Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1590/1982-027520160001000011
Lucas BLOC1,2,3
Camila SOUZA4
Virginia MOREIRA 1
Abstract
Eugène Minkowski, Ludwig Binswanger, Hubertus Tellenbach and Arthur Tatossian are key authors in phenomenological
psychopathology. Through a theoretical review of the main works of these authors, we shall discuss their contributions
to the understanding of the lived depressed. Following a phenomenological-structural method, Minkowski developed
a descriptive phenomenology of depression, focusing on lived time. Binswanger, focusing on temporality, searches for
the genesis of the lived depressed through the operating modes of retrospection and melancholic prospection. Tellenbach
presents the typus melancholicus, a concept associated with the notion of endon. Tatossian discusses the possible
conditions for the lived depressed through phenomenological categories of time, body, space and the relationship
with each other, developing the notion of depressiveness. We may conclude that, although these authors have different
contributions, their ideas are similar as they adopt a phenomenological approach, a return to the lived experience, to
understand its meanings.
Keywords: Depression; Phenomenology; Psychopathology.
Resumo
PHENOMENOLOGY OF DEPRESSION
Eugène Minkowski, Ludwig Binswanger, Hubertus Tellenbach e Arthur Tatossian são grandes nomes da psicopatologia
fenomenológica. Através de uma revisão teórica das principais obras desses autores, são discutidas as suas contribuições
para a compreensão do vivido depressivo. Com um método fenômeno-estrutural, Minkowski desenvolve uma
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1
Universidade de Fortaleza, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Clínica Humanista
Fenomenológica. Av. Washington Soares, 1321, Edson Queiroz, 60811-905, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. Correspondência para/Correspondence
to: L. BLOC. E-mail: <lucasbloc@yahoo.com.br>.
2
Université Paris Diderot, École Doctorale Recherches en Psychanalyse et Psychopathologie, Centre de Recherches Psychanalyse, Medicine
et Société. Paris, France.
3
Grantee of a full Capes scholarship abroad (Process nº 0998/14-1).
4
Faculdade Maurício de Nassau, Curso de Psicologia. Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. 107
According to the World Health Organization that the phenomenological method was only one
(WHO), depression is among the leading causes of among several possible methods in psychopathology.
disability. By the year 2030, the WHO predicts that
The phenomenological tradition in
depression will be the most common disease in the
psychopathology, based on Husserl’s and Heidegger’s
world, contributing significantly to global morbidity,
philosophy, provides clues for an understanding of
as it affects more than 350 million people of all
man’s existence, in contrast to psychiatric classification
ages and in all communities, being characterized
systems (Pessotti, 2006; Schneider, 2009). It
as a serious health problem (WHO, 2012). Currently,
emphasizes how the phenomenon presents itself
psychiatric diagnosis of depression occurs through
and its meaning for whom experiences it, providing
standardized procedures using the following
an understanding of the various forms of illness and
instruments: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
its possible conditions. This is an approach that is
Mental Disorders (DSM-V) and the International
divorced from the dominant standards of health and
Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). These procedures
illness, normal and pathological, having a significant
follow a symptomatic logic and establish a series of
critical potential.
criteria for diagnosis. These instruments have a
descriptive and classificatory nature in which the Discussions about depression occupy a
possible conditions for the lived depression are not prominent place since the development of
included. phenomenological psychopathology, which requires
Psychopathology as a specific field of study the qualification of the term. Depression and
became known in 1913 with the publication melancholy are not exact expressions for the same
of “General Psychopathology”, written by the phenomenon, although there are similarities. In this
psychiatrist Karl Jaspers (Moreira, 2002; Rodrigues, article, we chose to maintain a faithful translation
2005). Jaspers conducted a study on subjective of the terms used by the authors, seeking to clarify
experience in an endeavor to find the essence of the meaning and the historical context in which
pathology (Pessoti, 2006; Schneider, 2009). By they were coined. In view of the scope and
introducing Husserl’s phenomenology as an contemporariness of the term depression, we
exclusive descriptive method in his work and not decided to use it as a broad and general reference
excluding the medical-scientific discourse, Jaspers to introduce the phenomenology of depression.
is not considered the founder of phenomenological By the term depression, we mean intense suffering
psychopathology, which does not reduce his that includes a melancholic mood. Whereas the
importance and pioneering. His merit lies in having term melancholy, widely used in traditional
phenomenological psychopathology, denotes
L. BLOC et al.
propulsive energy’, but feel it as a flow of meaning of the lived experience of the patient.
temporal current. Thus, for these patients, Minkowski (1933/1995) prioritized clinical experience
the future is perceived as blocked; their and patient interaction, understanding implied
attention is directed to the past and the depressive disorder with fluidity and the movement
present feels stagnant (Cardinalli, 2012, of becoming.
p.30). Minkowski’s contribution is essential and his
This is the core of the work of Minkowski studies point out his concern with the phenomenon
(1933/1995), in which the experience of fluid, experienced by the depressed and not only with
continuous and interwoven time is an essential the substance of depression. This idea is completely
phenomenon for the existence of health. When retrieved by the tradition of phenomenological 109
the transcendental Ego in Husserl -, in search for authentic presentation because retention is
the constitution of the different forms of illnesses, depleted. When protention changes, the entire
especially melancholia, mania and delirium (Pita & process of melancholia changes, modifying all
Moreira, 2013; Tatossian, 1979/2006). Later, characteristics of thought flow or continuity, not
110 Binwanger writes the book “Melancolie et Manie” only temporal though, which makes it even more
what depressiveness is and, at the same time, it is authors for the phenomenology of depression is an
only possible to know what depressiveness is from important contribution to clinical practice as it
the experience and perspective of the patient or provides tools for understanding the lived world of
others. Although prior knowledge about what is patients with depression. It is not about establishing
the experience of depressiveness does not mean a definite diagnosis based on symptoms, but rather
114 rigid understanding, for there will always be an the understanding of the existential movement of
contributed to the awareness of the return to Ambrosini, A., Stanghellini, G., & Langer, Á. I. (2011). El
typus melancholicus de tellenbach en la actualidad:
experience and understanding of its meanings in una revisión sobre la personalidad premórbida
the world, carrying out a phenomenology of vulnerable a la melancolía. Actas Españolas de
depression that is predominantly based on their Psiquiatría, 39(5), 302-311.
clinical work and research. Phenomenological Binswanger, L. (2005). Mélancolie et manie: etudes
phénoménologiques. Paris: Presses Universitaires de
psychopathology, since its development, intersects France. (Publié à l’origine en 1960).
with clinical experience, which makes it possible,
Cardinalli, I. E. (2012). Daseinsanalyse e esquizofrenia:
effective, and critical when undertaking an open um estudo da obra de Medard Boss. São Paulo: Escuta.
position and questioning the experience of the Dastur, F. (2005). O que é a daseinsanálise? Covilhã:
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illness processes. This prioritization of experience Dorr, O. (1996). Hubertus Tellenbach, psiquiatra y
enables phenomenology of depression to be humanista. In O. Dorr. Espacio y tiempo vividos:
estudios de antropología psiquiátrica (pp.187-191).
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and practice. Fédida, P. (1970). Préface. In L. Binswanger. Analyse
In this process, Minkowski stands out for his existentielle et psychanalyse freudienne: discours,
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consistency in discussing the time lived in melancholy
Huygens, A. (2011). De la psychanalyse à l’analyse du
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PHENOMENOLOGY OF DEPRESSION
ERRATA
Na página 107, Onde se lia:
Lucas BLOC1,2,3
Camila SOUZA1
Virginia MOREIRA4
Leia-se:
L. BLOC et al.
Lucas BLOC1,2,3
Camila SOUZA4
Virginia MOREIRA1