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Introduction
Properties of biogas
Feedstock for biogas: Aqueous wastes containing biodegradable organic matter,
animal & agro - residues
Microbial and biochemical aspects,
Operating parameters for biogas production.
Kinetics and mechanism
Dry and wet fermentation.
Digesters for rural application
High rate digesters for industrial waste water treatment.
4. Nijaguna, B.T., Biogas Technology, New Age International publishers (P) Ltd.,
2002, Reprinted in 2009
References:
1. Effluent Treatment & Disposal: I Ch. E, U.K., Symposium Series No 96, 1986,
P 137-147, Application of anaerobic biotechnology to waste treatment and energy
production, Anderson & Saw.
2. „Anaerobic Rotating Biological Drum Contactor for the Treatment of Dairy Wastes‟,
S. Satyanarayana, K. Thackar, S. N. Kaul, S.D. Badrinath and N.G. Swarnkar, Indian
Chemical Engineer, vol 29, No 3, July-Sept, 1987
4. „Biogas production from sugar mill sludge by anaerobic digestion and evaluation of
bio-kinetic coefficients‟, Tharamani. P, and Elangovan. R. Indian journal of
Environmental protection, 20, (10), 745-748, 2001.
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5. „Biogas Production Technology: An Indian Perspective‟, B. Nagamani and K.
Ramasamy (TNAU), Current Science, Vol7, No1, pp 44-55 10th July, 1999
9. Biogas Purification and Bottling into CNG Cylinders: Producing Bio-CNG from
Biomass for Rural Automotive Applications, Virendra K. Vijay1,*, Ram Chandra1,
Parchuri M. V. Subbarao2 and Shyam S. Kapdi3 1Centre for Rural Development and
Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110 016,
The 2nd Joint International Conference on “Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE
2006)” C-003 (O) 21-23 November 2006, Bangkok, Thailand
10. Biogas scrubbing, compression and storage: perspective and prospectus in Indian
Context, S.S. Kapdi, V.K. Vijay*, S.K. Rajesh, Rajendra Prasad, Centre for Rural
Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016
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K. M. Mital, Biogas Systems: Principles and Applications, (1996) New Age International
Publishers (p) Ltd, N. Delhi.
Contents:
1. An Overview of Biogas Technology
2. Microbiology of Anaerobic Digestion
3. Properties of Biogas and Methods For Its Purification
4. A Compendium of Biogas Plant Design
5. Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Biogas Plants
6. Analysis of Factors Affecting Biogas Yield
7. Biogas Yield from Different Organic Wastes
8. Biogas Yield from Water Weeds
9. Biogas Generation from Industrial Wastes
10. Biogas Recovery from Sanitary Landfills
11. Applications and Usage Of Biogas
12. Potential of Biogas Plant Effluent As Enriched Fertilizer.
13. Approaches For Implementing Biogas Program Areas For Further Research And
Concluding Observations
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INTRODUCTION:
Production of a combustible gas by anaerobic digestion of aqueous organic matter
by mixed bacterial culture involving methane producers is called „biomethanation‟ and
the product is called „biogas‟
PROPERTIES OF BIOGAS:
Composition: 60 to 70 per cent Methane, 30 to 40 per cent carbon dioxide, traces of
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and water vapor.
It is about 20% lighter than air (density is about 1.2 gm/liter).
Ignition temperature is between 650 and 750 C.
Calorific value is 18.7 to 26 MJ/ m3 (500 to 700 Btu/ ft3.)
Calorific value without CO2: is between 33.5 to35.3 MJ/ m3
Explosion limit: 5 to 14 % in air.
Removal of CO2: Scrubbing with limewater or ethanol amine solution.
Removal of H2S: Adsorption on a bed of iron sponge and wood shavings.
Air to Methane ratio for complete combustion is 10 to 1 by volume.
One cubic meter of biogas is equivalent to 1.613 liter of kerosene or 2.309 kg of LPG or
0.213 kW of electricity.
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WHY Biomethanation in villages?
COOKING
LIGHTING
FUEL FOR
DUNG BIOGAS KILN
PLANT BIOGAS FURNACE
WATER ETC.
PURIFY I. C. ENGINE +
PUMP OR
TO I. C. ENGINE +
COMPOST PIT GENERATOR
(MANURE)
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WET ORGANIC WASTE AS FEED FOR BIOGAS PLANT
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MICROBIOLOGIAL ASPECTS OF BIOMETHANATION
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Methanogenesis is a microbial process, involving many complex, and differently
interacting species, but most notably, the methane-producing bacteria. The biogas process
is shown below in figure 1, and consists of three stages; hydrolysis, acidification and
methane formation.
In the first stage of enzymatic hydrolysis, the extracellular enzymes of microbes, such as
cellulase, protease, amylase and lipase externally enzymolize organic material. Bacteria
decompose the complex carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in cellulosic biomass into
more simple compounds. During the second stage, acid-producing bacteria convert the
simplified compounds into acetic acid (CH3COOH), hydrogen (H2), and carbon dioxide
(CO2). In the process of acidification, the facultatively anaerobic bacteria utilize oxygen
and carbon, thereby creating the necessary anaerobic conditions necessary for
methanogenesis. In the final stage, the obligatory anaerobes that are involved in methane
formation decompose compounds with a low molecular weight, (CH3COOH, H2, CO2), to
form methane (CH4) and CO2 .
The resulting biogas, sometimes referred to as 'gobar' gas, consists of methane and carbon
dioxide, and perhaps some traces of other gases, notably hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Its
exact composition will vary, according to the substrate used in the methanogenesis
process, but as an approximate guide, when cattle dung is a major constituent of
fermentation, the resulting gas will be between 55-66% CH4, 40-45% CO2, plus a
negligible amount of H2S and H2 (KVIC, 1993). Biogas has the advantage of a potential
thermal efficiency, given proper equipment and aeration, of 60%, compared to wood and
dung that have a very low thermal efficiency of 17% and 11% respectively (KVIC,
1993).
Methanogenesis or more particularly, the bacteria involved in the fermentation process
are sensitive to a range of variables that ultimately determine gas production, and it is
worth briefly outlining these factors. Temperature is perhaps the most critical
consideration. Gasification is found to be maximized at about 35oC, and below this
temperature, the digestion process is slowed, until little gas is produced at 15oC and
under. Therefore in areas of temperature changes, such as mountainous regions, or winter
conditions that may be more accentuated inland, mitigating factors need to be taken into
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account, such as increased insulation (Kalia, 1988), or the addition of solar heaters to
maintain temperatures (Lichtman, 1983).
Loading rate and retention period of material are also important considerations. In the
KVIC model, retention ranges between 30-55 days, depending upon climatic conditions,
and will decrease if loaded with more than its rated capacity (which may result in
imperfectly digested slurry). KVIC state that maximum gas production occurs during the
first four weeks, before tapering off, therefore a plant should be designed for a retention
that exploits this feature. Retention period is found to reduce if temperatures are raised, or
more nutrients are added to the digester. Human excreta, due to its high nutrient content,
needs no more than 30 days retention in biogas plants (KVIC, 1983).
Various factors such as biogas potential of feedstock, design of digester, inoculum, nature
of substrate, pH, temperature, loading rate, hydraulic retention time (HRT), C : N ratio,
volatile fatty acids (VFA), etc. influence the biogas production.
Meher et al. reported that the performance of floating dome biogas plant was better than
the fixed dome biogas plant, showing an increase in biogas production by 11.3 per cent,
which was statistically significant. Furthermore, the observed reduction in biogas yield
was due to the loss of gas from the slurry-balancing chambers of fixed dome plant.
Dhevagi et al. used different feedstocks like cow dung, buffalo dung, dry animal waste,
stray cattle dung, goat waste, and poultry droppings for their biomethanation potential
and observed that poultry droppings showed higher gas production. Earlier Yeole and
Ranade compared the rates of biogas yield from pig dung-fed and cattle dung-fed
digesters and reported that the biogas yield was higher in the former. They attributed this
higher biogas yield to the presence of native microflora in the dung. Shivraj and
Seenayya reported that digesters fed with 8 per cent TS of poultry waste gave better
biogas yield, and attributed the lower yield of biogas at higher TS levels to high ammonia
content of the slurry.
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BIOLOGICAL MODELING
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The modeling and its simulation referred to is from the following paper:
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Operating parameters affecting the biogas production:
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Kinetics of anaerobic fermentation
Several kinetic models have been developed to describe the anaerobic fermentation
process. Monod101 showed a hyperbolic relationship between the exponential microbial
growth rate and substrate concentration. In this model, the two kinetic parameters,
namely, microorganisms growth rate and half velocity constant are deterministic in
nature, and these predict the conditions of timing of maximum biological activity and its
cessation. This model can be used to determine the rate of substrate utilization (rS) by the
equation:
rS = qmax ´ Sx/K + S,
rS = qmax · x.
The Monod model suffers from the drawback that one set of kinetic parameters are not
sufficient to describe biological process both for short- and long-retention times, and that
kinetic parameters cannot be obtained for some complex substrates. To alleviate
limitations of the Monod model while retaining its advantages, Hashimoto102 developed
an alternative equation, which attempts to describe kinetics of methane fermentation in
terms of several parameters. According to this equation, given below, for a given loading
rate So/q daily volume of methane per volume of digester depended on the
biodegradability of the material (Bo) and kinetic parameters µm and K.
where,
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q is hydraulic retention time d– 1
******
KINETICS OF ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION (Reference: Mital, pp 36-39):
For low substrate concentration, this equation is valid. For high substrate concentration, it
becomes as follows:
rs = Qmax*x ----(2)
The above model known as Monod model has limitations. For complex substrates, kinetic
parameters cannot be obtained for the entire concentration range.
Volumetric methane rate in cubic meter gas per cubic meter of digester volume
V = (Bo So / HRT)[1- K / (HRT*m-1+K)]
Bo = Ultimate methane yield in cubic meters methane (Varies from 0.2 to 0.5)
So = Influent volatile solids concentration in kgVS/m3
(Loading rate range = 0.7 to 25 kg VS/m3 d)
HRT = Hydraulic retention time in days
0.06 So
K = Dimensionless kinetic parameter, for cattle dung, K= 0.8+ 0.0016e
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m = Maximum specific growth rate of the microorganism in day-1
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RURAL DIGESTERS ACCEPTED BY MNES:
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2. JANATHA (FIXED DOME)
inlet BIOGAS
outlet
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4 PRAGATI
COMBINES FEATURES OF KVIC & DEENABANDU, MAHARASHSTRA
LOWER PART: SEMI-SPHERICAL IN SHAPE WITH A CONICAL BOTTOM
UPPER PART: FLOATING GAS HOLDER
POPULARISED IN MAHARASHTRA, UNDARP, PUNE
5 FERROCEMENT DIGESTER:
CAST SECTIONS, MADE FROM A REINFORCED (MORTAR+WIRE
MESH)- COATED WITH WATER PROOFING TAR
S E R I, ROORKEE
6 FRP DIGESTER:
FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC MADE BY CONTACT MOULDING
PROCESS
Reference: „Konark biogas plant-A user friendly model‟ Mohanty, P.K., and Choudury,
A. K, (Orissa Energy Dev. Agency), Journal of Environmental Policy and Studies 2(1);
15-21
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8 FLEXIBLE PORTABLE NEOPRENE RUBBER MODEL:
RUBBER
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HIGH RATE DIGESTERS FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT:
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HIGH RATE DIGESTERS FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT:
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2 UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET DIGESTER (UASB)
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3 ANAEROBIC LIQUID FLUIDIZED/ EXPANDED BED DIGESTER
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4. ANAEROBIC ROTATING BIOLOGICAL DISC CONTACTOR
Reference Article:
„Anaerobic Rotating Biological Drum Contactor for the Treatment of Dairy
Wastes‟, S. Satyanarayana, K. Thackar, S.N.Kaul, S.D.Badrinath and N.G.
Swarnkar, (NEERI) Indian Chemical Engineer, vol 29, No 3, July-Sept,
1987.
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5. ANAEROBIC MEMBRANE DIGESTER
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6 ANAEROBIC CONTACT DIGESTER
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Comments on Rural biogas plants:
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1. What properties of biogas have to be improved before it is used
as an engine fuel?
2. Write short notes on (i) Feedstock for biogas, (ii) Dry and wet
fermentation, (iii) Microbial and biochemical aspects.
3. Discuss the operating parameters for biogas production by
anaerobic digestion.
4. What criteria are applied in selecting a rural biogas plant of a
small family size?
5. Why biogas is not supplied in cylinders like LPG? Can we use
same stove for both?
6. Explain hydraulic and solid retention time for a fixed film biogas
digester.
you use?
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Reduction of the greenhouse effect
Last but not least, biogas technology takes part in the global struggle against
the greenhouse effect. It reduces the release of CO2 from burning fossil fuels
in two ways. First, biogas is a direct substitute for gas or coal for cooking,
heating, electricity generation and lighting. Additionally, the reduction in the
consumption of artificial fertilizer avoids carbon dioxide emissions that
would otherwise come from the fertilizer producing industries. By helping to
counter deforestation and degradation caused by overusing ecosystems as
sources of firewood and by melioration of soil conditions biogas technology
reduces CO2 releases from these processes and sustains the capability of
forests and woodlands to act as a carbon sink.
Methane, the main component of biogas is itself a greenhouse gas with a
much higher “Greenhouse potential" than CO2. Converting methane to
carbon dioxide through combustion is another contribution of biogas
technology to the mitigation of global warming. However, this holds true
only for the case, that the material used for biogas generation would
otherwise undergo anaerobic decomposition releasing methane to the
atmosphere. Methane leaking from biogas plants without being burned
contributes to the greenhouse effect! Of course, burning biogas also releases
CO2. But this, similar to the sustainable use of firewood, does only return
carbon dioxide which has been assimilated from the atmosphere by growing
plants maybe one year before. There is no net intake of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere from biogas burning as it is the case when burning fossil fuels.
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Different Purification Processes:-
1) Removal of H2S -
The gas coming out of system is heated to 150 degree C
and over ZnO bed, maintained at 1800 C leaving process gas free of
H2S.
ZnO + H2S = ZnS + H2O.
ZnSO4 + 2NaOH = Zn (OH) 2 + Na2SO4
2) Removal of CO2 –
CO2 is high corrosive when wet and it has no combustion
value so its removal is must to improve the biogas quality.
The processes to remove CO2 are as follows –
a) Caustic solution, NAOH – 40%
NAOH + CO2 = NAHCO3
b) Renfield process – K2CO3 - 30 %
K2CO3 + CO2 = 2KCO3
3) Removal of NH3:-
The chemical reaction is as:
NH3 + HCL =NH4Cl
4) Removal of H2O:-
For the removal of moisture, pass the gas from above
reaction, through the crystals of white silica gel.
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BIOGAS in INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
1. S. I. Engines
The only adoption for a spark ignition engine is a gas (not
gasoline!) carburetor to work at the supply pressure (just like an LPG
conversion, but an evaporator would not be needed as the storage pressure is
low). It is also a good idea to scrub the H2S (as it causes corrosion) and to
derate the engine (unless you want to replace it each year if operating
continuously).
Modification of S.I. Engine -
S.I. engines can run completely on biogas, however, the engines are required
to be started on petrol at the beginning, conversion of S.I. engine for the
entry of biogas, throttling of intake air & advancing the ignition timing.
Biogas can be admitted to S.I. engine through the intake manifold & air
flow control valve can be provided on the air cleaner pipe connecting air
cleaner & carburetor for throttling the intake air.
2. C.I. Engine:-
Diesel engines also need a gas carburetor and scrubbing, but require at
least 10% diesel via the injectors for ignition (and cooling). The initial
starting of diesel engine is done on pure diesel.
Modification of C.I. Engine:–
C.I. engine can operate on dual fuel & the necessary engine modification
include provision for the entry of biogas with intake air, provision of
carburetor & system to reduce diesel supply, advanced injection timing. The
entry of biogas and mixing of gas with intake air can be achieved by
providing the mixing chamber below the air cleaner which facilitate through
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mixing of biogas with air before entering into the cylinder. The arrangement
is largely used in stationary engine commercially available in India. The
capacity of mixing chamber may be kept equal to the engine displacement
volume. The pilot injection of cycle is required to be advanced for smooth
and efficient running of engine on dual fuel. The admittance of biogas into
the engine at the initial stage increases engine speed and therefore a suitable
system reduces the diesel supply by actuating the control rack needs to be
incorporated.
There is a wide range of thoughts on what treatments should these biogases
be subjected to before being used as fuel. Most operators simply remove the
water present in the biogas, leaving it to the engine manufacturers to
design engines which will cope with the impurities inevitably included in the
biogas (significant maintenance costs); other Operators are seriously
evaluating maintenance costs against initial investments in biogas clean up
technologies such as has been developed by Acrion Technologies (although
Acrion's technologies are mainly aimed at biogas contaminant removal and
separation into methane and carbon dioxide as feed stocks for a variety of
commercial applications).
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38% HHV Caterpillar Biogas Engine Fitted to Long Reach
Sewage Works
A Caterpillar bio-gas engine was fitted to Long Reach Sewage Works, operated by
Thames Water Utilities. This is a V16 engine running at 1500 rpm, on biogas which is
typically 60 % methane. Output about 1150 kWe electrical and 1.4 MW thermal energy
which heats the digesters to 37 deg C . Electrical efficiency is about 38% HHV, thermal
efficiency. Life cycle maintenance costs about 0.9 /kWh. Caterpillar makes about 50
units per day of this basic engine in either gas or diesel (1.8MW) format at its US factory
in Lafayette Indiana equivalent to some 23 GWe of capacity per annum. The fully
installed cost of this kind of plant, ie the engine, heat exchangers, generator, enclosure,
silencer, cooling system, controls, gas supply, commissioning is around £400/kWe.
Further info – Claverton Contact Form
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See also http://www.claverton-energy.com/for-sale-66mwe-chp-station.html if you want
to buy a gas engine power station,
and
http://www.claverton-energy.com/for-sale-complete-9mwe-power-station.html
http://www.claverton-energy.com/first-energy-offer-excellent-condition-complete-gas-
engined-chp-system-for-sale-and-installation.html
http://www.claverton-energy.com/complete-wartsila-9-mwe-gas-engine-power-station-
for-sale.html
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