Nebosh General Cert Notes

Effective management of health and safety:
 is vital to employee well-being

 has a role to play in enhancing the reputation of businesses and helping them
achieve high-performance teams
 is financially beneficial to business
4 C’s
Competence
Control
Co-operation
Communication
Health– the protection of the bodies and minds of people from illness resulting from the
materials, processes or procedures used in the workplace.
Safety– the protection of people from physical injury.
Ill health- the two words are normally used together to indicate concern for the physical
and mental well-being of the individual at the place of work.
Welfare– the provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being of individuals at
the workplace. e.g. washing and sanitation arrangements, the provision of drinking water,
heating, lighting, and accommodation for clothing, seating (when required by the work
activity), eating and rest rooms, first aid arrangements.
Occupational or work-related ill-health – is concerned with those illnesses or physical and

mental disorders that are either caused or triggered by workplace activities. The time
interval between exposure and the onset of the illness may be short (e.g. asthma attacks) or
long (e.g. deafness or cancer).
Environmental protection– arrangements to cover those activities in the workplace which

affect the environment (in the form of flora, fauna, water, air and soil) and, possibly, the
health and safety of employees and others. Eg include waste disposal and atmospheric
pollution.
Hazard–is the potential of a substance, activity or process to cause harm. Hazards take
many forms including, for example, chemicals, electricity and working from a ladder. A
hazard can be ranked relative to other hazards or to a possible level of danger.
Risk - likelihood of a substance, activity or process to cause harm. A risk can be reduced and
the hazard controlled by good management.
Hazard and a risk – the two terms are often confused and activities such as construction
work are called high risk when they are high hazard. Although the hazard will continue to be
high, the risks will be reduced as controls are implemented. The level of risk remaining when
controls have been adopted is known as the residual risk. There should only be high residual
risk where there is poor health and safety management and inadequate control measures.
by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Insured Direct costs:
 Claims on employers and public liability insurance
 Damage to buildings, equipment, vehicles
 Absence from employees
Uninsured Direct costs:

 Fines resulting from prosecution by the enforcement authority
 Sick pay
 Some damage to the product , equipment, vehicles or process (not directly
associated with accident
 Increases in insurance premium
 Any compensation not covered by insurance
 Legal representation following a compensation claim
Insured Indirect costs:

 A cumulative business loss
 Product or process liability claims
 Recruitment or replacement staff
Uninsured Direct costs:

 Loss of goodwill and a poor corporate image
 Accident investigation time
 Production delays
 Extra overtime payments
 Recruitment and training replacement staff
 First aid-provision and training
 Lower employee morale possibly leading to reduced productivity
Employers Liability Compulsory Insurance (Act)

 legal requirement (£2500/day fine)
 ensures that any employee who successfully sues his employer following an accident, is
assured of receiving a compensation irrespective of financial position of the employer
 min one copy must be displayed
 copies to be kept for 40 years

LAW
Criminal law
 is enforced by several different Government Agencies who may prosecute individuals
for contravening criminal laws.
 An individual who breaks criminal law is deemed to have committed an offence or
crime and, if he is prosecuted, the court will determine whether he is guilty or not
 the court could sentence him to a fi ne or imprisonment
 The Health and Safety at Work Act (enforced by the Health and Safety Executive or
Local Authority Environmental Health Officers)
 Road Traffic Acts
 The prosecution in a criminal case has to prove the guilt of the accused beyond reason-
able doubt. While this obligation is not totally removed in health and safety cases,
section 40 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 transferred, where there is a duty
to do something ‘so far as is reasonably practicable ’or ‘so far as is practicable’ or ‘use
the best practicable means’, the onus of proof to the accused to show that there was no
better way to discharge his duty under the Act. However, when this burden of proof is
placed on the accused, they need only satisfy the court on the balance of probabilities
that what they are trying to prove has been done.
Magistrates Courts
 brought before the court by enforcement officers
 tried by a bench of three lay magistrates (members of public) or a single district judge
 maximum fine of £5000 (for employees) to £20 000 for employers or for those who
ignore prohibition notices
 imprison for up to six months for breaches of enforcement notices
Crown Court
 Passed from Magistrates Courts
 Cases are heard by a judge (sometimes him alone) and jury
 unlimited fine and up to two years imprisonment for breaches of enforcement notices
 hears appeals from the Magistrates Court

Civil law
 disputes between individuals or individuals and companies
 An individual sues another individual or company to address a civil wrong or tort
 the level of proof required is based on the ‘balance of probability’, which is a lower level
of certainty than that of ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ required by the criminal court
County Court
 deals with minor cases
 compensation claims of up to £50 000 if the High Court agrees
 normally heard by a judge sitting alone
 For personal injury claims of less than £5000
High Court
 before a judge only
 compensation claims in excess of £50 000
 acts as an appeal court for the County Court
 appeals from the High Court are made to the Court of Appeal
 fine based on company turnover and ability to pay
Supreme Court
 Independent institution
 12 judges
 Final court of appeal
Employment Tribunals
 deal with employment and conditions of service issues, such as unfair dismissal
 usually three members who sit on a Tribunal (often not legally qualified)
Sources of law
Negligence - The only tort (civil wrong) of real significance in health and safety; it is the lack
of reasonable care or conduct which results in the injury, damage (or financial loss) of or to
another.
It is a common law tort
Summarised as Careless Conduct/Breach of Duty of Care

An employee, who is suing his employer for negligence, needs to establish the following
three criteria:
 a duty was owed to him by his employer since the incident took place during the course
of his employment
 there was a breach of that duty because the event was foreseeable and all reasonable
precautions had not been taken
 the breach resulted in the specific injury, disease, damage and/or loss suffered.
Defence:
 contributory negligence
 volenti non fit injuira (risk was willingly accepted)
 vicarious liability (where the defendant is an employee who was acting in the course of
his employment during the alleged incident, the defence of the action is transferred to
his employer)
Any negligence claim must be made within 3 years (Limitations Act)
Tests to be satisfied:
That a duty of care was owed
That there was a breach of that duty
That the breach led directly to the harm

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ETC ACT 1974
Part 1 relates to HW&W at the workplace

Part 2 relates to EMAS
Part 3 relates to Building Regs
Part 4 contains misc. & general provisions
PRACTICABLE –capable of being carried out or feasible (given current knowledge, finance,
information etc.)
REASONABLY PRACTICABLE – must be technically possible, and the risk assessed against the
cost. Where cost is disproportionately high, can be deemed not to be reasonably practical.
H&S Inspectorate powers include: Investigation, Advisory, Enforcement (Imp. Not, Pro. Not,
Seize/destroy substances/articles, Prosecute)
DUTIES OF CARE:
 provide a safe place of work, including access and egress
 provide safe plant and equipment
 provide a safe system of work
 provide safe and competent fellow employees
 provide adequate levels of supervision, information, instruction and training.
LEVELS OF DUTY:
Absolute duty
 occurs when the risk of injury is so high that injury is inevitable unless safety
precautions are taken
 ‘must’ and ‘shall’
 it may still be defended using, for example, the argument that ‘all reasonable
precautions and all due diligence’ were taken (only The Electricity at Work Regs and The
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regs)
Practicable
 Employer must ensure, so far as is practicable, that any control measure is maintained
in an efficient state (if the duty is technically possible or feasible then it must be done
irrespective of any difficulty, inconvenience or cost)
Reasonably practicable
 if the risk of injury is very small compared to the cost, time and effort required to
reduce the risk , then no action is necessary
 It is important to note that money, time and trouble must ‘grossly outweigh’ not
balance the risk
 clearly needs a risk assessment
 ‘suitable and sufficient’

Regulations
 Enabling Act (allows the Secretary of State to make further laws (known as regulations)
without the need to pass another Act of Parliament)
 It is a criminal offence to breach a regulation and any breaches may result in
enforcement action
 aim to help employers to set goals, but leave them free to decide how to control
hazards and risks which they identify
ACOP
 produced for most sets of regulations by the HSC
 attempts to give more details on the requirements of the regulations
 quasi-legal (Highway Code to the Road Traffic Acts)
Codes of Practice generally are only directly legally binding if:

 the regulations or Act indicates that they are, for example, the Safety Signs and Signals
Regulations Schedule 2 specify British Standard Codes of practice for alternative hand
signals; or
 they are referred to in an Enforcement Notice
Guidance
 no formal legal standing
 legal and best practice
 issued by the HSC and/or the HSE to cover the technical aspects of health and safety
regulations
PART 1 HSWA
DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS (Section 2)

 Provide & maintain safe plant & systems of work
 Provide safe use, handling, storage and transportation of articles and substances
 Provide information, instruction, supervision & training
 Provide safe place of work, safe access/egress, safe working environment
 Provide adequate welfare facilities and arrangements
 Consult union safety reps
 Establish safety committee when requested by 2 reps
 Provide PPE
Produce written H&S policy where 5 or more persons employed (revise/update/inform
employees)
 Must obtain Employers Liability Insurance (Act)
 Undertake Risk Assessments (control measures)
 Ensure relevant actions are taken following RAs
 Display H&S Law Poster or give leaflets
 Report work-related accidents, diseases, and dangerous occurrences
Section 37 Personal liability of directors

DUTIES OF OWNERS/OCCUPIERS (Sections 3/4)
 Ensure that premises/means of access & exit and any plant and substances are safe and
without risk to health
DUTIES OF MANUFACTURERS, DESIGNERS, IMPORTERS AND SUPPLIERS (Section 6)

 Articles to be safe and without risk to H&S
 Carry out tests, examinations to perform their duties
 Provide adequate info to perform their duties
 Carry out research to ensure its safety when in use
 Ensure that installers and erectors has done nothing to make it unsafe
DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES (Section 7)

 Take reasonable care for the H&S of themselves and others who their actions may affect
 Co-operate with the employer
 Not to interfere with anything provided in the interests of HS&W
DUTIES OF SELF-EMPLOYED (Section 3 )

Same general duties as Employers through a general duty to ensure as far as reasonably
practical that they and other persons are not exposed to risks to H&S
POWERS OF INSPECTORS (Section 20-25)

Work either for the HSE or the Local Authority and have a right to:
 enter premises at any reasonable time
 can bring police officer, if necessary
 can bring another authorizes person and necessary equipment
 can bring specialist
 must be provided with facilities to work
 examine, investigate
 require the premises to be left undisturbed
 take samples, photographs and, if necessary, dismantle and remove equipment or
substances
 require the production of books or other relevant documents and information
 seize, destroy or render harmless any substance or article
 require any person who can give info to answer question and sign statement
 issue enforcement notices and initiate prosecutions (he can just caution)
 take no action
 give verbal advice
 give written advice
 formal caution
 serve an improvement notice
 serve a prohibition notice
 initiate prosecution

Enforcement notices
Improvement notice
 identifies a specific breach of the law and
 specifies a date by which the situation is to be remedied
 An appeal must be made to the Employment Tribunal within 21 days. The notice is then
suspended until the appeal is either heard or withdrawn
Prohibition notice
 used to halt an activity which the inspector feels could lead to a serious personal injury
 identify which legal requirement is being or is likely to be contravened
 takes effect as soon as it is issued
 an appeal may be made to the Employment Tribunal but, in this case, the notice
remains in place during the appeal process
There are two forms of prohibition notice:
➤an immediate prohibition notice – this stops the work activity immediately until the
specified risk is reduced
➤a deferred prohibition notice – this stops the work activity within a specified time limit.
Prosecution
Breaches of HSWA can lead to:
 Max. £20K fine (max. £5K fine for employee) and/or 6 months imprisonment (Summary
Conviction – Magistrates Court)
 Unlimited fine and/or 2 years imprisonment & can disqualify director up to 15 years
(Indictable Offence –Crown Court)
 Civil Law – Prosecution on Balance of Probabilities (Civil Law established by case
precedence)
 Criminal Law – Prosecution beyond all reasonable doubt (Statute & legislation)
THE SIX PACK REGULATIONS
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regs 1999 (MHSWR)

Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regs 1992 (WHSWR)
Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 (DSE Regs)
Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPE Regs)
Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (MHOR)
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER)

MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK REGS 1999 AS AMD 2006
Regulation 3 Risk assessment (significant risks to be recorded)

Regulation 4 Implementation of protective or preventive measures:
1. Avoid risk
2. Evaluate risk
3. Combat risk at source
4. Adapt the work of an individual
5. Adapt to technical advances
6. Replace dangerous with non/less dangerous
7. Develop policy which influences the factors relating to working environment
8. Give collective measures priority
9. Give appropriate instructions to employees
Regulation 5 Make proper arrangements for all aspects of H&S

Regulation 6 Health surveillance (where appropriate)
Regulation 7 Appointment of competent persons
Regulation 8 Procedures to be developed for particular dangers which may arise (ie: fire)
Regulation 9 Information for employees
Regulation 10 Information to be provided to employees for:·
Identified risks
Preventive/protective measures
Procedures and name of nominated responsible person as required under
Fire Regs
Regulation 11 Where more than one employer, they must co-operate over H&S matters
Regulation 12 Working on other peoples premises – must provide them with info and details
of risks etc.
Regulation 13 Employers to take into account employees capabilities
Regulation 14 Employees responsibilities to use tools and equipment etc safely
Regulation 16-18 New & expectant mothers
Regulation 19 Young persons

Employers duties
➤undertake suitable and sufficient written risk assessments when there are 5 or more
employees
➤put in place effective arrangements for the planning, organization, control, monitoring
and review of health and safety measures in the workplace (including health surveillance).
Such arrangements should be recorded if there are more than four employees
➤employ (to be preferred) or contract competent per-sons to help them comply with
health and safety duties
➤develop suitable emergency procedures. Ensure that employees and others are aware of
these procedures and can apply them
➤provide health and safety information to employees and others, such as other employers,
the self-employed and their employees who are sharing the same workplace and parents of
child employees or those on work experience
➤co-operate in health and safety matters with other employers who share the same
workplace
➤provide employees with adequate and relevant health and safety training
➤provide temporary workers and their contract agency with appropriate health and safety
information
➤protect new and expectant mothers and young per-sons from particular risks
➤under certain circumstances, as outlined in Regulation 6, provide health surveillance for
employees. The information that should be supplied by employers under the regulations is:
➤risks identified by any risk assessments including those notified to him by other
employers sharing the same workplace
➤the preventative and protective measures that are in place
➤the emergency arrangements and procedures and the names of those responsible for the
implementation of the procedures.
Finally, it is important to note that the regulations outline the principles of prevention which
employers and the self-employed need to apply so that health and safety risks are
addressed and controlled. These principles are discussed in detail in Chapter 6.
Employees duties
➤use any equipment or substance in accordance with any training or instruction given by
the employer
➤report to the employer any serious or imminent danger
➤report any shortcomings in the employer’s protective health and safety arrangements.

Sources of information on health and safety
Internal sources, which should be available within the organization include:

➤accident and ill-health records and investigation reports
➤absentee records
➤inspection and audit reports undertaken by the organization and by external
organizations such as the HSE
➤maintenance, risk assessment (including COSHH)and training records
➤documents which provide information to workers
➤any equipment examination or test reports.
External sources, which are available outside the organization, are numerous and include:
➤health and safety legislation
➤HSC/HSE publications, such as approved codes of practice, guidance documents, leaflets,
journals, books and their website
➤international (e.g. ILO), European and British standards
➤health and safety magazines and journals
➤information published by trade associations, employer organizations and trade unions
➤specialist technical and legal publications
➤information and data from manufacturers and suppliers
➤the internet and encyclopedias. Many of these sources of information will be referred to
throughout this book.

THE SAFETY REPRESENTATIVES AND SAFETY COMMITEES REGULATIONS 1977
Safety Representative’s Functions:

 Representing employees in consulting with the employer
 Investigating potential hazards and dangerous occurrences
 Being involved with RA procedures
 Investigating the causes of accidents, cases of work-related diseases or ill health and
dangerous occurrences
 Investigating employees complaints relating to health, safety & welfare matters
 Making representations to the employer on health, safety & welfare matters
 Carrying out inspections of the workplace
 Representing employees at the workplace in consultation with enforcing inspectors
 Receiving information from H&S inspectors
 Attending H&S committee meeting
Must be allowed time off with pay to fulfil these functions and undergo H&S training.
Access to suitable facilities and assistance (camera , desk office lockable filing cabinet,
notice board)
Safety Committee objectives:

If two or more safety representatives have requested in writing that safety committee be
set up, the employer has 3 months to comply.
 Study of accident statistics to enable reports to be made
 Examination of H&S audits
 Considerations of reports from external enforcement agency
 Monitoring and review of H&S training in organization
 Review new legislation, ACOPs & guidance and affect on organization
 Review RAs
 Development of safe systems

THE HEALTH & SAFETY (CONSULTATION WITH EMPLOYEES) REGULATIONS 1996
Where there is no safety rep or safety rep does not represent whole workplace the above
apply.
Employer must consult the workforce.
Functions of RES:
 Represent the interest of workers on H&S matters to the employer
 Approach the employer regarding potential hazards and dangerous occurrences at the
workplace
 Approach the employer regarding general matters affecting the H&S of the people they
represent
 To speak for the people they represent in consultation with inspectors.
Employer must consult RES on the following:

 Introduction of any measure or change which may substantially affect employees’
health and safety
 The arrangements for the appointment of competent persons to assist in H&S law
 Any info resulting from RA or their resultant control measures which could affect H& S,
welfare of employees
 Planning and organization of any H&S training required by legislation
 The H&S consequences to employees of the introduction of new technologies in to the
workplace
Employer can not disclose to RES the following:

 If it violates the prohibition
 If it could endanger national security
 If it relates specifically to an individual without his/her consent
 If it could harm substantially the business of the employer or infringe commercial
security
 If it was obtained in connection with legal proceeding

PROVISION AND USE OF WORK EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS 1998
Regulation 4 Equip to be suitable

Regulation 5 Properly and effectively maintained
Regulation 6 Inspections and recording of inspections
Regulation 7 Identified specific risks
Regulation 8 Information & instruction
Regulation 9 Training
Regulation 11-20 Deal with machine guarding – basically requires all dangerous parts of any
machine or piece of equipment to be effectively and properly guarded at all times
Regulation 21 Suitable and sufficient lighting
Regulation 22 Must be Safe to maintain
Regulation 23 & 24 Markings an warnings
Regulation 25 to 30 Deal with plant and plant safety
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) AT WORK REGULATIONS 1992 AMD 2002
Includes all equipment (incl. clothing) which is intended to be worn or held by a person at
work and which protects them against one or more risks to their H&S.
Regulation 4 Provision of PPE (Employers to ensure it is available and is suitable)

Regulation 5 Compatibility
Regulation 6 Assessment/Suitability – with regards to the nature of the task
Regulation 7 Properly maintained, cleaned or replaced; and that
Regulation 8 Suitable accommodation is provided
Regulation 9 Employees are provided with all necessary information, instruction and
training
Regulation 10 Employees to use in accordance with training provided
Regulation 11 To report any loss or defects
THE HEALTH & SAFETY (DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT) REGS 1992
Regulation 1 Definitions (user – someone who habitually uses DSE)

Regulation 2 Risk Assessment of workstations
Regulation 3 Specific workstation requirements (ie: adjustable chairs, screens etc)
Regulation 4 Rest breaks
Regulation 5 Eyes and eye tests
Regulation 6 Training
Regulation 7 Provision of information

RISK ASSESSMENT
 any risk assessment shall be reviewed if there is reason to suspect that it is no longer
valid or if a significant change has taken place;
 where there are more than four employees, the significant findings of the assessment
shall be recorded and
 any specially at risk group of employees identified
A suitable and sufficient risk assessment should:

 identify the signifi cant risks and ignore the trivial ones;
 identify and prioritize the measures required to comply with any relevant statutory
provisions;
 remain appropriate to the nature of the work and valid over a reasonable period of time
 Identify the risk arising from or in connection with the work. The level of detail should
be proportionate to the risk
1 serious or disabling injuries

10 minor injuries (first aid injury)
30 damage accidents
600 near miss accidents
Health risks fall into the following four categories:

 chemical (e.g. paint solvents, exhaust fumes)
 biological (e.g. bacteria, pathogens)
 physical (e.g. noise, vibrations)
 ergonomic
 psychological (e.g. occupational stress)
Possible health effects of occupational ill-health

 acute (occur soon after the exposure and are often of short duration)
 chronic (health effects develop with time. It may take several years for the associated
disease to develop and the effects maybe slight (mild asthma) or severe (cancer))
Risk Assessment (5 Steps)
1. Identify Hazards
2. Identify Persons Exposed (particular attention to high risk groups – young persons,
pregnant workers, disabled)
3. Evaluate Risks (Consider likelihood and severity) & Controls
4. Record the findings
5. Review and Revise
During most risk assessment it will be noted that some of the risks posed by the hazard have
already been addressed or controlled. The purpose of the risk assessment, therefore, is to
reduce the remaining risk. This is called the residual risk.

Risk Assessment: PEME
People, Equipment, Material, Environment
Hierarchy of Control:
 Elimination by design
 Substitution with less hazardous substance
 Automation of process
 Engineering controls (ie: LEV)
 Signage/warning/admin controls
 Reducing exposure by process change
 Isolation / Segregation
 Safe systems of work
 Training
 Information
 Safety Signs
 Welfare
 Monitoring/Health surveillance
 Supervision
 PPE
SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK
The system of work describes the safe method of performing the job activity.
It is a defined method of doing a job in safe way. It takes account of all foreseeable hazards
to H&S and seeks to eliminate or minimize these.
 formal and documented
 May be verbal
Effective safe system:

 Based on looking at the job as whole
 Starts from analysis of all foreseeable hazards
 Brings together all the necessary precautions incl. design, training, monitoring PPE
Essential features:
 Sequence of operations
 Equipment, plant
 Chemicals and other substances
 People doing the work
 Foreseeable hazards
 Practical precautions
 Training needs
 Monitoring systems

Factors to consider:
 Types of risks
 Magnitude of the risk
 Complexity of operation
 Past accident
 Requirement and recommendations of the H& S authorities
 Document type of needed
 Resources required
PERMITS TO WORK
It is a specialized type of safe system of work for ensuring that potentially very dangerous
work (e.g. entry into process plant and other confined spaces) is done safely.
The permit to work procedure is a specialized type of safe system of work under which
certain categories of high risk-potential work may only be done with the specific permission
of an authorized manager. This permission (in the form of the permit to work) will only be
given if the laid-down precautions are in force and have been checked.
Permit systems must adhere to the following eight principles:

1. wherever possible, and especially with routine jobs, hazards should be eliminated so that
the work can be done safely without requiring a permit to work
2. although the Site Manager may delegate the responsibility for the operation of the permit
system, the overall responsibility for ensuring safe operation rests with him/her
3. the permit must be recognized as the master instruction which, until it is cancelled,
overrides all other instructions
4. the permit applies to everyone on site, including contractors
5. information given in a permit must be detailed and accurate. It must state:
(a) which plant/equipment has been made safe and the steps by which this has been
achieved
(b) what work may be done
(c) the time at which the permit comes into effect
6. the permit remains in force until the work has been completed and the permit is
cancelled by the person who issued it, or by the person nominated by management to take
over the responsibility (e.g. at the end of a shift or during absence)
7. no work other than that specified is authorized. If it is found that the planned work has to
be changed, the existing permit should be cancelled and a new one issued
8. responsibility for the plant must be clearly defined at all stages

Permit to Work:
Permit title
Reference No.
Job location
Plant/Task identification
Description of work and any limitations
Identified hazards
Necessary precautions
Protective equipment
Authorisation
Acceptance
Extension
Hand back/completion
Cancellation
Job Safety Analysis (JSA) SREDIM
Process of identifying hazards in each component part of a job in order to assess the risk
and decide on control measures for a SSW.
Stages are:
1. Select the job/task to be reviewed
2. Record – Identify and record the sequence of steps and/or
components in the process
3. Examine each component part of the job to identify the hazards/risks
4. Develop control measures
5. Install SSW/Control measures
6. Maintain. Carry out regular reviews.
LEGAL ECONOMIC MORAL
Planned Preventative Maintenance:

Frequency of maintenance
Statutory requirements
Manufacturers Recommendations
Operating Environment
Age and Condition of Machinery
Breakdown history
Frequency of use/operation
Critical components (effects of component failure)
Effect of failure
Timing of the works (ie: during shutdown periods)
Disruption
Maintenance staff competence
Cost benefit

Safety Management Systems (SMS) – HSG65
1. Policy – written statement of policy, procedures and commitment to HSW. Assigns

responsibilities and explains duties etc.
 Must be in writing if 5 or more employees

 a health and safety policy statement of intent which includes the health and safety aims
and objectives of the organization
 the health and safety organization detailing the people with health and safety
responsibilities and their duties
 the health and safety arrangements in place in terms of systems and procedures
Statement of intent
 aims (which are not measurable)
 objectives (which are measurable) – may be reviewed
 fairly brief and broken down into a series of smaller statements or bullet points
 be signed and dated by the most senior person in the organization
 should be written by the organization and not by external consultants
 the position of the senior person in the organization or company who is responsible for
health and safety (normally the chief executive)
 the names of the Health and Safety Adviser and any safety representatives
 a commitment to the basic requirements of the Health and Safety at Work Act (access,
egress, risk assessments, safe plant and systems of work, use, handling, transport and
handling of articles and sub-stances, information, training and supervision)
 a commitment to the additional requirements of the Management of Health and Safety
at Work Regulations (risk assessment, emergency procedures, health surveillance and
employment of competent persons)

 duties towards the wider general public and others(contractors, customers, students,
etc.)
 the principal hazards in the organization
 specific policies of the organization (e.g. smoking policy, violence to staff, etc.)
 a commitment to employee consultation possibly using a safety committee or plant
council
 duties of employees (particularly those defined in the Management of Health and Safety
at Work Regulations)
 specific performance targets for the immediate and long term future
Organization of health and safety

 defines the names, positions and duties of those within the organization or company
who have a responsibility for health and safety
 directors and senior managers (responsible for set-ting policy, objectives and targets)
 supervisors (responsible for checking day-to-day compliance with the policy)
 safety advisers (responsible for giving advice during accident investigations and on
compliance issues)
 other specialist, such as an occupational nurse, chemical analyst and an electrician
(responsible forgiving specialist advice on particular health and safety issues)
 safety representatives (responsible for representing employees during consultation
meetings on health and safety issues with the employer)
 employees (responsible for taking reasonable care of the health and safety of
themselves and others who may be affected by their acts or omissions)
 fire marshals (responsible for the safe evacuation of the building in an emergency)
 first aiders (responsible for administering first aid to injured persons)
Arrangements Section:
 employee health and safety code of practice
 accident and illness reporting and investigation procedures
 emergency procedures, first aid
 procedures for undertaking risk assessments
 control of exposure to specifi c hazards (noise, vibration, radiation, manual handling,
hazardous sub-stances etc.)
 machinery safety (including safe systems of work, lifting and pressure equipment)
 electrical equipment (maintenance and testing)
 maintenance procedures
 permits to work procedures
 use of personal protective equipment
 monitoring procedures including health and safety inspections and audits
 procedures for the control and safety of contractors and visitors
 provision of welfare facilities
 training procedures and arrangements
 catering and food hygiene procedures
 arrangements for consultation with employees
 terms of reference and constitution of the safety committee
 procedures and arrangements for waste disposal.

Review when:
 significant organizational changes have taken place
 there have been changes in personnel
 there have been changes in legislation
 the monitoring of risk assessments or accident/ incident investigations indicate that the
health and safety policy is no longer totally effective
 enforcement action has been taken by the HSE or Local Authority
 a sufficient period of time has elapsed since the previous review. A positive promotion
of health and safety performance will achieve far more than simply prevent accidents
and ill-health.
2. Organising – structures to assist in:

- Control
- Co-operation
- Communication
- Co-ordination
- Competence
3. Planning and Implementation – establish, operate and maintain systems that:

- Identify objectives and targets
- Set performance standards
- Consider and control risks
- Document performance
- React to change
- Sustain positive safety culture
4. Monitoring – Active and Reactive systems:

* Active: Measuring achievements against specified standards before things go wrong.
Ensures controls are working correctly.
 Safety Management Systems Audit (major exercise)
 Safety Survey (detailed assessment of one aspect of organization)
 Safety Inspection (formal assessment of workplace safety and identification of
hazardous conditions and practices for remedial actions)
 Safety tour (addresses the people aspects of workplace safety, and by discussions with a
range of staff; establishes their familiarity with safety procedures)
 Safety Sampling (focuses on one area/subject at the time - 30min inspection. Inspection
team carries out sampling at the same time each day or week in the specified period
* Reactive: Collection of information about failures. Involves learning from mistakes.

After things go wrong, involves looking at historical events to learn from mistakes and see
what can be put right to prevent a recurrence. The UK HSE’s experience is that organizations
find health and safety performance measurement a difficult subject. They struggle to
develop health and safety performance measures which are not based solely on injury and
ill-health statistics.
Inspection – looks at physical conditions

Inspection checklist:
 Premises (work at height, access, welfare, fire precautions)
 Plant & substance (work equipment, vehicles, hazardous substances)
 Procedures (RAs, safe systems of work, permits to work, notices, signs)
 People (training, health surveillance, violence)
5. Review and Audit – Ensures policy is being carried out and is having the desired effect.
Audit – inspection or other monitoring activity (gathering info & making informed
judgements); looks at systems and the way they function in practice
HAZARD PREVENTION
1. Eliminate the hazard
2. Substitution
3. Use of barriers (Isolation/segregation)
4. Procedures (SSW/Dilution)
5. Warning systems (Instruction/Training/Signs/Markings)
6. PPE
5 STEPS IN DEVISING A SSW (AIDIM)

1. Assess the task
2. Identify the Hazards and assess the risks
3. Definition of the Safe Method
4. Implementation of the SSW
5. Monitoring the System
MAINTENANCE ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY:

1. Poor Design
2. Poor perception of risk
3. No SSW
4. Poor communications
5. Failure to brief and supervise contractors
MAINTENANCE ACCIDENTS CAN BE PREVENTED BY:

1. Planning
2. Evaluation
3. Controls
4. Monitoring
6 PART STRATEGY TO CONTROLLING CONTRACTORS

1. Identify suitable contractors
2. Identification of hazards within specification
3. Contractor competence & selection
4. Contractor acceptance of H&S Rules
5. Control of contractors on site
6. Completion checks

SAFETY CULTURE (KEY ELEMENTS):
·Good communications between and with employees and management
·Ensuring a real and visible commitment to high standards by senior management
·Maintaining good training standards to achieve competence
·Achievement of good working conditions
THE WORKPLACE (HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELFARE) REGS 1992

Regulation 5 Maintenance of the workplace
Regulation 6 Ventilation
Regulation 7 Temperature
Regulation 8 Lighting
Regulation 9 Cleanliness
Regulation 10 Room dimensions and space (11m3 per person excluding area above 3m)
Regulation 11 Workstations and seating
Regulation 12 Condition of floors and traffic routes
Regulation 13 Falls or falling objects
Regulation 14 Windows and translucent surfaces
Regulation 15 Windows, skylights and ventilators
Regulation 16 Ability to clean windows etc safely
Regulation 17 Organisation of traffic routes
Regulation 18 Doors and gates
Regulation 19 Escalators and moving walkways
Regulation 20 Sanitary conveniences
Regulation 21 Washing facilities
Regulation 22 Drinking water
Regulation 23 Accommodation for clothing
Regulation 24 Facilities for changing clothes
Regulation 25 Facilities to rest and eat meals
WORKPLACE ISSUES
Ventilation: /5-8l/s/person for mechanical systems/Free of impurity/Effective/sufficient
Temperature: 16-30oC (13oC for physical work) – ACOP
Lightning: normal + emergency
Windows: Glass below shoulder height – safety glass
Workstations and seating
Violence
Substance misuse (alcohol & drugs)
Cleanliness:
Working Space: 11m3
Seating: Ergonomic and adjustable
Slips/Trips/Falls:
Collisions with moving vehicles
Being struck by moving/falling/flying objects
Striking against stationery projects
Traffic Routes:

Welfare Facilities:
 Toilets – Privacy/Ventilation/lighting/cleanliness/location/quantity
 Washing facilities
 Drinking water
 Accommodation for clothing
 Rest Facilities
 Eating facilities
WORK EQUIPMENT
1. Suitable for the purpose

2. Installed, located and used so as to reduce the risk to operators & others
3. Substances – safe supply and/or removal
4. Maintained
5. Inspected by competent persons
6. Information, instruction and training
Non-mechanical machinery hazards

➤access: slips, trips and falls; falling and moving objects; obstructions and projections
➤lifting and handling
➤electricity (including static electricity): shock, burns
➤fire and explosion
➤noise and vibration
➤pressure and vacuum
➤high/low temperature
➤inhalation of dust/fume/mist
➤suffocation
➤radiation: ionising and non-ionising
➤biological: viral or bacterial
➤physiological effects (e.g. Musculoskeletal disorders)
➤psycho-physiological effects (e.g. mental overload or underload)
➤human errors
➤hazards from the environment where the machine is used (e.g. temperature, wind, snow,
lightning)
In many cases it will be practicable to install safe guards which protect the operator from
both mechanical and non-mechanical hazards. For example, a guard may prevent access to
hot or electrically live parts as well as to moving ones. The use of guards which reduce noise
levels at the same time is also common. As a matter of policy machinery hazards should be
dealt with in this integrated way instead of dealing with each hazard in isolation.

TYPES OF GUARDS
Fixed
Interlocked
Control
Automatic
Distance guard
Adjustable
Self adjusting
Trip devices
Two handed devices
GUARD MATERIAL DEPENDS ON:

·Strength/stiffness/durability
·Effects on reliability (eg: closed guard causing M/C to overheat)
·Visibility
·Need to control secondary hazards (ie: Noise)
ACCIDENTS
Accident– ‘any unplanned event that results in injury or ill health of people, or damage or
loss to property, plant, materials or the environment or a loss of a business opportunity’.
Other authorities define an accident more narrowly by excluding events that do not involve
injury or ill-health.
Near miss– is any incident that could have resulted in an accident. For every 10 ‘near miss’
events at a particular location in the work-place, a minor accident will occur.
Dangerous occurrence– is a ‘near miss’ which could have led to serious injury or loss of life.
Dangerous occurrences are defined in the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous
Occurrences Regulations 1995 (often known as RIDDOR) and are always reportable to the
Enforcement Authorities. Examples include the collapse of a scaffold or a crane or the
failure of any passenger carrying equipment. One of a number of specific, reportable
adverse events
Immediate cause –the most obvious reason why an adverse even happens, e.g. guard is
missing. There may be several immediate causes in any one adverse event.
Personal Factors:
 Behaviour
 Suitability of people doing the work
 Training and competence
Task factors:
 Workplace conditions and precautions or controls
 Method of work at the time
 Ergonomic factor
 Normal working practice

Root cause – initiating event or failing from which all other causes or failings spring. Usually
management, planning or organizational failings;
 Quality of H&S policy

 Quality of consultation & cooperation with employees
 Quality of communication
 Deficiencies in RA, control systems
 Lacks in monitoring
 Quality & frequency of reviews an audits
Analysis: (higher level investigation)

 Tree of causes
Analysis: (minimal & low level investigation)

 What caused this practice to occur? – until u get to root causes
 5 why’s (Simple, effective, comprehensive, flexible, engaging, inexpensive)
Underlying cause – less obvious system or organizational reason for an adverse event
happening e.g. production pressures are too great;
 Pre-start-up m/c checks were not made by supervisors

 Hazard not considered in RA
 No MS
 Pressure of production more important
 Employee under pressure
 Any similar incidents in the past?
 Was there adequate supervision?
Which incidents/accidents should be investigated - In fact the main determinant is the

potential of the accident to cause harm rather than the actual harm resulting.
Accident Investigation:
 In a minimal level investigation, the relevant supervisor will look into the circumstances
of the accident/ incident and try to learn any lessons which will prevent future incidents
 A low level investigation will involve a short investigation by the relevant supervisor or
line manager into the circumstances and immediate underlying and root causes of the
accident/incident, to try to prevent a recurrence and to learn any general lessons
 A medium level investigation will involve a more detailed investigation by the relevant
supervisor or line manager, the health and safety adviser and employee representatives
and will look for the immediate, underlying and root causes
 A high level investigation will involve a team-based investigation, involving supervisors
or line managers, health and safety advisers and employee representatives. It will be
carried out under the supervision of senior management or directors and will look for
the immediate, underlying and root causes.

Four basic elements to a sound investigation:
1. collect facts about what has occurred
2. assemble and analyse the information obtained
3. compare the information with acceptable industry and company standards and legal
requirements to draw conclusions
4. implement the findings and monitor progress
Phases:
 Direct observation
 Documents
 Interviews
Investigation form:
➤date and location of accident
➤circumstances of accident
➤immediate cause of accident
➤underlying cause of accident
➤immediate action taken
➤recommendation for further improvement
➤report circulation list
➤date of investigation
➤signature of investigation team leader
➤names of investigating team
Follow-up
➤were the recommendations implemented?
➤were the recommendations effective?
AFR = No of lost time accidents x 100,000/No of man hours worked

AIR = No of work related injuries x 1000/Average No of persons employed
Severity Rate = No of Days lost x 1,000/Total No. of man hours worked
Mean Duration Rate = Total No of Days Lost/Total No of Accidents
Duration Rate = No of Man hours worked/Total No of accidents
SOCIAL SECURITY (CLAIMS AND PAYMENTS) REGULATIONS 1979
Employer must keep a record of accidents at premises where more than 10 people are
employed and investigate accidents. (Reg 25)

REPORTING OF INJUIRIES, DISEASES AND DANGEROUS OCCURENCES REGULATIONS 1995
(RIDDOR)
Requires employers, self-employed and those in control of premises to:

 report certain more serious accidents and incidents to the HSE Incident Contact Centre
or other enforcing authority
 keep a record
Reporting:
 Death or major injury - Immediate without delay in quickest possible way via phone
 Over 3-day lost time injury - 10 days to report it (F2508)
 Dangerous occurrence - Immediate without delay in quickest possible way via phone
(2508DO)
 Reportable work-related disease (F2508A)
Annual Injury Incident rate:

(Number of reportable Injuries / Average Number employed during a year) x 100,000
Frequency rate:
(Number of injuries in the period/total hrs worked during the period) x 1,000,000
Major reportable Injuries:

 Any fracture excl. Fingers/thumbs/toes
 Amputation
 Dislocation of the shoulder/hip/knee/spine
 Loss of sight
 Chemical or hot metal burn to the eye / any penetrating injury to the eye
 Any injury resulting from electrical shock or burn leading to unconsciousness or
requiring resuscitation or admittance to hospital for more than 24hrs
 Injury leading to hypothermia/heat-induced illness or to unconsciousness
 Injury requiring resuscitation
 Injury requiring admittance to hospital for more than 24hrs
 Loss of consciousness caused by asphyxia or by exposure to a harmful substance or
biological agent
 Acute illness requiring medical treatment or loss of consciousness which result from the
absorption of any substance by inhalation/ingestion/through the skin
 Acute illness which requires medical treatment where there is reason to believe that
this resulted from exposure to a biological agent/its toxins/infected material

Reportable dangerous occurrences:
 Lifting m/c (collapse/failure of any load-bearing parts of lifts/lifting equipment)
 Pressure systems (failure of any closed vessel or of any associated pipeline work, in
which the internal pressure was above or below atmospheric pressure)
 Freight containers (failure of any load-bearing parts)
 Overhead electric lines (plant/equipment into contact with overhead lines)
 Explosives
 Breathing apparatus (if failure during use or just before)
 Train collisions
 Collapse of building or structure
Reportable diseases:
 Certain poisonings
 Some skin diseases (occupational dermatitis/skin cancer)
 Lung disease (occupational asthma/farmers lung)
 Infections (Leptospirosis/hepatitis/legionellosis/tetanus)
 Other (occupational cancer/some musculoskeletal disorders/hand-arm vibration
syndrome)

WORK AT HEIGHT REGULATIONS 2005 AMD 2007
Work at height-work - in any place at or below ground level.

Obtaining access to or egress from such place where person could fall adistance liable to
cause personal injury.
No minimum height
3 steps hierarchy:
 Work is not carried out at height when not necessary
 Employer shall take sufficient measures to prevent people falling
 Employer shall take sufficient measures to minimize distance and consequences of fall
Fall arrest equipment:

 Safety harness (when guard rails usage is not practicable)
 Safety net (not suitable for low-level work) (used for roofing)
 Air bag (if not possible/practicable to use safety nets)
Access equipment:
 Ladders
(Aluminium, timber, glass fibre)
 Use to be justify
 Location to be checked
 Stable in use
 Should be tied
 Ladder stiles to be wedged against wall
 Weather conditions to be suitable
 Proximity of live electricity
 1m of ladder above stepping point
 Over-reaching eliminated
 Storage of paints, tools, etc
 Match to work trained
 Inspection transportation & storage
 Plank to tied during non-working hrs
 Stepladders / trestles / trestles
 Unsuitable base
 Unsafe/incorrect use
 Overloading
 Use if there is safer method
 Overhang of boards
 Fixed scaffold

Independent tied (independent of the building but tied to it – window)
Putlog (during construction of a building) = scaffold tube
Standard-upright tube or pole used as a vertical support

Ledger-tube spanning horizontally and tying standards longitudinally
Transom-tube spanning across ledgers to tie scaffold transversely
Bracing-tubes which span diagonally to strengthen and prevent movement
Guard rail-horizontal tube fitted to standards along working platform; min 950high – no
more than 470mm between toe boards and intermediate rail and top rail
Toe boards-fitted at the base to prevent persons, materials falling
Base plate-square steel plate fitted to the bottom of a standard at ground level
Sole board-normally a timber plank beneath at least two base plates to provide more
uniform distribution of the load
Ties-used to secure the scaffold by tying it to the building
Working platform-platform on which workers operate
 Pre-fab mobile scaffold towers

 Wheels locked
 People of when moving
 Boarded, fitted with rails
 Power linesinspection
 Mobile elevated working platforms (scissor lift / cherry picker)

 High level work
 Maintenance
 Stable ground tyres inflated

 Outriggers fully extended and locked
 Power lines
 Warning signs
 Safety harness to be worn
Inspection – every 6 months
WORK-RELATED UPPER LIMB DISORDERS
Group of conditions which can affect the neck, shoulders, arms, elbows, wrists, hands and
fingers caused by repetitive movements of finger, hands or arms which involve pushing,
pulling, reaching, twisting, lifting, squeezing, hammering. Its chronic and may lead to
permanent damage.
RSIs:
 Tenosynovitis – affecting the tendons
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – affecting the tendons which pass through the carpal bone in
the hand
 Frozen shoulder
Symptoms: aching pain to back , neck, shoulders

Swollen joints and muscle fatigue
Tingling
Soft tissue swelling similar to bruising
Restriction in joint movement
Sense of touch in fingers may be affected

HEALTH AND SAFETY (DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT) REGULATIONS
 RA
 Workstation compliance with min specs
 Plan of the work programme (breaks)
 training
Usage in excess of 1 hour continuously each day
Ill-health hazards:
 Musculoskeletal problems
 Tenosynovitis – affecting the wrist
 Pain in the thighs/calves/ankles
 Pain in the back/neck
 Visual problems
 Visual fatigue
 Eye strain
 Sore eyes
 headaches
 Psychological problems
 Stress-related problems
 Heat
 Humidity
 Poor lightning
 High-speed working
 Lack of breaks
 Lack of training
 Radiation – low risk
 Epilepsy – low risk

MANUAL HANDLING OPERATIONS REGULATIONS 1992 AMD 2002
Manual Handling - Transporting, lifting, supporting, pushing, pulling, carrying, loading by

hand or bodily force; Movement of a load by human effort alone. This effort may be applied
directly or indirectly using a rope or lever.
Injury - Includes musculoskeletal, cuts, bruises, broken toes etc.

Load - Anything to be moved (except tool when in use)
Regulation 4 Requires employers to avoid manual handling and to undertake risk

assessment
Regulation 5 Duty on employees to make full and proper use of all equipment provided
Hazards:
 Lifting too heavy loads
 Poor posture during lifting
 Poor lifting technique
 Dropping a load – foot injury
 Lifting sharp-edged or hot loads – hand injuries
Injuries:
 Muscular sprains & strains (when tissue strains beyond its capability)
 Back injuries
 Trapped nerve
 Hernia (rupture of the body cavity wall in lower abdomen, causing a protrusion of part
of intestine)
 Cuts/bruising/abrasion
 Fractures
 WRLUDs
 Rheumatism (chronic – pain in the joints)
Measures:
 Avoid
 RA
 Reduce
Manual Handling Assessment:

Task
 Use of mech aids
 Number of people involved
 Cost of the task
 Body posture
 distance to carry
 Excessive pulling or pushing
 Risk of sudden load movement
 Sufficient rest/recovery time

Load
 Is it to heavy
 To bulky
 Difficult to grasp
 Content likely to shift
 Sharp/cold
Working environment
 Space constrains
 Slippery/uneven floor
 Variations in level floors
 Extremes of temperatures
 Ventilation/wind
 Poor lightning
Individual
 Does task require special characteristics (strength/height)
 Pregnant/with health problem
Reducing risk:
 Mechanical aids
 Task- changing layout/removing obstacles/clothing/better lifting technique
 Load—lighter/easier to grasp/ smaller/Handholds/sling/stable
 Working Environment-space constraints removed/reduced/floors cleaned/ventilation
 Capability –medical records/health/period sick leave/change of job/PPE
Good Lifting Technique:

 Check suitable clothing & assess the load. Heavies side to body.
 Place feet apart –bend knees.
 Firm grip – close to body. Slight bending of back, hips and knees at start.
 Lift smoothly to knee level and then to waist level. No further bending of the back.
 With clear visibility move forward without twisting. Keep load close to the waist. Turn
by moving feet. Keep head up. Do not look at load.
 Set load down at waist level or to knee level and then on the floor.
Aids:
 Simple tools
 Lifting hooks
 Trolleys
 Trucks:
Platform trucks
Sack trucks
Wheelbarrows
Balance trucks
 Roller tracks and chutes
 Pallet trucks

 Portable conveyors
 Mechanical assistance
Conveyors
Elevators
FLTs
 Cranes
Jib crane
Overhead gantry
Fork lift trucks

Do not:
 Operate in conditions in which it is not possible to drive & handle loads safely
 Travel wit forks raised
 Use the forks to raise or lower persons
 Carry passengers
 Park in unsafe place
 Turn round on ramps
 Drive in to areas where it would create a hazard
 Allow unauthorized use
Must:
 Drive at suitable speed
 Use the horn when necessary
 Be aware of pedestrians & other vehicles
 Take care when reversing
 Take care when handling loads
 Travel with forks lowered
 Use the prescribed loads
 Obey speed limits
 Take care on uneven surfaces
 Use the handbrake
 Take care on ramps
 Leave the truck in a state which is safe
 Prevent unauthorised use
Cranes / Tower Carnes

Must:
 Inspection
 Check that accessories statutory inspections are in place
 Check tyre pressure
 Loads not suspended when not in use
 Before lifting check no one is around
 Loads never carried over people
 Visibility & communications
 Lift loads vertically
 Travel with loads as close to the ground as possible
 Switch off power to crane when unattended

LIFTING OPERATIONS AND LIFTING EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS 1998 AMD IN 2002 LOLER
Any equipment used at work for lifting or lowering loads.
Inspection- identify if the equipment can be operated/adjusted/maintained safely. By

competent person
Thorough examination-detailed examination- may involve visual
check/disassembling/testing of components. By competent person
 Before is used for the first time
 After it has been assembled
 At least every 6 months for lifting people
 At least every 12 months for all other lifting equipment
 In accordance with examination scheme done by independent competent person
 Each time in extreme circumstances
WORK EQUIPMENT
Controls:
 Start controls
 Stop controls (should bring m/c to safe condition in a safe manner)
 Emergency Stop (where other safe guards in place are not sufficient to prevent danger
to operatives any others)
 Isolation of equipment (means of isolating it from all sources of energy)
 Stability (normally by bolting m/c in place or using clamps)
 Markings (visible & durable)
Mechanical Hazards:
 Crushing (being trapped between a moving part of m/c and a fixed structure)
 Shearing (traps part of the body between moving and fixed part of the m/c)
 Cutting /severing (through contact with a cutting edge) band saw
 Entanglement (with m/c that grips loose clothing/hair/working material around
revolving exposed parts)
 Drawing-in/trapping (between in-running gear wheels or rollers/ belts and pulley
drives)
 Impact (when a moving part directly strikes a person) robot
 Stabbing/Puncture (through ejection of particle from a machine or sharp operating
component like a needle)
 Friction/abrasion (on grinding wheels or sanding machines)
 High pressure fluid Injection (ejection hazard) (from a hydraulic system leak)
Contact with moving parts.

Control measures:
Fixed guards – attached to the machine to prevent access to the dangerous parts of the
machine.
 Robust construction
 Sufficient to withstand the stresses of the process and environmental conditions
 Simple
 In position
 Difficult to remove
 Almost maintenance free
 Do not always properly prevent access
 Often left off by maintenance staff (not anymore!)
 If opened – only with a tool
*Distance guard
Does not completely enclose the hazard
Reduces access by virtue of its dimensions and distance from the hazard
*Perimeter fence guard
User adjusted guards

Fixed or movable guards, which are adjustable for a particular operation during which they
remain fixed. Machine tools. (Circular saw/milling m/c)
Some access to the dangerous parts
Sticks and false tables should be used
Area lit & free from obstacles
Interlocking guard
Allow safe access to operate & maintain the m/c without dismantling safety devices.
Constant need to ensure that they are operating correctly
Maintenance & operation instruction strict (passenger lift)
Trip devices
Do not physically keep people away but detects when a person approaches close to a
danger.
 Mechanical -Bar /barrier
 Electrical –Trip switch
 Photoelectric or other sensing device
 Pressure-sensitive mat
Two-handed control devices

Require operator to have both hands in a safe place before the m/c can be operated.
When is not possible to guard.
Only protect operator’s hands.
Hold to run device

ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY AT WORK REGULATIONS 1989
It is a flow or movement of electrons through a substance which allows the transfer of

electrical energy from one position to another.
Mains voltage (220V/240V) – electrical shock/electric burns / electrical fires & explosions
V = I x R (volts)
v-voltage / I-current / r-resistance / P- electrical power
P=V x I (watts)
Conductor – almost always metal (copper /water)

Superconductor-very low resistance to electricity at low temperatures
Insulators- very poor conductors (rubber/timber/plastics)
Circuit – electrical equipment components and power supply are joined together
Short circuit – if circuit is broken and producing a fault so that the current flows directly to
earth rather than to equipment
Earthing-if there is a fault (break in the circuit) the current will return directly to earth.
Low voltage- no more than 600Vac between conductors and earth
No more than 1000Vac between phases
High voltage- more than 600Vac between conductors and earth

more than 1000Vac between phases
Mains voltage-domestic premises 220/240Vac at 50 cycles /s
Isolation- cutting off the electrical supply from all or a discrete section of the installation by
separating the installation or section from every source of electrical energy.
Hazards:
 el. shock – convulsive reaction by the human body to the flow of electric current
through it (low/high voltages and lightning); cardiac arest
 el. burns
 el. fires & explosions overheating cables/lack of care/loose cable connections
/ventilation/sparks/static electrical charges/use of el equipment in flammable
atmospheres)
 arcing (1.person who is standing on earth too close to a high voltage conductor may
suffer from flash burns as a result of arc formation) – temporary blindness by burning
the retina) reduced by insulation of live conductors; 2.strong electromagn fields induce
surfaces charges on people. If these charges accumulate, skin sensation is affected and
spark discharges to earth may cause localized pain/bruising)
 secondary hazards

Electric shock / burns – treatment:
 Raise the alarm
 Call for help (first aider)
 Switch off the power / position of emergency isolation
 Call for ambulance
 If it’s not possible to switch the power off then push/pull the person away from the
conductor using a good isolator (wooden). Stand on dry/insulating material
(wood/rubber)
 If is breathing than place him in recovery position- mouth can drain away / airway open
 If is not breathing apply mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions if no
pulse
 Then look above
 Burns-put sterile dressing and secure with bandage. Loose skin/blisters-do not touch
 If the person regains consciousness, treat for normal shock
 Remain with person until taken to hospital
If electrocuted by high voltage - call police / electric supplier & keep 18m distance
Static electricity – produced by the build up of electrons on weak electrical conductors or

insulating materials (gaseous/liquid/solid) by quick separation of highly insulated materials
by friction or by transfer from one highly charges material to another. (incl. flammable
liquids/powders/plastic films)
Plastics have high resistance – retain static charges for longer.
E.g closing the door with a metallic handle.
Portable electrical equipment – not part of a fixed installation but may be connected to a
fixed installation by means of a flexible cable and either a socket and plug or a spur box or
similar means. May be hand held or hand-operated. Extension leads/plugs/sockets to be
used with this equipment is also classed as PEE.
Portable means portable & transportable.
Secondary hazards:
 Working with not maintained electrical equipment
 Using el equipment in adverse or hazardous environments
 Working on mains electricity supplies
 Contact with underground cables during excavation work
 Contact with live overhead power lines
Control measures:
Permit to work
Selection of suitable equipment
Use of protective systems
Inspection and maintenance strategies

Protective systems:
Fuse-protection against faults & continuous marginal current overloads

(Its thin strip of conducting wire which melts when excess of the rated current passes
through it breaking the circuit.)
Circuit breaker throws a switch off when excess current passes and it’s similar to the fuse.
Fuse is to protect equipment and /or installation from overheating and becoming a fire
hazard. Its takes long time to cut the current flow- not a protection against electric shock.
Insulation – to protect people from electric shock, short circuiting of live conductors and
danger of fire and explosions.
Covering the conductor with insulating material. + enclosure
Isolation-circuit is made dead and cannot be accidentally re-energized. Barrier between

equipment and electrical supply. It will ensure safety during work process.
Isolators always locked off when work is to be done on electrical equipment.
Reduced low-voltage systems – severe working conditions (wet weather/heavy usage)

100V available – transformer - 50V
Residual current devices (RCD) - if equipment operates at mains voltage. Monitors and
compares current flowing in the live and neutral conductors supplying the equipment. Very
sensitive. Very quick – electric shock.
Double insulation – to remove need for earthing in portable power tools. Two independent
layers of insulation over the live conductors. Each must be good on its own.
Maintenance:
 Cleanliness of insulator and conductor surfaces
 Mech and electr integrity of all joints and connections
 Integrity of mechanical mechanism, such as switches and relays
 Calibration, condition and operation of all protection equipment (RCDs, circuit breakers)
 Isolators fitted with lockable mechanism –allow fuse withdrawal wherever isolators are
not fitted.
 Working on more than 110V not permitted unless necessary
 System of visual inspection
 Inspected & tested regularly
Portable Electrical Appliance Testing:

 User Check
 Formal Visual Inspection
 Combined Inspection and Check
 Correct polarity
 Correct fuses are being used
 Cables and cores are effectively terminated
 Equipment suitable for environment

PAT
Advantages:
 Early recognition
 Incorrect fuses
 Reduction in accidents
 Monitoring misuse of appliances
 Equipment selection procedure checkable
 Increased awareness
 Regular maintenance
Disadvantages:
 Too often- cost
 Unauthorised equipment (kettles) never checked
 Do not know the meaning of test results
 No competence of the tester equipment not calibrated properly

FIRE
THE REGULATORY REFORM (FIRE SAFETY) ORDER (RRFSO)
Fire precautions:
 Reduction of fire risks and fire spread
 Means of escape
 Keeping them available to use
 Fire-fighting
 Fire detection and warning
 Action to be taken in event of a fire
 Instruction & training
 + process related fire precautions
Responsible person: employer/owner/other who has control over premises
Responsible person duties:

 Do RAs
 Review RAs
 Record findings
 Apply principals of preventions
 Set out fire appropriate safety arrangements for Planning Organization Control
Monitoring Review
 Eliminate or reduce risks
 Must ensure that following are provided (FFE/detectors/alarms/trained & competent
person/ contact with external services)
 Emergency routes nad procedures
 Safety assistance
 Provision of information
 Capabilities/training/cooperation
Emergency procedures / emergency routes and services / fire detection and fire fightning
Fire Triangle
Fuel + Ignition source + Oxygen
Fuel: Solids/liquids/gases
Ignition source: naked flames/external sparks/internal sparking/hot surfaces/static
electricity
Oxygen: air (enhanced by wind/ventilation)

Fire Classification:
Class A – solid materials – water
Class B – liquids / liquefied solids
B1-liquids soluble in water (methanol)-dry powder/CO2/water spray
B2-liquids not soluble in water (petrol/oil) - foam / dry powder/CO2/light water
Class C –gasses (natural gas/liquefied gas – butane /propane) – foam / dry powder
Class D – metals (aluminium / magnesium) – special dry powder
Class F – high-temperature cooking oils/fats
Electrical fires – co2/dry powder
Heat Transmission & Fire spread:
Convection – hot air becomes less dense & rises, drawing in cold new air to fuel the fire with
more oxygen. Heat is transmitted upwards at sufficient intensity to ignite combustible
materials in the path of the very hot products of combustion & flames.
Conduction – transmission f heat through a material with sufficient intensity to melt or

destroy the material & ignite combustible materials which come into contact or close to a
hot section. (copper/steel/aluminium)
Radiation – often in a fire, direct transmission of heat through the emission of heat waves
from a surface can be so intense that adjacent materials are heated sufficiently to ignite.
Direct burning - effect of combustible materials catching fire through direct contact with
flames which causes fire to spread.
Fire RA:
 Identify fire hazards
 Id combustibles
 Id source of heat
 Id unsafe act
 Id unsafe conditions
 Id persons at risk
 Evaluate & reduce the risk
 Monitor & review
Good housekeeping / storage / control of flammable & combustible materials / control of

ignition sources / systems of work

HEALTH AND SAFETY (SAFETY SIGNS AND SIGNALS) REGULATIONS 1996
Safety sign-sign referring to a specific object activity or situation and providing info or
instruction about h&s at work by means of a signboard/safety colour/illuminated sign/
a verbal communication/hand signal.
SAFETY COLOURS:
Red:
 Prohibition concerning dangerous behaviour (round with black pictogram 35% red)
 Danger alarm concerning stop/shutdown/emergency cut-out devices/evacuate (e-stop)
 Fire fighting equipment (rectangular or square 50% red)
Yellow (Amber):
 Warning sign concerning the need to be careful/take precautions/examine (triangular
50% yellow) – explosives
Blue:
 Mandatory sign requiring specific behaviour or action (round-white pictogram on blue
50%)
Green:
 Emergency escape signs and first-aid signs (rectangular or square-white pictogram 50%)

DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES REGULATIONS (DSEAR)
Dangerous Substance-any substance or preparation which, because of its properties or the

way it’s used, could be harmful because o fire and explosion. (Petrol/LPG/Varnishes/Paints)
Explosive atmosphere – accumulation of gas/mist/dust/vapour mixed with air which has

the potential to catch fire or explode.
Substitution / Control measure / mitigation measures / storage / flammable gasses /

aerosols
Fire protection of buildings:

 Leave quickly & safely
 Must remain standing as long as possible
 Spread of fire & smoke must be reduced
 Fire loading
 Surface
 Fire resistance of structural elements
 Insulating materials
 Fire compartmentation
Ways of extinguishing fires:

 Cooling - reducing the ignition temp by tackling the heat out of the fire- using water
 Smothering- limit the oxygen available by smothering and preventing the mixture of
oxygen and flammable vapour – foam / fire blanket
 Starving – limiting the fuel supply by removing source of fuel by switching off el power
 Chemical reaction – by interrupting the chain of combustion and combining the
hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms in the hydrocarbon chain (halon extinguisher)
CHEMICALS
Forms of chemical agents:
Dusts – solid particles slightly heavier than air but suspended in it for a period of time.
Created by chemical/mechanical processes.
Respirable dust – fine dust penetrating into the lungs or bloodstream.
Inhalable dusts – any dust that can enter the nose and mouth during breathing
Gases – substances present at a temperature above their boiling point (carbon monoxide)
Vaporous – substances which are at or very close to their boiling temperatures. Gaseous in
form. (many solvents)
Liquids-substances that normally exist at a temperature between freezing (solid) and boiling
(vaporous and gases) points. = fluids.
Mists – similar to vaporous – they exist at or near their boiling temperature but are closer to
the liquid phase. Spraying process.
Fume – collection of very small metallic particles which have condensed for the gaseous
state. Welding process.

Forms of biological agents:
Fungi – v.small organism, sometimes consist of a single cell and can appear as plantikle.
(mushroom /yeast)
Moulds – v small funghi which under damp conditions will grow on surfaces as walls, bread,
cheese. (asthma/athlete’s foot/farmers lung)
Bacteria-v.small single-celled organism which are much smaller that human cells.
Legionellosis/Tuberculosis/Tetanus
Viruses-minute, non-cellular organism. Cold/HIV/influenza
Hazardous substances:
Irritant – non-corrosive substance which can cause skin (dermatitis) or lung (bronchial)
inflammation after repeated contact. Sensitized/allergic to the substance
Corrosive-they will attack normally by burning, living tissue. Strong acids/alkaids
Harmful –if swallowed/inhaled/penetrates the skin, may pose limited health risks. Chemical
cleansers.
Toxic – impede or prevent the function of one or more organs within the body such as
kidney/liver/heart. Poisonous (lead/mercury/alcohol)
Carcinogenic-suspected of promoting abnormal development of body cells to become
cancers. (asbestos/hardwood dust)
Mutagenic – damage genetic material within cells, causing abnormal changes that can be
passed by generations
Effects:
Acute – effects are of short duration and appear rapidly, usually after single or short-term
exposure; asthma attack/sneeze/CO2
Chronic – develop over a period of time which may extend to years. From prolonged or
repeated exposures; Asbestosis/mental disease;
Routes of entry:
Inhalation – breathing in the substance with normal air intake. Lungs – blood stream-organs
Absorption through the skin – substance comes into contact with the skin and enters
through pores or wound. Tetanus/Benzene/toluene
Ingestion – through the mouth and swallowed into the stomach and the digestive system.
Air borne dust / poor personal hygiene.
Injection- shooting high pressure air at the skin - pressure systems
Exchange of body fluids – HIV

Respiratory system
Lungs and associated organs;
Fibrosis – respirable dust punctures alveoli walls. The puncture heals producing scar tissues
which are less flexible than original walls. That may lead to...
Acute - Bronchitis/Asthma
Chronic – fibrosis / asthma – hardwood dust
Asphyxiation – lack of oxygen (MIG in confined SPACES)
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves throughout the body;
Neurotoxins (organic solvents & heavy metals-mercury) – can reduce effectiveness of
nervous system and lead to changes in mental ability (loss of memory), epilepsy and
narcosis (loss of consciousness).
Cardiovascular System
Blood System (heart) – oxygen transport/attack foreign organisms/aid healing of damaged
tissue
Substances:
Benzene (reduce number of blood cells)
Carbon monoxide (prevents red cells from absorbing sufficient oxygen) – headaches/
unconsciousness/death
Urinary system
Extracts waste and other products from blood. Liver (remove toxins from blood/maintains
levels of blood sugars) & Kidney (filter waste products from blood as urine/regulate blood
pressure / produce hormones for making red blood cells).
Substances can cause liver to be too active or inactive (xylene) / lead to liver enlargement
(cirrhosis caused by alcohol) / liver cancer (vinyl chloride).
Kidney – heavy metals (cadmium/lead)/ organic solvents can restricts operation leading to
failure.
Skin
Holds body together / defence against infection / regulates body temp /sensing mechanism
Dermatitis (reportable) – blisters – caused by various chemicals
Irritant contact dermatitis – occurs soon after contact with substance and condition
reverses after contact ceases (detergents)
Allergic contact dermatitis – caused by a sensitizer (turpentine/epoxy resin/
formaldehyde)
Sensitize – when internal immune system stopped working

CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH REGULATIONS 2006 (COSHH)
COSHH Assessment: (every 5 years)

 Gather info about substances
 Evaluate risk to health (together and separately)
 Decide on control measures
 Record an assessment
 Review
 Type of substance (Toxic/Harmful/Sensitizer/Irritant)
 Chronic (prolonged exposure, long term effects)
 Acute (Short term exposure, immediate effect)
 Routes of entry into body (Absorption/indigestion/inhalation)
 Concentration in relation to exposure limits
 No of persons exposed (identify vulnerable persons)
 Duration of exposure
 Adequacy of control measures
 Compliance with control measures
Material safety data sheet:

Name, chemical composition, nature of a health hazard ,relevant exposure standard,
recommended exposure control measures, ppe, first aid, fire-fighting measures, handling,
storage , transport, disposal, manufacturer name and address, publications, industry
information
1. Stain Tube Detector

Use direct reading glass indicator tubes filled with chemical crystals which change colour
when a hazardous substance passes through them.
Advantages: quick, simple, inexpensive
Disadvantages: can’t be use for concentrations of dust or fume, accuracy will not be ok
when particular contaminants are present, tubes fragile, limited shelf live, tube to be used
once
2. Passive Sampling
Measures over a full working period by worker wearing a badge with absorbing material.
3. Sampling pumps and heads

To measure gasses and dust. Worker wears collection head as a badge and a battery
operated pump on his back at waist level. Pump draws air continuously through a filter,
fitted in the head, which will absorb the contaminant gas or trap hazardous dust particles.
Weight change is measured/chemical analysis/microscope analysis.
4. Direct reading instruments

Analysers to be used by experience operatives. Infrared gas analysers. Very accurate. Very
expensive.

5. Vane anemometers
For measuring air flow speeds
6. Hygrometers
For measuring air humidity
Qualitative monitoring:
Smoke tubes (generate white smoke – shows air flow)
Dust observation lamp
Occupational Exposure Limits EH40

WEL -concentration of airborne hazardous substances that people breath over a specified
period of time (time-weighted average =TWA)
Twa:
LTEL – long term exposure limit or 8hr reference period
STEL – short term exposure limit or 15min reference period
3 x LTEL = STEL
Good Practice:
 Design & operated processes to minimize the emission, release & spread of substances
 Routes of exposure
 Control exposure
 Chose control options
 PPE
 Check and review
 Inform & train
 Ensure that all above doesn’t increase the risk
Hierarchy:
 Eliminate
 Substitute
 Provision of eng controls
 Provision on supervisory controls
 Provision of PPE
HEALTH AND SAFETY (FIRST AID) REGUALTIONS 1982 AS AMENDED IN 2002

REGISTRATION, EVALUATION AND AUTHORIZATION OF CHEMICALS REGUALTIONS REACH
Chemical safety regime that restricts high risk substances and require safer substitutes.
(glues, paints, detergents, plastics)
Engineering Controls:
Local Exhaust Ventilation
Removes the hazardous gas/vapour/fume at its source before it can contaminate the
surrounding atmosphere. (welding)
Collection hood – hood placed over workstation

Ventilation ducting – conduit for the contaminated air; transports it to the filter
Filter/air cleaning device – between hood and fan; removes contaminant from the air
stream
Fan – moves the air through the system; correct type/size to be used.
Exhaust duct – exhaust the air to the outside of the building; checked reguraly;
Checked every 14 months.
Dilution (General) Ventilation
Uses natural ventilation (windows) or fan-assisted forced ventilation. It works by removing

the contaminant or reducing the concentration.
Controls:
 Reduce time exposure
 Reduce number of workers
 Eating etc prohibited
 Special rules

PPE:
 Filtering mask (8/10hrs only)
 Half-mask respirator (rubber/plastic – covers nose & mouth)
 Full-face mask respirator (covers eyes & visor)
 Powered respirator (battery fan delivers air through a filter)
 Self-contained breathing apparatus (compressed air cylinder)
 Fresh air hose apparatus (sealed face mask, air from uncontaminated source)
 Compressed air line apparatus (from compressed air line)
 Gloves (PVC/nitrile/neoprene)
 Arm shields
 Spectacles (safety glasses)
 Goggles
 Face visors
 Clothing
 Footwear
Health risks:
 Asbestosis or fibrosis of the lungs
 Lung cancer
 Mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the lung)
Asbestos: (ACM – asbestos containing material)

 Blue
 Brown
 White
Control limit
Training
Hierarchy of controls
Survey:
Presumptive survey – location and assessment survey; locates as far as reasonably
practicable;
Sampling Survey – similar to above but samples are sent for analysis
Full access and sampling survey – invasive; could involve destruction of material; prior to
demolition;
 Identification
 Assessment
 Removal
 Control measures
 Medical surveillance
 Awareness training
 Disposal of asbestos
 Accidental exposure

Where:
 Boiler
 Pipe lagging
 Insulation panels around pillars and ducting
 Heat insulation
 Fire protection
 Ceiling tiles
 Asbestos cement products
Other agents:
 Cancer
 Occupational asthma
 Ammonia (eye) – can burn the skin/bronchitis/excess fluid of lungs (oedema)
 Chlorine – bronchitis/oedema
 Carbon dioxide – heavier than air/ respiratory system/death/asphyxiation
 Carbon monoxide – impossible to detect without equipment; enters the blood and
restricts supply of oxygen to vital organs; headaches/breathlessness
 Silica – (component of rocks) inhalation of silica dust – respirable dust; silicosis /
tuberculosis; masonry-work/quarry/sand blasting/ tunnelling/
 Cement dust & wed cement – burns/ulcers/dermatitis
 Wood dust – hard wood dust – nasal cancer; mdf’s-laminated board/particle board/
wood-based board/ - formaldehyde
 Leptospirosis and Weil’s disease – in rats urine; humans kidneys and liver are attack; can
be fatal; skin or ingestion; Weils – also in cattle;
 Legionella-airborne bacterium; in water sources – lung disease;

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
CONTROL OF NOISE AT WORK REGULATIONS 2005
Assess noise levels & keep records (make sure legal limits are not exceeded)
Reduce the risk
Information & training
Provide PPE
Health surveillance
Noise data for manufactured equipment
Sound pressure wave passes into and through the outer ear and strikes the eardrum causing
it to vibrate. This causes the proportional movement of 3 interconnected small bones in the
middle ear – passing the sound to the cochlea in the inner ear. There sound is transmitted
to a fluid causing it to vibrate. Motion of the fluid induces a membrane to vibrate which
causes hair cells (attached to membrane) to bend. This causes a minute electrical impulse to
be transmitted to the brain along auditory nerve.
Acute Effects:
 Temporary threshold shift – short excessive noise; slight deafness; reversible;
 Tinnitus – ringing in the ears caused by intense & sustained high noise level; up to
24hrs;
 Acute acoustic trauma – vary loud noise;
Chronic effects:
 Noise-induced hearing loss – from permanent damage to the hair cells; ability is not lost
completely, affects hearing of the speech;
 Permanent threshold shift – from prolonged exposure to the loud noise; 4000Hz;
difficulty in hearing – some female voices;
 Tinnitus –same but permanent;
Each 3dB increase is doubling sound intensity.
Scales:
A – sound pressure levels (SPLs) up to 55dB
B- 55-85dB
C- above 85dB
Sound level meter:

 Integrated - integrate the reading; provide an average over a time period; continuous
equivalent noise level (Leq) – normally over 8hrs;
 Direct reading – cheaper; if noise levels are continuous at a near constant value
Daily personal exposure Level (Lepd) - over 8hrs;

Peak sound pressure (Pascal) (Pa) - highest noise level reached by the sound

Exposure Action level values – level of noise at which certain action must be taken
Exposure Limit value – level of noise at the ear above which an employee must not be
exposed
Daily/weekly personal exposure action level 80dB(A) – 85dB(A) (87dB(A) – exposure limit
value)
A peak sound pressure 135dB(C) -137dB(A) – exposure limit value 149dB(C)
Noise Assessment:
 Details of noise meter used- date of calibration
 Number of employees using the machine
 Indications of the condition of the m/c & maintenance schedule
 Work being done on m/c at the time
 Schematic plan of workplace
 Other noise sources
 Recommendations
 Inform/instruct/train
 PPE
Reduce time exposure – Hierarchy techniques:

 Reduction noise at source
*Change the process or equipment
*Change speed of m/c
*Improve the maintenance regime
 Reduce of noise levels received by employee (attenuation)
*Orientation/re-location of equipment
*Enclosure (with sound-insulating material)
*Screens/absorption walls (where sound is reflected from walls)
*Damping (insulating floor mounting to reduce/remove transmission of noise/
vibrations)
*Lagging (insulation of pipes / fluid containers)
*Silencers (fitted to engines which are exhausting gases to atmosphere)
*Isolation of workers (sound proof workrooms)
 PPE
*Earplugs
*Ear defenders (earmuffs)

THE CONTROL OF VIBRATION AT WORK REGULATIONS
Exposure Limit Value – not to be exceeded

If Exposure Action Value is exceeded than reduce the value
Hand-arm vibration (HAV)
Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) –group of diseases caused by the exposure of the
hand and arm to external vibration. Some of them under WRULDs – carpal tunnel
syndrome.
Vibration White Finger (VWF) – circulation of the blood is adversely affected by the
vibration. (tingling/numbness/white/amputation)
Injuries caused by HAV:

 Damage to blood circulatory system (VWF)
 Damage to sensory nerves
 Damage to muscles
 Damage to bones
 Damage to joints
 Pins and needles
 Severe pain and numbness
 Loss of sense of touch
 Loss of grip strength
 Painful wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome)
Daily exposure Limit - 8hr 5m/s2

Daily Exposure Action Value – 8hr 2.5m/s2
Grinding/Sanding/Cutting stone,metal,wood/ riveting/ compacting sand,concrete/ drilling

and breaking rocks,concrete,road surfaces
Whole-body vibration (WBV)
Caused by vibration from machinery passing into the body either through the feet of
standing workers or the buttocks of sitting workers.
Injuries caused by WBV:

 Severe back pain (may result in permanent injury)
 Reduced visual & manual control (acute)
 Increased heart rate & blood pressure (acute)
 Permanent spinal damage
 Damage to the central nervous system
 Hearing loss
 Circulatory problems
 Digestive problems

Daily exposure Limit - 8hr 1.15m/s2
Daily Exposure Action Value – 8hr 0.5m/s2
Driving vehicles: FLTs/tractors over rough terrain
Anti-fatigue mats, lumbar support;

RADIATION
IONISING RADIATION – emitted from radioactive materials in form of directly ionising α or β

particles or indirectly ionising X-rays and γ rays or neutrons.
α – can be stopped by very thin material as paper (ingestion)
β - can be stopped by aluminium foil (inhalation/ingestion)
γ – (similar to X-rays) produced from nuclear reactions and pass through the body
Becquerel (Bq) – activity of a radioactive substance/sec

Sievert (Sv) – biological effects of the radiation (mSV)
Factors:
 Size of the dose (the more the worse)
 Area/extent of the exposure to the body
 Duration of the exposure
Acute exposure:
Blood cell changes nausea
Vomiting
Skin burns
Blistering
Collapse
Death
Chronic exposure:
Anaemia
Leukaemia
Other forms of cancer
Effect on human reproductive organs and processes
Stillbirths
Somatic Effects – cell damage

Genetic effects – damage done to the children of the irradiated person
Sources:
Nuclear industry
Medical centres
Educational centres
Non-destructive testing (crack detection in welds)
X-rays scanning
Smoke detectors
Naturally (radon – radioactive gas – near granite)
Hazards:
 Stochastic (cancer)
 Non-stochastic (radiation burns/radiation sickness/cataracts/damage to unborn
children)

Measuring- film badge worn by employee over a time (photographic film inside) / Radiation
dose meter/detector – on a shelf for 3 months / hand held instruments (Geiger counters) –
immediate measurement
Protection:
Shielding
Time
Distance
Emergency arrangements
Training
Prohibition of eating etc
Personal cleanliness
PPE
Spillages procedure
Signs & info
Surveillance
Radiation Protection supervisor – appointed by employer to advise on measures for

compliance with Regs and ACOPs. Competent. Internal.
Radiation Protection Adviser- appointed by employer to advise to the Radiation Protection

supervisor and employer. External.

NON-IONISING RADIATION
The action is to heat cells rather than change their chemical composition.
Ultraviolet radiation – occurs with sunlight and with electric arc welding
Burning (skin & eyes)
Skin cancer (if burnt many times) – malignat melanoma
Arc eye/welder eye
Snow blindness
Cataracts
Lasers- visible light & light from invisible spectrum (infrared & ultraviolet)
Bar code reading/cutting and welding metals/ accurate measurement of distances/surgery –
cataract treatment/ sealing of blood vessels
Hazards: eye & skin burns (erythema)/toxic fumes/electricity/fire/retinal damage
Infrared radiation – generated by fires & hot substances

Eye & skin damage (similar to ultraviolet)
Foundries/fireman
Microwaves - Cookers/mobile telephones

Heating of body cells (eye lens biggest risk)
Protection:
Ultraviolet & infrared:
Goggles
Visors
Gloves
Collar
Lasers:
Shielding
Non-reflective surfaces
Microwaves:
Enclosure
Interlocking device
Welding:
 Manual metal arc welding
 MIG
 TIG
 Oxy-acetylene welding

Hazards:
Non-ionizing radiation hazards
Fume inhalations
Slips & trips
Manual handling of cylinders
Explosion & fires
Lack of training
Musculoskeletal problems
STRESS
Natural reaction to excessive pressure, not a disease.
Stressors:
Job/individual responsibility/working conditions/management attitudes/relationships
Action plan. Identify:

Problem/background to it/remedial action/targets & dates / agree review date with
employee

THE CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS 2007 (CDM)
Construction-general building work incl. Domestic, commercial, industrial.
Safe place of work:

 Access & egress
 Excavations covered
 Fuel removed
 Ladders stored securely
 Services isolated
 Locked gates
 Substances locked away
 Security cameras etc
Demolition:
 Piecemeal – using hand and mechanical tools (pneumatic drills, demolition balls)
 Deliberate controlled collapse - explosives are used
Method statement: method of demolition, equipment, protection of public & workforce,

isolation methods, PPE, first aid, emergency, training & welfare facilities, names, COSHH
Prevention of drowning
Vehicles (traffic routes/signs/signals/speed limits/PPE/FLT & dumper trucks –slopes etc)
Fire & emergencies – procedures/equipment
Welfare – rest/washing/drinking water/sanitary/first aid/accommodation for cloths/eating
Electricity – hazards & control measures/equipment
Noise – silencers fitted/ noise survey/demolition-pneumatic drills etc.
Health Hazards – vibration/dust/cement/solvents/paints/cleaners(COSHH)/PPE/man
handling/silica/cement dust/wet cement/wood dust/tetanus
Waste disposal -
Site security – equipment protected/perimeter fencing/lockable gate/protect public
/children/warning signs/hazardous substances (cement)
Environmental – excessive dust/noise/mud on public highway
Arrangements with client/ocuppier–protection of public/visitors/employees/safe
passage/information for neighbours
THE CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS 2007 (CDM)
Construction work – carrying out any building, civil engineering or engineering construction
work
Notifiable project (F10) – over 30 days or more than 500 man days
Demolition work – written plan required
Non-notifiable projects – only coordination & cooperation / brief summary plan/written
plan for demolition (coordinator & principal contractor – not required)

Client (additional for notifiable projects in red)
 Give leadership
 Control contractual arrangements
 Make crucial decisions
 Implement safety culture
 Ensure that designers/contractors/etc are competent
 Allow sufficient time
 Cooperate with others
 Coordinate their own work with others
 There are reasonable management arrangements in place throughout the project
 Make sure that contractors have made arrangements for suitable welfare
 Ensure any fixed workplaces which are to be constructed to be safe
 Relevant info to be passed to relevant persons
 Ensure clarity of the roles
 People have sufficient time to fulfil their responsibilities
 Good communication/coordination/communication between members of project
 Designers able to confirm that they took into account CDM regs
 That contractor is provided with the construction plan
 Contractors are able to confirm that h&s standards on site will be controlled.
 To appoint CDM coordinator who will advise him
 To appoint principal contractor who will plan and manage
 Allowed PC to have enough time to work with designer
 Ensure that construction phase does not start until PC has prepare H&S plan and made
arrangements for welfare
 Ensure that H&S File is prepared/reviewed/updated and ready for handover at the end
CDM Coordinator (additional for notifable projects in red)
 Give suitable advice & assistance to client to do with:

 Appoint competent designers and contractors
 Ensure that project is managed properly (arrangements in place)
 notify HSE abt the project
 coordinate design work/planning
 identify & collect relevant pre-construction info
 pass the info to others
 advise client of suitability of the construction plan –welfare from start
 produce & update H&S file
Written risk assessment
Method statement

Designer (additional for notifable projects in red)
 Make sure that are competent

 Make client aware of their duties
 Avoid foreseeable risks, when designing
 Provide adequate info about significant risks associated with design
 Coordinate their work with others
 Ensure client appointed CDM Coordinator
 Ensure that client notified HSE
 Ensure that construction phase does not start until CDM Coordinator appointed
 Cooperate with Coordinator/PC and other designers - provide info for H&S file too
Contractor (additional for notifable projects in red)
 Check client is aware of their duties

 Ensure that they and their employers are competent
 Plan/manage/monitor their own work
 Ensure that their contractors know min time to prepare before starting the job
 Provide their workers with relevant info
 Ensure that design they do complies with cdm regs
 Comply with h&s cdm regs
 Cooperate with others and coordinate their own work
 Obtain specialist advice where necessary
 Check if CDM Coordinator has been appointed
 Check if HSE has been notified
 Cooperate
 Tell PC about the risks created by their work
 Tell PC abt contractors they employ
 Comply with directions from PC and any info relevant to H&S Plan
 Inform Pc of any problems with the plan & risk identified
 Tell PC about accidents
 Provide info for the H&S File
Principal Contractor
 Key duty holder
 Liaise with all other duty holders & workforce
 Consult wit workforce
 Cooperate with designer & CDM Coordinator
 Ensure that client’s aware of his duties
 Must ensure that client is aware of his duties
 Ensure that HSE notified
 Make sure they are competent
 Ensure that construction is properly planned/managed/monitored
 Ensure that contractors know min time to prepare before starting the job
 Ensure that contractors are aware of their responsibilities so work is done safely

 Ensure safe working and coordination between contractors
 Ensure that Construction Phase Plan & Safety plan is:
Prepared before work begins
Developed in discussion with and communicated to contactors
Implemented
Kept up-to-date
 Make sure that designers & contractors are competent
 Ensure welfare
 Prevent unauthorized access
 Prepare and enforce site rules
 Provide relevant parts of H&S Plan and other info to contractors
 Liaise with CDM Coordinator on design
 Provide CDM Coordinator with any relevant to H&S File info
 Ensure everyone have been provided with induction etc
 Display project notification
Workers:
 Give feedback to employers
 Provide input on RAs
 Work to the MS
 Use welfare facilities with respect
 Keep PPE & tools in good condition
 Be vigilant for hazards and risks and keep management informed
 Be aware of the arrangements and actions to take if in dangerous situation
H&S File
CDM Coordinator must prepare/review/keep updated
CDM Coordinator must give it to the client at the end of the project
Clients/Designers/PC/Contractors must supply info necessary to put it together
Clients must keep the file to assist with further construction work
Everyone providing info must make sure is accurate and provided asap

CONFINED SPACES REGULATIONS 1997
Confined space – means any place incl. any chamber/tank /vat/silo/pit/trench/pipe/sewer/

Flue/well or similar space in which by virtue of its enclosed nature there arises a reasonably
foreseeable specified risk.
Specified risk – risk to any person at work of:

 Serious injury arising from fire/explosion
 Loss of consciousness arising from an increase in body temp
 Loss of consciousness or asphyxiation arising from gas/fume/vapour/lack of oxygen
 Drowning arising from increase in the level of liquid
 Asphyxiation arising from a free-flowing solid or because of entrapment by it
Only enter if it’s not reasonably practicable to do it without entry.

Adhere to safe system of work unless in emergency.
Risk Assessment:
 General conditions (content of space/residues left/contamination/oxygen deficiency
and enrichment/physical dimensions)
 Hazards arising directly from the work being undertaken (use of cleaning
chemicals/sources of ignition for flammable dusts/gases/vapours etc.)
 Need to isolate confined space from outside services or substances inside
(liquids/gases/energy sources/raw materials)
 Requirement for emergency rescue (people & equipment)

Mechanical Hazards: Crushing, Shearing, Cutting/Severing, Entanglement, Drawing In,
Ejection of Material, Abrasion, Stabbing/Puncturing
Non Mechanical Hazards: Noise, Temperature, Vibration, Electricity, Radiation, Hazardous

Substances, Ergonomic Factors (inc. Manual Handling), Psycho-Social (Bullying, assault)
Develop a system: ERIC PD

Eliminate, Reduce (by Monitoring Substitution), Isolate, Control, PPE, Discipline
Human Factors: SPAME

Skill Personality Attitude Motivation Experience
Machine Hazards: ENTICCE

Entanglement Nips Traps Impact Contact Cutting Ejection
Manual Handling: TILE

Task Individual Load Environment
Machine Guarding: FIAT

Fixed or fixed distance Interlocks (elect, air, mech, hydr) Automatic Trip
Training: IITS
Instruction Information Training Supervision
Accident Factors: relate to Domino Theory

Attitude Fault Unsafe Accident Injury

Nebosh General Cert Notes

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Effective management of health and safety:

 is vital to employee well-being

Safety– the protection of people from physical injury.

Occupational or work-related ill-health – is concerned with those illnesses or physical and

Environmental protection– arrangements to cover those activities in the workplace which

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Uninsured Direct costs:

Insured Indirect costs:

Uninsured Direct costs:

Employers Liability Compulsory Insurance (Act)

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Any negligence claim must be made within 3 years (Limitations Act)

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Part 1 relates to HW&W at the workplace

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Codes of Practice generally are only directly legally binding if:

DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS (Section 2)

Section 37 Personal liability of directors

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

DUTIES OF MANUFACTURERS, DESIGNERS, IMPORTERS AND SUPPLIERS (Section 6)

DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES (Section 7)

DUTIES OF SELF-EMPLOYED (Section 3 )

POWERS OF INSPECTORS (Section 20-25)

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Breaches of HSWA can lead to:

THE SIX PACK REGULATIONS

Management of Health and Safety at Work Regs 1999 (MHSWR)

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Regulation 3 Risk assessment (significant risks to be recorded)

Regulation 5 Make proper arrangements for all aspects of H&S

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Internal sources, which should be available within the organization include:

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Safety Representative’s Functions:

Safety Committee objectives:

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Employer must consult RES on the following:

Employer can not disclose to RES the following:

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Regulation 4 Equip to be suitable

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) AT WORK REGULATIONS 1992 AMD 2002

Regulation 4 Provision of PPE (Employers to ensure it is available and is suitable)

THE HEALTH & SAFETY (DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT) REGS 1992

Regulation 1 Definitions (user – someone who habitually uses DSE)

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

A suitable and sufﬁcient risk assessment should:

1 serious or disabling injuries

Health risks fall into the following four categories:

Possible health effects of occupational ill-health

Risk Assessment (5 Steps)

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK

Effective safe system:

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Permit systems must adhere to the following eight principles:

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Job Safety Analysis (JSA) SREDIM

LEGAL ECONOMIC MORAL

Planned Preventative Maintenance:

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

1. Policy – written statement of policy, procedures and commitment to HSW. Assigns