true dip

The maximum angle that a bedding plane, fault plane or other geological surface declines away from a
horizontal plane measured in a vertical plane that is perpendicular to the strike of the structure. Any
measurement obtained at an angle not perpendicular to strike will yield an apparent dip, which is always
less than the maximum angle of declination that is obtained when measuring perpendicular to
formation strike.

Apparent dip (AD) is the computed angle of the formation bedding plane or feature as it crosses the borehole. True
dip (TD) is AD corrected for the geometry of the well and tool drift; these data reflect deviation from horizontal.

http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Terms/t/true_dip.aspx

apparent dip
The maximum inclination of a bedding plane, fault plane or other geological surface measured from a
vertical cross section that is not perpendicular to the strike of the feature. Apparent dip corrected for
well drift, or geometry, is referred to as true dip.

Apparent dip (AD) is the computed angle of the formation bedding plane or feature as it crosses the borehole. True
dip (TD) is AD corrected for the geometry of the well and tool drift; these data reflect deviation from horizontal.

http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/a/apparent_dip.aspx
Apparent and True Dip

Cross-bedded building stone. The contact immediately below A appears to dip

gently to the right, but at B, the contact appears to dip to the left. But it's not a
syncline! Both of those views are oblique, rather than perpendicular, to strike, so they
only give the apparent dip. Because strike is roughly parallel to the plane of the
photograph, the true dip of the bed comes directly out of the screen.

Hugh Hurlow emptying water bottle in desert.

As true dip is the steepest path down a planar surface, water will flow directly down
true dip--marked here by the blue arrow. Notice that these foliation surfaces appear to
dip gently to the left in the upper right corner of the photo and appear to take a sudden
turn just below the geologist's left leg. But the surfaces are planar. The sudden turn is
just the way they appear when viewed from different angles. Incidentally, the
geologist who sacrificed his water to illustrate this phenomenon survived the ordeal.
http://pages.uoregon.edu/millerm/Apdip.html
DIP, TRUE DIP
The true dip is the steepest line that can be drawn on an inclined plane. Measured in terms of
inclination (from the horizontal) and its bearing (from north), and when used in conjunction with unit
length it can be considered a vector quantity. The azimuth of the dip is at right angles to the strike of
a bed. In borehole image and dipmeter processing, dips are referenced to true north following
correction for tool and hole orientation; this is the usual way of presenting dips.
http://taskfronterra.com/glossary/dip-true-dip/

APPARENT DIP

The orientation of any line, excluding the line of steepest descent, that can be drawn on a given
inclined plane (that excludes vertical and horizontal surfaces). For example, the inclination of a line
joining the same fault cut observed in two adjacent wells. Within image and dipmeter analysis it is
sometimes necessary to present data as apparent dips relative to the borehole to allow corrections to
be applied when modelling resistivity curve responses that are a part function of apparent dip.
http://taskfronterra.com/glossary/apparent-dip/

\
STRIKE

Strike is the trend of a horizontal line drawn on an inclined plane (e.g. a dipping bed). It sits at right
angles to the line of steepest descent, the dip of a bed and is not defined for a horizontal plane.

Fracture and fault data are often presented as strike frequency plots, see figure on the left for example
where fractures are coloured in blue.
http://taskfronterra.com/glossary/strike/
Strike and dip
Strike and dip refer to the orientation or attitude of a geologic feature. The strike line of a bed, fault,
or other planar feature, is a line representing the intersection of that feature with a horizontal plane.
On a geologic map, this is represented with a short straight line segment oriented parallel to the
strike line. Strike (or strike angle) can be given as either a quadrant compass bearing of the strike
line (N25°E for example) or in terms of east or west of true north or south, a single three digit
number representing the azimuth, where the lower number is usually given (where the example of
N25°E would simply be 025), or the azimuth number followed by the degree sign (example of N25°E
would be 025°).
The dip gives the steepest angle of descent of a tilted bed or feature relative to a horizontal plane,
and is given by the number (0°-90°) as well as a letter (N,S,E,W) with rough direction in which the
bed is dipping downwards. One technique is to always take the strike so the dip is 90° to the right of
the strike, in which case the redundant letter following the dip angle is omitted (right hand rule, or
RHR). The map symbol is a short line attached and at right angles to the strike symbol pointing in
the direction which the planar surface is dipping down. The angle of dip is generally included on a
geologic map without the degree sign. Beds that are dipping vertically are shown with the dip symbol
on both sides of the strike, and beds that are level are shown like the vertical beds, but with a circle
around them. Both vertical and level beds do not have a number written with them.
Another way of representing strike and dip is by dip and dip direction. The dip direction is the
azimuth of the direction the dip as projected to the horizontal (like the trend of a linear feature in
trend and plunge measurements), which is 90° off the strike angle. For example, a bed dipping 30°
to the South, would have an East-West strike (and would be written 090°/30° S using strike and dip),
but would be written as 30/180 using the dip and dip direction method.
Strike and dip are determined in the field with a compass and clinometer or a combination of the two,
such as a Brunton compass named after D.W. Brunton, a Colorado miner. Compass-clinometers
which measure dip and dip direction in a single operation (as pictured) are often called "stratum" or
"Klar" compasses after a German professor. Smartphone apps are also now available, that make
use of the internal accelerometer to provide orientation measurements. Combined with
the GPS functionality of such devices, this allows readings to be recorded and later downloaded
onto a map.[1]
Any planar feature can be described by strike and dip. This
includes sedimentary bedding, faults and fractures, cuestas, igneous dikes and sills, metamorphic fol
iation and any other planar feature in the Earth. Linear features are measured with very similar
methods, where "plunge" is the dip angle and "trend" is analogous to the dip direction value.
Apparent dip is the name of any dip measured in a vertical plane that is not perpendicular to the
strike line. True dip can be calculated from apparent dip using trigonometry if you know the strike.
Geologic cross sections use apparent dip when they are drawn at some angle not perpendicular to
strike.
Strike and dip of the beds. 1-Strike, 2-Dip direction, 3-Apparent dip 4-Angle of dip

Strike and dip

Strike line and dip of a plane describing attitude relative to a horizontal plane and a vertical plane perpendicular
to the strike line

Stratum compass to measure dip and dip direction in one step

A standard Brunton compass, used commonly by geologists for strike and dip measurements

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_and_dip