3-Chem15 (Atomic Theory)

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Chapter 2
The Components of Matter
2-1
Definitions for Components of Matter
Element - the simplest type of substance with unique physical and

chemical properties. An element consists of only one type of atom. It
cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by physical or
chemical means.
Molecule - a structure that consists of two or
more atoms that are chemically bound together
and thus behaves as an independent unit.
Figure 2.1
2-2
Definitions for Components of Matter
Compound - a substance
composed of two or more elements
which are chemically combined.
Figure 2.1
Mixture - a group of two or more

elements and/or compounds that
are physically intermingled.
2-3
2-4
Sample Problem 2.1: Distinguishing Elements, Compounds, and

Mixtures at the Atomic Scale
PROBLEM: Theses scenes represent an atomic-scale view of three samples
of matter. Describe each sample as an element, compound, or
mixture.
PLAN: Samples that contain one type of matter are either an element or a
compound. An element contains only one type of particle and a
compound contains two or more. Mixtures contain more than one
type of matter.
SOLUTION: (a) mixture (b) element (c) compound
2-5
The law of mass conservation:

mass remains constant during a chemical reaction.
2-6
Law of Mass Conservation

The total mass of substances does not change during a chemical
reaction.
reactant 1 + reactant 2 product
total mass = total mass
calcium oxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate
CaO + CO2 CaCO

3
56.08 g + 44.00 g 100.08 g
2-7
16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y
2.1
Figure 2.3
Law of Definite (or Constant) Composition
No matter the source, a particular compound is

composed of the same elements in the same parts
(fractions) by mass.
Calcium carbonate
Analysis by Mass Mass Fraction Percent by Mass

(grams/20.0 g) (parts/1.00 part) (parts/100 parts)
8.0 g calcium 0.40 calcium 40% calcium
2.4 g carbon 0.12 carbon 12% carbon
9.6 g oxygen 0.48 oxygen 48% oxygen
20.0 g 1.00 part by mass 100% by mass
2-9
Calculating the Mass of an Element in a Compound
PROBLEM: Analysis of 84.2 g of the uranium containing compound

pitchblende shows it is composed of 71.4 g of uranium, with
oxygen as the only other element. How many grams of uranium
can be obtained from 102 kg of pitchblende?
mass (kg) of pitchblende
SOLUTION:
mass (kg) of uranium
mass (kg) of uranium =
mass (kg) uranium in pitchblende
mass (kg) pitchblende x mass (g) of uranium
mass (kg) pitchblende
71.4 kg uranium
= 102 kg pitchblende x = 86.5 kg
84.2 kg pitchblende uranium
1000 g
86.5 kg uranium x = 8.65 x 104 g uranium
kg
2-10
Law of Multiple Proportions

If elements A and B react to form two compounds, the different
masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A can be expressed
as a ratio of small whole numbers.
Example: Carbon Oxides A & B
Carbon Oxide I : 57.1% oxygen and 42.9% carbon
Carbon Oxide II : 72.7% oxygen and 27.3% carbon
Assume that you have 100 g of each compound.
In 100 g of each compound: g O = 57.1 g for oxide I & 72.7 g for oxide II
g C = 42.9 g for oxide I & 27.3 g for oxide II
gO 57.1
= = 1.33
gC 42.9
gO 72.7
= = 2.66
gC 27.3
2.66 g O/g C in II 2
=
1.33 g O/g C in I 1
2-11
2
2.1
The Atomic Theory of
Matter
• Democritus (5th century BC) – atom comes from
atomos meaning uncuttable
• Matter is composed of very small indivisible
particles named atomos
Chapter 3
Democritus Atomic Theory
1. All matter consists of invisible particles called

atoms
2. Atoms are indestructible & unchangeable
3. A void (empty space) exists between atoms
4. Atoms are solid
5. Atoms are homogeneous (no internal
structure)
6. Atoms differ in size, shape, mass, position,
arrangement
Chapter 3
Dalton’s Atomic Theory

The Postulates
1. All matter consists of atoms.
2. Atoms of one element cannot be converted into

atoms of another element.
3. Atoms of an element are identical in mass and other

properties and are different from atoms of any other
element.
4. Compounds result from the chemical combination of

a specific ratio of atoms of different elements.
2-15

explains the mass laws
Mass conservation
Atoms cannot be created or destroyed postulate 1
or converted into other types of atoms. postulate 2
Since every atom has a fixed mass, postulate 3

during a chemical reaction atoms are combined
differently, and therefore, there is no mass change
overall.
2-16

Definite composition
Atoms are combined in compounds in postulate 3

specific ratios
and each atom has a specific mass. postulate 4
Each element has a fixed fraction of the total mass in a

compound.
2-17

Multiple proportions
Atoms of an element have the same mass postulate 3
and atoms are indivisible. postulate 1
When different numbers of atoms of elements

combine, they must do so in ratios of small, whole
numbers.
2-18
Visualizing the Mass Laws
PROBLEM: Theses scenes represent an atomic-scale view of a chemical

reaction. Which of the mass laws: mass conservation, definite
composition, or multiple proportions is (are) illustrated?
PLAN: Mass conservation illustrated if number of each atom before and after
reaction remains constant. Definite composition illustrated by formation
of compounds that always have the same atom ratio. Different
compounds made of same elements have small whole number ratios of
those elements illustrates multiple proportions.
SOLUTION: Seven purple and nine green atoms in each circle, mass conserved.
One compound formed has one purple and two green, definite
composition. Law of multiple proportions does not apply.
2-19
The Discovery of Atomic
Structure
• The ancient Greeks were the first to postulate that matter

consists of indivisible constituents.
• Later scientists realized that the atom consisted of
charged entities.
Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2

Discovery of Atomic
Structure
• JJ Thomson – discovered the electrons through
the cathode ray experiment
Structure
• The voltage causes negative particles to move from the

negative electrode to the positive electrode.
• The path of the electrons can be altered by the presence
of a magnetic field.

Observations on the
Cathode Ray Experiment
1. Ray bends in magnetic field – the ray consists
of charged particles
Chapter 3
Observations on the
2. Ray bends towards positive plate in electric
field – the ray consists of negative particles
Chapter 3
Observations on the
3. Ray is identical for any cathode material – the
particles are found in all matter
Chapter 3
J.J. Thomson, measured mass/charge of e-
(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics) 2.2
Experiments to determine the properties of cathode rays.
2-27
Structure
Cathode Rays and Electrons
• In 1897, Thomson determined the charge to mass ratio of
an electron to be 1.76  108 C/g.
• Goal: find the charge on the electron to determine its
mass.

Millikan Oil Drop
Experiment
• Determined the charge on the electron to
subsequently determine its mass
Chapter 3
Figure 2.5
Millikan’s oil-drop experiment
for measuring an electron’s charge.
2-30
Structure
Cathode Rays and Electrons
• Using this experiment, Millikan determined the charge on
the electron to be 1.60  10-19 C.
• Knowing the charge to mass ratio, 1.76  108 C/g,
Millikan calculated the mass of the electron: 9.10  10-28
g.
• With more accurate numbers, we get the mass of the
electron to be 9.10939  10-28 g.

Millikan used his findings to also calculate the mass of an

electron.
2-32
Structure
Radioactivity
Consider the following experiment:
• A radioactive substance is placed in a shield containing a
small hole so that a beam of radiation is emitted from the
hole.
• The radiation is passed between two electrically charged
plates and detected.
• Three spots are noted on the detector:
– a spot in the direction of the positive plate,
– a spot which is not affected by the electric field,
– a spot in the direction of the negative plate.
Structure
Radioactivity

Structure
Radioactivity
• A high deflection towards the positive plate corresponds
to radiation which is negatively charged and of low mass.
This is called b-radiation (consists of electrons).
• No deflection corresponds to neutral radiation. This is
called g-radiation.
• Small deflection towards the negatively charged plate
corresponds to high mass, positively charged radiation.
This is called a-radiation.

Structure
The Nuclear Atom
• From the separation of
radiation we conclude that
the atom consists of neutral,
positively, and negatively
charged entities.
• Thomson assumed all these
charged species were found
in a sphere.
Structure
The Nuclear Atom
• Rutherford carried out the following experiment:
• A source of a-particles was placed at the mouth of a
circular detector.
• The a -particles were shot through a piece of gold foil.
• Most of the a-particles went straight through the foil
without deflection.
• Some a-particles were deflected at high angles.
• If the Thomson model of the atom was correct, then
Rutherford’s result was impossible.
Rutherford’s a-scattering experiment

and discovery of the atomic nucleus.
2-38
Structure
The Nuclear Atom
• In order to get the majority of a-particles through a piece
of foil to be undeflected, the majority of the atom must
consist of a low mass, diffuse negative charge - the
electron.
• To account for the small number of high deflections of
the a-particles, the center or nucleus of the atom must
consist of a dense positive charge.

The Discovery of
Atomic Structure
The Nuclear Atom
• Rutherford modified
Thomson’s model as follows:
– assume the atom is spherical
but the positive charge must
be located at the center, with
a diffuse negative charge
surrounding it.
The Modern View of
Atomic Structure
• The atom consists of positive, negative, and neutral

entities (protons, electrons, and neutrons).
• Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the
atom, which is small. Most of the mass of the atom is
due to the nucleus.
– There can be a variable number of neutrons for the
same number of protons. Isotopes have the same
number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
• Electrons are located outside of the nucleus. Most of the
volume of the atom is due to electrons.
Figure 2.7 General features of the atom today.

•The atom is an electrically neutral, spherical entity composed of a positively
charged central nucleus surrounded by one or more negatively charged
electrons.
•The atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.
2-42
Table 2.2 Properties of the Three Key Subatomic Particles
Charge Mass
Location
Name(Symbol) Relative Absolute(C)* Relative(amu)† Absolute(g) in the Atom
Proton (p+) 1+ +1.60218x10-19 1.00727 1.67262x10- Nucleus

24
Neutron (n0) 0 0 1.00866 1.67493x10-24 Nucleus
Outside
Electron (e-) 1- -1.60218x10-19 0.00054858 9.10939x10-28 Nucleus
* The coulomb (C) is the SI unit of charge.

† The atomic mass unit (amu) equals 1.66054x10-24 g.
2-43
Atomic Symbols, Isotopes, Numbers
A
Z
X = The symbol of the atom or isotope
X = Atomic symbol of the element
A = mass number; A = Z + N
Z = atomic number
(the number of protons in the nucleus)
N = number of neutrons in the nucleus
Isotope = atoms of an element with the same

number of protons, but a different number
of neutrons
Figure 2.8
2-44
Sample Problem 2.4 Determining the Number of Subatomic

Particles in the Isotopes of an Element
PROBLEM: Silicon (Si) has three naturally occurring isotopes: 28Si, 29Si,
and 30Si. Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons in each silicon isotope.
PLAN: Mass number (A), protons + neutrons, is given for the listed
isotopes. Atomic number (Z), number of protons, for each element
is given in the periodic table and equal to the number of electrons.
Number of neutrons is determined using equation 2.2.
SOLUTION: The atomic number of silicon is 14. Therefore
28Si has 14p+, 14e- and 14n0 (28-14)
29Si has 14p+, 14e- and 15n0 (29-14)
30Si has 14p+, 14e- and 16n0 (30-14)
2-45
Sample Problem 2.5 Calculating the Atomic Mass of an Element
PROBLEM: Silver’s(Ag: Z = 47) naturally occurring isotopes, 107Ag and 109Ag,

give this mass spectrometric data, calculate the atomic mass of Ag:
Isotope Mass(amu) Abundance(%)
107Ag 106.90509 51.84
109Ag 108.90476 48.16
PLAN: Find the weighted average of the mass(g) of each isotope

isotopic masses. multiply by fractional
abundance of each isotope
portion of atomic mass
SOLUTION:
from each isotope
mass portion from 107Ag =
add isotopic portions
106.90509 amu x 0.5184 = 55.42 amu
atomic mass
mass portion from 109Ag =
108.90476amu x 0.4816 = 52.45amu
atomic mass of Ag = 55.42amu + 52.45amu = 107.87amu
2-46
The Modern Reassessment of the Atomic Theory
1. All matter is composed of atoms. The atom is the smallest body that
retains the unique identity of the element.
2. Atoms of one element cannot be converted into atoms of another

element in a chemical reaction. Elements can only be converted
into other elements in nuclear reactions.
3. All atoms of an element have the same number of protons and

electrons, which determines the chemical behavior of the element.
Isotopes of an element differ in the number of neutrons, and thus
in mass number. A sample of the element is treated as though its
atoms have an average mass.
4. Compounds are formed by the chemical combination of two or more

elements in specific ratios.
2-47
The modern periodic table.
2-48
Figure 2.10 Metals, metalloids, and nonmetals.
Copper Cadmium Lead
Chromium Bismuth
Arsenic
Silicon Antimony Chlorine Bromine
Sulfur
Iodine
Carbon
(graphite)
Boron Tellurium
2-49
The Periodic Table
• Columns in the periodic table are called groups

(numbered from 1A to 8A or 1 to 18).
• Rows in the periodic table are called periods.
• Metals are located on the left hand side of the periodic
table (most of the elements are metals).
• Non-metals are located in the top right hand side of the
periodic table.
• Elements with properties similar to both metals and non-
metals are called metalloids and are located at the
interface between the metals and non-metals.
The Periodic Table
• Some of the groups in the periodic table are given special

names.
• These names indicate the similarities between group
members:
Group 1A: Alkali metals.
Group 2A: Alkaline earth metals.
Group 6A: Chalcogens.
Group 7A: Halogens.
Group 8A: Noble gases.

Figure 2.11
The formation of an ionic compound.
Transferring electrons from the atoms of one

element to those of another results in an ionic
compound.
2-52
Figure 2.12 Factors that influence the strength of ionic bonding.
2-53
The relationship between ions formed and

the nearest noble gas.
2-54
Sample Problem 2.6 Predicting the Ion and Element Forms
PROBLEM: What monatomic ions do the following elements form?

(a) Iodine (Z = 53) (b) Calcium (Z = 20) (c) Aluminum (Z = 13)
PLAN: Use Z to find the element. Find its relationship to the nearest
noble gas. Elements occurring before the noble gas gain
electrons and elements following lose electrons.
SOLUTION: I- Iodine is a nonmetal in Group 7A(17). It gains one

electron to have the same number of electrons as 54Xe.
Ca2+ Calcium is a metal in Group 2A(2). It loses two

electrons to have the same number of electrons as 18Ar.
Al3+ Aluminum is a metal in Group 3A(13). It loses three

electrons to have the same number of electrons as 10Ne.
2-55
Figure 2.14 Formation of a covalent bond between two H atoms.
Covalent bonds form when elements share electrons, which usually

occurs between nonmetals.
2-56
Figure 2.15 Elements that occur as molecules.
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
(1) (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)
H2
N2 O2 F2
P4 S8 Cl2
Se8 Br2
I2
diatomic molecules tetratomic molecules octatomic molecules
2-57
Molecules and Molecular
Compounds
Molecules and Chemical Formulas
• Molecules are assemblies of two or more atoms bonded
together.
• Each molecule has a chemical formula.
• The chemical formula indicates
– which atoms are found in the molecule, and
– in what proportion they are found.
• Compounds formed from molecules are molecular
compounds.
• Molecules that contain two atoms bonded together are
called diatomic molecules.
Figure 2.16
Elements that are polyatomic.
A polyatomic ion
2-59
Figure 2.17 A biological periodic table.
2-60
Types of Chemical Formulas
A chemical formula is comprised of element symbols and numerical

subscripts that show the type and number of each atom present in the
smallest unit of the substance.
An empirical formula indicates the relative number of atoms of
each element in the compound. It is the simplest type of formula.
The empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide is HO.
A molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of

each element in a molecule of the compound.
The molecular formula for hydrogen peroxide is H 2O2.
A structural formula shows the number of atoms and the
bonds between them, that is, the relative placement and
connections of atoms in the molecule.
The structural formula for hydrogen peroxide is H-O-O-H.
2-61
Figure 2.18 Some common monatomic ions of the elements.
Can you see any patterns?
2-62
Table 2.3 Common Monoatomic Ions Common ions are in blue.

Cations Anions
Charge Formula Name Charge Formula Name
H+ hydrogen H- hydride
Li+ lithium F- fluoride
+1 Na+ sodium -1 Cl- chloride

K+ potassium Br- bromide
Cs+ cesium I- iodide
Ag+ silver
Mg2+ magnesium
O2- oxide
Ca2+ calcium
S2- sulfide
+2 Sr2+ strontium -2
Ba2+ barium
Zn2+ zinc
Cd2+ cadmium
+3 Al3+ aluminum -3 N3- nitride

2-63
Naming Inorganic
Compounds
• Naming of compounds, nomenclature, is divided into
organic compounds (those containing C) and inorganic
compounds (the rest of the periodic table).
• Cations formed from a metal have the same name as the
metal.
Example: Na+ = sodium ion.
• If the metal can form more than one cation, then the
charge is indicated in parentheses in the name.
Examples: Cu+ = copper(I); Cu2+ = copper(II).

Naming Inorganic
Compounds
• Cations formed from non-metals end in -ium.
Example: NH4+ ammonium ion.

Naming Inorganic
Compounds

Naming Inorganic
Compounds

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
The name of the cation is written first, followed by that of the anion.
The name of the cation is the same as the name of the metal.
Many metal names end in -ium.
The name of the anion takes the root of the nonmetal name
and adds the suffix -ide.
Calcium and bromine form calcium bromide.
2-68
Sample Problem 2.7 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
PROBLEM: Name the ionic compound formed from the following pairs of
elements:
(a) magnesium and nitrogen (b) iodine and cadmium
(c) strontium and fluorine (d) sulfur and cesium
PLAN: Use the periodic table to decide which element is the metal and
which the nonmetal. The metal (cation) is named first and we
use the -ide suffix on the nonmetal name root.
SOLUTION: (a) magnesium nitride
(b) cadmium iodide
(c) strontium fluoride
(d) cesium sulfide
2-69
Sample Problem 2.8 Determining Formulas of Binary Ionic Compounds
PROBLEM: Write empirical formulas for the compounds named in Sample

Problem 2.7:
(a) magnesium nitride (b) cadmium iodide
(c) strontium fluoride (d) cesium sulfide
PLAN: Compounds are neutral. We find the smallest number of each

ion which will produce a neutral formula. Use subscripts to the
right of the element symbol.
SOLUTION:
(a) Mg2+ and N3-; three Mg2+(6+) and two N3-(6-); Mg3N2
(b) Cd2+ and I-; one Cd2+(2+) and two I-(2-); CdI2
(c) Sr2+ and F-; one Sr2+(2+) and two F-(2-); SrF2
(d) Cs+ and S2-; two Cs+(2+) and one S2- (2-); Cs2S
2-70
Table 2.4 Some Metals That Form More Than One Monatomic Ion
Element Ion Formula Systematic Name Common Name
Co+2 cobalt(II)
Cobalt
Co+3 cobalt (III)
Copper Cu+1 copper(I) cuprous
Cu+2 copper(II) cupric
Fe+2 iron(II) ferrous
Iron Fe+3 iron(III) ferric
Pb+2 lead(II)
Lead
Pb+4 lead(IV)
Sn+2 tin(II) stannous
Tin
Sn+4 tin(IV) stannic
(partial table)
2-71
Sample Problem 2.9 Determining Names and Formulas of Ionic

Compounds of Elements That Form More
Than One Ion
PROBLEM: Give the systematic names for the formulas or the formulas for
the names of the following compounds:
(a) tin(II) fluoride (b) CrI3

(c) ferric oxide (d) CoS
PLAN: Compounds are neutral. Find the smallest number of each ion
which will produce a neutral formula.
SOLUTION: (a) Tin (II) is Sn2+; fluoride is F-; so the formula is SnF2.
(b) The anion I- is iodide(I-); 3I- means that Cr(chromium) is +3.
CrI3 is chromium(III) iodide.
(c) Ferric is a common name for Fe3+; oxide is O2-, therefore the
formula is Fe2O3.
(d) Co is cobalt; the anion S2- is sulfide(S2-); the compound is
cobalt (II) sulfide.
2-72
Table 2.5 Some Common Polyatomic Ions
Formula Name Formula Name
Cations
NH4+ ammonium H3O+ hydronium
Common Anions
CH3COO- acetate CO3-2 carbonate
CN- cyanide CrO4-2 chromate

OH- hydroxide Cr2O7-2 dichromate
ClO3- chlorate O2-2 oxide
NO2- nitrite PO4-3 phosphate

NO3- nitrate SO4-2 sulfate
MnO4- permanganate
(partial table)
2-73
Figure 2.19 Naming oxoanions

Prefixes Root Suffixes Examples
No. of O atoms
per root ate ClO4- perchlorate
root ate ClO3- chlorate
root ite ClO2- chlorite
hypo root ite ClO- hypochlorite
Table 2.6 Numerical Prefixes for Hydrates and Binary Covalent Compounds
Number Prefix Number Prefix Number Prefix

1 mono- 4 tetra- 8 octa-
2 di- 5 penta- 9 nona-
3 tri- 6 hexa- 10 deca-
7 hepta-
2-74
Sample Problem 2.10 Determining Names and Formulas of Ionic

Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
PROBLEM: Give the systematic names or the formula or the formulas for the
names of the following compounds:
(a) Fe(ClO4)2 (b) sodium sulfite (c) Ba(OH)2 8H2O
PLAN: Note that polyatomic ions have an overall charge so when

writing a formula with more than one polyatomic unit, place the
ion in a set of parentheses.
SOLUTION: (a) ClO4- is perchlorate; iron must have a 2+ charge. This is

iron(II) perchlorate.
(b) The anion sulfite is SO32-; therefore you need 2 sodiums per
sulfite. The formula is Na2SO3.
(c) Hydroxide is OH- and barium is a 2+ ion. When water is
included in the formula, we use the term “hydrate” and a prefix
which indicates the number of waters. So it is barium hydroxide
octahydrate.
2-75
Sample Problem 2.9 Recognizing Incorrect Names and Formulas

of Ionic Compounds
PROBLEM: Something is wrong with the second part of each statement.

Provide the correct name or formula.
(a) Ba(C2H3O2)2 is called barium diacetate.

(b) Sodium sulfide has the formula (Na)2SO3.
(c) Iron(II) sulfate has the formula Fe2(SO4)3.
(d) Cesium carbonate has the formula Cs2(CO3).
SOLUTION: (a) Barium is always a +2 ion and acetate is -1. The “di-” is
unnecessary.
(b) An ion of a single element does not need parentheses.
Sulfide is S2-, not SO32-. The correct formula is Na2S.
(c) Since sulfate has a 2- charge, only 1 Fe2+ is needed. The
formula should be FeSO4.
(d) The parentheses are unnecessary. The correct formula is
Cs2CO3.
2-76
Naming Acids
1) Binary acids solutions form when certain gaseous compounds
dissolve in water.
For example, when gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) dissolves in
water, it forms a solution called hydrochloric acid.
Prefix hydro- + anion nonmetal root + suffix -ic + the word acid -
hydro + chlor + ic + acid
hydrochloric acid
2) Oxoacid names are similar to those of the oxoanions, except for

two suffix changes:
-ate in the anion becomes –ic in the acid
-ite in the anion becomes –ous in the acid
The oxoanion prefixes hypo- and per- are retained. Thus,
BrO4- is perbromate, and HBrO4 is perbromic acid;
IO2- is iodite, and HIO2 is iodous acid.
2-77
Sample Problem 2.10 Determining Names and Formulas of Anions

and Acids
PROBLEM: Name the following anions and give the names and formulas of
the acids derived from them:
(a) Br - (b) IO3 - (c) CN - (d) SO4 2- (e) NO2 -
SOLUTION:
(a) The anion is bromide; the acid is hydrobromic acid, HBr.
(b) The anion is iodate; the acid is iodic acid, HIO3.
(c) The anion is cyanide; the acid is hydrocyanic acid, HCN.
(d) The anion is sulfate; the acid is sulfuric acid, H 2SO4.
(e) The anion is nitrite; the acid is nitrous acid, HNO2.
2-79
Sample Problem 2.13 Determining Names and Formulas of Binary

Covalent Compounds
PROBLEM: (a) What is the formula of carbon disulfide?
(b) What is the name of PCl5?
(c) Give the name and formula of the compound whose

molecules each consist of two N atoms and four O
atoms.
SOLUTION: (a) Carbon is C, sulfide is sulfur S and di-means two - CS2.
(b) P is phosphorous, Cl is chloride, the prefix for 5 is penta-.

Phosphorous pentachloride.
(c) N is nitrogen and is in a lower group number than O (oxygen).

Therefore the compound formula is N2O4 and name dinitrogen
tetraoxide.
2-80
Sample Problem 2.14 Recognizing Incorrect Names and Formulas

of Binary Covalent Compounds
PROBLEM: Explain what is wrong with the name of formula in the second
part of each statement and correct it:
(a) SF4 is monosulfur pentafluoride.
(b) Dichlorine heptaoxide is Cl2O6.
(c) N2O3 is dinitrotrioxide.
SOLUTION: (a) The prefix mono- is not needed for one atom; the prefix for
four is tetra-. So the name is sulfur tetrafluoride.
(b) Hepta- means 7; the formula should be Cl2O7.
(c) The first element is given its elemental name so this is

dinitrogen trioxide.
2-81
Some Simple Organic
Compounds
Alkanes
• Organic chemistry: the study of the chemistry of carbon
compounds.
• Alkanes contain only C and H and are called
hydrocarbons.
• The names of alkanes all end in the suffix –ane.
• Alkanes are named according to the number of C atoms
in their backbone chain:
• Methane has one C atom (CH4)
• Ethane has two C atoms (CH3CH3)
• Propane has three C atoms (CH3CH2CH3), etc.
Some Simple Organic
Compounds
Some Derivatives of Alkanes
• When H atoms in alkanes are replaced by heteroatoms
(atoms other than C or H), then we have introduced a
functional group into the alkane.
• When an H is replaced by –OH, then we form an alcohol.
• Alcohols are also named by the number of C atoms.
• Consider propanol: there are two places for the OH: on
an end C or the middle C.
• When the OH is located on the end C, we call the
substance 1-propanol.
• When the OH is on the middle C, we have 2-propanol.
Some Simple Organic
Compounds
Some Derivatives of Alkanes
• When the single bonds in an alkane are replaced by one
or more double bonds, then we form alkenes.
• When a double bond is formed between C and O, we
form carboxylic acids, ketones, aldehydes, and esters.
• Any organic molecule with double or triple bonds is
called unsaturated.

End of Chapter
Atoms, Molecules, and
Ions

3-Chem15 (Atomic Theory)

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The Components of Matter

Definitions for Components of Matter

Element - the simplest type of substance with unique physical and

Definitions for Components of Matter

Mixture - a group of two or more

Sample Problem 2.1: Distinguishing Elements, Compounds, and

SOLUTION: (a) mixture (b) element (c) compound

The law of mass conservation:

Law of Mass Conservation

reactant 1 + reactant 2 product

total mass = total mass

calcium oxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate

CaO + CO2 CaCO

Law of Definite (or Constant) Composition

No matter the source, a particular compound is

Analysis by Mass Mass Fraction Percent by Mass

20.0 g 1.00 part by mass 100% by mass

Calculating the Mass of an Element in a Compound

PROBLEM: Analysis of 84.2 g of the uranium containing compound

mass (kg) of pitchblende

Law of Multiple Proportions

1. All matter consists of invisible particles called

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1. All matter consists of atoms.

2. Atoms of one element cannot be converted into

3. Atoms of an element are identical in mass and other

4. Compounds result from the chemical combination of

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

or converted into other types of atoms. postulate 2

Since every atom has a fixed mass, postulate 3

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Atoms are combined in compounds in postulate 3

Each element has a fixed fraction of the total mass in a

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

When different numbers of atoms of elements

Visualizing the Mass Laws

PROBLEM: Theses scenes represent an atomic-scale view of a chemical

• The ancient Greeks were the first to postulate that matter

Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2

• The voltage causes negative particles to move from the

Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2

Experiments to determine the properties of cathode rays.

Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2

Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2

Millikan used his findings to also calculate the mass of an

Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2

Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2

Rutherford’s a-scattering experiment

Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2

• The atom consists of positive, negative, and neutral

Figure 2.7 General features of the atom today.

Table 2.2 Properties of the Three Key Subatomic Particles

Proton (p+) 1+ +1.60218x10-19 1.00727 1.67262x10- Nucleus

Neutron (n0) 0 0 1.00866 1.67493x10-24 Nucleus

* The coulomb (C) is the SI unit of charge.

Atomic Symbols, Isotopes, Numbers

X = Atomic symbol of the element

Isotope = atoms of an element with the same

Sample Problem 2.4 Determining the Number of Subatomic

SOLUTION: The atomic number of silicon is 14. Therefore

28Si has 14p+, 14e- and 14n0 (28-14)

29Si has 14p+, 14e- and 15n0 (29-14)

30Si has 14p+, 14e- and 16n0 (30-14)