WHAT IS JUST WAGE?

Just wage is defined as that remuneration which is enough to support the wage-earner in reasonable and frugal comfort. Catholic Church teaches us
that a "Just wage is legitimate fruit of labor" the teachings of Catholic Church.

RERUM NOVARUM NO. 46 - command of Pope Leo XIII also known as "Capital Labor". One of the most impassioned treatises written by a Pope
on the sacredness of work and the dignity of the working person.

QUARDRAGESIMO ANNO NO. 71 - (Pope Pius XI) An encyclical that advocated the minimum wage. Pope Pius XI introduce Profit sharing and
giving workers a say in a company's management. Pope Pius XII develop the concept of family wage as one sufficient wage for a single wage-earner
to support his family

MATER ET MAGISTRA - Pope John XXIII and Paul VI advanced the church's teachings on economic justice. Pope John XXIII called on
governments to reign in business abuses and to press full employment policies. It also focused the world's attention to the worldwide problem of the
widening gap between the rich and the poor, the arms race and the plight of the farmers.

LABOREM EXERCENS (Pope John Paul II; Human Work) - An encyclical letter that discussed the modern perspectives and problems of human
work and the duties of the members of the church towards it. Pope John Paul II offered a detailed assessment of constitutes just compensation,
declaring that workers have "fundamental rights" to health-care insurance, suitable working conditions and rest periods. Pope also argued that
wages should be sufficient so that women with children aren't forced to worked so that "it should be possible for a mother to devote herself entirely to
her children.

CENTESIMUS ANNUS (John Paul II) - On the 100th anniversary of Rerum Novarum on Mary 1, 1991, Pope John II stated that "society and state
must ensure wages levels adequate for the maintenance if the worker and his family, including a certain amount of savings". The issue of just wage
has also been discussed by other agencies.

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS - "The right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work, and
to protection against unemployment and the right to equal pay for equal work".

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS - "The Right to fair wages and equal remuneration for equal
value"

THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR OFFICE CONVENTION HAS ADOPTED ILO CONVENTIONS NO. 100 - "Equal Pay for men and women workers"

PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION AND REPUBLIC ACT 6727 - The wage Rationalization Act declared that policy of the state to rationalize the fixing of
minimum wages and promote productivity-improvement and gin-sharing scheme to ensure a decent standard of living for the workers and their
families.

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES INVOLVED

National Wage and Productivity
Regional Tripartite Wages and Productivity Boards

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE FORMULATION OF FAIR WAGES

External Market Factors Job Factors
Individual Performances Laws and Regulation
Cost of Living Rate Organizational Factors

SOME ISSUES ON JUST WAGE

 The Minimum wage mandated by the government is not a guarantee for just and fair wage.
 Organization and businesses usually conclude that they are legally and morally right when they fulfill their mutual agreement with
employees. It is objected that the mutually agreed upon wages may not be advantageous to the worker.
 Geographic differences hinder the formulation of a perfectly common definition of fair wage. Some communities have a higher
cost of living than others. Wages indexation to cost of living, where wage is automatically adjusted with the increases of cost of
living, is not usually met by majority of the employers. One valid reason is the organizations' insufficient financial resources for
the obvious fact that they too are unfavorably affected by such economic fluctuations.
 Companies have different interpretations of the justifiable pay for a certain job positions, skills and tasks. Thus, the prevailing
rate industry alone could not perfectly establish a just wage
 The Law of Supply and Demand on labor, e.g., the more the supply of labor the less compensation being given to workers.
 Inflation Rate. As one of the major economic indicators, the inflation rate also dictates the formulation of just wages as it affects
the prices of commodities.
6 TYPES OF BRIBERY

Bribery is a white collar crime in which money, a favor or something else of value is promised to, given to, or taken from
an individual or corporation in an attempt to sway his or its views, opinions, or decisions. For example, if an electoral
candidate offered bottles of liquor in exchange for votes, it would be considered a bribe, and therefore, a crime. Bribery
and other kinds of financial rebates, or “kickbacks,” occur in business and public domains. Public servants, owners or
managers of commercial enterprises, and bankers face bribery charges. If convicted of bribery, the offender faces
significant financial penalties and incarceration.

The types of bribery include:

#1: Bribery and Kickbacks

Bribery may involve the transfer of favors or compensation in exchange for a specific beneficial treatment or decision.
For instance, paying off a public servant for his or her vote or decision is an example.
However, bribery is a nuanced crime. For that reason, laws pertaining to bribery and kickbacks are updated by
the state of Texas on a regular basis.

#2: Bribes and Public Officials

The General Federal Bribery Statute describes the offense of bribery [18 USCS perc § 201(b)]. The law states that an
individual or party who directly or indirectly (corruptly) “gives, offers, or promises” something of value to a public official
with the intent to influence his or her “official act” may face bribery charges.
An individual who serves in any official capacity in the federal government may not accept, receive, or demand a bribe in
exchange for his or her beneficial or favorable act or decision.
If convicted of bribery, the offender faces 15 years in prison and three times the face amount of the bribe in fines. He or
she may also be qualified from holding an office of profit, trust or honor in the United States government in the future.
In comparison, a person who proposes a bribe to a public official faces imprisonment of up to two years as well as fines.

#3: Bribing of (or by) a Witness

If convicted of offering bribes to a public servant, the offender faces a maximum two-year prison sentence.
If a witness demands, receives, or accepts a bribe for his or her altered testimony, he or she may be fined 300 percent of
the face amount of the bribe plus a maximum 15-year prison sentence.

#4: Bribing a Foreign Official

The federal Foreign Corrupt Practices Act bans the act of bribing foreign officials by U.S. corporate representatives.
Publicly-traded companies are required to document their business transactions, even if they don’t transact business
with foreign entities.
However, loopholes such as “grease payments” used to expedite paperwork needed to obtain licenses and permits in
some types of business transactions are legal.

#5: Bank Bribery

The Bank Bribery Amendments Act of 1985 prohibits the solicitation of banking officials. These officials may not accept
entertainment or meals. If a banking official accepts a bribe greater than $1,000, he or she faces fines of 300 percent of
the face amount of the bribe received plus a maximum 30-year prison sentence.
Bank officials must also report attempted, offered bribes even when they do not accept them.

#6: Sporting Bribes

A sporting official may not accept bribes in exchange for his or her influence of a sporting event outcome.

Referees found guilty of receiving or accepting bribes may face significant fines and up to five years in prison.
1) Bribery and Kickbacks
Bribery involves the transfer of money or favors in exchange for some form of beneficial decision or treatment. Paying a
public official for a decision or vote is one obvious example of public corruption. Bribery has many nuances, however, so
bribery and kickback laws are regularly updated by state and federal officials.

2) Bribing a Public Official

Anyone serving in an official capacity for the United States is prohibited from receiving, demanding or accepting a bribe
in exchange for a favorable decision or act. The list of public officials subject to the bribery prohibition even includes
witnesses and jurors. An offender can be imprisoned for no more than 15 years and fined up to three times the amount
of the bribe. The offender can also be prohibited from holding government or public office.

3) Bribery of or by a Witness
Offering a bribe to a public official is punishable by up to two years in prison. Similarly, any witness that accepts, receives
or demands a bribe in exchange for providing altered testimony can be fined up to three times the amount of the bribe
and a prison sentence of up to 15 years.

4) Bribing a Foreign Official

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act prohibits bribes of foreign officials by any representative of an American corporation.
Publicly traded corporations must document all business transactions to prevent abuse whether they do business with
international entities or not. Grease payments and other loopholes to expedite business transactions are still legal.

5) Banking Bribery
The solicitation of a banking official is prohibited by the Bank Bribery Amendments Act of 1985. Even the acceptance of
meals or entertainment is outlawed. Acceptance of any bribe in excess of $1,000 by a banking official will result in a fine
of three times the bribe that was received and up to 30 years in prison. Banking officials are also required to report all
attempted bribes.

6) Sporting Bribes
It is illegal for a sporting official to accept a bribe in exchange for influencing the outcome of a sporting event. A referee
found guilty of receiving a bribe can be fined and sentenced to prison for as many as five years.