Reinforced Concrete Column Design Basics

CHOU Soklin, Ph.D.
7/3/2018
Reinforced Concrete Design
Lecturer: CHOU Soklin, Ph.D.

Department: Civil Engineering
Academic Year: 2017/2018
1
5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
5.1 Introduction
• Columns are members used primarily to support axial
compressive loads.
• Perfect vertical alignment of columns in a multistory building is
not possible, causing loads to be eccentric relative to the center
of columns.
• The eccentric loads will cause moments in columns. Therefore,
a column subjected to pure axial loads does not exist in concrete
buildings.
1
CHOU Soklin, Ph.D. 7/3/2018
5.1 Introduction
• However, it can be assumed that axially loaded columns are those
with relatively small eccentricity, e, of about 0.1 h or less, where h is
the total depth of the column and e is the eccentric distance from the
center of the column.
CL P
e
h
5.2 Types of Columns

 Columns may be classified based on the following different
categories:
1. Based on loading, columns may be classified as follows:
a. Axially loaded columns, where loads are assumed acting at the
center of the column section.
b. Eccentrically loaded columns, where loads are acting at a distance
e from the center of the column section. The distance e could be
along the x or y axis, causing moments either about the x or y
axis.
2

c. Biaxially loaded columns, where the load is applied at any point
on the column section, causing moments about both the x and y
axes simultaneously.
2. Based on length, columns may be classified as follows:
a. Short columns, where the column’s failure is due to the crushing
of concrete or the yielding of the steel bars under the full load
capacity of the column.
b. Long columns, where buckling effect and slenderness ratio must
be taken into consideration in the design.

3. Based on column ties, columns may be classified as follows:
a. Tied columns containing steel ties to confine the main longitudinal bars in the
columns. Ties are normally spaced uniformly along the height of the column.
b. Spiral columns containing spirals (spring-type reinforcement) to hold the
main longitudinal reinforcement and to help increase the column ductility
before failure.
3

4. Based on the shape of the cross section:
Square column, rectangular column, round column, L-shaped
column, octagonal column, or any desired shape with an adequate
side width or dimensions.
5. Based on frame bracing:
In braced frames, columns resist mainly gravity loads (non-sway
column), and shear walls resist lateral loads and wind loads. In
unbraced frames, columns resist both gravity and lateral loads (sway
column), which reduces the load capacity of the columns.

6. Based on materials:
Columns may be reinforced, prestressed, composite (containing
rolled steel sections such as I-sections), or a combination of rolled
steel sections and reinforcing bars.
4
5.3 Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns

When the load on the column is increased to reach its design strength,
the concrete will reach the maximum strength and the steel will reach
its yield strength, fy. The nominal load capacity of the column can be
written as follows:
Po  0.85 f c' ( Ag  Ast )  Ast f y
where
Ag :grosssection of concretearea
Ast :longitudinalsteelarea
5.3 Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns

• For a tied column, the
concrete fails by crushing
and shearing outward, the
longitudinal steel bars fail by
buckling outward between
ties, and the column failure
occurs suddenly.
• A spiral column undergoes a marked yielding, followed by considerable
deformation before complete failure. A hoop tension develops in the
spiral, and for a closely spaced spiral the steel may yield. A sudden
failure is not expected. 10
5
5.4 ACI Code Limitations

1. For axially as well as eccentrically loaded column, the strength
reduction factored:
0.65 for tied columns
 
0.75 for spirally reinforced columns
2. Longitudinal steel percentage:
Ast
1%   s   8%
bh
3. At least 4 bars for rectangular column and 6 bars for circular

column. Spacing between the longitudinal bars must be less than
150 mm and the clear cover is at least 40 mm. 11

4. Minimum ratio of spiral reinforcement:
 Ag  f'
 s  0.45   1 c
 Ach  f yt
Ag : gross area of section
Ach :area of core of spirally reinforced column measured to the outside
diameter of spiral
f yt : yield strength of spiral reinforcement
12
6

5. Minimum diameter of spiral bar is 10 mm and their clear spacing
should be between 25 mm and 75 mm.
6. Minimum diameter of ties is 10 mm to enclose longitudinal bars of
smaller than No. 32 bar. Minimum diameter of ties is 13 mm to
enclose longitudinal bars of larger than No. 32 bar.

7. Center to center spacing of ties: sst  min 48 Dstirrup ,16 Dbar , b
Where
Dstirrup : diameter of stirrup
Dbar : diameter of longitudinal bar
b : smaller size of column

13
5.5 Design Equations

Because a perfect axially loaded column does not exist, some
eccentricity occurs on the column section, thus reducing its load
capacity, Po , should be multiplied by a factor equal to 0.8 for tied
column and 0.85 for spirally reinforced column.
Thus, the axial load strength of columns:
For tied column:

Pu   Pn   (0.80) 0.85 fc' ( Ag  Ast )  Ast f y 
For spiral column:
Pu   Pn   (0.85) 0.85 f c' ( Ag  Ast )  Ast f y 

14
7

These equations can be written as:
 Pn   K 0.85 f c' Ag  Ast ( f y  0.85 f c' )  to calculate axialload strength of column
 Pn   KAg 0.85 f c'   g ( f y  0.85 f c' )  to design secion of column
where
0.80:for tied column

K 
0.85:for spiral column
0.65 for tied columns

 
0.75 for spirally reinforced columns
15
16
8
6. COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING
6.1 Introduction
• Vertical members such as column of a building frame are subjected to
combined axial loads and bending moments. These forces develop due to
external loads, such as dead, live, and wind loads.
• From Figure below, columns AB and CD are subjected to an axial
compressive force and a bending moment.
17
6.1 Introduction
• The ratio of the moment to the axial force is usually defined as the
eccentricity e, where e = Mn/Pn. The eccentricity e represents the distance
from the plastic centroid of the section to the point of application of the
load
e
 Pn
18
9
6.1 Introduction
Ex. 6.1. Determine the plastic centroid of the section shown below. Given:
f′c= 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
A 270 mm
65 mm 65 mm
As1 As 2
350 mm 3No.32 2No.32
x
400 mm
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6.2 Design Assumptions for Columns

The design limitations for columns, according to the ACI Code are as follows:
1. Strains in concrete and steel are proportional to the distance from the
neutral axis.
2. Equilibrium of forces and strain compatibility must be satisfied.
3. The maximum usable compressive strain in concrete is 0.003.
4. Strength of concrete in tension can be neglected.
5. The stress in the steel is f s   s Es  f y
6. The concrete stress block may be taken as a rectangular shape with
concrete stress of 0.85f′c
20
10
6.3. Load-Moment Interaction Diagram
21

When a normal force is applied on a short reinforced concrete column, the
following cases may arise, according to the location of the normal force with
respect to the plastic centroid:
1. Axial Compression (P0). A large axial load is acting at the plastic
centroid; e = 0 and Mn = 0. Failure of the column occurs by crushing
of the concrete and yielding of steel bars.
2. Maximum Nominal Axial Load Pn,max . A normal force acting on the
section with minimum eccentricity, emin. Pn,max = 0.80P0 for tied
columns and 0.85P0 for spirally reinforced columns. In this case,
failure occurs by crushing of the concrete and the yielding of steel
bars. 22
11

3. Compression Failure. A large axial load acting at a small
eccentricity. The range of this case varies from a maximum
value of Pn = Pn,max to a minimum value of Pn=Pb (balanced
load). Failure occurs by crushing of the concrete on the
compression side with a strain of εcu = 0.003 and fs < fy. In this
case Pn > Pb and e < eb .
4. Balanced Condition (Pb). A balanced condition is reached when
the strain of concrete reaches 0.003 and the strain in the tensile
reinforcement reaches εy = fy/Es simultaneously. Failure of
concrete occurs at the same time as the steel yields. 23

5. Tension Failure. This is the case of a small axial load with large
eccentricity, that is, a large moment. Before failure, tension
occurs in a large portion of the section, causing the tension steel
bars to yield before actual crushing of the concrete. At failure,
the strain in the tension steel is greater than the yield strain, εs >
εy, whereas the strain in the concrete reaches 0.003. The range of
this case extends from the balanced to the case of pure flexure.
When tension controls, Pn < Pb and e > eb .
24
12

6. Pure Flexure. The section in this case is subjected to a bending
moment, Mn, whereas the axial load is Pn =0. Failure occurs as
This image cannot currently be display ed.

in a beam subjected to bending moment only.
25
26
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6.4. Strength Reduction Factor

 The strength reduction factor, Ø, to be used for columns may vary
according to the following cases:
27
6.4. Strength Reduction Factor
28
14
6.5. Balanced Condition: Rectangular Sections

• A balanced condition occurs in a column section when a load is
applied on the section and produces, at nominal strength, a strain of
0.003 in the compressive fibers of concrete and a strain εs = εy =
fy/Es in the tension steel bars simultaneously.
• When the applied eccentric load is greater than Pb, compression
controls; if it is smaller than Pb, tension controls in the section.
29

 The analysis of a balanced column section can be explained in steps:
1. Calculate the distance from the extreme compressive fibers to

d  cb 0.003d
the neutral axis cb:  y   s   0.003  cb 
cb 0.003   y
30
15

2. Calculate the balanced compressive force Pb:
From equilibrium,
Pb  Cc  Cs  T  0
where Cc  0.85 f c'abb ; Cs  As'  f s'  0.85 f c'  ; T  As f y
cd'
f s'   s' Es   0.003Es
c
Pb  0.85 f c'abb  As'  f s'  0.85 f c'   As f y
31

3. Calculate the eccentricity,eb , from the plastic centroid:
Taking moment about the plastic centroid:
Mb
The balanced eccentricity is eb 
Pb
32
16

Ex. 6.2. Determine the balanced compressive force Pb; then determine
eb and Mb for the section shown in Figure below. Given: f′c = 28 MPa
and fy = 420 MPa.
65mm
4No.29 bars
210 mm 275mm
485mm
550mm
d "  210 mm
4No.29 bars
65mm
350mm
33
6.6. Strength of Columns for Tension Failure

• When a column is subjected to an
eccentric force with large eccentricity e,
tension failure is expected. The column
section fails due to the yielding of steel
and crushing of concrete when the strain
in the steel exceeds εy.
• In this case the nominal strength, Pn,
will be less than Pb or the eccentricity, e
= Mn/Pn, is greater than the balanced
eccentricity, eb. 34
17

• Because it is difficult in some cases to predict if tension or
compression controls, it can be assumed a tension failure will occur
when e > d. This assumption should be checked later.
35
36
18
37
8. Check whether the tension steel is yielding:  s   y
10. Compute the strength of column:  Pn  Pu and  M n  M u
38
19

Ex. 6.3. Determine the nominal compressive strength, Pn, for the section
given in Figure below, if e = 500 mm.
Pn
39
6.7. Strength of Columns for Compression Failure

• If the compressive applied force, Pn, exceeds the balanced force, Pb,
or the eccentricity, e = Mn/Pn is less than eb, compression failure is
expected.
40
20
41

• Because it is difficult to predict compression or tension failure
whenever a section is given, compression failure can be assumed
when e < 2d/3, which should be checked later.
1. Calculate the distance to the neutral axis for a balanced section:
0.003d
cb 
0.003   y
2. Calculate Pn from equilibrium equation:

Pn  Cc  Cs  T where Cc  0.85 f c' ab; Cs  As' ( f s'  0.85 f c' ); T  As f s
Since, the compression steelis yielding,  s'   y  f s'  f y
 Pn  0.85 f c' ab  As' ( f y  0.85 f c' )  As f s

42
21

3. Calculate Pn by taking moments about the tension steel, As
 a h
Pne '  Cc  d    Cs (d  d ') where e '  e  d " and As  As'  d "  d 
 2 2
1  a 
Pn   0.85 f c'ab  d    As' ( f y  0.85 f c' )( d  d ') 
e'   2 
d c d  a / 1
From the strain diagram, s   0.003   0.003
1d  a c a / 1
f s   s Es   0.003Es
a
 0.85 f c'b  3
 a   0.85 f c'b(e ' d )  a 2
 2 
  As' ( f y  0.85 f c' )(e ' d  d ')  0.003Es As e ' a  0.003Es As e ' 1d  0 43
 Aa3  Ba 2  Ca  D  0
Where
 A  0.425 f c'b

 B  0.85 f c'b(e ' d )


C  As' ( f y  0.85 f c' )(e ' d  d ')  0.003Es As e '

 D  0.003Es As e ' 1d
44
22

4. Check that the tension steel is not yield:
d c
s   0.003   y
c
5. Check whether the compression steel is yielding:
cd'
 s'   0.003   y
c
If  s'   y , repeat steps 2 through 4
6. Check the conditions for compression controlled section:
e  eb and Pn  Pb
45

7. Compute the strength of the column:
 Pn and  M n
46
23

Ex. 6.4. Determine the nominal compressive strength, Pn, for the section
given in Figure below, if e = 250 mm.
Pn
47
Ex. 6.5. Draw the interaction diagram for the column section below:
Pn
48
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6.8. Rectangular Columns With Side Bars

• In some column sections, the steel reinforcement bars are distributed
around the four sides of the column section.
• The side bars are those placed on the sides along the depth of the
section in addition to the tension and compression steel, As and A′s,
and can be denoted by Ass.
As'
h
Two side bars
Six side bars (one on each)
(three on each) As
b b
49

• In this case, the same procedure explained earlier can be applied,
taking into consideration the strain variation along the depth of the
section and the relative force in each side bar either in the
compression or tension zone of the section. These are added to those
of Cc, Cs and T to determine Pn in which
0.85 f c'
 cu
 s1
Cs1
 s2 Cc
c Cs 2
h  s3 Cs 3
 s4 T1
s T2
b 50
25
Pn  Cc   Cs   T Pn

Pn  0.85 f c' ab   Cs   T
d' e
Taking moment about PC As' e'
h d PC
 a 
M n  Pn e  0.85 f c' ab  d   d "  d" As
 2 
  Cs (d  di'  d ")
b
  Ts (d  di'  d ")  As f y d "
Where Cs  As' ( f s'  0.85 f c' ) and Ts  As f s
51

Ex. 6.6. Determine the balanced compressive force Pb; then determine
eb and Mb for the section shown in Figure below. Given: f′c = 28 MPa
Pb
and fy = 420 MPa. 
65 mm
110 mm
110 mm
570 mm
110 mm
110 mm
65 mm
570 mm
52
26
6.9. Load Capacity of Circular Columns

• The values of load capacity Pb and the nominal moment Mn for
circular sections can be determined using the equations of
equilibrium, as was done in the case of rectangular sections.
• The main problem is to find the depth of the compressive block a and
the stresses in the reinforcing bars.
53
54
27
55

Ex. 6.7. Determine the balanced load Pb and balanced moment Mb of
the circular column as shown in Figure below. The circular column with
diameter of 410 mm is reinforced by 8 No. 32 bares. Use fc’ = 28 MPa
and fy = 420 Mpa.
56
28
6.10. Design of Columns for Tension Failure

• Tension failure occurs when Pn < Pb or the eccentricity e > eb. In the
design of columns, Pu and Mu are given, and it is required to
determine the column size and its reinforcement.
• It may be assumed (as a guide) that tension controls when:
 Mu
 P  530 mm for h  610 mm
 u

 Mu
 P  610 mm for h  610 mm
 u
• In this case, a section may be assumed, and then As and A′s are
determined. The ACI charts may be used to determine ρg for a given
section with As = A′s . 57

1. Assume the dimension of the section b and h, then calculate d, d’
and e = Mu/Pu such that
e ≥ 530 mm for h < 610 mm
or e ≥ 610 mm for h ≥ 610 mm
or e > d
2. Assume As = A’s, Pu = ØPn and f’s= fy
As  As '
3. Check reinforcement ratio: 1%   g   8%
bh
58
29

4. Check the strength of column: ØPn ≥ Pu , ØMn ≥ Mu
5. Calculate the stirrup requirement
59

Ex.6.8. Determine the necessary reinforcement for a 400×560-mm.
rectangular tied column to support a factored load Pu = 1000 kN and a
factored moment Mu = 550×103 kN.m. Use f ′c = 28 MPa and fy = 420
MPa.
560 mm
400 mm
60
30
6.11. Design of Columns for Compression Failure

 Opposite to the conditions of the tension failure:
1. Assume the dimension of the section b and h, then calculate d, d’
and e = Mu/Pu .
2. Assume As = A’s, Ø = 0.65 and fs = fy
   e  0.5 
P bhf c   d  d '
' 

As'   u  

3he fy
 1.18 
 d2 
As  As '
3. Check reinforcement ratio: 1%   g   8%
bh
4. Check the strength of column: ØPn ≥Pu , ØMn ≥ Mu
5. Calculate the stirrup requirement
61
6.11. Design of Columns for Compression Failure

Ex.6.9. Determine the necessary reinforcement for a 400×560-mm.
rectangular tied column to support a factored load Pu = 1000 kN and a
factored moment Mu = 300 kN.m. Use f ′c = 28 MPa and fy = 410 MPa.
560 mm
400 mm
62
31
6.12. Biaxial Bending

If the load Pn is acting anywhere such that its distance from the x-axis
is ey and its distance from the y-axis is ex, then column will be
subjected to a combination of an axial load Pn, a moment about the x-
axis = Mnx= Pney and a moment about the y-axis = Mny = Pnex. The
column section in this case is said to be subjected to biaxial bending.
63
6.12. Biaxial Bending

• The neutral axis is at an angle with respect to both axes
• It’s lengthy to determine the location of the neutral axis, strains,
concrete compression area, and internal forces and their point of
application.
• The strength of columns under axial load and biaxial bending is
estimated by several methods.
64
32
6.12.1. Square and Rectangular Columns under Biaxial Bending

 Bresler Reciprocal Method
• Square or rectangular columns with unequal bending moments about

their major axes will require a different amount of reinforcement in
each direction.
• An approximate method of analysis of such sections was developed

by Boris Bresler and is called the Bresler reciprocal method.
65

The load capacity of the column under biaxial bending can be
determined by using the following expression:
66
33

For Pn < 0.10Pn0, the axial force may be neglected and the section can be
designed as a member subjected to pure biaxial bending:
67

 Bresler Load Contour Method
The failure surface shown in the Figure of Biaxial Interaction
Surface is cut at a constant value of Pn, giving the related values of
Mnx and Mny .
1.5 1.5
M   M ny 
For rectangular column:  nx    1
 M ox   M oy
 
1.75 1.75
 M nx   M ny 
For square column:     1
 M ox   M oy
 
68
34

Ex. 6.10. The section of a short tied column is 410×610 mm and is
reinforced with eight No. 32 bars. Determine the design load on the
section ØPn if it acts at ex = 400 mm and ey = 300 mm. Use f′c = 28
MPa, fy = 420 MPa, and use the Bresler reciprocal equation.
A y BP
65mm n
240 mm 8No.32 bars

610 mm x
240 mm
65mm
C D
y
410 mm 69
6.12.2. Circular Columns under Biaxial Bending

Circular columns with reinforcement distributed uniformly about
the perimeter of the section have almost the same moment capacity
in all directions. If a circular column is subjected to biaxial bending
about the x and y axes, the equivalent uniaxial Mu moment can be
calculated using the following equations:
70
35
6.12.2. Circular Columns under Biaxial Bending

Ex. 6.11. Determine the load capacity Pn of a 510 mm-diameter column
reinforced with 10 No. 10 bars when ex = 100 mm and ey = 150 mm.
Use f′c = 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
510 mm
71
6.13. Parme Load Contour Method

A point B on the load contour (of a horizontal plane at a constant Pn
shown in Figure below) is defined such that the biaxial moment
capacities Mnx and Mny are in the same ratio as the uniaxial moment
capacities M0x and M0y; that is,
72
36
73

MPa, fy = 420 MPa, and use the Parme Contour Approach (PCA).
A y BP
65mm n
240 mm 8No.32 bars

610 mm x
240 mm
65mm
C D
y
410 mm 74
37
6.14. Equation of Failure Surface

The biaxial bending strength of an axially loaded column can be
represented by a three-dimensional interaction curve.
75

A general equation for the analysis and design of reinforced
concrete short and tied rectangular columns is supposed to represent
the failure surface and interaction diagrams of columns subjected to
combined biaxial bending and axial load.
76
38

MPa, fy = 420 MPa, and use the Equation of Failure Surface.
A y BP
65mm n
240 mm 8No.32 bars

610 mm x
240 mm
65mm
C D
y
410 mm 77
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
7.1 Introduction
• In the analysis and design of short columns discussed in the
previous two chapters, it was assumed that buckling, elastic
shortening, and secondary moment due to lateral deflection
had minimal effect on the ultimate strength of the column; thus,
these factors were not included in the design procedure.
• However, when the column is long, these factors must be
considered. The extra length will cause a reduction in the
column strength that varies with the column effective height,
width of the section, the slenderness ratio, and the column end
conditions. 78
39
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
7.1 Introduction
• A column with a high slenderness ratio will have a considerable
reduction in strength, whereas a low slenderness ratio means that
the column is relatively short and the reduction in strength may
not be significant.
• The slenderness ratio is the ratio of the column height, l, to the
radius of gyration, r, where r  I / A.
79
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
7.1 Introduction
 The moment of inertia of the section can be calculated as follow:
For rectanglular section:
I x   y 2 dA    y 2 dxdy
h
1  2
h b b
   y 2 dxdy   x  b  y 3 
2
h
2
b
2
2 3   h2
 
2 2
1  h h  bh
3 3 3
 b   
3  8 8  12
I y   x 2 dA    x 2 dxdy
b
1  2
h b h
   x 2 dxdy   y  h  x 3 
2
h
2
b
2
2 3   b2
 
2 2
1  b b  hb
3 3 3
 h   
3  8 8  12
80
40
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
7.1 Introduction
 The moment of inertia of the section can be calculated as follow:
For circular section:
I 0   y 2 dA
dA
d
We have: y  r sin  , dA  rdrd y rd

 R r dr
 I0    r 3 sin 2  drd
0 0
R 2
1    sin(2 ) 
  r4   2  4 
 4 0 0
 R4  D4
 
4 64
81
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
7.1 Introduction
 The radius of gyration of the section can be calculated as follow:
bh3
Ix 12  h  0.288h
2
rx  
A bh 12
hb3
Iy 12  b  0.288b
2
ry  
A bh 12
82
41
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
7.1 Introduction
 The radius of gyration of the section can be calculated as follow:
 D4
I0 D2
rx  ry   64 2   0.25 D
A D 16
4
83
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
7.1 Introduction
In general, columns may be considered as follows:
1. Long with a relatively high slenderness ratio, where lateral
bracing or shear walls are required. (Nonsway column)
2. Long with a medium slenderness ratio that causes a reduction in
the column strength. Lateral bracing may not be required, but
strength reduction must be considered. (Sway column)
3. Short where the slenderness ratio is relatively small, causing a
slight reduction in strength. This reduction may be neglected, as
discussed in previous chapters. (Short column)
84
42
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
7.1 Introduction
• High lateral deflections may cause secondary

moments (P-Δ effect).
• If the secondary moment, M′, is added to the
applied moment on the column, Ma, the final
moment is M = Ma + M′.
• An approximate method for estimating the final
moment M is to multiply the applied moment Ma
by a factor called the magnifying moment factor δ,
in which δ ≥ 1 and M = δMa .
85
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
7.2 Effective Length Factor, K

• The slenderness ratio l/r can be calculated accurately when the
effective length of the column (Klu/r) is used.
• The effective length factor, K, represents the ratio of the distance
between points of zero moment (Inflection Point, IP) in the column
and the unsupported height of the column in one direction.
• Example: For a column with hinge at both ends, K = lu/lu = 1.
For a column is fixed at both ends, K = 0.5lu/lu = 0.5.
86
43
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
87
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
88
44
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

• However, in the concrete frame, neither a perfect frictionless hinge
nor perfectly fixed ends can exist. Thus, the alignment chart is
necessary to estimate the value K.
• It is necessary first to calculate the end restraint factors ψA and ψB at
the top and bottom of the column, respectively, where:
• Then plot ψA and ψB on the alignment chart and connect the two
points to intersect the middle line, which indicates the K value.
89
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

• lc is length center to center of joints in a frame and l is the span
length of flexure, center to center of joints.
• The restraint factor at one end shall include all columns and beams
meeting at the joint.
• For a hinged end, ψ is infinite and may be assumed to be 10.0.
• For a fixed end, ψ is zero and may be assumed to be 1.0.
90
45
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
91
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
92
46
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
Sway frames Nonsway frames 93
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
7.3 Columns in Nonsway Frames

• The first step in determining the design moments in along column is
to determine whether the frame is braced or unbraced against
sidesway.
• If lateral bracing elements, such as shear walls and shear trusses, are
provided or the columns have substantial lateral stiffness, then the
lateral deflections produced are relatively small and their effect on
the column strength is substantially low.
94
47
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

• It can be assumed (ACI Code, Section 6.6.4.4.1) that a story within a
structure is nonsway if
 Pu  0
Q  0.05
Vus lc
Where
 Pu : The story total factored vertical load
Vus : The horizontal story shear in the story
 0 : The first-order relative lateral deflection between the top

and bottom of the story due to Vus
lc : The length of the column, measured from center to center

of the joints in the frame
95
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

 Magnified Moments in Nonsway Frames
The slenderness effect must be considered when:
klu M M
 34  12 1 where 34  12 1  40
r M2 M2
where M1 and M2 are the factored end moments of the column and
M2 is greater than M1. The ratio M1/M2 is considered positive if the
member is bent in single curvature and negative for double
curvature.
If e  emin  15  0.03h  M 2  M 2,min  Pu 15  0.03h 
96
48
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

97
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

The procedure for determining the magnification factor δns in nonsway
frames can be summarized as follows:
1. Determine if the frame is braced against sidesway and find the
unsupported length, lu, and the effective length factor, K (K may
be assumed to be 1)
2. Calculate the member stiffness, EI
98
49
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

0.2 Ec I g  Es I se
EI 
1   dns
Where:
Ec  4700 f c' (MPa)

Es  2 105 MPa
I g = gross moment of inertia of the section about the axis considered
I se = moment of inertia of the reinforcing steel
1.2 PD
 dns 
1.2 PD  1.6 PL
99
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

 2 EI
3. Determine the Euler buckling load, Pc: Pc 
(klu ) 2
4. Calculate the value of the factor Cm to be used in the equation of

the moment-magnifier factor.
where M1/M2 is positive if the column is bent in single curvature
and negative if the member is bent in double curvature.
M2
Cm =1 or if M 2  M 2,min  Pu 15  0.03h 
M1
100
50
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

5. Calculate the moment magnifier factor δns
6. Design the compression member using the axial factored load, Pu

and a magnified moment, Mc: M c   ns M 2
Where M 2  M 2,min  Pu 15  0.03h 
In nonsway frames, the lateral deflection is expected to be less
than or equal to H/1500,where H is the total height of the frame.
101
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
7.4 Columns in Sway Frames

• A sway (unbraced) frame is one that depends on moments in the
columns to resist lateral loads and lateral deflections.
• The story shears from the columns above and below a given floor
gives rise to a sway force acting on that floor.
M top  Pe  Vl  P   M t ,ns   s M t , s
M bottom  Pe  Vl  P   M b,ns   s M b,s
102
51
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
103
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

• It can be assumed (ACI Code, Section 6.6.4.4.1) that a story within a
structure is sway if
 Pu  0
Q  0.05
Vus lc
Where
 Pu : The story total factored vertical load
Vus : The horizontal story shear in the story
 0 : The first-order relative lateral deflection between the top

and bottom of the story due to Vus
lc : The length of the column, measured from center to center

of the joints in the frame
104
52
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

 Magnified Moments in Sway Frames
The slenderness effect must be considered when:
klu
 22
r
The procedure for determining the magnification factor δ s in sway
frames can be summarized as follows:
1. Determine if the frame is unbraced against sidesway and find the
unsupported length, lu, and the effective length factor, K taken
from the alignment chart.
0.2 Ec I g  Es I se
2. Calculate the member stiffness, EI 
1   ds
105
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

Where:
Ec  4700 f c' (MPa)

Es  2 105 MPa
I g = gross moment of inertia of the section about the axis considered
I se = moment of inertia of the reinforcing steel
Vsustained
 ds 
V factored
3. Determine the Euler buckling load:
 2 EI
Pc 
(klu ) 2
106
53
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

4. Calculate the moment magnifier factor δs
a. Magnifier method:
b. Approximate second-order analysis:

107
7. SLENDER COLUMNS

5. Calculate the magnified end moments M1 and M2 at the ends of
an individual column, as follows:
where M1ns and M2ns: the moments obtained from the no-sway condition
M1s and M2s: the moments obtained from the sway condition.
The design magnified moment:
Mc = max{M1, M2}.
108
54
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
7.5 Section Design

• A simple approximate formula for determining the initial size of the
column Ag where the total steel ratio ρg is assume to 1%:
Pu
Ag ( trial) 
0.4  f c'   g f y 
• The compression and tension steel areas can be estimated as follow:
Pu (e  0.5h  0.2d )
For tension-controlled section, As  As' 
 f y (d  d ')
   e  0.5 
P bhf c   d  d '
' 

For compression-controlled section, As  As'   u  

3he fy
 1.18 
 d2  109
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
Ex. 7.1. The column section shown in Figure below carries an axial load PD
=605 kN and a moment MD =157 kN⋅m due to dead load and an axial load PL
=489 kN and a moment ML = 126 kN⋅m due to live load. The column is part of
a frame that is braced against sidesway and bent in single curvature about its
major axis. The unsupported length of the column is lu =5.8 m, and the
moments at both ends of the column are equal. Check the adequacy of the
column using f′c = 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
65mm
4No. 29 bars
560 mm
4No. 29 bars
65mm
360 mm 110
55
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
Ex. 7.2. Design an interior square column for the first story of an 8-story office
building. The clear height of the first floor is 5 m, and the height of all other floors is
3.5 m. The building layout is in 24 bays, and the columns are not braced against
sidesway while the beam section is assumed to have the dimension of 450 mm in width
and 500 mm in depth. The loads acting on a first-floor interior column due to gravity
and wind are as follows:
Axial dead load = 1335 kN
Axial live load = 445 kN
Axial wind load = 0 kN
Dead − load moments = 43 kN.m (top) and 73 kN.m (bottom)
Live − load moments = 27 kN.m (top) and 49 kN.m (bottom)
Wind − load moments = 68 kN.m (top) and 68 kN.m (bottom)
111
7. SLENDER COLUMNS
Use f′c = 28 MPa, fy = 420 MPa, and the ACI Code requirements. Assume an
exterior column load of two-thirds the interior column load, a corner column
load of one-third the interior column load.
8  5  40 m
112
56

Reinforced Concrete Column Design Basics

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Reinforced Concrete Design

Lecturer: CHOU Soklin, Ph.D.

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.2 Types of Columns

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.2 Types of Columns

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.2 Types of Columns

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.2 Types of Columns

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.2 Types of Columns

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.3 Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns

Po  0.85 f c' ( Ag  Ast )  Ast f y

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.3 Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.4 ACI Code Limitations

3. At least 4 bars for rectangular column and 6 bars for circular

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.4 ACI Code Limitations

Ag : gross area of section

Ach :area of core of spirally reinforced column measured to the outside

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.4 ACI Code Limitations

Dbar : diameter of longitudinal bar

b : smaller size of column

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.5 Design Equations

For tied column:

For spiral column:

Pu   Pn   (0.85) 0.85 f c' ( Ag  Ast )  Ast f y 

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.5 Design Equations

 Pn   K 0.85 f c' Ag  Ast ( f y  0.85 f c' )  to calculate axialload strength of column

 Pn   KAg 0.85 f c'   g ( f y  0.85 f c' )  to design secion of column

0.80:for tied column

0.65 for tied columns

5. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

5.5 Design Equations

6. COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING

6. COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING

6. COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING

350 mm 3No.32 2No.32

6. COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING

6.2 Design Assumptions for Columns

6. COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING

6.3. Load-Moment Interaction Diagram

6. COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING

6.3. Load-Moment Interaction Diagram

6. COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING

6.3. Load-Moment Interaction Diagram

6. COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING

6.3. Load-Moment Interaction Diagram

6. COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING

6.3. Load-Moment Interaction Diagram

This image cannot currently be display ed.

6. COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING