Using the Systematic–Constructive Approach

The systematic systems approach is considered the Western tradition, whereas the
systemic systems approach is characteristic of Eastern philosophies. The systems
approach this book uses is systematic: analytic, synthetic (i.e., synthesis), and
constructive.
The systems approach called introspection is based on the analytic reduction of
systems into their parts, which is characteristic of the sciences.
The systems approach called extraspection is characteristic of philosophy and
the humanities. It strives to integrate objects and ideas into higher-order systems
using synthesis. The field of general systems is closely associated with this effort to
develop meta-systems of knowledge.
Say that a computer stops working. Following introspection, it is opened up
and taken apart. By means of analysis, components are tested to find the cause of
the trouble.
Synthesis is required to reassemble the computer. Using extraspection, perhaps
a better overall configuration can be found. In fact, a faster and better method for
maintaining all computers in the office may be invented.
Combine analysis and synthesis to obtain the third systems approach, called
construction. It is “characteristic of the engineering sciences and their creative
design of systems for practical purposes,” Muller-Merbach (1994).
Teamwork increases the effectiveness of introspection, extraspection, and construction.
Creative design that uses analysis, synthesis, and construction is the systems
approach described in this book.