Report Submitted By

Samarth Mohan(2016EE30516)
Shubham Jain(2016EE30512)
ChandraShekhar Bishnoi(2016EE30508)
Akhil Kajla(2016EE30510)

EXPERIMENT 3
Process Control Trainer
Aim : Characteristics of Control Trainer
1)Density/ Velocity Lag
2)Transfer Lag
3)Two-Step Control
4)Proportional Control

Density/Velocity Lag : Alteration in a condition of process affect the

detecting element after a time interval which is dependent on velocity of the process
along with the distance between point of change to detector.
L=Distance/Velocity; L is the time.

Transfer Lag :Response of the detector to a step change in input depends on

density/velocity lag and transfer lag. Transfer lag may change the input signal.During
any thermal process heat is transferred, the temperature change is exponential with
respect to every unit step input.

Two-Step Control : In a two step control firstly a wave oscillates about a mean
place with some frequency and depending on positive and negative deviation we get
the output wave. In two step control we try to absorb the values and get output
according to the wave i.e if it is above a threshold we get a negative output and if
below a threshold we get a positive output.

Proportional Control : In a proportional controller the output signal is directly

proportional to deviation i.e the difference between measured value of controlled condition
and set value. Relation between deviation and controller output is termed as ‘proportional
band’. As proportional band is decreased the deviation decreases until a point at which
system becomes stable.
Observations :

1)Distance/Velocity Lag :
Temperature is 30 deg, throttle is 4.

Position Throttle Time lag

11’’ 4 240ms
5’’ 4 120ms
1.1’’ 4 40ms
1.1’’ 6 20ms
11’’ 6 200ms

Conclusion: The detector element is able to correct the process

temperature when it is close to heating element.The change in the process
is detected by the sensor in less time and the surrounding errors will be reduced.
2) Transfer Lag:

Position Throttle Wave Shape Time constant

11’’ 4 Triangular 2.96s

11’’ 4 Square 0.76s

11’’ 6 Triangular 0.56s

11’’ 6 Square 2.24s

Conclusion: The difference in velocity lag for different cases of triangular

wave has similar characteristics of square wave . Transfer lag has similar
characteristics as Distance lag.If the error is made to sense earlier so is the
response and it happens by -keeping the detector near or increasing the
rate of data flow.
3) Two Step control:

Position Voltage frequency

11’ 4 200ms
12’ 4 140ms
13’ 4 120ms

Conclusion : When the measured value of temperature crosses the overlap

the output signal changes signal. On increasing the overlap more time is
needed to cross the overlap since the time of change of control signal
Increases.