Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
jynfaxmifpkrNydKuGJa&; 'kdYta&;
wkdif;&if;om; pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrI rNydKuGJa&; 'kdYta&;
tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhckdifNrJa&; 'kdYta&;
pnf;urf;vkdufem ab;uif;uGm
&yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&; 0kdif;0ef;ulnD apmifhxdef;ay;
pnf;rsOf;udkufnD ab;uif;onf
jynfoo
Yl abmxm;
odyÜHESifhenf;ynm*sme,f
trSwf 197 (c)? yxrxyf? 33 vrf;? &efuek /f 50
zke;f -387305/ e-mail - heritage@ct.com.mm orkdif;xJu aeY&ufrsm;
t,f'w D mcsKyf wm0efctH ,f'w
D m
armifjrifhMuG,f armifarmifMuD; 54
uGefysLwmordkif;aMumif;wGif
t,f'DwmtzGJU
txifu& yg0ifcJholrsm;
ukdoefYZif? OD;aX;Munf? vJh,Of0if;
38 56
xkwfa0ol- OD;jrifhMuG,f (,m,D-942)? 197 (c)? 33 vrf;? &efukef/
yHkESdyfol- OD;armifvGif (02413) aevif;ykHESdyfwkduf? 56 '*kHawmif
pufrIZkef/ apmifa&- 500? wefzkd;- 300 usyf
odaumif;p&m tar;tajz
todÓPferd u hf sotl jzpf owfrw S f jcif; cHc&hJ wJh Hannah &JU b0 twGuf vGecf w hJ hJ
atmufwb dk mvtwGi;f u tm;wufp&m arQmv f ifch suaf wG ay:xu G v f m cJw h ,f/ Autism aMumifh olr &JU csK,
Ud iG ;f aewJh
Sense of balance ? sensoryperception eJY taxGaxG use;f rma&;wku Yd kd wk;d wufvmatmif ESpt f awmfMum
BuKd ;pm;ukoay; aeMuwJh olr&JrU b d ESpyf g; tyg t0if Therapist awG? nutritiouist awGeYJ ausmif;q&mawG [m
Hannah &JU 13 ESpaf jrmuf arG;aeYrwkid r
f D &uftenf;i,ftvdrk mS olr&JU xl;jcm;wJh wHjYk yef rIukd awGU jrifcMhJ u&w,f/
tJ'aD eYu Facilitated Communication Institute &JU ñTerf LS ; Chadwick u olrud k avhusihf oifMum;ay;xm;wJh
oD;oefY Computer rS wpfqifh ]rif; bmawGrsm; ajymcsiaf eovJ Hannah?} vkYd type ½du k Nf y;D ar;vdu
k w
f t hJ cg
a0'em&Sif uav;ruav;u ]I Love mom }vkYd type ½du k Nf y;D jyef vnf ajzMum;cJw h ,f/
9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 3
tJ ' D a emuf wpf E S p f c G J t*Fvef? 'def;rwfeJY jyifopfrSm
avmuf umvtwGi;f rSm Han- Autistic disorder awG vsif
nah av;[m ol r &J U td r f u vsifjrefjref wkd;yGm;aewmudk
Facilitatad communication awG U &S d a e&w,f / 'gayr,h f
&JU uGefysLwma&SUrSm q&mr Hannah vdk a0'em&SifawGu
ar;wJh ZD0aA'?t,fv*f sb D &meJY olwdkY&JU tawGUtBuHKawGudk
a&S;acwforkdif;awGudk oif,l jyefvnfajymjyEkid w f t hJ jyif odyÜH
EkdifcJhwJhtwGuf wpfaeukef ynm&SifawG[m Autism &Sdae
wpfaecef; wDADGxkdifMunfhae csifolawG&JU cE¨mukd,feJY OD;
cJh&wJh olr&JUb0[m MunfEl; aESmufukd ykdNyD; avhvmod&Sdvm
tm;wufz, G &f mawGeYJ BuHKawGU MuwJhtwGuf Autism eJY ywf
cJh&w,f/ olr&JUq&mr Jacob oufwJh a&S;a[mif; t,ltq
u ]]Hannah rSm pmzwfEkdifwJh awG[ m wjznf;jznf; uG,f
pGrf;&nftjyif olr[m wjcm; aysmufp jyKaeNyD jzpfw,f/
taMumif;t&mawGuv kd nf; od ,cktxd od&SdNyD;orQxJ
Ekid pf rG ;f w,fqw dk mawmh odom u tHhMozG,f&mrsm;udk wifjy
aeygNyD}}vdkY rSwfcsufcscJhw,f/ &r,fqkd&if-
wpf a eYrS m Jacob u (1) Autism [m ]]uifqm}}vdyk J
ocsFmykpäm (30)udk wGufckdif;wJh jzpfyGm;apwJh taMumif;&if;
tcg Hannah u ar;cGef;udk rsm;pGm&So d vdk a&m*grsK;d uGaJ ygif;
wpfcsufrQom vSnhfMunfhNyD; vnf; trsm;tjym; &Sdw,f/
tajzawGudk type ½dkufjyEkdifcJh a&m*g&JU vu©PmawGuvnf;
w,f/ thHMoaewJh q&mru trsKd;rsKd;yJ? wcsKdUrSm ÓPf&nf
]]rif;rSm photographic me- jrifrh m;ayr,fh vlraI &; odwwf
mory rsm; &Sdaeovm;}} vdkY rI pGr;f &nf edru hf s½rkH Qom awGY&&dS
ar;wJhtcg olru ]]yes }} vdkY ayr,hf jyif;jyif;xefxef cHpm;
type ½kdufNyD; ajzMum;cJhw,f/ &ol r sm;ud k uk d , f v uf t *F g
tJ'aD emufrmS awmhtopfwx D iG f roefpGrf;olrsm;tjzpf awGY&Sd&
ay;vku d w
f hJ qufo, G rf pI epf&UJ w,f/ tJ'v D t
dk rsK;d tpm;uGjJ ym;
pGrf;&nfaMumifh Hannah &JU aewJhtwGuf q&m0efrsm;u
ÓPf&nfÓPfaoG;[m tqifh tJ'D disorder udk Autistic
qifh wkd;wufvmcJhawmhw,f/ Spectrum Disorder (A.S.D)
tar&duef psychiatrist vkYd ajymif;vJ owfrw S f ac:a0:
Leo Kanner, Autism uk d Muw,f/
pwifawGU&Scd NhJ yD; ESpaf ygif; (60) (2) ,cifu tm½HkcHpGrf;&nfeJY qufoG,fxm;yHk[m omref wJt h wGuf umuG,rf eI YJ ukorI
ausmf Mumonfw h idk af tmif tJ'D <uufom;vIy&f mS ;rIukd xde;f csKyf r[kwfayr,fh Autism jzpfap twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:
½IyfaxG;vSwJh pdwfazmufjyef wJh OD;aESmufxJu Cerebel- EkdifwJh ,if;vGJrSm;rIeJY Autism xGufvmw,f/
jcif; (disorder) taMumif;eJY lumrSm jzpfwahJ &m*gvdYk ,lqcJh aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh vGJrSm;rI (4) Autism udk ukowJh enf;
ywfoufNyD; ajz&Sif;csufxuf wJh Autism udk OD;aESmuf&JU tcsKd;tpm;ukd &Sif;&Sif;vif; vrf;awG ay:aygufvmNyD jzpf
]]ar;cGe;f }}awGuom wpfpxuf ae&mtESYH tjym;udk qufo, G yf kH vif; rod&ao;bl;/ wJth wGuf Therapists rsm;[m
wpf p rsm;jym;vmcJ h w ,f / qufo, G ef nf; csKUd ,Gi;f rItjzpf (3) Immune system [m toifhavsmfqHk; enf;vrf;rsm;
bmaMumifh jzpf&w,fqw dk mudk ajymif;vJ ½IjrifvmMuNyD jzpf Autism trsKd ; tpm;wcsKd U eJY a&G;cs,fukoEkdifMuNyD jzpf
,ckxd wdwdusus rod&ao; w,f/ Nerve fibres awGeJY jzpf y G m ;&mrS m ta&;wBuD ; w,f/ tJ'Dtjyif Autism [m
ayr,f h tar&d u ef ? *syef ? OD;aESmuf&UJ tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;udk yg0ifywfoufaewmudk od&adS e b0wpfavQmufvHk; apmifhMuyf
Autistic OD;aESmufrmS omref OD;aESmufrsm;eJY 3 ywf0ef;usi&f UJ ajcmuf vSecYf &H rI? &ifwiG ;f cHpm;rIeYJ
rwlwhJ uGv
J cJG suf trsm;tjym; yg&wdS ,f/ vlraI &; tjyKtrlrsm;eJY ywfoufwhJ amygdala &JU
t&G,ftpm;vnf; BuD;xGm;aew,f/ tJ'Dvkd
odyyHÜ nm&Sif rsm;u tJ'u
D v
JG cJG suf rsm;[m Bu;D xGm;ae&jcif;[m Autistic rsm;&JU Bu;D rm;wJh
Autiom &JU ]taMumif;&if;}vm; aomueJY qufpyfrI &Sdw,fvdkY ,lq& w,f/
]tusK;d quf}vm; qkd wmudk cGjJ cm;Ekid zf Ydk olprd ;f wpf a,muf&UJ rsuEf mS udk Munfw h thJ cgrmS
olw&Ykd UJ amygdala u ajcmufveS rYf eI YJ
avhvmaeqJ jzpfw,f/ &ifqidk &f ovdk wkjYH yh efaMumif; awG&U &dS w,f/
em;tquf t oG , f
txD;usef pdwaf 0'em (Auti-
stic) &Sod l uav;i,frsm;onf
wpfO;D OD;ukd rsuv f ;Hk eJY pum;ajym
wmxuf yg;pyfeYJ ajym&wmukd
ykdNyD;oabmusygw,f/
'Dvdk uRr;f usiw f hJ q&mrrsm;u
tqkyd gtcsuu f dk
tav;xm;Muygw,f/
6 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006
tJ'DyHkrSefr[kwfwJh BuD;xGm;rI w,f/ olwYkd &UJ OD;aESmufawGrmS
[m rde;f uav;rsm;rSm ydrk o kd o
d m teD;uyf area awG&JU quf
xif&Sm;NyD; Autistic uav; 5 oG,frI[m tvGef rsm;jym;ae
a,mufrSm wpfa,mufomvQif NyD; tvSr;f uGma0;wJh ae&mawG
rd e f ; uav;jzpf a ewJ h tcsKd ; eJY qufoG,frIu tm;enf;ae
tquk d v nf ; ol u quf Muw,f/ tJ't D jyif OD;aESmuf&UJ
vuf ajymMum;oGm;cJhw,f/ b,fbufjcrf;eJY nmbufjcrf;
Amaral eJY wjcm; okawoD qufoG,frI[mvnf; tvGef
rsm;&JU avhvmrIt& vlrIa&; tm;enf;aew,f/ tJ'D quf
tjyKtrlrsm;eJY ywfoufwJh oG,frIudk teD;pyfqHk; Oyrm
OD ; aES m uf & J U amygdala [m ay;&r,fqkd&if jynfwGif;zkef;
vnf; omreft&G,t f pm;xuf awGrmS jywfjywfom;om; Mum;
BuD;xGm;aewmudkvnf; awGU&Sd &ayr,hf ta0;ajymzkef;rSm ryD
cJhMuw,f/ tJ'DBuD;xGm;rI [m ro Mum;&wJh w,fvDzkef;
Autistic a0'em&Sif 80 &mcdkif system eJY tvm;oP²mef wl
EIef;avmufrSm awGY&avh&SdwJh w,fvdkY ajym&rSm jzpfw,f/
]]pkd;&drfrIvGefuJjcif;}}eJYyg quf omref IQ &SdwJh touf
pyfíaew,fvYkd ,lqMuw,f/ 15 ESpfeJY touf 30 Mum;u
]] Autistic brain &J U autistic a0'em&Sifrsm; pOf;pm;
white matter rsm; ysHUEHSYaeykH awG;ac:aecdu k rf mS brain ama-
[m omrefOD;aESmufrsm;eJY rwl ging eJY Scan vkyfNyD; avhvm
bJ xl;jcm;aew,f}}vdkY Har- Munfw h thJ cg]]olwYkd&UJ OD;aESmuf
vard u tm½k H a Mumqk d i f & m tuefYtoD;oD;[m tay;t,l
ynm&Sif Dr.Martha u ol&JU r&SdMubJ oD;jcm;pD tvkyfvkyf
tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm azmfjyxm; aewmudak wGY&w,f}}qkw d hJ Car-
negie Mellon's wuúokdvf\
OD;aESmuf zGHUûzd;rIqkdif&m A[kd
Xmeu ñTefrª; Marcel Just
&JU awGU&Sdcsuf[m Dr.Martha
&JU tpD&ifcHpmeJY oabmcsif;
wlnDaew,f/
tJ ' D v d k yH k r S e f r [k w f w J h
OD;aESmuf&JU qufoG,frIrsm;
[m Autism aMumifh jzpf&wm
vm;? okdYr[kwf tJ'DvTJrSm;rI
tpDtrHûyjcif;
Autistic uav;rsm;twGuf tul;
tajymif;umvu cufcaJ ponf/
þ tcsed Zf ,m;rS tjrifyidk ;f qkid &f m
ykaH zmf um;csyu
f Eric tzkYd plan
csxm;rIudk odomapNy;D b,ftcsed f
olem;zkdY vkdonfukd odomaponf/
9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 7
OD;aESmufukd ppfaq;jcif; tJ'D wifjycsufaMumifh
tzufzufu vSn½hf u dk cf sed w
f Jh Rajapatirana vdk wcsKUd a0'em
uifr&mrsm;rSwpfqifh txD;usef &SifawG[m olwkdY&JUOD;acgif;
pdwaf 0'em&Sif uav;rsm;&JU b,frSm&Sdw,f qkdwmudk txd
OD;aESmuf taetxm;ukd tawGYeYJ od&EdS idk zf Ydk twGuf eH&eH YJ
ynm&Sirf sm;u wpfvmT csi;f ½kdufMunhfMuw,fqkdwmudk od
MunfEh idk yf gw,f/ &Sdvm&w,f ]]tJ'DvdktjyKtrl
awGudk z,f&Sm;EkdifzdkYtwGuf ol
versity u ygarmu© pma&; wdYk bmawGajymajymaeovJqdk
q&mjzpfol Temple Gran- wmudk uREkfyfwdkYem;vnfzkdY vdk
din vdk oGufvufwuf<uwJh tyfw,f}} vdkY Autistic wpfOD;
Autistic a0'em&Sif taysmh jzpfwJh Seattle u Therapist
pm;xHrS olwdkY&JU tawGYtBuHK Judith Bluestone u The
rsm;udk Mum;odae&NyDjzpfovdk Fabric of Autism pmtkyfxJ
aMumifh Autism jzpfwmvm; tajccH taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk tjyif;pm; Autistic aMumifh rSm a&;om;xm;w,f/
qkdwmudkawmh b,folrQtajz azmfxkwfay;Ekdifr,hf ueOD; pum;rajymEkdifwJh aumvdyf pum;rajymEkdif½Hkomru
ray;Ekdifao;ayr,hf olwdkY&JU tcsuftvufawGyv J m;qkw d m ausmif;ol Sue Rubin (27ESp)f olvkyfwJhtvkyfwpfcktay:rSm
OD ; aES m uf tvk y f v k y f y H k [ m udak wmh b,forl Q rodMuao; [mvnf; olr&JUb0udk 'Auti- vnf; Mum&Snftm½HkrpkdufEkdif
omrefr[kww f muawmh aocsm bl;/'gayr,fh Autism uav; sm is a world' qkw d hJ pmtkyef YJ ayr,fh ]uAsm}a&;EkdifpGrf;&Sdol
w,f/ omrefOD;aESmufrsm;rSm oli,frsm;udk i,f&G,fpOfrSm a&;om; azmfxkwfxm;wmukd Autistic vli,fwpfa,mufukd
]]ykHoP²mef}}udk azmfxkwfay;wJh apmpD;pGm uko avhusifhay; vnf; zwf½Iae&NyD jzpfw,f/ avhvmaewJh University of
tpdwftydkif;udk toHk;jyKNyD; jcif;aMumifh &v'f aumif;awG olwkdY&JU a&;om; wifjy Californa u neuroscientist
Autism awGu tu©&mpmvHk; ukd &&SdaewJhtwGuf OD;aESmuf csufawGxJu olwdkY&JU tajc Michael Merzenich u
rsm;udk rSwfom;avh&Sdw,f/ tajymif;tvJ[m tusKd;quf taeudk azmfjywJh oJvGefprsm; ]]udef;atmif;aewJh ÓPf&nf
omref OD;aESmufawGu fron- jzpf&r,fvdkY ,lqMuwJhtjyif [m Autistic brain udk avhvm ÓPfaoG;udk trsm;odatmif
tal cortex udk oHk;NyD; vkyfwJh umuG,rf u I ykd if aqmif&u G Ef idk f wJh Scientist awG&UJ awGY&cdS suf razmfxkwfEkdifMuwJh Autistic
tvkyrf sm;ukd olwYkd &UJ OD;aESmuf Muvdrrfh ,fvYkd ,HMk unfxm;Mu rsm;eJY tH0ifcGifusjzpfaewmukd uav;oli,fawG&JU uHMur®m
u aemufbufrSm&SdwJh Visual w,f/ i,f&G,fpOf uko avh tHMh ozG,&f mawGY&&dS w,f/ Au- [m tawmf u d k q k d ; ygw,f /
Centnie toHk;jyK tvkyfvkyf usif h a y;jcif ; u Autistic tistic pma&;q&m Chandima aemufNyD; tJ'Dvkd uav;rsKd;
Muw,f/ a0'em&SifawG[m OD;aESmufukd yHrk eS f jzpfapEkid jf cif; Rajapatirana u ol&UJ tawGU b,fEOS ;D &Sw
d ,fqw dk mudv k nf;
wpfpHkwpfa,mufeJY pum;ajym &Sdr&Sdukd York University in tBuHKrsm;udk a&;om;wifjy&m b,folrQ rodEkdifao;bl;}}vdkY
wJhtcg tjcm;ol&JU ]rsufvHk;} Toronto u pwif avhvmae rSm ]]taru olrxHvmzkdY ac: ajymMum;oGm;cJhw,f/
udk rMunhfbJ ]yg;pyf} udkom NyDjzpfayr,fh jywfom;wJh tajz wJhtcg b,fupNyD; bmvkyf& uHaumif;wJh Autistic
Munfhavh &Sdw,f/ aemufNyD; wpfck azmfxkwfay;zkdYtwGuf rSef; rodwJhtwGuf xkdifNrJxkdif uav;vdkY qkd&r,fh Hannah
olwdkY[m wpfpHkwpfa,muf&JU ESpfeJYcsDNyD; tcsdefay;&vdrhfr,f aerdw,f/ rwfwyf&yfvYkdrajym uawmh type ½dkufenf;oif,l
pdwfykdif;qkdif&m trlt&mrsm; vdkY qdk&rSm jzpfw,f/ rcsif; uRefawmf rxEkdifbl;/ uwnf;u Yes , No eJY I pwJh
(Oyrm rdcifjzpfou l apmifah rQmf uRefawmfh&JU cE¨mukd,f tpdwf pum;vHk;awGudk ajymEkdifvmNyD
aewmrsK;d ) xuf yg;pyfvyI &f mS ; Autism &JU vuf&tdS ajctae tydkif;awG b,frSm &Sdw,f qkd jzpfwt hJ wGuf tm;wuf0rf;om
rIvkd ½kyfydkif;qkdif&m trlt&m tar&d u ef r S m ausmif ; wmudk uRefawmf vG,fvG,feJY jzpfaeMuwJh olr&JUrdbrsm;[m
rsm; tay:rSm tm½Hkpl;pdkufavh om;t&G,f vli,f (300ç000) rodbl;/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufu aumvdyfausmif; ydkYzkdYtwGuf
&SdMuw,f/ eJY vlBuD;rsm;[m Autism rsm; uRefawmfhvufudk udkifvkdufwJh ukeu f sp&dwu f kd pkaqmif;aeMu
tJ'D uGvJ cJG suaf wGu Au- &JU aeYpOfb0xJukd 0ifa&muf tcgusrSom uRefawmfvuf NyD jzpfaMumif; wifjyvdkufyg
tism &JUtajccHuswhJ taMumif; NyD; BudK;pm; ulnDaeMuNyD jzpf b,frSm &Sdw,fqkdwmudk od& w,f/
t&mawG v m;? 'grS r [k w f w,f/ Colorado State Uni- w,f}}vdkY azmfjyxm;w,f/ OD;cifarmifO;D
8 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006
vGefcJhwJh tESpfESpfq,f avhusifhoifMum;ay;wJh psy- Murf;jyifay:rSm wpfajy;nD
twGif;rSm Autistic uav; chologist B.F Skinner &JU
Autistic ausmif;om;av;ukd Murf;jyifay:rmS
rsm;udk avhusifo h ifMum;ay;wJh pepfudk tajccHNyD; qifhyGm;xm;
enf;u Applied Behavior wm jzpfw,f/ 1987 ESpfu wpfajy;nDxidk u
f m odro
f rd af rGaU rGU qufqaH y;jcif;jzifh ol&Y UJ
Analysis udk toHk;jyKchJMu xkwfjyefcJhwJh tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm pdwu
f rÇmxJudk 0ifMunfEh idk yf gw,f/
w,f/ tJ'D (ABA) enf;[m University of California u
wd & pä m ef r sm;&J U tjyKtrl u d k Ivar Lovaas &JU ]]ABA enf;
pepfeJY avhusifhay;cJhwJh Au- rsm;twGif;rSm ay:xGufvmcJh
txl;jyifqifxm;wJh tpDtpOfrsm;u tistic uav; 19 OD;teuf 9 w,f/ 'Denf;awGxrJ mS uav;
OD;&JU IQ [m odoo d mom jrifh oli,frsm;qkdif&m pdwftxl;uk
Autistic uav;i,frsm;&JU pGr;f &nfudk wufvmNyD; first grade udk q&m0ef Stanley Greenspan
atmifjrifcchJ sderf mS avhusifrh u I kd u U.S National Institute of
jrihw
f ufapygw,f/ teD;uyf rcH , l & wJ h uav; 40 OD ; Mental Health rSm uav;
teuf wpfOD;omvQif tJ'D oli,frsm;&JU zGUH NzdK;rIukd avhvm
apmifha&Smufjcif;vnf; tygt0if atmifjrifrrI sK;d udk &&Scd w hJ ,f}} vdYk wifjyxm;wJh DIR (Develop-
wifjyxm;w,f/ mental Individual dif-
jzpfygw,f/ ABA eJYrwlwt hJ jcm;enf; ference relationship bas-
pepfawGvnf; rMumao;rD ESpf ed) [m tausmfMum;qHk; enf;
apmifhMuyfMunhf½Iw,f/ q&m?
ausmif;om; tcsKd;tq[m
1:1 jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dausmif;rSm
wufa&mufaewJh touf 4
ESpft&G,f Jodi DiPiazza &JU
rSwfwrf;pmtkyf[m wpfESpf
rjynhrf uD mvtwGi;f 7 vufr
avmuf txl&SdaeNyD jzpfw,f/
olr[m pm;yGJwpfvHk;rSm q&m
wpf a ,muf e J Y t wl xk d i f N yD ;
"mwfyHktrsKd;rsKd;xJu jrifuGif;
awGudk ajymae&w,f/ Oyrm
]rde;f uav;wpfa,muf pufb;D
pD ; aeonf } ponf j zif h a ygh /
tajzrSefwJhtcg olrESpfouf
wJh qkudk csD;Nr§ifhw,f/ touf
3 ESpfxdawmif pum;rajym
wwfwJh Jodi [m wpfaeYrSm
2 em&DMumwJh avhusifhay;rI
pepfwpfck jzpfw,f/ DIR [m Alpine Learning group axmufyahH y;xm;w,f/ tar&d aMumifh pum;oGufoGuf ajym
wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; cHpm;csufrsm; oifwef;ausmif; urSm tausmfMum;qHk;jzpfNyD; EkdifvmNyD jzpfw,f/
tjyeftvSef vJv, S Mf ujcif;udk Autism rsm;udk ABA ausmif;0ifcGifh &&SdzdkYtwGuf Psychology eJY Ph. D &
tajccHxm;w,f/ enf;pepfeJY avhusifhoifMum; cufw,f/ xm;wJh Alpine Cofounder
tar&durSm Autism rsm; ay;w,f/ 3 ESpfrS 21 ESpfMum; Bridget Taylor u 1988
udk avhusifhay;wJhausmif;rsm; ausmif;om;aygif; 28 OD;ukd Alpine rSm ausmif;om; uwnf;u pwif zGifhvSpfcJhwJh
[m ABS eJY DIR enf;pepfrsm; vufcHoifMum;ay;aew,f/ wpfO;D pD&JU ydcYk say;wJh oifcef;pm olr&JUausmif; atmifjrifrIudk
udk oD;jcm;pD usifhoHk;Muovdk New Jersey rS zGifhvSpfxm;wJh ,if ; wd k Y &J U wH k Y jyef r I e J Y wifjy&mrSm ]]ausmif;om; 29
enf;pepfESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk a&mNyD; tJ'Dausmif;udk ausmif;om; &nfrSef;csuf yef;wkdifawGudk &mckdifEIef;[m omrefausmif;
avhusiahf y;wJh oifwef;ausmif; wpfOD;twGuf ynmoifp&dwf tao;pdwrf w S wf rf;jyKpkxm;NyD; rsm;rSm wufa&mufaeMuNyD}}vdYk
vnf; &SdaeMuNyD jzpfw,f/ a':vm 72ç223 tpd k ; &u wkd;wufrIudk rsufjcnfrjywf xnfhoGif;ajymMum;cJhw,f/
urÇmah q;ynmavmuwGif a&S;a&mrorm;awmfBuD; vl e mrS m arh a jrmoG m ;onf / vQif orm;awmfwYkd onf cGpJ w d f
'dkifatmhpudk&d'D; (Diosco- c&pfESpf 1784 ckESpfavmufu &rnfh t*FgwGif xHkusOfoGm;ap
r&Sdrjzpf toHk;0ifaeaom
rides) \ aq;nTe;f wpfcw k iG f tqkdygenf;rsm;udk orm;awmf &ef wif;usypf mG pnf;aESmifjcif;
aq;bufqikd &f m ]ola,mifjrpf} udk 0kid tf &ufwiG f rsm; toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/ xdkYjyif enf;udkvnf; usifhoHk;cJhMu
twwfynmwpfcrk mS usKdcsufí cGJpdwf uko&rnfh? ajcvufrsm;udk cGJpdwf&rnfqdk onf/
arhaq; twwfynmyif odkYr[kwf oHylwyfuko&rnfh
jzpfonf/ arhaq;[lí vlemrsm;tm; emusifrIrS ouf
omatmif oHk;pGJcJhaMumif; azmf
ray:ayguaf o;rD jyxm;onf / xd k Y jyif aq;
a&S;acwfumvuyif ajcmufyifudkvnf; pm;íjzpf
vlom;wdkYonf ap? taiGYudk ½SLíjzpfap toHk;
emusijf cif;udk jyKcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif cGJpdwf
ukornfh vlemrsm;udk rl;arh
arhaysmufapEkid af om oGm;aprnfh aq;ay;jcif;udk
aq;yif? aq;jrpfrsm;udk tv,facwfü orm;awmfwdkY
&SmazG toH;k jyKcMhJ uaMumif; pGeYf vw T cf MhJ uonf/ aq;vGeí f
tvuFmpmqdk vlem aoqH;k oGm;rnft h EÅ&m,f
BuD;rm;vSaomaMumifjh zpfonf/
[d;k rm; (bDpD - 830) \ jyifopfEkdifiHwGif rl;arh
pmayrsm;wGif oGm;atmif aq;0g;wkdufauR;
azmfjyxm;onf/ jcif;udk wm;jrpfcJhaomfvnf;
a&S;*&dacwfEiS hf tjcm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;udkrl
cGifhjyKcJh[ef&Sdonf/ tqdkyg
a&mracwfww Ykd iG v
f nf; enf;rsm;rSm t&ufaopm wdu k f
tqdyk g aq;yif? auR;jcif;ESifh arhaMum ac:
aq;jrpfrsm;udk ua&mwpf (Carotid) aoG;
toH;k jyKcahJ Mumif; vTwfaMumudk zdESdyfjcif;jzpf
onf/ ua&mwpf aoG;aMumudk
rSww f rf;rsm;wGif zdEydS x
f m;aomtcg OD;aESmufoYkd
azmfjyyg&Sdonf/ aoG;a&muf&SdrI wefYoGm;NyD;
20 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006
36
26 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006
pdjk ynfap&jcif; taMumif;&if;
eDu,f[dkuf'½dkuf bufx&Dtdk;rsm;
qDavSmifuef
yg0gtxde;f ,lepf
tif*sit
f &G,t
f pm; avQmch sxm;jcif;
tif*sifawGu owfrSwf vnfywfEIef;eJY vdrftm; torque wpfckrSm
pGrf;aqmif&nf tjrifhqHk; &&Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh yHkrSefum;awG[m aeYpOf
armif;ESif&mü yg0gtxGuf us,fus,fjyefYjyefY axGjym;pGm oHk;&w,f/
t&Sdefjr§ifh&meJY awmifwufawGrSm vQyfppfarmfwmeJY wGef;tm;ay;EdkifrIpGrf;&nfeJY
rsKd;pyfum;'DZdkif;qGJolawG[m tif*sif&JU t&G,ftpm;udk avQmhcsEdkifw,f/
tif*sit
f rsK;d tpm;ajymif;jcif;
tcsKdU um;jyKvkyfolrsm;u orm;½kd;us ypöwifoHk; Otto
cycle "mwfqDtif*sifudk Atkinson cycle tif*sifeJY ajymif; tem*wfrmS yvwfx;kd &,lr,fh
oHk;Muw,f/ 'Dtif*sifawG[m avmifpmudk xda&mufpGm avmif yg0g
uRrf;ay;ayr,fh yg0gxkwfay;rIenf;wmaMumifh us,fjyefYpGm roHk;Mu aemufvmr,fh rsKd;qufopf
bl;/ rsKd;pyfum;&JU vQyfppfarmfwmu 'DaysmhuGufudk jznfhay;w,f/ rsKd;pyfum;'DZdkif;awGrSm ydkí
BuD;aom tydkbufx&Drsm;?
jrif;aumifa& 67 tm;&Sad om tjyifodkY quf,lEdkifr,fh
vQypf pfarmfwm yvwfaygufawG? vQyfppf
aub,fBudK;awGeJY nwGif;
vQypf pf*sief a&wm csif; tm;jyefjznfhay;Edkifr,f/
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○
○
○
○
u bmhaMumifh ndK&wmvJ/ umvDz;kd eD;,m; wuúov kd rf S a*[aA'ynm&Sirf sm;&JU avhvm awG&U cSd suf
○
○
tkZd ek ;f tayguo
f nf tEÅmwduwdu
k &f UJ obm0udk ajymif;vJapEdik w
f ,fqw
kd m
tdkZkef;tvTmaygufw,fqdkwJh pum;vHk;udk Mum;cJh&wm MumygNyD/ ydkvGef;w,fvdkYawmif xifchw J myg/
tckawmh ynm&Sifrsm;u tEÅmwdu a&cJjyiftxufu tdkZkef;ayguf[m aEG&moDvdk aumif;uifjyif
Munfvifwt hJ cgrsK;d rSm UVB (UltraViolet ray) "mwfa&mifjcnfukd a&cJjyifoYkd ydrk dk a&muf&aSd pcJNh y;D
DNA (DeoxyribonNucleic Acid) vdYk ac:whJ tyifeYJ owå0gw&Ykd UJ uvmyfpnf; rsm;rSm&dw S hJ
ADZvu©Pm "mwfypön;f rsm;udk ysupf ;D apw,fvYkd xkwaf zmfajymvmcJyh gw,f/ tqdyk g UVB "mwf
a&mifjcnfvdIif;onf yifavS;yifrTm;rsm; jzpfxGef;rIudkyif avsmhyg;apygw,f/ ¤if;onf ]tyifrsm;
jzpfxGef;rIudk BuD;rm;pGm xdcdkufapjcif;onf vlom;rsm;twGufomru t&m&mtwGuf tpm;tpm
csKw
Ud o
hJ nfh tcsuf jzpfvmvdrrhf nf} uif;pwef&Sd Australian Antarctic Division XmecGrJ S
Andrew Davidson u qkyd gw,f/ ¤if;tzGo UJ nf txl;ojzifh a&cJjyif a'orsm;udk avhvmaeMuNy;D
qufoG,fa&; N*dK[fwkrsm;&JU tultnDudkvnf; &,lxm;w,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf
tdkZkef;tvTmaygufw,fqdkwJh pum;vHk;udkawmh tav;xm;p&m jzpfvmygNyD/
awG&U cSd w
hJ t hJ csuu f a,musmf ;rsm;&JU tzdk a[mfrek ;f "mwfeYJ vufacsmif;rsm;&JU twd?k t&Sn[ f m
qufpyfrI&dSw,fqdkwmyg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh vufnd§K;onf olY&JU vufol<u,fxuf wdkcJh&if
tzdka[mfrkef;"mwf rsm;w,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ xdkYtjyif olonf BuD;jyif;vmwJhtcg trlt&m
Murf;wrf;rIrsm; &dv S mEdik w
f ,fvYkd qdyk gw,f/ 'gukd Peter Hurd eJY ol&U UJ wynfw h u Ykd ausmif;om;
300 wd&Yk UJ vufrsm;udk wdik ;f xGmNy;D okawoejyK avhvmcJw h myg/ ]uReaf wmfw&Ykd UJ pdwaf epdwx
f m;
eJY trltusiahf wGu trd0rf;wGi;f rSm &daS epOfuwnf;u ygvmcJw h myg} [k Hurd u
qdkygw,f/ ]a,musfm;rsm;&JU vufacsmif;rsm;[m trsKd;orD;rsm;eJY wlaecJh&if ol[m pdwfaysmh
nHw h mrsK;d ? pdw"f mwfusv, G w
f mrsK;d jzpfwwfygw,f} [kvnf; Hurd u qufvuf
ajymcJhygw,f/ 'Dvdk ajymvdkYvnf; a,musfm;wdkif;udk oGm;NyD; yHkao rrSwfeJYayghAsm/ jzpfwwfwmudk
ajymwmyg/ bmyJjzpfjzpf olYvufudkMunfhNyD; tenf;tyg;awmh cefYrSef;vdkY &wmaygh/ cufwmu
trsKd;om;rsm;udkom ajymNyD; trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf rygbl;vdkY qdkygw,f/ 'guvnf; vufacsmif;
rsm;&JU twdk? t&Snf tcsKd;tq[m trsKd;om;rsm;eJY trsKd;orD;rsm; rwlMuvdkYygvdkY ajzjyefygw,f/
[m&D,maqm&yf[m jrif;wpfaumif
avmuf t&G,t f pm;&SNd y;D tom;pm;
owå0g jzpfw,f/ uku d zf JEh idk zf Ydk "m;oGm;vkd
cRex
f ufwo Jh mG ;awG ydik q
f idk x f m;w,f/
vufjrefajcjref&v dS w
S Jh aorif;'dik Ef adk qm
'dkifEkdaqmwumh 'dkifEkdaqmawGxJrSm
aMumufrufzG,f aumif;avmufatmif
pDvzdk udk q
f pf 'dik Ef adk qmawG[m
&ufpufvsifjrefol wpfOD;uawmh pDvkdzkdufqpf
&efol okrYd [kwf om;aumifukd
ac:whJ 'dkifEkdaqmawGyJ jzpfw,f/ cE¨mudk,f a&Smifwcif wku d cf u dk Ef ikd pf Gr;f
oG,fvSuspfvspfí olY&JUt½dk;awGuvnf; &Sw
d ,f/ xufjrufvw S Jh
ayghyg;NyD; tav;csdef rpD;vSbl;/ cE¨mukd,f vufonf;? oGm;awGeYJ ukwzf Jh
ayghyg;oGm;whJtwGuf vIyf&Sm;ajy;vTm;rIrSm tvGef ukud jf zJavh&w dS ,f/
vsifjrefoGm;awmhwmaygh/
&Snvf sm;
cRex
f ufaom
vufonf;rsm;
iSuuf v
k m;tkwt
f vm; 'kid Ef adk qmrsm;
tkyfpktoif;tyif;eJY trJvkdufwwfwhJ
vnfyif;&Snf&Snf EIwfoD;&Snf&Snf 'dkifEdkaqmawGvnf;
&Sdao;w,f/ 'DaeYacwf iSufukvm;tkwfawGeJY
toGiftjyif wlaewmaMumifh
iSufukvm;tkwf'dkifEkdaqmvkdY trnfay;xm;w,f/
iSuu f v k m;tkwf tvGeftajy;jrefolawGjzpfNyD; ykwfoifeJY
'kid Ef adk qmawG[m 'DaeYacwf tif;qufowå0gawGudk zrf;qD;pm;aomufavh&Sdw,f/
urÇmt h jrefq;kH
wmwkt d ajy;cseyf ,
D aH wGxuf
tqaygi;f rsm;pGm jrefatmif iSuu f v k m;tkw'f ikd Ef adk qmawGuawmh wjcm; tom;pm;
ajy;Ekid Mf uw,f/ 'kid Ef adk qmawGavmuf aMumufp&m raumif;ygb;l / olwx Ydk ufBu;D whJ
'kid Ef adk qmawGeJY &ifqidk &f whJtcg tvGw½f ek ;f
ajy;Ekid pf Gr;f &SMd uw,f/
tajy;jrefzkdY
aemufajctpHu k kd
awmifwh if;oefrm
ay;xm;&w,f/
olwYdk ajy;vTm;csed rf mS
aemufu&Snv f sm;whJ
tNr;D eJY [efcsuxf ed ;f ay;xm;w,f/
9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 33
(cylinder bearings) awGudk udk toHk;jyKwJh air bearings
Working Knowledge oH;k avh&w
dS ,f/ Disk drive awG toH;k jyKzdYkBuHqaeMuNyD/ tcsuf
vnf y wf & mrS m tvG e f q H k ; tvuf odkavSmifodrf;qnf;rI
twdrf;tapmif;cHvSwJh yrmP t&rf;odyfonf;vm&if tJ'D
[m 0.05 rdu k u
f ½drk wD mtwGi;f tcsuftvufawG[m owf
yJ jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'Dvdk rSwfxm;wJhtcsdeftwGif; jyef
armfwmtao;pm;av;rsm; wduswnfNidrpf mG vnfywfEidk zf Ykd vnf &SmazGEkdifvdkY cgwkdif;xuf
abmpdo;kH wJh b,f,m&if;tao; jrefjref ydkNyD;vnfywfay;zdkY vkd
oDcsif;zGifhpuf? uifr&meJY yJ&Sdw,f/ tJ'D spindle mo- pm;uav;awG wnfaqmuf,l tyfw,f/ tJ't D cgrSmyGwwf u
dk f
qJvfzkef; tp&SdwJh vloHk;vQyf tor uav;wpfvHk;[m vuf &r,fq&kd if ukeu f sp&dwf t&rf; tm; ydkjzpfay:vmr,f/ t&if
ppf toHk;taqmif ypönf;av; acsmif;xdyfrSm wifxm;vdkY& BuD;oGm;vdrfhr,f/ 'gaMumifh oHk;ae&musqDu ay;wJh acsm
awG&UJ t&G,t f pm;[m wpfaeY atmifao;auG;w,f/ BuD;rm; b,f,m&if; ae&mrSm txl;qD arGYrIeJY rvHkavmufawmhbl;/
wjcm; ydkydk ao;i,fvmae wJ h armf w mtrsm;pk u awmh trsK;d tpm;wpfcu k okd ;kH NyD; vnf Hard disk rsufESmjyifrSm
w,f/ 'Dtv D ufx&Geef pfypön;f rotor vnfywf&mrS abmpd 'grS ywfap&w,f/ Fluid bear- odyfonf;uspfvspfpGm xnfh
uav;awG u d k ao;oxuf r[kwf qvif'g b,f,m&if; ings aygh/ tckawmh ½dk;½dk;av; xm;wJh tcsuftvuf (bits)
ao;atmifvkyfwm vlBudKuf
rsm; vmayr,fh olwkdYrSmygwJh
armf w muav;awG u d k ao;
oxufao;atmif vkyfzdkY vdk
vmw,f/ armfwm tao;pm; HARD -DISK DRIVES
av;awG&JU vkyfaqmifcsuf[m MP3 oDcsi;f zGiphf uftrsm;pk[m hard disk drive
aemifawmf armfwmBuD;awG&JU (HDD) awGrmS wnfaqmufxm;&ygw,f/ tJ'D
½lyaA' ed,mrawGtay:rSm HD ukd armfwmeJY vnfywf armif;ESiaf y;&w,f/
enf;enf; csJUxGifxm;wmyg/ 'Dvkd vSnyhf wfaerSvnf; vd&k m sector tykid ;f vku
d rf mS
iPod vdk MP3 zGifhpuf wnf&adS ewJh tcsut f vufawG a&G;cs,zf wf½rI I
uav;udkyJMunfh/ olYrSmygwJh jyKEidk rf mS jzpfw,f/ Actuator motor u read head
rSwfÓPf odkavSmifxm;wJh? qdw k hJ zwfacgi;f udk a&Sw
U ;kd aemufiif vIy&f mS ;apNy;D
hard disk uav;xJrSm xnfh vdck siw f hJ tcsut
f vuf vrf;aMumif; (data track)
oGif; rSwfom;xm;wJh tcsuf awGukd a&G;cs,f zwf½EI ikd af pw,f/
tvuf odyfonf;rI[m wpf
pwk&ef;vufrqdw k hJ {&d,may:
rSm tcsuftvuf6 gigabytes
odkYr[kwf oDcsif;yk'fa& 1500
pmavmuf 0ifqHhatmif jyKvkyf
xm;w,f/ Disk &JUtxlyrmP
uvnf; 10 qifhwef '*Fg;
wpfjym;pmavmufawmif r&Sd
bl;/ wu,fhudk yg;yg;vsvs
uav;/ tJ'D disk uav;udk
spindle motor eJY vSnhfywf
ay;&w,f/ Spindle motor &JU Actuator - 'Darmfwmudk voice-coil design yHpk t
H wdik ;f jyKvyk f
tv,faumifu rotor uav; xm;w,f/ pD;0ifwhJ vQypf ;D tenf;trsm;ay: rlwnfNy;D oHvu dk wf eG ;f
qdk&if txlyrmP 2 rDvDrDwm wku
YH efreI YJ actuator arm vufwu H kd a&Gv
U sm;apw,f/
tuDtrkd &kd w
D m
tDvufx&Gefepf vlo;kH ukeyf pön;f rsm;\ zcifMu;D
qdek u
D rk P
Ü u
D kd wnfaxmifol tuDtrkd &kd w
D monf c&D;aqmif
x&efppöwma&'D,?kd a0gch rf if;uufqufEiS hf pD'w
D u
Ykd kd rdwq
f uf
ay;cJhonf?
*syefEikd if t
H ay: ab;'kQqd;k -uD; usa7mufvk trnfrSm 7Snfvsm;axGjym;jyD;
qJqJjzpfonfh 1945 ckESpf ESpfv,fcef\wGif a0g c
h r
f if
; ud k pwif jz ef c
Y s c
d p
J
h Of u qGJaqmifr=r7Sdonfh wdkusdK w,fvD
tuDtdkrdk7Dwmonf udPwpfckudk tjyif; rd&k w
D monf ol\ uGefjrLeDau;7Sif; tif*sifeD,mvkyfief;
txef aqmif7Gufvsuf7SdaecJhonf? ta&mif ; 0ef x rf ; rs m ;twG u f aumfydka7;7Sif;[lI jzpfonf? 1958
xdkpOfu a7wyfwGif 'kAdkvftqifhjzifh omrefxuf t&G,t f pm; ckESpfwGif ›if;wkd\uk$+D. trnfudk
wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf7Sdaom vli,fav; Bu ;
D rm;aom td w u
f yf r sm; tvGeftrif; *syefrqefap7eftwGuf
wpfOD;jzpfonfh rdk7Dwmonf od_Hynm7Sif yg 0 if o nfh txl ; qdkeD[k ajymif;vJrSnfhac:cJhonf?
rsm;tzGJ\ESifh yl;aygif;I tyljzifh vrf;nFef csKyv f yk x f m;aom &Syt f usÐ (qdkeD[laom a0g[m7onf toH[k
xdef;ausmif;onfh vufeufrsm;ESifh tj zLrs m;ud k 0wf q if a pcJ h t"d_m,f7onfh vufwifa0g[m7ESifh
aoewfoHk; n-unhfrSefajymif;wdk\udk qifwl,dk;rSm;jzpfonf?)
ydkrdkaumif;rGef tqifhjrifhvmap7ef -udK;yrf; xdkodk\ trnfajymif;vJ owfrSwfvdkufjcif;
aqmif7GufaecJhjcif;jzpfonf? ›if;wkd\onf *syef. onf enf;ynmarSmf0ifolwpfOD;omru aps;uGufxdk;azmuf
enf;ynmpGrf;yum;jzifh rdrdwdk\. EdkifiHudk u,fwifEdkif7ef a7;Yvnf; yg7rD7Sifjzpfonfh rdk7Dwm. ajymifajrmufonfh
ar~mv f ihf vkyaf qmifaecJ-h ujcif;jzpfonf? tar7duefppfwyfu vkyf7yfwpfckjzpfonf? qdkeDonf ppfjyD;acwf*syefEdkifiHwGif
tPkjrLAHk;rsm;-uJcsjcif;jzifh ppfudktqHk;owfvdkufcsdefY wDxGifqef;opfEdkifpGrf;t7SdqHk; uk$+Dwpfck jzpfcJhonf?
xdkar~mfvifhcsufrSm wpfppD jydKuGJoGm;7awmhonf? ›if;onf tDvufxa7mepf vloHk;ukefyPnf;rsm;wGif
odk\aomf tdkqmum awmf0ifwUodkvfrS &lyaA'bmomjzifh xGif;azmufatmifjrifr= trsm;tjym;udk aqmif-uOf;
bGJ\77SdcJhonfh rdk7Dwmonf *syef enf;ynmpGrf;yum;. ay;EdkifcJhonf? xdkatmifjrifr=rsm;wGif a0ghcfrif; c7D;aqmif
tvm;tvmudk jrifawG\EdkifcJhonf? 1946 ckESpfwGif ›if;onf pwD7D,kduufqufrSpI Philips Electronics ESifh yl;wGJ
vli,ftif*sifeD,m wpfOD;jzpfonfh rmqm<DblumESifh wDxGifxkwfvkyfcJhaom r7Sdrjzpf ta7;ygaeqJjzpfonfh
yl;aygif;I uk$+Dwpfckudk wnfaxmifcJhonf? xdkuk$+D. pD'rD sm;txd yg0ifonf? xd\k jyif rd7k w D monf xduk ek yf Pnf;rsm;
46 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006
udk rnfodk\tpGHxkwf7rnfudkvnf; aumif;pGmod7Sdem;vnfol xdka7'D,dkonf a7mif;ravmufatmifpGHonfh ukefyPnf;wpfck
jzpfonf? tar7duef jynfaxmifpkwGif a0ghcfrif;udk pwif jzpfcohJ nf? xd\kaemuf tESpaf v;q,ft-umwGirf l x7efpPwm
jzef\csdcJhpOfu rdk7Dwmonf ol. ta7mif;0efxrf;rsm;twGuf a7'D,dkudk xkwfvkyfcJhonhfuk$+Donf ta7mif;yrm+
omrefxuf t7G,ftpm;-uD;rm;aom tdwfuyfrsm; yg0if a':vm ^2 bDvD,H7Sdonfh uBmtESH\us,fjyef\aom {7mr
onfh txl;csKyfvkyfxm;aom 7SyftuˆstjzLrsm;udk 0wfqif vkyfief;-uD;wpfcktjzpf 7yfwnfaejyDjzpfonf?
apcJhonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh a0ghcfrif;uufqufudk udk,fESifh odk\aomf rdk7Dwmvkyfor~ atmifjrifcJhonfawmh r[kwfyg?
ruGm tvG,fwul o,faqmifoGm;Edkfifa-umif; oufaojycJh AD'D,dkuufquf7Daumf'grsm;twGuf qdkeDrS tapmydkif;wGif
onf? 1960 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;qDu “*syefjynfwGif jyKvkyf azmfxkwfvkdufonfh pHE=ef;owfrSwfcsufwpfckjzpfonfh
onf” [lonfh ukefyPnf;rsm;onf tar7duef pm;oHk;olrsm; Betamax onf rwfql7SDwm tDvufx7pftif'wfpx7D,,f
twGuf taygpm;/ tnHhpm; yPnf;rsm;om jzpfonf[k uk$+Duo hJ \dkaom jydKifbufrsm;. VHS pHEe= ;f owfrw
S cf suu
f
rSwf,lxm;cJh-ucsdefwGif rdk7Dwmonf ›if;uk$+Dxkwf tvJxdk;jcif;udk cHcJh7onf? xdk\jyif rdk7Dwmu axmufcH
yPnf;rsm;udk a7mif;cs7efESifh qdkeD. t-uD;qHk;aps;uGuf tm;ay;cJhonfh udPjzpfonfh 1989 ckESpfwGif udkvHbD,m
jzpfvmrnfh EdkifiH. bmompum;ESifh vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm; &kyf7Sifvkyfief;udk qdkeDu a':vm 3.^ bDvD,Hjzifh 0,f,lcJh
udkvnf; avhvm7ef rdom;pkudkyg ac:,lvsuf e,l;a,muf jcif;rSmvnf; ueOD;umvrsm;Y t-uD;tus,f t&H=;ay:cJh
odk\ ajymif;a7F\vmcJhonf? rdk7Dwmonf uk$+D. tr=aqmif onf? rdk7Dwm avjzwfa7m*gjzifh uG,fvGefcJhjyD;aemuf
t7m7Sdrsm;tm; t*‡vdyfbmompum;udk avhvm7ef ig;ESpft-umwGif qrfaqmif;uJhodk\aom tjcm;uk$+Drsm;
wdkufwGef;tm;ay;cJhonfh yxrOD;qHk; *syefvlrsdK;wpfOD; onfvnf; vl-udKufrsm;r=. v~dK\0Sufcsufudk azmfxkwfawG\7Sd
jzpfcJhonf? tajrmftjrif-uD;onfh xdkvkyfaqmifcsufu vmcJh-ucsdefwGif qdkeDonf xdkvkyfief;e,fy,fwGif OD;aqmif
qdkeDuk$+Dtm; EdkifiHwumtoGifaqmifvmaponfh tcef;u@udk jyefvnf77Sdap7ef t-udwfte,f -udK;yrf;
tcef;u@opfudk zGifhvSpfay;vdkufonf? ae7qJjzpfonf? odk\apumrl qdkeDonf uREkfyfwdk\ ,ckod7Sd
*syefEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a7;avmuonf rdk7DwmtwGuf *k+f,l ae-uonfh tDvufxa7mepf vloHk;ukefyPnf;vkyfief;udk
cJh-uaomfvnf; ›if;udkrl rnfodk\em;vnf7rSef; rodbJ 7SdcJh-u pwifzefwD;cJholjzpfjyD; rdk7Dwm. v~rf;v~rf;awmuf
onf? rd7k w D monf vli,fb0uyif &d;k 7mxH;k wrf;pOfvmrsm;rS atmifjrifr=udkvnf; tjcm;jydKifbufrsm;tm;vHk;u vdkufvH
aoGznfI om;t-uD;qH;k jzpfaomfvnf; e*d, k m7Sd rdom;pkyikd f twk,lae7qJyif jzpfonf?
qmau;t7ufcsufvkyfief;udk ypfy,fcJhonf? rdom;pk
atmifjrifxGef;
vkyfief;udk pGef\vFwfcJhonfh rdk7Dwmonf wdkusdKjrdK \wGif
AHk;'+fudk tjyif;txefcHxm;7onfh t7yf7Sd vlol
r7Sdawmhonfh ukefwdkufwpfckwGif vkyfief;opfwpfckudk Ed I ; aqmf p m
wnfaxmifvdkufjcif;jzifh ol.tem*wfudk pGef\pGef\pm;pm;
pwif taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf? tpydkif;wGif ›if;wdk\onf jrefrmEkdifiH pmayESifh pme,fZif;tzGJUu tzGJU0if
tcuftcJrsKd ;pHEk iS hf 7ifqikd cf -hJ u7onf? tDbu
l mESihf rd7k w
D mwd\k pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m? umwGef;q&mrsm;
ESpfOD;onf arSmifcdkaps;uGufrS a':vm 100 jzifh 0,f,l
twGuf emrusef; axmufyHhaiGESifh ema&;
xm;cJhonfh 'wfqef;ukefwif,mOfjzifh ukefyPnf;rsm;udk
&Hk;csKyfrsm;qDodk\ ulo,facgufo,f ydk\aqmifcJh-u7onf? ulnDaiGrsm; vkdtyfovdk ulnDaxmufyHh
v~yfppf xrif;aygif;tdk;wpfvHk;rSm vHk;0a7mif;rpHGbJ ay;vsuf&Sdonfh pmay&efyHkaiGodkY tvSLaiG
7Scd o
hJ nf? qdek .D yxrqH;k aom wdy7f aD umf'gonf aps;-uD;jyD; vSL'gef;vdkaom apwem&Sifrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiH
^5 aygifav;onfh {7mryPnf;-uD;jzpfjyD; tusyftwnf; pmayESifhpme,fZif;tzGJU½Hk; 'kwd,xyf?
rsdK;pHk 7ifqdkifae7onfh ppfjyD;acwf*syefEdkifiHwGif ta7mif; pmayAdrmef taqmufttHk? trSwf (529)?
roGufbJ 7SdcJhonf? odk\aomf aemufydkif;wGif x7efpPwmudk
ukefonfvrf;? &efukefNrdKU? zkef; -252417 ESifh
pwifwDxGifxkwfvkyfcJhonfh bJvfvufawG\prf;oyfcef;rsm;rS
0DvsHa7Smhuav. zefwD;r=u rdk7DwmESifh tDblumwdk\udk 385273 wkdYxH qufoG,f vSL'gef;EkdifMu
zrf;pm;EdkifcJhonf? 1953 ckESpfwGif xdkenf;ynmukd a':vm ygonf/
25,000 jzifh rSwfyHkwif7,lcJhjyD; aemufav;ESpft-umwGif jrefrmEkid if H pmayESihf pme,fZif;tzGUJ
c7D;aqmif x7efpPwma7'D,kdudk xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhonf?
9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 47
b,fozl suzf suf rysuEf ikd w
f hJ Nird ;f csr;f a&;
,ciftywfrS tquf umvtxd ,ciftpdk;&tqufqufukd vufeufudkifvrf;pOfjzifh qefY
&Srf;jynfe,f(ajrmufydkif;) uGwfcdkifNrdKUe,f aumif;cg;a'orS KIA usifwkdufckdufcJhaom wkdif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJUrsm; ,ckuJhodkY vuf
wyfr[m(4) tzGu JU vnf; 11-1-1991 &ufaeYwGif ucsit f rsK;d om; wk;d eufudkifvrf;pOfudk pGefYvTwfNyD; tiftm;tvHk;t&if;jzifh w&m;Oya'
wufa&;ESifh vHkNcHKa&;wyfrawmf(KDA) trnfjzifhvnf;aumif;? &Srf; abmiftwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmjcif;onf rsufarSmufacwf jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;
jynfe,f (awmifydkif;)rS OD;atmifcrf;xDOD;pD;aom ytkd0f;trsKd;om; tzJGU orkid ;f wGif txl;rSww f rf;wif&rnfh orkid ;f jzpfpOfyif jzpfygonf/ Ekid if aH wmf
(Pa-O National Organization - PNO) uvnf; 18-2-1991 &uf ESifh wpfrsKd;om;vHk;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk 10 pkESpfydkif;twGif; pdwfoGm;wkdif;
aeYwGifvnf;aumif;? &Srf;jynfe,f(ajrmufydkif;)rS OD;tkdufrkef; OD;pD;aom ukd,fyg t&Sdeft[kefjzifh zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufatmifazmfaqmifEkdifjcif;\ tajccH
yavmif jynf vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfrawmf (Palaung State Liberation taMumif;w&m;vnf;jzpfygonf/ wkdif;&if;om;nD&if; tpfukdarmifESr
Army-PSLA) uvnf; 21-4-1991 &ufaeYwGiv f nf;aumif; Oya' tcsif;csif; vufeufpGJudkif wkdufcdkufrIjzifh EkdifiH\vlYpGrf;tm; t&if;tjrpf
abmiftwGif;okdY toD;oD;0ifa&mufvmcJhMuygonf/ 27-2-1992 &uf rsm;tv[óysupf ;D qH;k ½I;H &rnft h a&;udak &SmifvEJT idk cf jhJ cif;vnf;jzpfonf/
aeYwGif OD;a*b&,fAsHOD;pD;aom u,ef;trsKd;om; vHkNcHKa&;wyf (Kayan ,if;uJhodkY wkdif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;twGuf a&&SnftusKd;pD;yGm; tajrmuf
Nation-al Guard-KNG)uvnf; Oya'abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&mufvmcJh tjrm;ukd aqmifMuOf;ay;vsuf&Sdonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnf aqmufrI &v'f
jyefygonf/ xkt Yd wl 1994 ckEpS w f Gif wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f zGJaU v;zGJU aumif;rsm; ysujf ym;aomfvnf; jynfwGi;f jynfy tzsuo f rm;rsm;u aeYpOf
w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif;odkY qufwkduf0ifa&mufcJhMuaMumif; awGU&Sd& ESit hf rQ aumvm[vowif;rsm; xkwv f GTiu hf m oyfvQKad oG;cJGaeaMumif;
ygonf/ azazmf0g&Dv 24 &ufaeYwGif ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;tpnf;t½Hk; udv k nf; owdjyKrcd Jyh gonf/ vufusew f idk ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t f zGJrU sm;
(KIO) tzGJUonfvnf;aumif;? arv 9 &ufaeYwGif u&ifeDjynfvlrsKd; tm;vHk; EkdifiHawmfESifhvufwGJNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&; &,lwnfaqmufoGm;ygu
aygif;pHk jynfolYvGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;(uvvw) onfvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wkdYtwGuf arsmufopfudkif;vGwfovkd jzpfoGm;rnfukd jynfwGif;jynfy
Zlvidk v
f 26 &ufaeYwGif u,ef; jynfopfygwo D nfvnf;aumif;? atmuf tzsuform;rsm;u tpkd;&drfBuD; pkd;&drfvsuf &SdaeMuygonf/ xkdYaMumifh
wkdbmv 9 &ufaeYwGif &Srf;jynfe,fvlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfolYvGwfajrmufa&; vnf; KNU vufuset f zG?JU SSA-S &Guq f pftzGEJU iS hf KNPP jyef0iftzGJU
tzGJU(&vvz) onfvnf;aumif; Oya'abmiftwGif;odkY a&SUqifh aemuf wktYd m; jynfyq&mBu;D rsm;u r[kwf rrSef vkyBf uzH efw;D rIrsm;jzifh odr;f oGi;f
qifh 0ifa&mufvmcJMh ujcif;jzpfygonf/ vsuf aoG;xk;d ajrm§ ufyifah y;ae Mujcif; jzpfygonf/
trsKd;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; EkdifiHawmf EdkifiHawmftpkd;&ESifh wyfrawmf\ EdkifiHESifhvlrsKd;tusKd;ukd o,fydk;
tBuD;tuJ\Mo0g'trSmpum;ajymMum;NyD;aemuf wpfESpfwmrQumv xrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdaom rGefjrwfrSefuefonfh atmifjrifaomvkyf&yfrsm;
twGif; tiftm;tvHk;t&if;jzifh vufeufESihfNidrf;csrf;a&; tNyD;tydkif vJ udk ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh NzdKcGJzsufqD;&ef rMuHomonfhtcgwGif vufusef wkdif;
vS,cf aJh omtzGrJU mS OD;cGeq f mOD;pD;onfh (Mong Tai Army-MAT) tzGJ Y &if;om;vufeufukdiftzGJUrsm;twGif; usOf;ajrmif;onfh vlrsKd;a&;tjrif
jzpfygonf/ 5-1-1996 &ufaeYwGif MTA tzG0JU iftiftm; 14000 onf rsm; 0ifvmap&eftwGuf Lisenced to Rape?Ethnic Cleansing ponfh
vufeufrsK;d pHk 9000 ukd Edik if aH wmfoYdk t<uif;rJt h yfENHS y;D Nird ;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOf r[kwrf rSef vkyBf uZH mwfvrf;rsm;qifum oyfvQKd aoG;cGJcMJh ujyefygonf/
udk avQmufvSrf;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ 6.4. 1997 &ufaeYwGif w&m;Oya' odkYaomf EkdifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh wyfrawmfu wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;
abmiftwGif;odkY (17)zGJUajrmuf tzGJU0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufvmcJhaomtzGJUrSm tay: xm;&Sdaom rnfolzsufzsuf rysufEkdifonfh apwemtrSefudk ñTef;
OD;apmxGef;OD;OD;pD;onfh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (&cdkifjynf e,f)tzGJUyif qk&d vQif 2002 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D &Sr;f jynfe,fc&D;pOftwGi;f rdeMYf um;cJah om Ekid if H
jzpfygonf/ tvm;wl OD;apmorl[JESifh z'kdOD;atmifqef;wdkY OD;pD;aom awmftBuD;tuJ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfrÈ;BuD; oef;a&T
tzGJUrsm;uJhodkYyif KNU rS cGJxGufNyD; vufeufESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&; vJvS,fcJh \ ESvHk;om;rS jrpfzsm;cHvmaom trSmpum; wpf&yfESifhyif NyD;jynfhpHkae
aomtzGJ Yrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf/ wpfzGJUrSm OD;apmzJ&Drdk; OD;pD;aom KNU onfukd awG&U EdS idk yf gonf/ Adv k cf sKyrf ;lÈ Bu;D u-
oHawmif a'otzGJ jY zpfNy;D 8-11-1997 &ufaeYwGif vufeufEiS hf Nird ;f csr;f ]jynfe,fwkdif; 14 ckvHk;ü aexkdifvsuf&Sdonfh wkdif;&if;om;jynfol
a&; vJvS,fcJhygonf/ aemufwpfzGJUrSm KNU wyfr[m (2)rS cGJ xGufvm tm;vHk;onf aqGrsKd;om;csif; nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;jzpfMu&m wpfOD;
aom OD;ukBd u;D OD;pD;tzGJjY zpfNy;D 10-11-1999 &ufaeYwGif vufeufEiS hf Nird ;f csrf;omusef;rmovdk wpfOD;udkvnf; csrf;omusef;rmatmif vkyfudkif
csr;f a&; vJv, S cf yJh gonf/ 1989 ckEpS ?f rwfvrSpNy;D 1999 ckEpS ?f Ek0d ifbmv aqmif&Gufay;aeaMumif;? EkdifiHawmftpkd;&onf rdbozG,f rdrd\aoG;
txd 10 ESpfwm umvtwGif; w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufcJh om;rsm;jzpfonfh wkdif;&if;om;rsm; aumif;pm;a&;? ,if;wdkY\tem*wf
aom wkdif;&if;om; vufeufudkiftzGJU (17) zGJU&SdNyD; vufeufESifh Nidrf;csrf; aumif;rGefa&;twGuf bufpHkrS jznfhqnf;aqmif&Gufay;vsuf&SdaMumif;?
a&;vJvS,fcJhaom tzGJ Yi,frsm; rsm;pGm&SdcJhygonf/ ,if;odkY EkdifiHawmfESifh tm;vHk;onf jynfaxmifpktwGif;ü rDSwif;aexkdifvsuf&SdMuonfh jrefrm
vufwGJNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufcJhaom wkdif;&if;om; vufeufudkif wkdif;&if;om;rsm;jzpf&m rnfonfhwkdif;&if;om; om;orD;udkrqkd omap
tzGJ0U iftiftm; pkpak ygi;f rSm 67382 OD;&SNd y;D vufeufrsK;d pHrk mS 53838 vuf emap[lí r&SdaMumif;? om;orD;tm;vHk;udk qifpD; jrif;&HapcsifonfrSm
txd &dScJh&m Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufatmifjrifrI twkdif;tq rnfrQBuD; trSejf zpfaMumif;? rdrw d EYkd idk if \H tus,t f 0ef;? o,HZmwESihf vlO;D a& tae
rm;aMumif;udk xdv k v l ufeufta&twGuf yrmPudk Munf½h rkH Q jzifh od&EdS idk f txm;t& rdrdwkdYwkdif;&if;om;rsm; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; nDnDñGwfñGwfjzifh
ygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&; &NyD;aemufydkif; ESpfaygif; 40 ausmf 50 wkid ;f jynfzHG NY zKd ;a&;twGuf vkt d yfcsurf sm;udk jynhpf aHk tmif zdzpd ;D pD; vkyu f ikd f