Geometric Dimensioning & tolerancing [GD&T]

Geometric dimensioning & tolerancing is a system of symbols developed & used to define POA
shapes,feature form,orientation, runout profile and location.

Tolerance category & Geometric Datum reference Allowed

characteristic symbol

Form
1. Flatness No
2. Straightness No
3. Circularity [Roundness] No
4. Cylindricity No

Orientation
1. Parallelism Required
2. Perpendicularity Required
3. Angularity Required

Runout
1. Total runout
2. Circular runout
3. Tolerance category & Geometric Datum reference
characteristic symbol Allowed

Location

1. Concentricity Required
2. Symmetry Required
3. Position Required in some cases

Reference dimension
[sketch]

Not to scale:- When the dimension value mentioned is not as per the scale on the drg. The
dimension is written as following [sketch]

Spherical radious:- SR
There is no symbol only write as SR.
What is Datum?
A Datum is a theoretically exact line, surface, point area or axis that is used as an origin for
dimensions. [sketch]
Datum feature symbol is a square box that contains a capital block letter with a leader connecting
it to the feature with a triangle. The triangle may be filled or not

Feature control frame:- Feature control frame provides following information in a rectangular
frame:-
1. Geometric characteristics
2. Tolerance
3. Datum reference letter [sketch]
 1. Flatness
Flatness is the condition of a surface where all elements are in one plane.
2. Straightness
Straightness is the condition where one line dement of a surface or axis is a straight line.
3. Circularity
Circularity is roundness at any cross section.
4. Cylindricity
Cylindricity is the condition of an entire feature surface during one revolution in which all surface
points are at equal distance from common axis.
It controls feature circularity, straightness & taper. [sketch]
5. Perpendicularity:- Perpendicularity is the condition of an entire surface plane or an axis at right
angle to a datum plane or axis.
6. Angularity:- Angularity is the condition of an axis or plane other than go degree to another
datum plane or axis [sketch]
7. Parallelism:- Parallelism is the condition of a surface, plane or axis that is an equal distance at
all points from a datum plane.
8. Runout:- Runout is a permissible error in the desired part surface during a complete rotation of
the part around a datum axis
Total runout:- [sketch]
Total runout is specified to control feature surfaces that are manufactured with an axis.
The feature is controlled for taper ,co axility, circularity, cylindricity,flatness, perpendicularity

9. Concentricity:- Comcentricity is the condition where the median points of all diametrically
opposed element of a figure or revolution are congruent with the axis.
The tolerance is a diametral zone in which the axis of the controlled feature must lie. It is a very
restrictive geometric control.
A specified tolerance controls the amount of eccentricity error, parallelism of axis, out of
straightness of axis, out of circularity & out of cylindricity.
It is an axis to axis precision [sketch]
10. Symmetry:- It is the condition where a feature or part has the same profile on either side of the
centre plane of a datum feature. [sketch]
11. Position:- [positional tilerance]
It is acondition where a group or feature is located in relation to another feature or datum feature.
[sketch]
The tolerance is 0.030 in diameter.

END