Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, June, 2018; Vol.

14(2):249-260
Copyright © Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

RADIAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ENHANCEMENT WITH D-STATCOM USING

BACTERIAL FORAGING ALGORITHM
U. Musa1*, G.A. Bakare2, A. A. Mati3, A. Mohammad 1 and A. Umar 1
1
( Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria.
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi-
Nigeria.
3
Centre for Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria)
*Corresponding author’s email: umarnadada@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract
This paper presents a Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (BFA) based approach to optimal location and sizing
of Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) for voltage profile improvement and power loss
minimization. A direct approach based on Bus Injected to Branch Current Matrix (BIBC) is used for
power flow analysis. An objective function comprising total active power loss and overall bus voltage
deviation is formulated for use in the BFA. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested on the
standard IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network for steady-state constant load model. The results
obtained from the proposed approach showed a 28.7 % and 23.9 % reduction in active power loss and size
of D-STATCOM respectively when compared with those of Analytical approach. Also, a 54 %
improvement in overall network voltage profile was recorded using the proposed approach as compared
with the reported results of the Bat Algorithm (BA).

Keywords: Bacterial foraging algorithm, distribution static compensator, radial power flow.

1. Introduction
Electric power networks are considered among the greatest and most sophisticated contemporary
technological break-through. These networks consists of a compact arrangement of generation,
transmission and distribution networks (Murty, 2008). Electricity is generated at generating
stations and transported via transmission networks to the distribution networks, where power is
directly delivered to consumers by electricity utilities (Murty, 2008). The deregulation of power
networks to augment the imbalances between generation and consumption results in loss of the
networks passive nature. This scenario subsequently results in technical issues that may affect the
power quality of the entire network (Machowski et al., 2011). Poor voltage quality in distribution
networks which are mostly attributed to variations in consumer’s demand forces electrical
equipment to draw more than their rated current, resulting in excessive heating capable of
inflicting severe damages (Watson and Miller, 2015). Practically, voltage quality remains the
greatest threat to system stability considering the fact that electrical devices interact via the
terminal voltage. The advent of power electronics based controllers, or Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) controllers such as Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (TCR), Static Compensator (STATCOM) and so on has led to improved ways of
enhancing voltage profile and reducing losses in power networks (Singh et al., 2012).
Considering the fact that most electric loads draw lagging current, there is an increase in the
demand for reactive power in distribution networks. Distribution Flexible AC Transmission
Systems (DFACTS) devices such as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), Distribution Static
Compensator (D-STATCOM), Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) and Static
Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) have been developed for operation in distribution
networks (Gupta and Kumar, 2015). Both analytical and numerical techniques have been
employed in the search for optimal position and size of FACTS devices in power networks. The
evolution of meta-heuristics algorithms has led to a faster and more robust approach of solving
complex power system optimization problems (Binitha and Sathya, 2012). Recently, a novel
meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, known as Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (BFA) was
developed by Passino. Inspired by the foraging behaviour of Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) bacteria
found in human intestine, the algorithm is developed to mimic how bacteria forage oer a
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landscape of nutrients to handle parallel non-gradient optimization problems (Xing and Gao,
2014). The BFA is highly recognised for its broad coverage of search area (global and local
search simultaneously) and multi- focused nature. An analytical approach to finding optimal
location of DSTATCOM in radial distribution system for power losses minimization and voltage
profile improvement was proposed in (Hussain and Subbaramiah 2013). An improved analytical
technique to finding the optimal location of D-STATCOM in radial distribution network was
presented in (Jain et al., 2014) using BIBC matrix technique for power flow analysis. In
(Farhoodnea et al., 2013) a novel approach to optimal placement of Distribution Static
Synchronous Compensators (D-STATCOMs) in radial distribution networks was proposed. An
effective fuzzy logic based approach to identify the optimum location for D-STATCOM
placement in radial distribution networks for losses minimization and voltage profile
improvement was presented in (Repalle et al., 2014). Optimal location and sizing of D-
STATCOM for power loss reduction in radial distribution systems by immune algorithm (IA) was
proposed by (Taher and Afsari, 2014). A hybridized Fuzzy based algorithm, fuzzy-ACO ( Fuzzy
Ant Colony Optimization) was developed by (Bagheri Tolabi et al., 2015) for simultaneous
reconfiguration and optimal allocation of PV and D-STATCOM units in radial distribution
networks. A novel method for scheduling, optimal placement and sizing of Distribution Static
Compensator (D-STATCOM) in radial distribution networks to minimize power loss was
presented in (Yuvaraj et al., 2017) where Voltage Stability Index was used to search the optimal
place for installation of D-STATCOM, while bat algorithm was employed in the search for
optimal size of D-STATCOM. Bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA) was presented
in (Devabalaji and Ravi, 2016) for optimal positioning and sizing of multiple DG and D-
STATCOM in radial distribution systems. Loss sensitivity factor (LSF) was employed to pre-
determine the candidate buses, while the optimal sizes of DG and D-STATCOM were obtained
using the convention BFOA. (Shanmugasundaram and Babu, 2016) presented the application of
D-STATCOM for loss minimization in radial distribution systems using forward backward
technique for power flow analysis. Bus sensitivity factor analysis was used to determine the
optimal location of D-STATCOM. Sedighizadeh et al. (2017) successfully employed the
Imperialist Competitive Algorithm for Optimal Multi-Objective Location and Sizing of
DSTATCOM in Distribution Systems Considering Loads Uncertainty.
Apparently, none of the works has employed a single technique in obtaining both the optimal size
and location of D-STATCOM in the test networks, as all authors have applied one technique in
identifying location and another for size.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 explains the basic concepts. Section 3
presents the general problem formulation. Bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) and its
implementation is given in section 4. Section 5 presents analysis of the results and discussion.
Finally, conclusion and recommendations are summarised in section 6.

2. Basic Concept
2.1 Over View of Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM)
The D-STATCOM is a three phase shunt connected Voltage Source Converter (VSC) designed
for use in distribution network to compensate the bus voltage so as to provide better power factor
and reactive power control (Yuvaraj et al., 2017). The device is capable of injecting or absorbing
both active and reactive current at the point of common coupling (PCC). The limit constraint
attached to energy storage, makes it practically impossible for D-STATCOM to inject active
power over a long period of time. Thus, the operation is mostly in steady-state with reactive
power being the power exchanged between D-STATCOM and the system (Hussain and
Subbaramiah, 2013). A typical model of D-STATCOM for steady-state operation consists of a
coupling transformer with a leakage reactance, a GTO/IGBT, voltage source converter (VSC) and
a DC capacitor. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of D-STATCOM incorporated to a bus k.

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algorithm. AZOJETE, 14(2):249-260. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

Bus k

ID-STATCO M

D-STATCOM
Coupling
VSC Transformer

DC energy
Storage

Figure 1: Structure of D-STATCOM Connected to Bus k

D-STATCOM operates in a similar manner as the synchronous machine, providing lagging

current when under excited and leading current when over excited (Hussain and Subbaramiah,
2013). The voltage of D-STATCOM is injected in phase with the line voltage and in this case
there is no exchange of energy with the network, but only reactive power to be injected (or
absorbed) by the D-STATCOM as shown in Figure 2.
Vi Vk
Rik jX ik

Iik
Pi + jQ i Pk + jQ k
ID-STATCOM
D-STATCOM

Coupling
VSC Transformer

Figure 2: Single Line Diagram of two Buses with D-STATCOM Incorporated

2.2 Power Flow Analysis for Radial Distribution Networks
Classical power flow techniques such as Gauss-Seidel, coupled and fast-decoupled Newton-
Raphson are more suitable for transmission systems. These techniques, in most cases, fail to
converge when used for distribution networks due to high resistance to impedance  R X  ratio,
large number of buses and lines, uncertainties and imperfection of network parameters and
dynamic nature of connected loads (Singh and Ghose, 2013). An elaborate radial distribution
power flow was proposed in (Jain et al., 2014). The load current, Bus Injection to Branch Current
matrix (BIBC) and forward sweep technique are applied for the power flow analysis.

2.2.1 Load Current Computation

Consider the i th bus of a simple distribution power network shown in Fig 3.
Busi Busi+1

Sub Ii Ii,i+1 Zi,i+1

Station Pi,i+1 + j Qi,i+1
Vi Vi+1

Pi + jQi Pi+1 + jQi+1

Figure 3: Single Line Diagram of a Simple Distribution Network

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The load current at bus i is expressed as:

Pi  jQi
Ii  (1)
Vi

for i=1,2,3,….., NBranch

Where N Branch is the total number of branches and Vi is the sending end voltage.
2.2.2 BIBC Matrix Formulation
The relationship between bus currents and branch currents is established by applying Kirchhoff’s
current law (KCL) to the network. A compact form of the Bus Injection to Branch Current Matrix
(BIBC) is expressed as:
Ii    BIBC Ii 1  (2)

Where BIBC is the bus current injected to branch current matrix and comprises of 0 and 1 values
only.
2.2.3 Forward Sweep
The voltage value at bus i  1 is given by:
Vi 1  Vi  I i ,i 1  Zi ,i 1 (3)

Where Zi,i+1 is the impedance on branch i,i+1

2.2.4 Power Losses
The branch active and reactive power losses are calculated using:

 
2
Pi ,i 1loss   Ii ,i 1  Zi ,i 1 (4)

 
2
Qi ,i 1loss   I i ,i 1   Zi ,i 1 (5)

Where  and  denotes real and reactive components of Zi,i+1 respectively.

3. Problem Formulation
Here, the motive is to accomplish two goals: (i) Minimize total active power loss PT  loss  ; and (ii)
Minimize voltage deviation VD .

The network overall active power loss function is given by:

N Branch

  
2
PT  loss   Ii ,i 1  Zi ,i 1 (6)
i 1

The voltage deviation function is expressed as:

N Bus

 V  V 
2
VD  i i
ref
(7)
i 1

Vi and Viref are the per-unit (p.u) voltage values at bus i and reference bus respectively. NBus is the
total number of buses.
The multi-objective function (F) can be formulated mathematically using the weighted sum of
equations (6) and (7) to give:

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
min  F   min 1 PT  loss   2VD  (8)

1 and 2 are the weighting factors used for adjusting the network total active power loss and
voltage deviation functions respectively. A unit weighting metric is assigned to both objective
functions due to the equal importance attached to both objectives.
The location and sizing of D-STATCOM in radial distribution networks is considered as a
constrained optimization problem that deals with both equality and inequality constraints.
3.1 Equality Constraints
The equality constraints represent the power flow equations expressed as:
N Bus

P
i 1
Gi  PDi  PL (9)

N Bus

Q
i 1
Gi  QDi  QL (10)

where:
PGi and QGi are the overall system active and reactive power generation at bus k respectively,
PDi and QDi are the overall system active and reactive power demand at bus k respectively,
PL and QL are the overall active and reactive power losses incurred by the system.
3.2 Inequality Constraints
The inequality constraints represent the network load bus, network voltage and D-STATCOM size
limits respectively given by:

kmin  k  kmax (11)

Vimin  Vi  Vimax (12)

Qnmin  Qn  Qnmax (13)

for k=1,2,3,….., NBus -1, i=1,2,3,….., NBus and n=1,2,3,….., ND-STATCOM
where ND-STATCOM is the number of D-STATCOM

4. Algorithm structure and Implementation

4.1 Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (BFA)
The bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) was proposed by Kevin Passino to mimic the foraging
behaviour of Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) bacteria over a landscape of nutrients (Xing and Gao,
2014). The algorithm is modelled based on four principal processes (Boussaid et al., 2013).
4.1.1 Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis explains the procedure in which the E. Coli bacteria conducts their movements
towards certain chemicals within the surroundings. The movement of the i th bacterium is
performed by:
 i  j  1, k , l    i  j, k , l   C  i   i  (14)

Where  i  j, k , l  is the location of i th bacterium at j th chemotactic, k th reproductive, l th

elimination and dispersal step. C  i  is the length of unit walk and  i  is the direction angle of the
j th step.

The fitness function of the i th bacterium is determined based on its position and is represented by
J  J i, j, k , l  (Kiani et al., 2013). The direction angle  i  describes the tumble of the bacteria as:

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1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng

 i 
 i   (15)
T  i    i 

Where   i   p
is a randomly generated vector with elements within the interval  1,1

4.1.2. Swarming
The attractive and repulsive effects of each bacterium are used as a medium of communication to
others. The bacteria under stress circumstances release attractants to signal bacteria to swarm
together, while repellent are released to signal others to maintain a minimum distance from it
(Xing and Gao, 2014). The cell-to-cell signalling of the bacteria can be represented by:
J cc   , P  j , k , l  
S   p 
  
2
   d attract exp  attract  m   mi  (16)
  
i 1   m 1 
S   p 
  
2
  hrepellant exp  repellant  m   mi 
  
i 1   m 1 

Where J cc   , P  j , k , l   is the objective function value to be added to the actual objective function,
S is the total number of bacteria, P is the number of variables to be optimized which are present
T
in each bacterium,   1  2  p  denotes a point in the p -dimensional search domain.

d attract and attract are the depth and measure of the width of the attractant released by the cell
respectively, while hrepellant and repellant are the height and measure of the width of the repellent
respectively.
The fitness of each position is determined using:
J i, j, k , l   J i, j, k , l   J cc  , P  j, k , l   (17)

4.1.3. Reproduction
After Nc chemotaxis steps, the reproduction step should be performed by sorting the health of all
bacteria based on fitness described by:
N c 1
i
J health   J  i, j , k , l 
j
(18)

The Sr bacteria (the population of the bacteria divided into two equal halves) with least health
due to insufficient nutrient eventually die leaving the healthiest to split into two identical bacteria
and placed at the same location (Xing and Gao, 2014).
4.1.4. Elimination and Dispersion
The process of elimination and dispersion is executed after N re reproduction steps in order to
avoid being involved in local optima. Each bacterium is subjected to elimination and dispersal
within the environment according to a probability  Ped  . N ed is the number of elimination and
dispersal steps. The processes of BFA are executed as shown by the flow chart in figure 4.

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algorithm. AZOJETE, 14(2):249-260. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

Start A

Initialization
p, S, NS , NC , Nre , Ned , Ped , C(i), J(i,j+1,k,l)
dattract , ωattract , hrepellant , ωrepellant. < J(i.j.k.l)?
E

Elimination and dispersal loop:

l = l +1 Swim m= m +1 Yes
D No
Reproduction loop: m>NS?
k = k +1 Yes
C
Tumble
Chemotaxis loop:
j = j +1 No
B B i>S?

Bacterium counter: Yes

i = i +1 No
C j>Nc?

Move bacteria: Yes

θ i(j+1,k,l)=θi(j,k,l)+C(i)ϕ(i) D
No
k>Nre?

Calculate cost function: Yes

J(i,j,k,l)+Jcc(θ,P(j,k,l)) No
E l>Ned?

Yes

A End

Figure 4. Flow Chart for Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (BFA)

4.2. Implementation of the algorithm
The steps involved in implementing the proposed BFA for optimal location and sizing of D-
STATCOM in the test network are presented below:
Step 1: Load the line and bus data of the test network
Step 2: Perform base-case power flow analysis for the test network
Step 3: Initialize the BFA parameters
Step 4: Formulate a multi-objective function using equation (8)
Step 5: Apply the BFA with the formulated multi-objective function
Step 6: Perform final power flow analysis with the optimum size of D-STATCOM incorporated at
the optimum bus
Step 7: Display improved network voltage profile and reduced total power losses
4.2.1 Algorithm Parameters
The BFA parameters chosen for this work are given in table 1 (Musa et al., 2017):
Table 1: BFA parameters
S. No. Parameters Values
1 p 2
2 S 10
3 Nc 4
4 Ns 4
5 Nre 4
6 Ned 3
7 C(i) 0.1
8 Sr S/2
9 Ped 0.25
10 dattract 0.1
11 ωattract 0.2
12 hrepellant 0.1
13 ωrepellant 10

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5. Simulation Results and Discussion

5.1 Test Network
To evaluate the effectiveness of the BFA in the search for the optimal location and size of D-
STATCOM in radial distribution networks, the standard IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network
is employed. The network line and bus data are adopted from (Taher and Afsari, 2014). The
results of the proposed BFA approach are compared with those of analytical and bat algorithm
(BA) approaches in literatures (Hussain and Subbaramiah, 2013) and (Yuvaraj et al., 2017) for
steady-state constant load model. The network voltage constraint limits has been set as 0.95 p.u.
and 1.05 p.u. for minimum voltage Vmin  and maximum voltage Vmax  , while the D-STATCOM
is sized between 0 and 10,000 kVAr.
5.2. Network Simulation Analysis with D-STATCOM
5.2.1. Network Voltage Profile Analysis
The average optimal size and site of D-STATCOM were found to be 2577 kVAr and bus 30
respectively by the BFA technique. A clear improvement in voltage profile of the network with
D-STATCOM incorporated using the BFA approach is shown in figure 5.The minimum network
voltage at bus 18 has been improved from 0.9134p.u to 0.9428p.u. Thus enhancing the entire
voltage profile of the system by 82.88 % as compared to the overall network base case voltage
profile.

Figure 5: Voltage profile improvement for standard test network using BFA approach

5.2.2. Network Power Loss Analysis

The results of network power losses for both cases (with and without D-STATCOM) are plotted
against their respective branch numbers and shown in figure 6.

Figure 6: Power loss minimization for standard test network using BFA approach

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It can be observed from figure 5 that the highest power loss as shown by the peak curves is
obtained at bus 2 of the network with approximate values of 51.5711 kW and 33.4526 kW for
base-cases and BFA respectively. The overall network active power loss has been minimized
from 201.8125 kW to 190.5254 kW at an average computational time of 7.2 seconds.
5.3 Performance Comparison of Simulation Results
Figure 7 depicts the improvement in total voltage profile of the network by all three approaches.
Although the voltage profile improvement by the analytical method is seen to be far better as
compared to those of BA and the proposed BFA techniques, the authors reported a mere 4.78%
improvement in overall network voltage profile as compared to the network base-case. Thus,
raising questions about the validity of the result. Based on the reported size (3386.5 kVAr) and
position (bus 30) of D-STATCOM in (Hussain and Subbaramiah, 2013), a minimum voltage
value of approximately 0.9547p.u is expected at bus 18 as against the 0.9523p.u reported.
Similarly, an improvement in the region of 115.07% is expected to be obtained for the system
voltage profile as compared to the base-case scenario. An improvement of such magnitude is
outrageous from research point of view, and thus, can be considered as the possible reason why
the actual percentage improvement in voltage profile was not presented by the authors. The BA
approach succeeded in achieving a D-STATCOM size and position of 1150kVAr and bus 30
respectively. With the installation of these values, a 37.96% improvement in voltage profile as
compared to base-case was achieved by the BA approach.

Figure 7: Performance comparison for voltage profile improvement in test network

The reduction in network power loss by the three techniques is showed in figure 8. As can be seen
from the graph, a sharp rise in power loss is experienced between bus 24 to 30 by the analytical
technique, hence contradicting the 30% reduction in active power loss reported in (Hussain and
Subbaramiah, 2013). The sudden increase in power loss by the analytical approach can be viewed
as a substantial reason behind the authors decline in presenting a power loss graph. However, the
analytical approach is expected to attain a power loss of approximately 267.222 kW and not
143.050 kW as reported in the literature. Instead of reducing the power loss as claimed in
(Hussain and Subbaramiah, 2013), the placement of D-STATCOM by analytical method has
rather increased the overall system power loss by 24.25%. For the BA approach, the active power
loss was reduced by 28.69% with the incorporation of the appropriate size of D-STATCOM at the
optimum location.

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1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng

Figure 8: Performance comparison for power loss minimization in standard test network

Table 2 shows the performance comparison of results obtained using BFA approach to locate and
size D-STATCOM in the test network with those of analytical and bat algorithm approaches
respectively.

Table 2: Performance Comparison for 33-bus IEEE Radial Distribution Network with D-STATCOM
Parameters Description Base Case Approaches
Analytical ref (6) BA ref (21) BFA
Optimal Site (bus) - 30 30 30
Optimal Size of D-STATCOM (kVAr) - 3386.5 1150 2577
Minimum Voltage (p.u) at bus 18 0.9134 0.9522 0.9244 0.9428
Voltage Profile Improvement (%) - 4.78 37.96 82.88
Overall Active Power Loss (kW) 201.8925 143.050 143.9700 190.5254
Percentage Reduction in Active Power - 30 28.69 5.87
Loss (%)
Overall Reactive Power Loss (kVAr) 134.6413 97.345 96.4700 132.6283
Percentage Reduction in Reactive - - 28.35 1.50
Power Loss (%)
Total number of buses out of constraint 21 0 13 6
limits

6. Conclusion and Recommendation

This paper has proposed a Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (BFA) based optimal location and sizing
of D-STATCOM in radial distribution networks for power loss minimization and voltage profile
enhancement. Radial distribution network power flow model was developed based on the Bus
Injected to Branch Current (BIBC) matrix technique. A multi-objective function comprising of
total active power loss and network bus voltage deviation was formulated and used in the BFA.
The effectiveness of the approach was demonstrated on standard IEEE 33-bus radial distribution
network for steady-state constant load model. The results obtained were compared with those of
Analytical and Bat Algorithm (BA) approaches. The optimal location and size of D-STATCOM
were determined by the BFA approach as bus 30 and 2577 kVAr respectively. The placement and
sizing of these values in the test network caused a 5.87 % reduction in overall network power
losses and an 82.88 % improvement in voltage profile when compared to the network base-case
scenario. An average computational time of 7.2 seconds was obtained for the BFA approach. The
results obtained using the BFA approach showed a 28.7 % and 23.9 % reduction in active power
loss and size of D-STATCOM respectively when compared with the actual values of analytical
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algorithm. AZOJETE, 14(2):249-260. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

approach and not dose reported in (Hussain and Subbaramiah, 2013). Also, when compared with
the BA results reported in (Yuvaraj et al., 2017), the BFA approach showed a 54 % improvement
in the overall network voltage profile. Further work can be carried out by improving on the
accuracy and computational speed of the BFA for voltage profile improvement and power loss
minimization in radial distribution networks.

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