

3600 kg/cm2
n High strength steel with the yield strength of 4600
kg/cm2 is beginning to be used.
n Composite material (FRP): limited use

80
Bridge deck details

n Minimum thickness
n 22cm or
4L+13 for a simple span, 3L+13 for a continuous span
n Reinforcement
n Approximate elastic method of analysis or
n Empirical design method
n Wearing surface
n Asphalt concrete overlay
n Latex modified concrete
n Monolithic concrete

81
Bearings

n LRB, Elastomeric bearings, pot bearings are mainly used

for seismic design

82
Bearings for Seismic Isolation
Conventional Design Seismic Isolation

Elastomeric LRB Hydraulic Damper

83
Examples of Small Movement Expansion Joints
Rail
Monocell

Transflex NB

84
Expansion Joints

n Monocell, Finger joins are mainly used these days

due to durability and minimized noise

85
Bridge Selection Criteria

n Span Length
n Cost
n Construction Cost

n Maintenance Cost

n Retrofitting & Rehabilitation cost VE/LCCA

n Inspection cost
n User Cost
n Vehicle operation cost
n Aesthetics
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86
 Span Length of Typical Bridge Types
Average Average
Structure type span length Structure type span
(M) length (M)
PSC Girder
Culvert 14.4 37.8
Bridge
PSC Box Girder
Slab Bridge (solid) 16.1 52.5
Bridge
Steel Box Girder
Slab Bridge (Void) 22.6 47.6
Bridge
Preflex Beam
37.8
Bridge
return 87
 Costs over Lifetime
Present Worth

Salvage
Costs
Initial Cost
Rehabilitation Cost Maintenance and
Costs

Inspection
Cost

Years

Salvage
Value

return 88
 Construction Cost Comparison
(US$/ M2)
Bridge Type 4 Lanes 6 Lanes
RC 1,458 1,254
Slab Bridges
PSC 1,148 1,268
PSC Girder 900 1,022
ILM 1,311 1,770
FCM 2,587 2,751
PSC Box Girder
MSS 1,640 1,503
FSM 1,505 1,628
Steel Box Girder 1,400 1,440
Steel Plate Girder 1,710 1,947
Rigid Frame 1,407 1,315
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LCC Analysis

n Life Cycle Cost (Whole-life cost) analysis are

introduced and used in design of highway
infrastructures upon realization that the infrastructures
have limited life and repair and replacement of those
structures can cost more than initial construction cost.
n In KEC, the software, HBLCC, was developed to
evaluate agency cost (initial construction, maintenance,
and replacement cost) and user cost of the bridges.

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90
Recent Highway Design Example

n Dongheungchun-
Yangyan
Expressway(video
clip)

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91
Construction

92
Bridge Construction

n Different structures have different construction

methods & construction methods are being
innovated and upgraded
n Quality control dictates durability of bridge
structures

93
 Millau Viaduct, Millau, France
n World’s tallest vehicular bridge
n Length: 2.46km
n Maximum height above
ground: 343m
n A multi-stayed structure with
steel pylons and cables
n Example of good construction
engineering (video)

94
Local practice

n Frequently constructed bridges in KEC are

reviewed:
n PSC I –girder Bridge

n Preflex Beam Bridge

n Steel Box Girder Bridge

n Free Cantilever Method

n Incremental Launching Method

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95
Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge
(Post-tensioned PSC I-girder)

96
Characteristics

n The girders are designed to carry dead load and

construction loads as simple span units. Live load
and superimposed dead load design should use
continuity and composite action with cast-in-place
deck slab.

97
Casting Bed

The longer girders are heavy and firm ground is needed to

store girders and to provide support for the lifting cranes.
98
 Fabricated reinforcing bars and ducts near the
site

Metal
ducts

99
Girders are cured after casting and braced to
prevent turnover

The I-beam may be laterally unstable until incorporated into the

structure and should be braced until the diaphragms are cast.
100
Post-tensioning works using hydraulic jacks

Stress induced in the tendons is determined by

monitoring the applied force and measuring elongation
101
The ends of tendons are cut off to finish the ends

102
Injection of grout

Grout is being wasted at the outlet pipe

103
Finished Ends

104
Girders are transported to the bridge site

105
Erection using cranes

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Preflex Composite Beam Bridge

107
Schematic View

108
Main Characteristics
n steel plate girder and concrete composite
bridge
n using the pre-loading and its restoring force
as a resistant force to moving truck (service)
load
n girder height (h) = L/25 ~ L/30
n Used when low girder height is required
n Typical span length is ≤ 50m

109
Preflex Girder Concept
Make a plate girder with
camber

Apply pre-flexion load

which is 10~20 % higher
than design load

Pour concrete at bottom

flange

Remove load and then

compression stresses are
introduced into flange

Pour concrete upper slave

and web
110
Installation of frames

111
Plate girders

pre-cambered to introduce pre-loading (2

girders are simultaneously fabricated)
112
Pre-loading applied at both ends

113
Concrete casting at lower flange

114
Remove pre-loading

115
Installation of preflex girder at the site

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116
Steel Bridge Fabrication

Ironbridge,1779
117
?
=
118
Box Girder Details

119
 Fabrication Sequence
n Full Size Drawing
n Marking
n Cutting
Welding
n Hole
Shop Assembly
n Fit-up
Coating
Shipping
Erection
120
Full –size Drawing

121
Marking

122
Cutting

123
Welding

124
Fit-up

125
Factory Assembly

126
Field Assembly & Erection

127
Deck Casting (permanent formwork)

128
Deck Casting (reinforcement)

129
Deck Casting (Deck finisher)

130
Deck Casting

131
Fabrication Inspection of Members

n Inspection of Raw Materials and quality of shop primer

n Fitting
n Dimensional accuracy and specified tolerance
n Welding Inspection
n Visual weld quality and NDT inspection
n Dimensional accuracy after welding, individual member distortion
n Shop Assembly
n Dimensional accuracy, fitting of members, bolt hole accuracy
n Coating
n Surface cleanliness, dry-film-thickness
n Loading and shipping inspection

132
Welding for Bridge
n Flange and Web: SAW
n Plate Connection (But welding) : SAW
n Plate and Stiffener: GMAW

SAW GMAW
133
 Welding Defects
n Porosity Lamination
n Inclusion of non- Lamellar tears
metallic slag
Cracks
n Incomplete fusion
Crater
n Inadequate joint
penetration
n Undercut
n Underfil
n Overlap

134
Welding Inspection

n Visual Inspection
n Internal Defects
n UT, RT

n Surface Defects
n PT, MT, RT, UT

135
Non-Destructive Test

Penetrant Test (PT)

F
136
Free(Balanced) Cantilever
Method

137
FCM

n Applicable to long span continuous box girder

bridge
n In cast-in-place construction the formwork is
supported from a movable form carrier. The
form traveler moves forward on rails attached to
the deck of the completed structure and is
anchored to the deck at rear. With the form
traveler in place, a new segment formed, cast,
and stressed to the previously constructed
segment.

138
Completion of Pier Pier Table Erection Install Form Traveler Erect 1st SEGMENT Move Form Traveler

(4Month) (1Month) (14days) (1day)

Dismantle Form
Erect 2nd SEGMENT Move Form Traveler Repeat SEGMENT Erect. Erect KEY-SEGMENT
Traveler
(14days) (1say) (15days) (1month)

KEY-SEG
Erect.

139
Pier Table Erection

140
Form Traveler Movement

141
Segment Erection

142
Erection of Key Segment

F
return 143
Incremental Launching
Method

144
Incremental Launching Method (ILM)

return 145
Inspection and Maintenance

146
Why inspection & maintenance?

n Bridge safety through timely inspections and

repairs
n Bridge preservation through effective preventive
and corrective bridge maintenance
=> Longer life span & cost savings

147
Failure of Sungsoo Bridge at
Han River, 1994
148
MN I-35W Mississippi River Bridge Collapses

149
Expected Life of Bridge Members
From survey of practicing engineers
n Deck and Girder (years)

Repair Re-Repair Reinforcement Re-Reinforcement

Deck 16 13 22 20
Girder 9 7 18 12

n Bearing (years)
Repair Replacement Repair Replacement
Elastomeric 6 21 LRB 9 23

Roller 8 23 Spherical 9 21

150
 Bridge
Bridge Construction in KEC management
crisis in
coming years
2000
Number of Bridges

1500

1000

500

0
68~70 71~75 76~80 81~85 86~90 91~95 96~00 01~02
Years

151
Inspection and Maintenance

n Deterioration and Damages to Bridge

n Inspection & Load Tests
n Maintenance (Bridge Maintenance System)

152
Major Deterioration of Bridge

n Expansion joints
n Bearings
n Deck – wearing surface, fatigue fracture
n Corrosion of reinforcements –cover depth,
carbonation
n Cracking of concrete members
n Corrosion and fracture of steel members
n Abutment/Pier

153
Expansion joint

Most vulnerable parts

Inspection for leakage, cracking, and debonding
Deterioration of header material
Average service life is less than 10 years (KEC
survey)

154
Various Damages of Expansion Joints

155
Bearings

n Damage & corrosion of steel bearing

n Damage to concrete support
n Limited movement, strange noise, etc.

156
Deck Drainage

n Inadequate drainage
facilities severely limit
the life span of a deck

Keep the water out of bridge !

157
 Deck
n Deterioration of concrete
decks is a major problems.
n Cracking, spalling
n Leaching cause staining &
efflorescence.
n Waterproofing membrane
damage
n Repairs :
n Patching the spalls and
cracks
n FRP sheet or steel plate
bonding
n Replace the whole deck

158
Prestressed Concrete Beam

n Tensile cracking
n Shear cracking of the web
n Failure of tendon anchorage locations due to improper
design and/or construction
n Corrosions of prestressing steel
n The consequences of an deteriorated prestressing tendon is much
greater than for a conventional reinforcing bar.
n Repairs :
n crack repair through the injection of epoxy resin, external post-
tensioning, reinforcing steel plates

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 Cracking

Retrofitting using
external tendons

160
Steel Plate Girders

Corrosion of Missing Bolts & Poor

Main Girder Painting Job

161
Fatigue Crack of Steel Girders

162
Deterioration of Abutments

n Settlement or movement
n Vertical cracking: often initiated by uneven
settlement
n Surface deterioration
n Spalling, scaling, pop-outs, sloughing of corners
n Deterioration at the water line
n Bridge seat deterioration
n Backwall undermining

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Deteriorations of piers

n Cracking
n Surface deterioration
n Stability problems
n Scour
n Collision with underpass traffic

165
n Scour, erosion

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Coping Deterioration
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167
Inspection and Rating

168
Inspection

n Inspection is performed to provide

n to provide a consistent record of the state of the

structure
n to provide data upon which the safety and

serviceability of the bridge can be assessed

n to provide information on any potential trouble
spots
n to ensure public safety and confidence in bridge

structural capacity

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 Inspection Categories
n Superficial Inspection (undertaken at least once in half-year)
n A cursory look for obvious deficiencies
n Undertaken by highway maintenance staff at the maintenance office
n Initial principal inspection
n General inspection carried within 6 months after construction

170
Inspection Categories(cont’d)

n General inspection (undertaken every 2 years)

n A visual examination of representative parts of the bridge
n Principal inspection (major bridges, undertaken at intervals
of 5 years)
n Close visual inspection and limited testing
n Determine bearing and seismic capacity
n If necessary, recommend strengthening and retrofitting methods

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Inspection of Concrete Structures
n Visual inspection
n Cracking

n Wet or damp surface

n Spalling

n Hollow surface

n Deflection, vibration, noise

n Corrosion, deterioration

n Corrosion of reinforcement

n Material test

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Inspection of Prestressed Concrete
n Cracking
n Wet spots
n Spalling
n Excessive deflection/deformation of members
n Presence of efflorescence
n Scalling
n Settlement of uplift of the structure
n Condition of prestressing tendons
n Difficult if not impossible to inspect but critical to

safety of structures
n Anchorage zones and beam ends

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Inspection of Steel Structures

n Visual Inspection
n Corrosion

n Crack

n Buckling & Twisting

n Distress

n Welds

n Material Test

174
Rating through Load Test

n Purpose
n Evaluate actual static and dynamic behavior of the

bridge
n Serviceability check due to deflection and vibration

n Analyze and determine cause of bridge defects

n Static and dynamic load tests

175
Static Load Test

n Measure static deflection and strains

n Purpose:
n Determine neutral axis

n Check lateral distribution of load

n Review composite action of girders and deck

n Define stiffness differences among members

n Check influence lines

176
Dynamic Load Test

n Determine dynamic deflections and strains of girders

n Determine impact factor
n Determine natural frequencies
n Check the safety of the bridge by measuring and recording
the changes in dynamic characteristics

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NDT

n Various non-destructive testing equipments such as

rebound hammer, rebar locator, and radiography are used
to evaluate soundness of the members during inspection
n GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) for deck condition
evaluation

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Bridge & Pavement Scan System

n Advantage
n Field data are obtained using GPR
n Perform woks without interrupting
traffic
n Outcomes
n Pavement thickness, concrete cover,
deck thickness
n Deck deteriorations can be evaluated by
its dielectric constants

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179
Bridge Maintenance System(BMS)

n The goal of a BMS is to provide information on

n The overall condition of any bridge in the network

n Network level analysis

n The condition of specific components
n Project level analysis
n Potential maintenance and rehabilitation plans
n Associated costs of such plans
n Foundation of BMS:
n Inventory database: database of bridge inspection data

n Maintenance database

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HBMS

n To better deal with maintenance problems, KEC developed

and implemented a Highway Bridge Maintenance System
(HBMS) after 3 years of research.
n However, many problems in operation have been reported
and HBMS is being renovated. The main problems is that
it requires too many input items while maintenance offices
have only one or two bridge engineers.

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Building Blocks of the HBMS

Inspection Module
Basic Module Repair & Rehabilitation
Module

HBMS

Reporting Module Decision Making

Module

Budget Module

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Bridge Basic
■ Bridge Register
-Search & printout of basic
information, construction
information, details and
maintenance records
-Photos & drawings of bridge and
location information

183
Bridge Basic
■ Span & Support Composition
• Span information
• Bearing & Expansion joints

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Inspection/Diagnostics
HBMS
Twice a year
Superficial Input inspection
Inspection results of members
Branch office
Every 2 years Evaluate condition
General
level
Inspection
Branch off./Regional HQs
Every 5 years Prepare Inspection
Principal
Report
Inspection
Branch off./Regional HQs/HQs

Emergency If necessary Report Inspection

Inspection Results
Branch office
At completion
Initial
Inspection Bridge Defect Map System
Construction Office
Prepare Bridge
Defect map
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185
Preventive Maintenance

n To reduce maintenance cost and work, PM

(preventive maintenance) concept is being
studied and tried.

PM is defined as a planned strategy of cost-effective

treatments applied at the proper time to preserve and
extend the useful life of a bridge

186
 Examples of PM Activities

n Eliminating deck joints in old bridges

n Repairing or installing new expansion dams on bridge decks
n Repairing bridge decks
n Maintaining proper deck drainage
n Restoring or replacing bridge bearings
n Repairing or replacing bridge approach slabs
n Repairing bridge beam ends and beam bearing areas
n Bridge painting.

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