AALTO UNIVERSITY

Department of Built Environment

Water and Environmental Engineering

WAT-E2120
Physical & Chemical Treatment Processes of Water and Waste
Laboratory work instructions

Assignments 1 and 2 are carried out in large group (half of the course’s students).
Assignments 3 and 4 are carried out in groups of 6-8 persons group by group. Each
group will be responsible for the laboratory water treatment pilot during one week. Each
group will also have a post-treatment method to study during one session of the course.
Each group member contributes in writing a report that is returned via MyCourses within
the Period IV.
Each group will also present their results and their process to the rest of the students in
a session on 28th of March.
Contents
1. ANALYSING QUALITY OF THE RAW WATER ........................................................................ 4
General description............................................................................................................... 4
Water analyses ..................................................................................................................... 4
2. COAGULATION OF WATER................................................................................................. 4
General description............................................................................................................... 4
Determination of the chemical dosage .................................................................................. 4
Operational parameters for the pilot plant............................................................................ 5
3. OPERATING A WATER TREATMENT PILOT PLANT............................................................... 6
General description............................................................................................................... 6
Process description ............................................................................................................... 6
Daily process monitoring and sampling ................................................................................. 6
Process parameter adjustment ............................................................................................. 7
4. TESTS WITH DIFFERENT POST-TREATMENTS ...................................................................... 7
General ................................................................................................................................. 7
Sand filtration (Group 1) ....................................................................................................... 7
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7
Filtration theory and sand filter operation......................................................................... 7
Laboratory exercise ........................................................................................................... 8
Granular activated carbon filtration (Group 2) ...................................................................... 9
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9
Batch adsorption............................................................................................................... 9
Adsorption as a continuous process ................................................................................ 10
Laboratory exercise ......................................................................................................... 12
Nanofiltration (Group 3) ..................................................................................................... 12
Introduction .................................................................................................................... 12
Membrane units ............................................................................................................. 12
Operation parameters of nanofiltration .......................................................................... 13
Laboratory exercise ......................................................................................................... 14
UV disinfection (Group 4) .................................................................................................... 15
General ........................................................................................................................... 15
The disinfection efficiency of UV ..................................................................................... 16
Laboratory exercise ......................................................................................................... 16
5. REPORTING AND PRESENTING THE LABORATORY WORK ................................................. 17
Appendices
1 List of Standards for analytical methods
2 Instructions for analytical methods
1. ANALYSING QUALITY OF THE RAW WATER
General description
In this laboratory work, students analyse quality of the water that will be used as a raw
water for the water treatment process later on during the laboratory work. The objective
is to understand what kind of water will be treated and gather necessary design
parameters for the following treatment steps. In this laboratory work the content of
organic matter will be measured using UV absorbance (UV 254). The pH and turbidity of
the water will be analysed as well.

Water analyses

- Determine UV254 absorbance of water according to Greenberg et al. (1995) at a

fixed wavelength of 254 nm
- Determine turbidity of water according to standard SFS-EN 27027:2000
- Determine the pH of water according to standard SFS 3021:1979
Collect all the results of your group and present them in the report. Select the values to
be used for the process design.
What other parameters could have been analysed from the raw water?

2. COAGULATION OF WATER
General description
In this laboratory work, students test and understand removal of colloidal matter in water
by using water treatment chemicals. Quality of the water to be treated and the need of
coagulation chemicals are examined. The results are gathered to a work report and the
chemical dosages obtained will be used later in running a treatment process.

Determination of the chemical dosage

The optimal chemical dosage needed to precipitate the colloidal matter in the raw water
is determined. The work is carried out by empirical experimentation. Ferrous sulphate
salt (PIX) is used as a coagulant and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
as a pre-alkali for pH adjustment.
Procedure:
Choose the preliminary dosages of ferrous salt so that they are 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 2.0, 2.5 and
3.0 times the permanganate number (i.e. KMnO4 value that you are given) of the raw
water in mg/l.
Add the chosen amounts of Fe-salt to 100 ml of raw water samples examined and
measure the pH. Then add such a dosage of pre-alkali that the pH is adjusted to the
optimal range which here is 5.5-6.0. The metering is done e.g. with a burette or pipette,
and the amount of pre-alkali (concentration 20 mmol/l) needed is recorded.
Document the initial pH of water and pH after adding the acid or base. Amount of
acid/base dosed could be measured by pipetting 100 µl at a time and recording number
of doses.
The coagulation test is carried out as follows. Pour 1000 ml of raw water to be examined
to the decanters of a serial mixer, add the previously measured pre-alkali dosages
(remember to check its concentration to calculate the amount required, and multiply the
amounts by 10!) to the decanters. Each mixer is possible to switch on independently.
Add coagulant dosages one by one and at once switch also mixers on one by one. Mixers
stir fast in the beginning (for approx. 30 sec.) and then decrease (automatically) the
speed to approx. 30 rpm. Keep on stirring for about 20 minutes.
Observe and record the time needed for the formation of visible flocs. In the end of
stirring, compare the shapes, sizes and amounts of flocs in different decanters. Let the
deposits settle for about 20 minutes. State the differences in their settling speed, the
amount of settled flocs and the nature of the unsettled flocs.
Determine the KMnO4 value from the settled water according to SFS 3036:1981,
avoiding the inclusion of flocs from the bottom of the decanters. Filter the water using a
paper filter. Also determine the absorbance of the samples with the 254 nm wavelength
(use 40 mm quartz cell) and turbidity. Results can be used along the permanganate
numbers in evaluation of the optimal coagulation dosage.
Choose the most applicable chemical dosage and present the criteria that you used for
the selection. How do the chemicals used affect the quality of the treated water? How
the use of calcium hydroxide as a pre-alkali would have influenced the results?

Operational parameters for the pilot plant

The objective is to define the operational parameters of a pilot plant including chemical
from the given design flow rate and raw water quality.

Figure 1. Process scheme of the reactor.

Based on the dimensions of the pilot plant and the given flow rate, calculate the following
design parameters:
 - detention times of the tanks
- hydraulic surface loading of the settling tank
- weir loading rate

Assess the applicability of the pilot plant to the flow rate in question by comparing the
calculated values to those recommended in literature.
Determine the chemical dosage according to the separate work instructions. Calculate a
daily use of chemicals using the given design flow rate.
The pilot plant will be started together with the parameters decided together during
session 4 (2.3.2017).

3. OPERATING A WATER TREATMENT PILOT PLANT

General description
This laboratory work gives an example of how continues processes are controlled and
monitored. Each group will have the responsibility over the lab pilot during one week (see
course schedule for weeks). They will take samples of the influent and effluent, analyse
the water quality and observe the performance of the process daily. They will also that
process equipment are working properly. The objective is together with all the students
adjust and control the process for drinking water production during four weeks. Each
group will make at least one adjustment to the process during their week (e.g. day 3) and
follow its effect on the process.

Process description
Pilot process will contain raw water pumping, chemical dosing, rapid mixing, slow mixing
and settling.
Prepare a flow scheme of the reactor and describe in short the water treatment procedure
at hand.
Within the group decide who is monitoring the process and when. Fill in a student and
an approximate time to the monitoring plan in MyCourses. The monitoring should take
place during working hours of the lab (8 am – 3 pm).

Daily process monitoring and sampling

Familiarise with the operation of a pilot plant and its equipment by testing and adjusting
the pumps. Perform at least the following steps every day:
- Verify the influent flow rate by measuring the yield of the pump per impulse with
e.g. a measuring glass.
- At the end of your week prepare new raw water for the following group. Determine
the KMnO4 value of the new raw water.
- Verify the functioning of the chemical pumps. Check that the chemical reserves
at hand last until the end of the experiments. If needed replace the almost empty
chemical container by a full one. Prepare new chemical solution in the replaced
container.
- Follow the pH meter and try out how the changes in the chemical feed affect the
sensibility of pH variance
- Verify based on a visual judgement that the speed of the mixer is “suitable”
 - Verify the functioning of the sand filter. Check and write down the water level in
the filter column. If needed perform filter backwash.
- Take sample from the influent and effluent and analyse UV 254, pH and turbidity.
- Add the date and sign the monitoring notebook placed next to the reactor. In case
you performed some operation activities or adjustments, add them to the
notebook.
Enter your results and your observations as soon as possible in the “Result sheet”
provided in MyCourses.

Process parameter adjustment

Follow the process operation at least for one day before making changes. Based on your
assessment of the process performance try to improve the process by making at least
one of the process adjustments:
- Adjust the process pH
- Adjust the feed of ferrous salt.
- Adjust the mixing speed.
Note that in order to be able to determine the cause and effect correctly it is advisable to
change only one parameter at the time and wait enough before making other
adjustments.

4. TESTS WITH DIFFERENT POST-TREATMENTS

General
In this laboratory work four different water treatment processes that are commonly used
in combination with the chemical treatment or as independent treatment steps are tested.
The water treated is the chemically coagulated and settled water from the pilot process.
The processes tested are sand filtration, granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration,
nanofiltration and UV disinfection. The students are divided into four groups and each r
group will work with one process. This lab work will take place simultaneously with the
lecture session of the course. The work may be organized inside the group in a way that
students are taking turns in lab assignments.

Sand filtration (Group 1)

Introduction
Sand filtration can be configured in many different ways. Conventional filtration consists
of a submerged filtration bed where water is moving by gravity. Filter bed can be natural
sand, quartz sand or it can contain two or several layers – on layer of sand and the other
of anthracite. Particulate matter in the matter is retained in the filter. When filter pores
are clogged, the head loss in the filter increases and it needs to be cleaned. The cleaning
is often done by inversing the flow direction (so called backwashing). Modern filtration
units can have a continuous washing and recycling of filter media.

Filtration theory and sand filter operation

The removal of suspended particles within a filter is considered to involve at least two
separate and distinct steps:
1) the transport of suspended particles to the immediate vicinity of the solid-liquid
interface of a filter grain or to another particle previously retained in the bed
 2) the attachment of particles to this surface.

It is generally assumed that suspended particles larger than about 1 µm are transported
to the filter media by settling and interception, but smaller particles are transported by
Brownian diffusion. Adhesion to the surface is caused by the effect of the van der Waals
forces. A coagulant might be added to promote additional adhesion. This enhancement
is based on charge neutralization and bridging. Figure 1 illustrates different transport
mechanisms in filtration.
The filter chamber is usually made out of reinforced concrete, filled with sand and gravel
to the height of 1.5-2 m. The water is usually supplied to the top of the sand-bed and
filtered as it flows through the sand layer. A system of perforated pipes or nozzles on the
bottom drains the chamber. The filter chamber can be constructed as open tanks ( gravity
filters) or closed tanks (pressure filters).

Figure 1 Basic transport mechanisms in filtration.

Laboratory exercise
Run the sand filter continuously for two days.
Calculate the surface loading of the filter.
During the two days of operation, observe the changes in the head loss of the filter. After
two days’ operation, wash the filter manually and restart the filtration. Observe the effect
of washing on the head loss and of the filtration performance by analysing turbidity of the
filtered water.
Decide what is a suitable sampling frequency in this case.
Take the samples from pre-treated water and filtered water and measure the UV 254 and
turbidity. Additionally, analyse iron content of the water according to standard SFS
3028:1976. Be prepared to introduce iron analysis as a part of the group presentation.
The effect of sand filtration on bacteria is followed by analysing the HPC according to the
SFS-EN-ISO 6222. The determination for the bacteria has to be made from the original
sample water as well, but this time using both 1/10 and 1/100 dilutions to sterile water.

Granular activated carbon filtration (Group 2)

Introduction
The adsorption to activated carbon is particularly used in water treatment to remove
organic compounds and chlorine residual that may give rise to taste and odour problems.
Activated carbon is manufactured by burning carbon-containing materials like wood, peat
or coal in anoxic conditions. The activated carbon is “activated” in high temperature as
the organic matter is desorbed out of the material, into which a considerable capacity to
adsorb back organic molecules is formed. The magnitude of the adsorption capacity is
based on the large surface area of the activated carbon pore structure which can reach
0.5-1.5 ⋅ 103 m2/g. The used activated carbon can be regenerated by heating it at 800
○
C. Depending on the quality of the substances adsorbed, also a further chemical
cleaning might be needed.
Activated carbon can be used either in a batch adsorption process by adding it as carbon
powder to the water to be treated, or in a carbon filter. The use as a powder is best
applicable to small treatment plants and to ones with a periodical need to use activated
carbon. The powdered carbon is effectively mixed to the water, and after a desired
contact time (e.g. 1 hour) it is removed either by post-coagulation settlement or by
filtering.
When a carbon filter is applied, the carbon is in granular form. The adsorption of
impurities takes place as a continuous process as the water flows through the filter and
between the carbon particles. As the adsorption capacity is fills, the efficiency of the filter
starts to reduce after the filter has reached a so-called breakthrough point. This reduction
continues until the saturation point i.e. until the whole adsorption capacity has been
utilised. Usually, the changes in the efficiency can be seen in the measurements as an
S-shaped curve. To design a carbon filter and the consumption of the activated carbon,
an assessment about the adsorption curve is essential.

Batch adsorption
The adsorption process can be described by a simple model (Freundlich)

= ∙ , (1)
where
q = ration between the mass of the adsorbed matter and that of the adsorbent (mg/g),
C = concentration of the matter to be adsorbed in water (mg/l),
KF = constant ((mg/g)(l/mg)), and
N = constant > 1 (-)
The constants KF and n can be determined by examining how the degree of adsorption
depends on different concentrations in solution. Thus, the adsorption model (1) can be
modified to

log = log + ∙ log . (2)

By charting log q vs. log C a straight line is obtained, the slope of which is 1/n and the
intersection KF.
In the usage of a batch adsorption, the only thing taking place in water is the adsorption
of the matter to the adsorbent. Thus, the mass balance can be formulated as follows:
∙ + ∙ = ∙ + ∙ (3)
( − )= ( − ) (4)
where
V = the volume of the water treated,
C0 = concentration in the beginning,
C1 = concentration in the end,
M = the amount of adsorbent,
q0 = the adsorbed mass per a adsorbent mass unit in the beginning, and
q1 = the adsorbed mass per a adsorbent mass unit in the end
The event can be examined with an adsorption isotherm (Figure ). C0 is above the
isotherm but C1 and q1 are on the isotherm, in which case a negative gradient is obtained
for the ratio of the mass of activated carbon and the water treated (M/V).

Figure 2 A single-stage batch adsorption to activated carbon.

Since the point C1/q1 lies on the isotherm, it also follows the equation (1), which,
substituted in Eq. 4, gives

( − )= ( ∙ − ). (5)

Adsorption as a continuous process

When adsorption is performed as a continuous process, the reactions inside the carbon
filter can be presented as an adsorption curve (Figure 3)
Figure 3. An adsorption curve of an activated carbon filter (ideal).

The adsorption rate can be presented as

. = ∙ ∙ (6)
where
ka = adsorption rate constant,
C = the concentration in the solution (mg/l), and
Cu = the residual capacity of the adsorbent per mass unit (mg/g).
Since the rate of change for the residual capacity of the carbon is

= ∙ ∙ , (7)

the rate of change for the solution concentration, when going through the carbon bed, is
also dependant on the flow rate of the liquid

= − ∙ ∙ (8)
where
Z = the thickness of the filter bed (m) and
v = the flow rate (m/h).
By performing an integration, the equation can be brought to

= − ∙ ln −1 (9)
where
tB = the filtering time before the breakthrough point (h)
The constants Cu (mg/l) and ka (h-1mg-1) can be determined by charting tB as a function
of Z. The intersection gives a value for the term 1/kaC0 ⋅ ln [(C0/CB) –1] and the gradient
is Cu/C0v. In laboratory scale, the graph can be obtained by filtering a liquid of a known
concentration (C0) through carbon beds having different thickness, and measuring how
much time passes before the breakthrough point is reached. The values for the constants
gained this way can be utilised for the design of full-scale filters, but usually also pilot-
scale tests are required so that the results would better correspond the real conditions.
Laboratory exercise
Perform a adsorption filtration test using granular carbon to determine the constants K F
and n (the latter is normally given as a value for 1/n). Water after sand filtration will be
treated in four (4) filters each having a different bed height of carbon. Weight and add to
the columns 5, 10, 15 and 25 cm of carbon. Start filtration and take an approx. 10 ml
sample from each after 10, 30 and 60?? minutes for the determination of water quality.
Chart the results on a logarithmic paper and calculate the constants.
Take the samples from pretreated water and filtered water and measure the UV-
absorbance, odour and color. Be prepared to introduce odour and color analysis as a
part of the group presentation.
The effect of GAC filtration on bacteria is followed by analysing the HPC. The
determination for the bacteria has to be made from the original sample water as well, but
this time using both 1/10 and 1/100 dilutions to sterile water.

Nanofiltration (Group 3)
Introduction
In nanofiltration pre-treated water is fed through a membrane which pore size is 2-5 nm.
Particles, polyvalent ions, bacteria and viruses become concentrated on the feed side of
the membrane as concentrate and the treated water (permeate) is got from the recovery
side of the membrane. In nanofiltration the typical operational pressure is 7-10 bar and
the recovery is around 85 %. Nanofiltration has been proved to be very efficient in the
removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products in water treatment. The product
quality is very high and uniform, and fulfils drinking water standards. The fouling of the
membranes is one of the most important technical problems in membrane filtration. It is
dependent on the feed water quality, the membrane itself, the way of running the process
and the washing of membranes.

Membrane units
There are four kinds of membrane structures on the market: spiral wound modules,
hollow fiber modules, tubular modules and plate and frame modules. In drinking water
nanofiltration applications the spiral (and to some extent hollow fiber) modules are used
almost solely.
The spiral wound module is made of two nanofiltration membranes where a porous
support plate is mounted between them. The porous support plate is called as permeate
collector. Membranes are connected to each other from three sides when a pocket is
created. The fourth, open side is connected to a plastic tube, where is small holes. On
the surface of the pocket a bit looser, netlike spacer is mounted for feed water and
concentrate collector. Usually, two pockets like this are connected to one collection tube
and these are rolled around each other (Figure 4).
Figure 4 Spiral module.

Operation parameters of nanofiltration

Recovery is calculated by formula

= , (10)
where
Qp = permeate flow (m3/h) and
Qf = feed flow (m3/h)
Concentration factor of membrane filtration process is calculated as

= = (11)
where
Cc = concentration (mg/l) in concentrate,
Cf = concentration (mg/l) in feed water,
R = recovery, and
X = concentration factor (Table 1).

Table 1 Relationship between recovery and concentration factor

R 33 % 50 % 67 % 75 % 80 % 90 % 95 % 97,5% 98% 99 %

X 1,5 2 3 4 5 10 20 40 50 100

Flux:

Feed Water Permeate

Concentrate

= (∆ − ∆ ) = (12)
where,
Fw = water flux through membrane (m3/m2/h)
Kw = mass transfer coefficient for water (g/m2/h/bar)
ΔP = pressure gradient across the membrane (bar)
Δπ = osmotic pressure gradient (bar)
Qp = permeate flow (m3/h)
A = surface area of membrane (m2)

= ∆ = (13)

where,
Fs = salt flux through membrane (g/m2/h)
Ks = membrane permeability for salt (m/h)
ΔC = concentration gradient across the membrane (g/m3)
Cp = concentration in permeate (g/m3)

Temperature correction factor:

. ∙( )
= (14)
where,
k = temperature correction factor (to 20 degrees oC) and
T = temperature oC
Net driving pressure (NDP):

= − − (15)
where
Pf = feed pressure (bar),
Pc = concentrate pressure (bar),
Pp = permeate pressure (bar), and
π = osmotic (average) pressure of feed water (bar).
Osmotic pressure:

= = (16)
where
n = total amount of dissolves (ions and molecules) (mol),
R= gas constant = 8,314 J/K/mol
T = solution temperature (K)
v = volume of the solution (m3),
c = sum of the molar concentration of solution (mol/m3)
kJ/m3 = kN/m2 = kPa = 10-2 bar

Laboratory exercise
A pilot process described in the Figure is used in the laboratory exercise. Two spiral
wrap membrane elements can be used in parallel or series. The diameter of the element
is 6.1 cm (2.5”), the length is 101 cm (40”) and the surface area 2.6 m 2. At first, before
the membranes, pretreated water is fed through a pre-filter, pore size 5 µm. Treated
water will be recirculated to the feed tank. Permeate and concentrate flows can be read
from rotameters. Pressures before and after membranes can be seen from pressure
meters. The permeate filters to the free space, so the pressure of it is zero.
Figure 5 Nanofiltration pilot

Test the operation of a nanofiltration pilot plant. Follow the pressures and flows and write
them down in the beginning and after the run. Take the samples from pre-treated water,
concentrate and permeate and measure the UV-absorbance, TOC, KMnO 4 and
conductivity. Be prepared to introduce TOC analysis as a part of the group presentation.
Compare TOC, KMnO4 and UV254 analyses.
The effect of nanofiltration on bacteria is followed by analysing the HPC. The
determination for the bacteria has to be made from the original sample water as well, but
this time using both 1/10 and 1/100 dilutions to sterile water.
Calculate the recovery, the concentration factor, the flux, the net driving pressure and
the reductions of analysed parameters. Normalize the recovery to the temperature of 25
o
C and to the temperature of 4 bar. The osmotic pressure is not taken into account.
The fouling of the membrane can not be observed reliable on the grounds of a short test
run. Depending on the quality of the pretreated water and the way how the process has
been run, this requires test periods of several weeks. In Table 2 are results of a five day
test run. Calculate (and present as a chart) the reductions of the real and normalized flux
during the run.
Table 2 Results of a nanofiltration test by Filmtec NF270 –membrane

Feed Feed Concentrate Permeate Osmotic Permeate Retentate

Date temp pressure pressure pressure pressure flow flow
°C bar bar bar bar l/h l/h
3/8 19.0 4.0 2.8 0 0 73 395
3/8 19.2 4.0 2.7 0 0 70 400
4/8 19.1 4.0 3.0 0 0 64 384
7/8 19.3 4.0 2.9 0 0 62 379
7/8 19.2 4.0 3.0 0 0 60 363
8/8 19.2 4.1 3.1 0 0 66 378
8/8 19.2 4.0 3.0 0 0 62 362
9/8 19.0 4.0 3.0 0 0 60 344

UV disinfection (Group 4)
General
To secure the hygienic quality of water, water treatment processes normally include
disinfection. This refers to a total annihilation of pathogenic organisms in water. The
disinfection of water can be performed in a variety of ways. The purpose of this laboratory
work is to familiarise the student with the use of UV disinfection
In the report, the student should also compare UV irradiation to other methods of
disinfection, with their advantages, drawbacks and differences in application.

The disinfection efficiency of UV

To examine the disinfection efficiency, an heterotrophic plate count determination and
Escherichia coli determination is applied.
UV dose is measured in millijoules seconds per cm2 (mJ/cm2) and is calculated using
the following parameters:
- UV Intensity (I), measured in milliwatts per cm2 (mW/cm2);
- UV Transmittance (UVT) (%), and
- Exposure time (t) (seconds).
The relationship between these parameters can be described by the following simplified
equation:
UV dose = (I/UVT) x t
UV transmittance or UVT is a measurement of the amount of ultraviolet light (commonly
at 254 nm due to its germicidal effect) that passes through a water sample compared to
the amount of light that passes through a pure water sample. The measurement is
expressed as a percentage, % UVT. Ultraviolet light (commonly at 254 nm) is passed
through a 10 mm quartz cell containing the sample water. The intensity of attenuated
light is measured with a sensor, and compared to that of a pure water sample. The
instrument then reports the UVT value as a percentage.
UV Intensity measures the “amount” of UV energy actually penetrating through the
water being treated. UV dose is the amount of UV energy penetrating the water,
multiplied by the amount of time the water is exposed to this energy. It is the UV dose
that determines the log reduction of a pathogen.
UV dose is usually quoted as either the “average” dose or Reduction Equivalent Dose
(RED). The average dose implies that some of the water being treated will receive the
prescribed dose, some will receive more than the prescribed dose, but, importantly,
some water will receive less than the prescribed dose. If some water receives less than
the prescribed dose, then the prescribed log reduction may not be achieved. This
concern has led to the adoption of the RED concept. In essence, RED suggests that all
the water passing through the UV system will receive at least the prescribed dose,
thereby ensuring the prescribed log reduction targets are achieved.

Laboratory exercise
The objective of the work is to perform a disinfection to the water using a simple UV
disinfection with a lab scale UV lamp. 1000 ml of the water to be disinfected is measured
to six sterile erlenmeyer glasses.
The destruction of bacteria is followed by using three contact times, namely 30, 60 and
120 seconds. Each contact time is tested with two replicate samples After this, the HPC
and E. coli bacterium density of each sample is determined according to the standard
SFS 3016 by filtering the 50 ml samples undiluted through a membrane filter. The
determination for the bacteria has to be made from the original sample water as well, but
this time using both 1/10 and 1/100 dilutions to sterile water.
5. REPORTING AND PRESENTING THE LABORATORY WORK

The results will be reported first in a presentation for the whole course. The presentation
should be approximately 20 min and it should contain:
- An overview of the pilot process performance during the groups week
- The process adjustments made and their effect
- General information about the process studied by the group
- Description of the lab pilot used and analyses carried out, test procedure scheme
- Explanation of the results obtained by the process and design information
The description of the group’s process should contain a lot pictures from the lab work.

The results will be also reported in the written report containing:

1) Contribution of the members of the group

2) Introduction
3) Treatment of surface water
4) Methods
a. Lab reactor description
b. Post-treatment description
c. Analytical methods
5) Results of the lab reactor and process optimization
6) Results of the post treatment
7) Discussion of the treatment performance (comparison of your results to literature
values)
8) Conclusions and suggestions for the treatment to be used

The assessment of the report will be following:

0. Pre-tasks 3 p (literature work on NOM)
1. Method description 5p
2. Lab reactor results 3p
3. Post-treatment results 3p
4. Discussion and conclusions 4p
Total 18 p
Appendix 1

SFS-EN ISO 8199, dated 2008 Water quality. General guidance on the enumeration of micro-
organisms by culture

SFS-EN ISO 6222, dated 1999 Water quality enumeration of culturable micro-organisms.
Colony count by inocculation in a nutrient agar culture medium

SFS 4088, dated lämpökestoisten koliformisten bakteerien lukumäärän määritys

kalvosuodatusmenetelmällä (in Finnish)

SFS 3036, dated 1981 Veden kemiallinen hapenkulutus (in Finnish)

SFS-EN ISO 7027, dated 2000 Determiantion of turbidity

SFS 3028, dated in 1976 Veden raudan määritys

SFS-EN ISO 7887, dated 2012 Examination and determination of colour

SFS-EN 1484, dated 1997 Guidelines for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and
dissolved organic carbon (DOC)

SFS-EN 27888, dated 1994 Determination of electrical conductivity