Composite Beams

(Overview)

Chapter I

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Composite Beam in Steel Frame Buildings

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 Composite Construction
• Noncomposite section:
– When a concrete slab is supported by steel beams, and there is no provision for shear
transfer between these two, the result is a noncomposite section.
• Composite beam:
– If a great deal of bond exist between concrete slab and steel beams, the result is a
composite beam.
• The steel beam were completely encased in concrete (VERY EXPENSIVE)
• A system of mechanical anchors is provided

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Advantages of Composite Construction

• Floor slab acts as a large an integral part of the beam
• Floor slab serves as a large cover plate for the upper flange of steel beam
• Increase the beam strength
– Support 33-50% more load than noncomposite action
• Less still tonnage required for the same loads and spans
• Having greater stiffness than noncomposite sections
• Smaller deflection
– 20-30% as large
• Smaller overall floor depths
– Reduce building heights
• Smaller cost for walls, plumbing, wiring, ducts, elevators and foundation

Disadvantages of Composite Construction

• Cost of the steel anchors and their installing

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

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 Effective Flange Widths
• Estimating how much of the slab acts as part of the beam
– The portion of the slab or flange that can be considered to participate in the composite
beam action is controlled by the AISC specification I3.1a :

– The effective width of the concert slab shall be the sum of the effective width for each side
of the beam centerline, each of which shall not exceed:
• One-eight of the beam span, center to center of supports
• One-half the distance to the centerline of the adjacent beam
• The distance to the edge of the slab

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Moment Capacity of Composite Sections

• The nominal flexural strength of a composite beam may be controlled by:
– The plastic strength of the section
– The strength of the concert slab
– The strength of the steel anchors
– Web buckling

The nominal flexural strength, Mn, of a composite section is to be determined, assuming

a plastic stress distribution if

h/tw ≤ 3.76 √E/Fyf (All of the rolled W,S,M,HP and C shapes meet the requirement for Fy up to 65)

– h= d-2k in W shape or clear distance between flanges for built-up

if h/tw > 3.76 √E/Fyf

– the value of Mn is to be determined by superimposing the elastic
stresses.

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

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 Fully Composite Beams
• Shear connectors capable of transferring whatever force is required
for equilibrium between the concrete and the steel (expensive)

0.85f’c

Fy

Neutral Axis in Steel BEam Neutral Axis in Concrete Slab

Cc = Twf Cc < Twf Cc > Twf

Cc = 0.85 f’c tslab be (concrete compressive force of total effective slab)

Twf = AsFy (steel tensile force of wide flange)
CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

a) Neutral Axis in Concrete Slab a ≤ t (slab thickness)

• Assume concrete slab compression stresses :
– 0.85 f’c over an area of depth a and width be

AsFy
– T= C ⇒ AsFy = 0.85 f’c a be a=
0.85 f’c be

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

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 a) Neutral Axis in Concrete Slab a ≤ t (slab thickness)
• PNA will fall in the slab

– Mn=Mp= AsFy ( d/2 + t – a/2)

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

• Example 1:
• Compute ΦbMn for the composite
section shown, if f’c =4ksi and Fy= 50ksi.

• Determining Mn :
– h= d-2k =29.7in – (2)(1.32in) = 27.06 in h/tw ≤ 3.76 √E/Fyf
– h/tw = 27.06 in /0.520 in = 52.04 ≤ 3.76 √E/Fyf = 3.76 √29e3/50 = 90.55

– Ok to determine Mn from the plastic stress distribution on the composite section for the limit
state of yielding (plastic moment).

AsFy (29.0 in2)(50 ksi)

a= = = 4.26 in < 5 in → PNA is in slab
0.85 f’c be 0.85 (4ksi)(100in)

– Mn=Mp= AsFy ( d/2 + t – a/2) = (29.0in2)(50 ksi) [(29.7/2) in + 5 in – (4.26/2) in] =25694 in-k
=2141.2 ft-k

– ΦbMn = (0.90)(2141.2) = 1927.1 ft-k

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

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 Using Table 3-19 Manual
• Assume PNA is located at the top of the steel flange
• Y1 represent the distance from PNA to the top of the beam flange
• Y2 represents the distance from the centroid of the effective concrete flange force to the top
flange of the beam( Ycon –a/2)

• Example1:
– Assume PNA being located at the top of the beam flange.
• Y1 = 0
• Y2 = 5 – 4.28/2 = 2.86 in
• Page 3-172 and for W30x99 → ΦbMn = ΦbMp = 1926 ft-k (interpolation)

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

b) Neutral Axis in Steel Section

• PNA will fall down in the steel section
– PNA is in the flange
– PNA is in the web
• Assume we assume that it is at the base of the flange
• Calculate the total compressive force C above the PNA
– C= 0.85 f’c be t + Af Fy (Af area of flange)
– T= Fy (As - Af )

if C>T the PNA will be in the flange

If C < T the PNA is below the flange

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

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 b.1) PNA is in Flange of Steel Section
• Letting y be the distance to the PNA measured from the top of top flange:
• C=T
– 0.85 f’c be t + Fy bf y = Fy (As - bf y )
– From this y
FyAs - 0.85 f’c be t
y=
2 Fy b f

Mp= Mn = 0.85 f’c be t (t/2 + y ) + 2 Fy bf y ( y / 2) + FyAs ( d/2 –y )

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

• Example 2:
• Compute for the composite section
shown, if f’c = 4ksi and Fy= 50ksi.
• Determining Mn :
– h= d-2k =30in – (2)(1.5in) = 27.00 in
– h/tw = 27.00 in /0.565 in = 47.78 ≤ 3.76 √E/Fyf = 3.76 √29e3/50 = 90.55
– Ok for Mn = Mp
– Is PNA located at top of steel flange?
AsFy (34.2 in2)(50 ksi)
a= = = 6.29in > 4 in → PNA is in steel
0.85 f’c a be 0.85 (4ksi)(80in)
– IS PNA in flange or in web? Assume it is at base of steel flange
– C= 0.85 f’c be t + Af Fy = 0.85(4ksi)(80in)(4in) + (50ksi)(10.5in)(0.85in)=1534 k
– T= Fy (As - Af ) = (50ksi)(34.2in2 -10.5inx0.85) =1264 k
– Since C> T, the PNA falls in the steel flange
FyAs - 0.85 f’c be t (50ksi)(34.2in2) - 0.85 (4ksi)(80in)(4in)
y= = = 0.592 in
2 Fy b f 2 (50ksi)(10.5in)

– Mp= Mn = 0.85 f’c be t (t/2 + y ) + 2 Fy bf y ( y / 2) + FyAs ( d/2 –y ) =

0.8(4ksi)(80 in)(4in)(4/2 in+0.592in)+2(50ksi)(10.5in)(0.592in)(0.592/2 in)+(50 ksi)(34.2 in2)(30/2 in -0.592 in)
=27650 in-k = 2304 ft-k → ΦbMn = (0.90)(2304) = 2074ft-k

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 Using Table 3-19 Manual
• Y1 represent the distance from PNA to the top of the beam flange
• Y2 represents the distance from the centroid of the effective concrete flange force to the top
flange of the beam

• Example2:
– Assume PNA being located at the top of the beam flange.
• Y1 = 0.592 in
• Y2 = 2 in
0.592-0.425
• Page 3-170 and for W30x116 → ΦbMn = ΦbMp = 2110 - (2110-2060)
=2070 ft-k (interpolation) 0.638-0.425

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

b.2) PNA is in Web of Steel Section

• If a > t and T > C then PNA will fall in the web.
• The similar calculation as case a.1

The composite design tables cover most

common cases

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

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 Partially Composite Beams
• Shear connectors are NOT capable of transferring the maximum force that
can be resisted by the steel or concrete cross-section
• Amount of force transferred is limited by shear stud capacity
• More economical than fully composite sections
– Typical bays in modern buildings have relatively long beam spans
– Strength and serviceability typically determine section requirements

Concrete
c.o.g.

Steel c.o.g.

Noncomposite Partially Full

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures
composite composite

Partially Composite Beams

• Amount of force transferred is limited by shear stud capacity

Cc = ΣQn

ΣQn
a=
0.85 f’c be

ΣQn = sum of shear stud capacities from point of maximum

moment to point of zero moment

• PNA is always in the steel section

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

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 Partially Composite Beams
with Formed Metal Deck
• Most common floor system in steel buildings
• Most often “Unshored” construction
– Metal deck and wide flange beams support weight of wet concrete
– No shoring supporting the metal deck

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Shear Stud Strength

• Depends on a number of factors
– Concrete strength
– Area of stud, Asa
– Direction of deck
– Number of studs in one row
Factors for stud spacing,
– Spacing of studs
deck orientation and rib
– Dimension of deck
dimensions
• Rib height and width
• AISC Specification Section I8

Qn = 0.5Asa(f’cEc)0.5 < RgRpAsaFu

Number of studs required = ΣQs / Qn
This the number of studs required between
point of maximum moment and zero moment.
NOT the total number in the beam

Just an Overview of Composite Beam

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

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