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Yd m0ef ta&;ok;H yg;

jynfaxmifpkrNydKuGJa&; 'kdYta&;
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tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhckdifNrJa&; 'kdYta&;

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jynfoo
Yl abmxm;

Ä jynfytm;udk;ykqdef½kd; tqkd;jrif0g'Drsm;tm; qefYusifMu/


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Ä EkdifiHawmf wnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;ESifh EkdifiHawmf wkd;wufa&;udk aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrsm;tm; qefYusifMu/
Ä EkdifiHawmf\ jynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzuf aESmifh,Sufaom jynfyEdkifiHrsm;tm; qefYusifMu/
Ä jynfwGif;jynfy tzsuform;rsm;tm; bkH&efoltjzpf owfrSwf acsrIef;Mu/

Ekid if aH &; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf


Ä EkdifiHawmfwnfNidrfa&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;
Ä trsKd;om; jyefvnf pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&;
Ä ckdifrmonfh zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'opf jzpfay:vma&;
Ä jzpfay:vmonfh zGUJ pnf;ykH tajccHOya'opfEiS t
hf nD acwfrD zGUH NzdK;wk;d wufaom Ekid if aH wmfopfwpf&yf wnfaqmufa&;

pD;yGm;a&; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf


Ä pkdufysKd;a&;udk tajccHí tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;udkvnf; bufpkHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;
Ä aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifpGm jzpfay:vma&;
Ä jynfwGif;jynfyrS twwfynmESifh t&if;tESD;rsm; zdwfac:í pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;
Ä Ekid if aH wmfp;D yGm;a&; wpf&yfv;Hk udk zefw;D Edik rf pI rG ;f tm;onf Ekid if aH wmfEiS hf wkid ;f &if;om;jynfow
l Ydk \ vuf0,fwiG &f adS &;

vlraI &; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf


Ä wpfrsKd;om;vkH;\ pdwf"mwfESifh tusifhpm&dwå jrifhrm;a&;
Ä trsK;d *kP?f Zmwd*P
k jf rifrh m;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rItarGtESprf sm; trsK;d om;a&;vu©Pmrsm; raysmufysuaf tmif xde;f odr;f
apmifha&Smufa&;
Ä rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&;
Ä wpfrsKd;om;vkH; usef;rmBuHhckdifa&;ESifh ynm&nfjrifhrm;a&;
trSwf 40? 2006 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 9 &uf
2 rsuEf mS zH;k aqmif;yg;
2 >> uav;rdbrsm; odxm;oifhwJh Autism
okdYr[kwf txD;usef pdwfa0'em
9 >> Autism rsm;ukd avhusifhoifMum;ay;wJh enf;pepfrsm;

odyeHÜ nf;ynm taxGaxG


12 >> wGifus,fvmOD;rnfh tpm;xkd;avmifpmpGrf;tif
20 >> arhaq;twwfynm jzpfay:wkd;wufvmrIorkdif;
25 >> atmhpfya&; tao;pm;av;rsm;

26 >> Hybrid um;rsm;u ywf0ef;usifukd


pdrf;vef;pkdjynfap&jcif; taMumif;&if;
28 >> 'gawG oifodygp
30 >> uav;odyÜH
34 >> Working Knowledge

36 >> odyÜHeJY EkdifiHa&; xdyfwkduf awGYavaomtcg


38 >> wpfywftwGif; EdkifiHwumowif;ESifhrSwfpk

urÇmausmf wDxiG zf efw;D &Sirf sm;


36 46 >> tuDtkdrkd&Dwm
tDvufx&Gefepf vlokH;ukefypönf;rsm;\ zcif

odyÜHESifhenf;ynm*sme,f
trSwf 197 (c)? yxrxyf? 33 vrf;? &efuek /f 50
zke;f -387305/ e-mail - heritage@ct.com.mm orkdif;xJu aeY&ufrsm;
t,f'w D mcsKyf wm0efctH ,f'w
D m
armifjrifhMuG,f armifarmifMuD; 54
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38 56
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pufrIZkef/ apmifa&- 500? wefzkd;- 300 usyf
odaumif;p&m tar;tajz

9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 1


uav;rdbrsm;
odxm;oifw
h hJ
okrYd [kwf
txD;usef pdwaf 0'em

2 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


AUTISM

a&m*gvu©Pm&JU odomwJh vu©Pmwpfck jzpfwhJ pum;yDyD oo rajymEkid jf cif;aMumifh


A
utism

todÓPferd u hf sotl jzpf owfrw S f jcif; cHc&hJ wJh Hannah &JU b0 twGuf vGecf w hJ hJ
atmufwb dk mvtwGi;f u tm;wufp&m arQmv f ifch suaf wG ay:xu G v f m cJw h ,f/ Autism aMumifh olr &JU csK,
Ud iG ;f aewJh
Sense of balance ? sensoryperception eJY taxGaxG use;f rma&;wku Yd kd wk;d wufvmatmif ESpt f awmfMum
BuKd ;pm;ukoay; aeMuwJh olr&JrU b d ESpyf g; tyg t0if Therapist awG? nutritiouist awGeYJ ausmif;q&mawG [m
Hannah &JU 13 ESpaf jrmuf arG;aeYrwkid r
f D &uftenf;i,ftvdrk mS olr&JU xl;jcm;wJh wHjYk yef rIukd awGU jrifcMhJ u&w,f/
tJ'aD eYu Facilitated Communication Institute &JU ñTerf LS ; Chadwick u olrud k avhusihf oifMum;ay;xm;wJh
oD;oefY Computer rS wpfqifh ]rif; bmawGrsm; ajymcsiaf eovJ Hannah?} vkYd type ½du k Nf y;D ar;vdu
k w
f t hJ cg
a0'em&Sif uav;ruav;u ]I Love mom }vkYd type ½du k Nf y;D jyef vnf ajzMum;cJw h ,f/
9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 3
tJ ' D a emuf wpf E S p f c G J t*Fvef? 'def;rwfeJY jyifopfrSm
avmuf umvtwGi;f rSm Han- Autistic disorder awG vsif
nah av;[m ol r &J U td r f u vsifjrefjref wkd;yGm;aewmudk
Facilitatad communication awG U &S d a e&w,f / 'gayr,h f
&JU uGefysLwma&SUrSm q&mr Hannah vdk a0'em&SifawGu
ar;wJh ZD0aA'?t,fv*f sb D &meJY olwdkY&JU tawGUtBuHKawGudk
a&S;acwforkdif;awGudk oif,l jyefvnfajymjyEkid w f t hJ jyif odyÜH
EkdifcJhwJhtwGuf wpfaeukef ynm&SifawG[m Autism &Sdae
wpfaecef; wDADGxkdifMunfhae csifolawG&JU cE¨mukd,feJY OD;
cJh&wJh olr&JUb0[m MunfEl; aESmufukd ykdNyD; avhvmod&Sdvm
tm;wufz, G &f mawGeYJ BuHKawGU MuwJhtwGuf Autism eJY ywf
cJh&w,f/ olr&JUq&mr Jacob oufwJh a&S;a[mif; t,ltq
u ]]Hannah rSm pmzwfEkdifwJh awG[ m wjznf;jznf; uG,f
pGrf;&nftjyif olr[m wjcm; aysmufp jyKaeNyD jzpfw,f/
taMumif;t&mawGuv kd nf; od ,cktxd od&SdNyD;orQxJ
Ekid pf rG ;f w,fqw dk mawmh odom u tHhMozG,f&mrsm;udk wifjy
aeygNyD}}vdkY rSwfcsufcscJhw,f/ &r,fqkd&if-
wpf a eYrS m Jacob u (1) Autism [m ]]uifqm}}vdyk J
ocsFmykpäm (30)udk wGufckdif;wJh jzpfyGm;apwJh taMumif;&if;
tcg Hannah u ar;cGef;udk rsm;pGm&So d vdk a&m*grsK;d uGaJ ygif;
wpfcsufrQom vSnhfMunfhNyD; vnf; trsm;tjym; &Sdw,f/
tajzawGudk type ½dkufjyEkdifcJh a&m*g&JU vu©PmawGuvnf;
w,f/ thHMoaewJh q&mru trsKd;rsKd;yJ? wcsKdUrSm ÓPf&nf
]]rif;rSm photographic me- jrifrh m;ayr,fh vlraI &; odwwf
mory rsm; &Sdaeovm;}} vdkY rI pGr;f &nf edru hf s½rkH Qom awGY&&dS
ar;wJhtcg olru ]]yes }} vdkY ayr,hf jyif;jyif;xefxef cHpm;
type ½kdufNyD; ajzMum;cJhw,f/ &ol r sm;ud k uk d , f v uf t *F g
tJ'aD emufrmS awmhtopfwx D iG f roefpGrf;olrsm;tjzpf awGY&Sd&
ay;vku d w
f hJ qufo, G rf pI epf&UJ w,f/ tJ'v D t
dk rsK;d tpm;uGjJ ym;
pGrf;&nfaMumifh Hannah &JU aewJhtwGuf q&m0efrsm;u
ÓPf&nfÓPfaoG;[m tqifh tJ'D disorder udk Autistic
qifh wkd;wufvmcJhawmhw,f/ Spectrum Disorder (A.S.D)
tar&duef psychiatrist vkYd ajymif;vJ owfrw S f ac:a0:
Leo Kanner, Autism uk d Muw,f/
pwifawGU&Scd NhJ yD; ESpaf ygif; (60) (2) ,cifu tm½HkcHpGrf;&nfeJY qufoG,fxm;yHk[m omref wJt h wGuf umuG,rf eI YJ ukorI
ausmf Mumonfw h idk af tmif tJ'D <uufom;vIy&f mS ;rIukd xde;f csKyf r[kwfayr,fh Autism jzpfap twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:
½IyfaxG;vSwJh pdwfazmufjyef wJh OD;aESmufxJu Cerebel- EkdifwJh ,if;vGJrSm;rIeJY Autism xGufvmw,f/
jcif; (disorder) taMumif;eJY lumrSm jzpfwahJ &m*gvdYk ,lqcJh aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh vGJrSm;rI (4) Autism udk ukowJh enf;
ywfoufNyD; ajz&Sif;csufxuf wJh Autism udk OD;aESmuf&JU tcsKd;tpm;ukd &Sif;&Sif;vif; vrf;awG ay:aygufvmNyD jzpf
]]ar;cGe;f }}awGuom wpfpxuf ae&mtESYH tjym;udk qufo, G yf kH vif; rod&ao;bl;/ wJth wGuf Therapists rsm;[m
wpf p rsm;jym;vmcJ h w ,f / qufo, G ef nf; csKUd ,Gi;f rItjzpf (3) Immune system [m toifhavsmfqHk; enf;vrf;rsm;
bmaMumifh jzpf&w,fqw dk mudk ajymif;vJ ½IjrifvmMuNyD jzpf Autism trsKd ; tpm;wcsKd U eJY a&G;cs,fukoEkdifMuNyD jzpf
,ckxd wdwdusus rod&ao; w,f/ Nerve fibres awGeJY jzpf y G m ;&mrS m ta&;wBuD ; w,f/ tJ'Dtjyif Autism [m
ayr,f h tar&d u ef ? *syef ? OD;aESmuf&UJ tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;udk yg0ifywfoufaewmudk od&adS e b0wpfavQmufvHk; apmifhMuyf

4 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


AUTISTIC OD;aESmuf&UJ Anatomy

Autistic OD;aESmufrmS omref OD;aESmufrsm;eJY 3 ywf0ef;usi&f UJ ajcmuf vSecYf &H rI? &ifwiG ;f cHpm;rIeYJ
rwlwhJ uGv
J cJG suf trsm;tjym; yg&wdS ,f/ vlraI &; tjyKtrlrsm;eJY ywfoufwhJ amygdala &JU
t&G,ftpm;vnf; BuD;xGm;aew,f/ tJ'Dvkd
odyyHÜ nm&Sif rsm;u tJ'u
D v
JG cJG suf rsm;[m Bu;D xGm;ae&jcif;[m Autistic rsm;&JU Bu;D rm;wJh
Autiom &JU ]taMumif;&if;}vm; aomueJY qufpyfrI &Sdw,fvdkY ,lq& w,f/
]tusK;d quf}vm; qkd wmudk cGjJ cm;Ekid zf Ydk olprd ;f wpf a,muf&UJ rsuEf mS udk Munfw h thJ cgrmS
olw&Ykd UJ amygdala u ajcmufveS rYf eI YJ
avhvmaeqJ jzpfw,f/ &ifqidk &f ovdk wkjYH yh efaMumif; awG&U &dS w,f/

4 Memory eJY oufqidk f wJh hippocam pus u


omrefxuf 10 &mcdik Ef eI ;f cefyY Nkd y;D Bu;D
1 usK;d aMumif; qifjcifwhJ
frontal
xGm;aew,f/ Autism uav;awG [m
lobes u white matter rsm;aMumifh
tajctaewpf&yfukd Mum;jzwfwt Jh cgrmS olw&Ykd JU
tqrwef BuD;xGm;aew,f/
Memory udk tm;uk;d &wJt h wGuf hippocam
Autism uav;i,fwpfa,muf&UJ
pus BuD;xGm;vmw,fvkdY ,lqMuw,f/
OD;aESmuf[m touf 2 ESpf t&G,rf mS
vsijf refpGm Bu;D xGm; vmygw,f/
5 Cerebellum [mvnf; frontal lobes vdyk J
2 OD;aESmufb,fbuf jcrf;eJY whitematter rsm;eJY jynfEh u
S af ew,f/
nmbufjcrf;udk qufoG,fwJh Corpus D uefaY wG[m Autistic awGrmS
tJ't
Callo-sum &JU t&G,t f pm;u tm;enf;avh &Sw d hJ ½kyyf ikd ;f qkid &f m[efcsuf
ao;i,faewJh twGuf Autistm nDaqmif&u G rf ?I vIy&f mS ;rI? BupH nfr?I
OD;aESmufrmS tueft Y oD;oD;[m awG;ac:rpI wJh t&nftaoG;rsm;twGuf
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G rf rI &Sb
d J oD;jcm;pD tvGef ta&;ygw,f/
tvkyfvkyfMuw,f/

uko&wJh disorder jzpfayr,hf acgifjh zpfcaJ &m*gtjzpf owfrw


S f for Diease control and Pre- nia rS toxicologist Isaac
toufi,fpOfrSm ukorIudk cHcJh&wJh Autism udk ,cktcg vention ( C.D.C) u xkwjf yef Pessah u Autism rdom;pk
cH,lcGifh&cJhwJhtwGuf uav; tar&duefrSm tMurf;tm;jzifh aMunmxm;w,f/ jzpfyGm;EIef; 700 xHrS qHyif? aoG;? qD;eJY
oli,fwcsKUd rSm a&m*gvu©Pm uav; 166 a,mufarG;wkdif; vsijf refpmG wk;d wufvmwJt h wGuf
tom;p erl e mawG ,l N yD ;
rsm; jyefvnf ray:aygufawmh wpfa,mufxHrSm awGY&Sdae&NyD autism research vk y f i ef ; owKå"mwf 17 rsKd;? pestici-
aMumif; wifjyxm;Muw,f/ jzpfw,f/ tJ'DjzpfyGm;EIef;[m twGuf tar&dueftpkd;&u des? opioids eJY wjcm; tqdyf
vGefcJhwJh 10 ESpfuxuf ESpfq vGefcJhwJh q,fpkESpfrsm;xuf oifah pwJh "mwfaygif;rsm; yg0if
a&m*gjzpfymG ;EIe;f rsm;vmwmjzpfNyD; rsKd;quf oH;k qykwd hJ &efyakH iGa':vm oef;
rI prf;oyfppfaq;NyD; ywf0ef;
1970 jynfEh pS rf sm;wke;f u wpfcktwGif;rSm 10 q wkd;yGm; (100)udk axmufyHhcJhw,f/ usifuAutism tay: tusKd;
jzpfyGm;rI tvGefenf;yg;wJh jzpf vmwmjzpfaMumif; Centers University of Califor- oufa&mufrI &Sdr&Sdudk pl;prf;

9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 5


avhvmaeovkd Gene Scien-
list awG u vnf ; rsKd ; AD Z &J U vl r I a &;vk y f i ef ; wpf c k
tusK;d oufa&mufru
I kd &SmazGwhJ uav;tcsi;f csi;f upm;MuwJt h cgrmS
tcg Medical Investigation txD;usef pdwaf 0'em&So d u l av;rsm;
of Neurodevelopmental twGuf qlnHoHawGu tawmf
Disorders &JU okawoeñTer f ;ª taESmift h ,Sujf zpf&ygw,f/
jzpfol David Amaral [m wpfa,mufvufukd wpfa,mufu
Autism udk jzpfapEkdifwJh xl; qGx
J m;Mu&ifvnf; 'Dvydk gy/J 'gayr,hf
qef;wJh antibody rsm;udk Au- tJ'tD csurf sm;ukd jyifay;Ekid yf gw,f?
tistic pattern &SdwJh rdom;pk e,l;*smpDjynfe,f? pwef;[kyûf ru Ud
rsm;xJu uav;rsm;eJY Autistci tcrf;tem;yJaG wGrmS olwu Ydk dk
uav;rsm;udk arG;zGm;ol rcd if&UJ aysm&f iT af pcJyh gw,f/
aoG;xJrSm awGY&Sd&ayr,fh Au-
tism &JU taMumif;&if;udk wdwd udk tajccHNyD; aqmif
(MRI)
usus razmfxkwfEkdifMuao; &Gucf w
hJ hJ avhvmrIrsm;t& Au-
bl;/ 'gayr,fh odyÜHynm&Sif tistic uav;awG[m arG;zGm;
trsm;pk[m Autism jzpf&jcif; cgprSm OD;aESmuf&UJ t&G,t f pm;
taMumif;&if;awGxrJ mS ADZa&m u omrefjzpfayr,hf 2 ESpf
ywf0ef;usifyg yl;aygif; yg0if t&G,frSm ½kwfw&uf BuD;xGm;
w,fvdkY ,HkMunfMuw,f/ vmwmud k awG U &S d c J h & w,f /
touf 4 ESpfa&mufwJhtcg
Autistic OD;aESmuf omref 19 ESpfom; uav;
jzpf&wJh taMumif;&if; wpfa,muf&UJ OD;aESmuf t&G,f
rsm;ukd wdwdusus razmfxkwf tpm;xd BuD;xGm;vmaMumif;
Ek d i f a o;ayr,h f Autistic Courchesne u &Si;f jycJw h ,f/
uav;oli,fawG&JU OD;aESmuf
toGifoP²mefawG[m omref
r[k w f w muawmh aocsm
w,f/ olwYkd&UJ OD;aESmufawG[m
tvGefBuD;xGm;aew,f/Chil-
dren's Hospital of San Die-
go u neuro scentist jzpfwJh
Eric Courchesne &JU magne-
tic resornance imaging

em;tquf t oG , f
txD;usef pdwaf 0'em (Auti-
stic) &Sod l uav;i,frsm;onf
wpfO;D OD;ukd rsuv f ;Hk eJY pum;ajym
wmxuf yg;pyfeYJ ajym&wmukd
ykdNyD;oabmusygw,f/
'Dvdk uRr;f usiw f hJ q&mrrsm;u
tqkyd gtcsuu f dk
tav;xm;Muygw,f/
6 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006
tJ'DyHkrSefr[kwfwJh BuD;xGm;rI w,f/ olwYkd &UJ OD;aESmufawGrmS
[m rde;f uav;rsm;rSm ydrk o kd o
d m teD;uyf area awG&JU quf
xif&Sm;NyD; Autistic uav; 5 oG,frI[m tvGef rsm;jym;ae
a,mufrSm wpfa,mufomvQif NyD; tvSr;f uGma0;wJh ae&mawG
rd e f ; uav;jzpf a ewJ h tcsKd ; eJY qufoG,frIu tm;enf;ae
tquk d v nf ; ol u quf Muw,f/ tJ't D jyif OD;aESmuf&UJ
vuf ajymMum;oGm;cJhw,f/ b,fbufjcrf;eJY nmbufjcrf;
Amaral eJY wjcm; okawoD qufoG,frI[mvnf; tvGef
rsm;&JU avhvmrIt& vlrIa&; tm;enf;aew,f/ tJ'D quf
tjyKtrlrsm;eJY ywfoufwJh oG,frIudk teD;pyfqHk; Oyrm
OD ; aES m uf & J U amygdala [m ay;&r,fqkd&if jynfwGif;zkef;
vnf; omreft&G,t f pm;xuf awGrmS jywfjywfom;om; Mum;
BuD;xGm;aewmudkvnf; awGU&Sd &ayr,hf ta0;ajymzkef;rSm ryD
cJhMuw,f/ tJ'DBuD;xGm;rI [m ro Mum;&wJh w,fvDzkef;
Autistic a0'em&Sif 80 &mcdkif system eJY tvm;oP²mef wl
EIef;avmufrSm awGY&avh&SdwJh w,fvdkY ajym&rSm jzpfw,f/
]]pkd;&drfrIvGefuJjcif;}}eJYyg quf omref IQ &SdwJh touf
pyfíaew,fvYkd ,lqMuw,f/ 15 ESpfeJY touf 30 Mum;u
]] Autistic brain &J U autistic a0'em&Sifrsm; pOf;pm;
white matter rsm; ysHUEHSYaeykH awG;ac:aecdu k rf mS brain ama-
[m omrefOD;aESmufrsm;eJY rwl ging eJY Scan vkyfNyD; avhvm
bJ xl;jcm;aew,f}}vdkY Har- Munfw h thJ cg]]olwYkd&UJ OD;aESmuf
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10 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 13


armif;vdkY &w,fqdkwm 1920
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Model A um;awG pay:
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oHk;aewJh armfawmfum;wdkif;
armfawmfum;wdik ;f qDwpf*gvefudk . . . . qDwpf*gvef rdkif 40 &wJh
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tar&d u ef jynf a xmif p k u apwJh umAGef'dkifatmufqdkuf tif*sifeD[m Don MacKen- oGm;vdrfhr,f/ tJ'DyrmP[m
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pmpGrf;tif vdktyfcsufudk tDo pdwfcs&p&m taMumif;r&Sdbl;/ awGtaeeJY qDwpf*gvefudk jznf;eJY cef;ajcmuf ukecf ef;vm
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14 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


Mumjrifh vdrhfr,f/ um;awG txd &SdvmNyDvdkY qdkw,f/ tJ'D w,f/ aemufay:wJh armfawmf timing) qD y ef Y eJ Y qD v rf ;
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kd m udkyJ oHk;pGJEdkifwm rsm;ygw,f/ cHEdkif&nf (corrosive-resis-
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urÇmBuD; uarmufurjzpfNyD; w,f/ umvDz;kd eD;,m;jynfe,f vkyfolawGtaeeJY flex-fuel ay;&ygr,f/
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edrv
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gasoline avmifpmqDudk oHk;pGJ
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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 15
rSm tDoaemavmifpmt&uf cif;xJrmS pdu
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16 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 17


vnf; xkwfvkyfvkdY &Edkifyg qd k w m tjcm;r[k w f y gbl ; / vT w f r I avsmh u soG m ;r,f / 'grSr[kwf biomass ethanol
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awGudk toHk;jyKavh&Sdygw,f/ xkwv f yk v
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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 19

 
 
 
 

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20 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006
    

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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 21


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tDomudk yxrOD;qH;k &SmazGawGY axmifpk a*smf&D,mjynfe,f

22 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 23


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24 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 25


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36
26 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006
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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 37


27
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awGudk pkwf,lpm;aomufMuygw,f/ wpfenf; tm;jzifh "mwfawG ajymif;ukefw,fqdkygawmh/
'Dydk;rTm;rsm;[m a<uusypönf;rsm;udk ukefatmif rpm;EdkifcifrSmyJ aoqHk;ukefMuNyD; a<uus
ypönf;awGu xGufwJh umAGefawGeJY ydk;rTm;awGu usefcJhwJh umAGef"mwfrsm;[m ajrvTmrSm
pkukefjyefygw,f/ 'Dvdk ESpfaygif; axmifaomif;ru oHo&m vnfvmcJhwJh þurÇmajrBuD;[m
umAGeft<uif; tusef? tptersm;eJY rvSrywJh tndKa&miftjzpf pGJNrJvmcJhw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/
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tndKa&mifjzpfw,fvaYkd wmh ajymvdYk r&yg/ tcsKtUd &yfu oJawGu tjzLa&mif oef;aeMuNy;D
oH"mwf<u,f0wJh ajrrsKd;u teDa&mif jzpfaewwfygw,f/ aemufNyD; tndKa&mif ajrom;atmufudk
wl;Munf&h ifvnf; tjcm; ta&mifawG awG&U rSmyg/ umAGe"f mwf enf;wJh ajrom;rsm;rSm t0g? teD? rD;cd;k
ponf jzpf aeNyD; yg0ifwJh owåK"mwfrsm;aMumifhvnf; ta&mifudk ajymif;apwmyg/


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a&mifjcnfvdIif;onf yifavS;yifrTm;rsm; jzpfxGef;rIudkyif avsmhyg;apygw,f/ ¤if;onf ]tyifrsm;
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tdkZkef;tvTmaygufw,fqdkwJh pum;vHk;udkawmh tav;xm;p&m jzpfvmygNyD/


28 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


2006
oifv
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○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

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ajymwmyg/ bmyJjzpfjzpf olYvufudkMunfhNyD; tenf;tyg;awmh cefYrSef;vdkY &wmaygh/ cufwmu
trsKd;om;rsm;udkom ajymNyD; trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf rygbl;vdkY qdkygw,f/ 'guvnf; vufacsmif;
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qif taumif 30 wGif GPS (Global Positioning System) pufrsm; wyfqifNy;D uifnmEdik if H ajrmufyikd ;f a'owpf0u kd rf mS
9 ESpw f mrQ okawoejyK avhvmcJw h myg/ avhvmawG&U cSd surf sm;t& qifrsm;[m rDwm 200 tjrifu h kd wufz&Ykd m tcsed f wpfem&Dpm
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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 29


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ajcwH

30 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


toD;t&Gupf m; 'kid Ef adk qmrsm;
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awGvnf; ay:xGef;chJw,f/ vGefchJwhJ ESpfoef;-160 umvavmufwkef;u BuD;pdk;
rif;rlchJwhJ cGeftm;tBuD;qHk;eJY tjrefqHk; owå0gawG[m 'kdifEkdaqmawGyJ jzpfw,f/
9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 31
rkq;dk 'dik Ef adk qmrsm;
tom;pm; 'kdifEkdaqmawG trsm;BuD; ay:xGef;chJw,f/ wcsKdUu
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pykid Ef akd qm&yf 'dik Ef adk qmrSmawmh
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vsifjrefoGm;awmhwmaygh/

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32 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


0yfusi;f 0ifwJh 'dik Ef adk qm tkAd &D yfwm'kid Ef akd qm&JU uk,
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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 33
(cylinder bearings) awGudk udk toHk;jyKwJh air bearings
Working Knowledge oH;k avh&w
dS ,f/ Disk drive awG toH;k jyKzdYkBuHqaeMuNyD/ tcsuf
vnf y wf & mrS m tvG e f q H k ; tvuf odkavSmifodrf;qnf;rI
twdrf;tapmif;cHvSwJh yrmP t&rf;odyfonf;vm&if tJ'D
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abmpdo;kH wJh b,f,m&if;tao; jrefjref ydkNyD;vnfywfay;zdkY vkd
oDcsif;zGifhpuf? uifr&meJY yJ&Sdw,f/ tJ'D spindle mo- pm;uav;awG wnfaqmuf,l tyfw,f/ tJ't D cgrSmyGwwf u
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wjcm; ydkydk ao;i,fvmae wJ h armf w mtrsm;pk u awmh trsK;d tpm;wpfcu k okd ;kH NyD; vnf Hard disk rsufESmjyifrSm
w,f/ 'Dtv D ufx&Geef pfypön;f rotor vnfywf&mrS abmpd 'grS ywfap&w,f/ Fluid bear- odyfonf;uspfvspfpGm xnfh
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tvuf odyfonf;rI[m wpf
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odkYr[kwf oDcsif;yk'fa& 1500
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34 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 35


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36 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 37
wpfywftwGif; EdkifiHwumowif;ESifhrSwfpk

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40 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


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48 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


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9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 49


ordkif;xJu aeU&ufrsm;
aA'ynm&Sif Amedeo Avo- onf/ olonf 1980 jynfhESpf
9th AUGUST gadro udk arG;zGm;cJyh gonf/ ol wGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/
aqmufjcif;jzpfNyD; tqifh 3 onf Molarity oDt&kd ED iS hf armf aoqHk;jcif;
qifh yg0ifum tjrifh 186 ay vDusL;wdkY\ tav; csdefwG,f 1969 ckEpS f NAdwo d Qvrl sK;d ½lyaA'
&dSonf/ ¤if;\ apmif;aeaom jcif;qdkif&m oDtdk&Drsm;udk azmf ynm&Sif Cecil Frank Powell
yHkpHaMumifh ,aeYwkdif urÇmay: xkwfcJholjzpfí 'Avogadro's uG,v f eG cf o
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ttkHwpfck jzpfaeygonf/ onfh trnfvnf; jzpfonf/ avhvm&mwGif ta&;BuD;onfh
1995 ckEpS f qufoG,fa&;? tif olonf 1856 ckESpfwGif uG,f "mwfyHk½kduf,lonfh enf;ynm
wmeuf uGe&f ufEiS hf uGeyf sLwm vGefcJhygonf/ udk wDxGifazmfxkwfcJholjzpfí
oHk; ypönf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfae 1896 ckEpS f *smrefvrl sKd; ½lyaA' Edb
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tjzpftysurf sm; rS IPO pepfukd pwifazmfaqmif zGm;cJo
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taqmufttkHudk tDwvDEdkifiH Public Offering' ac: trsm; xkwfcJholjzpfNyD; tDvufx&Gef
yDqmNrdKUwGif pwifwnfaqmuf jynfolrsm;odkY &S,f,mrsm;udk wpfv;kH \ 'molecular orbital'
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¤if;aeYudkvnf; ESpfpOf 'Inter- aA'ynm&Sif Arne Tiselius


10 AUGUST
th
national Biodiesel Day' [l udk arG;zGm;cJhonf/ olonf y½dk
í usif;yjyKvkyfcJhMuygonf/ wif;rsm;\ electrophoresis
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1856 ckEpS f tar&duefjynfaxmif ysufpD;cJh&ygonf/ umo pl;prf;,mOfi,fonf í odyÜHenf;us okawoevkyf
pk vl0DpD,m;em; jynfe,f&dS 1893 ckEpS f *smrefvlrsKd; tif*sif aomMumN*dK[fodkY a&muf&dScJhyg ief;rsm;jzpfatmif pGrf;aqmifcJh
'Last Island' uRef;wGif [m&D eD,mRudolf Diesel \ puf onf/ ¤if;,mOfukd 1989 ckEpS f oljzpfonf/ olonf Edb k ,fvf
udef;rkefwdkif; wdkufcdkufcJh&m vl pGr;f tifo;kH tajccH tif*sipf uf arvuvTww f ifcjhJcif;jzpfonf/ qk&iS f wpfO;D vnf;jzpfí 1971
aygif; 400 cefY aoqHk;cJh&yg udk yxrqHk;tjzpf armif;ESifjy 2003 ckEpS f ½k&mS ;vlrsK;d tmumo ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/
onf/ ¤if;wGif 5 ay tjrifh ocJhygonf/ ¤if;onf *smreD ,mOfrLS ; Yuri Ivanovich Ma- aoqHk;jcif;
&daS om a&vdiI ;f 0ifvmrIaMumifh EdkifiH MopbwfcsfNrdKUwGif jzpfí lenchenko ESifh Ekaterina 1896 ckEpS f *smrefvlrsKd; av
Dmitriev wdkYonf tmumo aMumif;ynm a&SUaqmif Otto
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1902 ckEpS f qDG'ifvlrsKd; "mwk Robert Goddard uG,v f eG cf hJ

50 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


th wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygonf/ ol
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¤if;wGif Intel 8088 proces- ygonf/ olonf tif*sifeD,m
sor, 16~640KB Memory wpfOD;vnf;jzpfí Steve Job
wdkYudk wyfqifxm;NyD; IBM ESifhtwl Apple uGefysLwm
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udk toHk;jyKxm;ygonf/ ¤if; onf/ ,cktcg Job Woz-

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av,mOfysufusrIvnf; jzpfcJh Harry Brearley onf oHrPd Zmwfvrf;wGJrsm;vnf; jzpfyg 
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McWhirterwdkYudk arG;zGm;cJhyg cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ w,fvDaA;&Sif; enf;ynm a&SU
onf/ olwdkYonf pma&;q&m arG;zGm;jcif; aqmif John Logie Baird udk
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of Records' wnfaxmifol aA'ynm&Sif Richard Wills- ctro mechanical television
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jzpf M uonf / Ross Mc onftyifa&mifjc,fypön;f rsm; onf/ olonf 1946 ckEpS w f iG f
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2004 ckESpfwdkYwGif uG,fvGefcJh Edkb,fvfqk&Sif wpfOD;vnf; eD,mESifh wDxGifol ynm&Sif
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usL;qdkif&m ZD0aA'ynm&yfudk wDxGifol ynm&Sif Thomas qk&iS f wpfO;D vnf;jzpfí 1971
azmfxkwfcJholjzpfí Edkb,fvf Edison onf Phonograph ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/
qk&iS w f pfO;D vnf; jzpfygonf/ pufudk jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;wGif aoqHk;jcif;
olonf 1991 ckESpfwGif uG,f "Mary had a little lamb" 1957 ckESpf tar&d u ef v l r sKd ;
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ynm&Sif Frederic Joliot uG,f pk td[k ikd ;f tdjk ynfe,f wuúov kd f
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ynm&Sif Alain Fournier wm0ef usolwdkYu 'Wow! Thomas Edison

9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 53


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54 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006


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Ref: Smart Computing
9 Mo*kwf 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 55
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ae tyifaygufvmwJhtcg yif rSm sweetcorn awGudk jyKwf vSvSyy yGifh[rvmEkdifygbl;/
avmif;ac:wJhembryo twGuf pm;? rD;zkwfpm;wmawGY&w,f/ Ref: Last Word

56 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 9 Mo*kwf 2006

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