Licht - Wissen No. 08 "Sport and Leisure"

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Sport and Leisure
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licht.wissen 08 _ Sport and Leisure
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Contents
Lighting quality features 4 Indoor winter sports 40
Energy-efficient lighting 8 Multi-purpose halls 42
Lighting for television 10 Indoor swimming pools 44
Emergency lighting 12 Indoor leisure pools 46
Lighting and environment 14 Fitness studios 48
Tables for each sport 15 Service areas 50
Outdoor and indoor facilities 16 Lamps 56
[Cover] Artificial lighting permits sport and General outdoor sports facilities 18 Luminaires 60
leisure activities at any time of day. It also
makes sports and leisure amenities more at- Special outdoor sports facilities 22 licht.de publications 62
tractive.
[01] The light sends out a signal that some- Outdoor winter sports 26 Imprint and acknowledgments
thing really special is going on. Spectators for photographs 63
also get a great deal of enjoyment out of Outdoor swimming pools 29
sport.
[02] Good lighting for athletes, spectators

General indoor sports facilities 30
and TV broadcasts needs to be carefully
planned and professionally installed. Special indoor sports facilities 34
Editorial
By international standards, Germans have a great deal of leisure Artificial lighting needs to be carefully planned, taking account of
time. With six hours and 34 minutes a day to call their own, they the nature of the sport, the speed of the movements executed, the
are the second most leisured nation in the world. That is one of the size and velocity of balls, and the location of the observer. This
findings of the Society at a Glance study published in 2009 by the booklet looks at general quality criteria and examines specific
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). requirements. The information it contains is based on the Euro-
Many Germans use the leisure time at their disposal to engage in pean standard DIN EN 12193 “Sports lighting”.
sports and recharge their batteries with wellness treatments. The
umbrella organisation of German sport, the Deutsche Olympische It is important to appreciate one thing: good lighting is not expen-
Sportbund (DOSB), has more than 27 million members. Nearly sive. Modern energy-efficient lighting installations can considerably
twice that number of Germans are estimated to participate regu- lower the energy consumption and operating costs of public and
larly in activities that are good for their health and fitness. private sports and leisure facilities. So they are investments that
are quickly recouped – particularly where facilities are well patron-
To profit from this enormous demand, sports and leisure facilities ised, where they raise the recreational profile of the town or area
need to offer “products” that appeal. They also need to ensure and where they act as a magnet for tourism.
a sense of wellbeing – including at night, when many recreational
athletes wish to train or relax. This is where lighting comes in.
Sport is also a popular form of recreation for non-participants.

This is evidenced by the rising spectator figures at sporting events
and the high viewing ratings of sports broadcasts on television.
These also require lighting.
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4
Lighting quality features
The basic variables of lighting are illuminance, luminance distribution (brightness distribution), glare limitation
(direct and reflected glare), direction of light and modelling, light colour and colour rendering properties of lamps.
They are the quality features that define lighting quality.
DIN EN 12193 “Sports lighting” refers to Maintained illuminance and

the definitions of quality features in the maintenance factor
basic standards DIN EN 12464 “Light and
lighting – Lighting of work places” Part 1 The average illuminance values set out in
(Indoor work places) and Part 2 (Outdoor the standards are maintained values. Illumi-
work places). nance must never be allowed to fall below
them. Once they are reached, maintenance
Illuminance is required. To ensure that this is not neces-
sary immediately after the lighting installa-
Illuminance (symbol: E) plays a particularly tion goes into operation, a maintenance
significant role in determining how swiftly, factor should be defined for the illuminance
reliably and easily a visual task is identified on installation when the lighting system is
and performed. Measured in lux (lx), it indi- planned. It takes account of ageing and
cates the amount of luminous flux from a soiling of lamps, luminaires and – in en-
light source falling on a given surface. closed spaces – room surfaces as well as
Where an area of 1 square metre is uni- lamp failure.
formly illuminated by 1 lumen of luminous
flux, illuminance is 1 lx. With regard to maintained illuminance val-
ues, DIN EN 12193 refers to two publica-
Illuminance is measured at specific points tions of the international lighting commis-
on horizontal and vertical planes. To estab- sion CIE: 97 “Maintenance of indoor electric
lish the illuminance for a playing area, for lighting systems” for interiors and 154
example, the surface is overlaid with a grid “Maintenance of outdoor lighting systems”
of assessment points. At each point, a for outdoor installations.
measurement area is defined in a particular
alignment at a specified height. The results Maintained illuminance is determined by
of measurements at all assessment points four parameters:
enable the average illuminance to be calcu- > the lamp lumen maintenance factor
lated for the entire playing area. (LLMF), which takes account of the decline
in lumen output over the operating life of
Uniform brightness the lamp
> the lamp survival factor (LSF), which
The visual task is easier to perform if bright- takes account of lamp failure during service
ness is evenly distributed. Patches of life
bright light and dark shadow place a strain > the luminaire maintenance factor (LMF),
on the eyes by forcing them constantly to which takes account of the decline in light-
re-adapt. ing values as a result of soiling and ageing
> the room maintenance factor (RMF),
Uniformity is measured on a plane and which applies to indoor installations and
expressed as the ratio of minimum (Emin) takes account of the reflectance of room
to average (Eav) or minimum (Emin) to max- surfaces owing to soiling
imum (Emax) illuminance. Light is uniformly
distributed where illuminance values at
assessment points are similar.
[03] Luminaires need to be aligned so that
they do not dazzle either athletes or specta-
tors.
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Modelling Light colour
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Visual ambience
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[04] Lighting quality features are interre-

Lighting glossary
lated. Visual performance, visual comfort and
visual ambience are radically affected by cer- Lamp Luminous intensity
tain quality features. No lamp, no light. The term “lamp” refers to an engi- Luminous intensity ⌱ is the amount of luminous flux
neered artificial light source. radiating in a particular direction. The way it is distrib-
uted in the room determines the beam characteristics
Luminaire of luminaires, reflector lamps and LEDs. It is measured
The term “luminaire” refers to the entire electric light in candela (cd).
fitting; it protects the lamp, distributes and directs its
light and prevents it causing glare. Visual task
Visual tasks are defined by light/dark and colour
Luminous flux contrasts and by the size of details that need to be
Luminous flux ⌽ is the rate at which light is emitted perceived. The harder the visual task, the higher the
by a lamp. It expresses the visible light radiating from lighting level required.
a light source in all directions and is measured in
lumens (lm).
6
Multiplication of the four individual mainte- oped for office lighting, so where lighting is Colour rendering
nance factors produces the overall mainte- provided by the high-bay reflector lumi-
nance factor. naires and floods that are commonly used The colour rendering property of a lamp
in sports halls, its limiting values can only determines the way its light impacts on the
Maintenance factor and maintenance be observed up to a point. Protection appearance of coloured objects. The effect
method need to be agreed between the against reflected glare is provided by matt is rated using the colour rendering index
lighting designer and the owner or operator surfaces. In addition – and especially where Ra. This indicates how accurately the natu-
of a facility right at the start of planning. shiny surfaces are unavoidable, e.g. in a ral colour of an object is matched by its ap-
Where a maintenance factor cannot be de- swimming pool – luminaires need to be appearance under the relevant light source.
fined, the following reference maintenance propriately arranged and angled. Ra = 100 is the best rating; the lower the
factors are recommended: 0.67 for indoor index, the poorer the colour rendering
and 0.7 for outdoor facilities. In outdoor facilities, direct glare is estab- properties. For use indoors, lamps should
lished by the GR (Glare Rating) method not have a rating lower than Ra = 80.
Luminance distribution described in publication 112 “Glare evalu-
ation system for use within outdoor sports Good lighting
Luminance (symbol: L) is the brightness of and area lighting” by the International
a luminous or illuminated surface as per- lighting commission CIE. Here, the bright- Lighting quality is a product of visual per-
ceived by the human eye. It is measured in ness of illuminated sports areas is corre- formance, visual comfort and visual ambi-
candelas per unit area (cd/m²). It impacts lated to the brightness of the light sources ence (see Fig. 04):
on visual performance and visual comfort. installed. The resulting ratios range from > Visual performance:
10 for “no glare” to 90 for “unbearable The speed and accuracy with which visual
Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and thus glare” on a GR assessment scale. Stan- tasks can be performed are crucially influ-
the performance capacity of the eye im- dards set out maximum values for glare enced by lighting level – resulting from illu-
prove with increasing luminance. protection, normally GR = 50. GR values minance – and the standard of glare limita-
can only be established for sports with tion.
The luminance of a surface is determined a playing area. > Visual comfort:
by its reflectance and the illuminance on it. Visual comfort is produced by a harmo-
Hence the fact that a white room looks Direction of light and modelling nious distribution of brightness and lamps
brighter than a room with dark furnishings with colour rendering properties that can at
when the illuminance is the same. Shapes and surfaces should be clearly dis- least be described as good.
cernible (visual performance) and easily > Visual ambience:
Visual comfort is negatively affected by discernible (visual comfort). This calls for Lighting is a factor of room climate, which
> excessively low luminance and excessive balanced, soft edged shadows. Shadow impacts on our mood and thus affects our
uniformity of luminance, which make for an formation is influenced by direction of light, personal sense of wellbeing. This visual am-
unappealing, monotonous lighting atmos- which is determined, in turn, by the distri- bience is fundamentally shaped by direction
phere bution and arrangement of luminaires. of light, modelling and the light colour of
> excessive differences in luminance, lamps.
which cause eye fatigue as a result of the Highly directional light results in deep hard-
constant need for adaptation edged shadows. Lack of shadow is also
> excessively high punctual luminance, found disagreeable; it occurs where lighting
which can cause glare. is very diffuse.
Glare limitation Light colour
Glare may be direct – caused by luminaires The light colour of a lamp indicates the in-
or other excessively luminous surfaces, in- trinsic colour of the light that it radiates.
cluding windows (direct glare) – or it may This is determined by the colour tempera-
be indirect, caused by reflections on shiny ture (correlated colour temperature TCP) in
surfaces (reflected glare). Both direct and Kelvin (K):
reflected glare reduce visual comfort (dis- warm white (ww) < 3,300 K
comfort glare) and impair visual perform- neutral white (nw) 3,300 K to 5,300 K
ance (disability glare). daylight white (dw) > 5,300 K.
Shielding lamps helps guard against direct The light emitted by lamps of the same light
glare. Direct glare is rated by the UGR (Uni- colour can have different colour rendering
fied Glare Rating) method. This was devel- characteristics.
7
05
Leonberg Sports Hall
Before After
Luminaires installed luminaires with luminaires with electronic

conventional ballasts ballasts and energy
management module
Number of luminaires 216 48
Lamps per luminaire 2 x 58 Watt fluorescent 6 x 80 Watt fluorescent

lamps, 26 mm diameter lamps, 26 mm diameter
Total connected load 31,104 Watts 24,768 Watts
Energy consumption per year 130.667 kilowatt-hours 49,653 kilowatt-hours
Energy costs per year 20.907 euros 7,944 euros
Energy saved per year 81,014 kilowatt-hours

= 62 percent
Cost saving per year 12,963 euros
CO2 saving per year 48.6 metric tons CO2

06
8
Energy-efficient lighting
Luminaires with optimised optical control elements, high luminous efficacy lamps, electronic operating gear,
daylight utilisation and lighting management make for energy efficient lighting and a reduced carbon footprint.
Lighting installations that are optimised in this way also offer the best lighting quality.
Lighting installations that are 15 years old or the electrical energy (input in watts) it con- Daylight and lighting management
more need to be refurbished or completely sumes. The higher the ratio of lumens to
renewed because they can no longer be op- watts (lm/W), the more energy-efficient the A great deal more energy can be saved
erated efficiently. At the same time, many lamp’s operation. by harnessing incident daylight from sky-
old installations can no longer guarantee the lights or windows and combining it with
quality of lighting required. Investment in The lamp industry has optimised the lumi- artificial lighting. The artificial lighting is
new equipment is quickly recouped as a re- nous efficacy of many light sources. In the activated or slowly and gradually made
sult of the energy costs saved. case of the fluorescent lamp, for example, brighter only when the available daylight
the luminous efficacy of standard lamps is not sufficient.
High-performance luminaires used to be low at an average of 65 lm/W;
26 mm diameter three-band lamps, how- Such systems are normally realised as
Luminaires are efficient if they have high ever, achieve 93 lm/W (system luminous lighting management solutions incorporat-
light output ratios and their intensity distri- efficacy with electronic ballast) and 16 mm ing a daylight-dependent regulator de-
bution curves are appropriate for the appli- diameter models actually reach more than signed to maintain a constant level of light-
cation. High-grade materials and profes- 100 lm/W. At the same time, the economic ing with artificial and daylight components.
sional standards of workmanship improve life of the lamps has increased – from 7,500 The illuminance required at the work sur-
a luminaire’s light output ratio; quality lumi- hours for a standard lamp operated by a face is thus kept more or less the same by
naires of this kind also have a long life. conventional ballast to 24,000 hours in the raising or lowering the level of artificial
case of a 16 mm diameter lamp with elec- lighting in response to changes in incident
Efficient lamps tronic ballast (EB). daylight. At certain times, daylight may
also need to be shaded to prevent solar
Luminous efficacy is the yardstick of lamp Efficient ballasts heat or glare.
efficiency. It indicates how much light (lumi-
nous flux in lumens) a lamp generates from Optimising the operation of ballasts has Where motion detectors are integrated
also produced major savings. Electronic into the lighting management system,
models are particularly efficient: even with presence control is possible. Here, the
[05] Fluorescent lamp light supplements the earliest EBs, system power consump- lighting is instantly activated when a per-
the incident daylight and takes its place at tion was below the lamp’s power rating be- son enters the room and deactivated a
night. Lighting management makes this inter- cause they worked with a high-frequency few moments after the room is vacated.
action particularly energy-efficient.
alternating voltage. Now, EB development
[06] The Leonberg sports hall refurbishment is advancing further, pushing forward even Best practice: 62 percent saving
reduced energy consumption by 62 percent. more the frontiers of ballast efficiency.
What can be achieved by refurbishment is
evidenced by sports hall 2 at the Leonberg
vocational school centre in the Böblingen
EU prescribes efficiency Saving energy with partial lighting area in Germany. The switch to new lumi-
naires with new lamps and EBs as well as
In April 2009, Commission Regulation No. 245/2009 Where sports areas are regularly used not only for top- the incorporation of an energy manage-
came into effect in the EU. It prescribes a staged level sport (Lighting Class I) but also for ordinary train- ment module cuts energy consumption,
phase-out for discharge lamps (low-pressure and ing (Class III), lighting does not always need to be costs and carbon emissions by 62 percent
high-pressure) and ballasts with a poor energy switched to the highest level. Partial lighting saves (see “Leonberg Sports Hall” table, page 8).
balance. Certain lamps may no longer be placed in the energy: all luminaires are activated for Lighting Class I,
EU market as of 2010 and the entire process will be only a certain number of them for Class II and even Detailed information about “Lighting Qual-
completed by 2017. After that, only efficient lamps fewer for Class III. However, the required quality of ity with Electronics” has been put together
and ballasts will be available. The regulation is based lighting needs to be ensured in all classes. Where by licht.de in booklet 12 of this series (see
on the Energy using Products (EuP) framework direc- partial lighting is planned, it needs to be taken into page 62).
tive (2000/32/EC). account early in the design phase.
9
Lighting for television

Lighting needs to meet higher requirements for television broadcasts than for athletes and spectators – both
in qualitative and in quantitative terms. Television pictures can only be good if the lighting conditions are right for
TV cameras.
Where live broadcasts and TV coverage > The installation is more energy-efficient
are planned, sports facility lighting needs to and economical because fewer luminaires
take account of the special requirements and floods are required.
they present. The lighting needed for the > It offers more freedom for positioning lu-
sport itself, with predominantly horizontal minaires than planning “player lighting from
illuminance, is not enough for television the camera angle” because, in the latter
pictures. For one thing, the positioning of case, floods can normally be positioned
luminaires needs to be different. So an only at the sides of the playing field. This is
existing lighting installation cannot simply the type of lighting in most widespread
be adapted to make it “TV-compatible”. use today.
No special requirements need to be ob- Lighting for good image quality

served for videoing training. Standard-com-
pliant general lighting in line with DIN EN Lighting for television presents higher re-
12193 is normally sufficient for that. quirements in terms of colour rendering,
illuminance and uniformity of illuminance.
Direction of light is crucial Lamps should have at least a good colour
rendering rating (Ra index ⱖ 80). The level
What is generally crucial for television pic- of illuminance needed depends on the
tures is the illuminance generated at grid sport, the camera-to-subject distance and
points in the vertical plane: vertical light the standard of pictures required. In the
incidence alone is what makes it possible case of high resolution television (HDTV),
to show the expressions on athlete’s faces for example, 800 lx average illuminance in a
in action. For this, vertical illuminance camera direction is the minimum require-
needs to be calculated in the direction of ment for soccer. For better quality images
the four boundary lines of the field or in the and for zoom and super slow motion shots,
direction of the precise camera positions. the illuminance needs to be 2,000 lx.
If the light is only to be directed onto the Lamp light colour is important particularly
players from the direction of the cameras, a for broadcasts that commence in daylight
vertical assessment area facing the bound- but continue through dusk into the night.
ary line is defined above each point of the Daylight white lamps with a colour tempera-
calculation grid – i.e. the playing area. The ture of 5,200 to 6,000 Kelvin are suitable
entire assessment plane in the direction of for mixing with daylight.
all four boundary lines (orthogonal direc-
tions) is 1 or 1.5 metres above the ground. Lighting installations for television broad-
casts should always be realised with the
If vertical illuminances in the direction of pre- help of specialised lighting designers.
cise camera positions are calculated and re-
alised for lighting for television, special soft-
ware is required. This aligns the assessment
areas above each grid point with the surface
normal in the direction of the camera. [07] Calculating horizontal and vertical
illuminance as well as the illuminance in the
The advantages of this planning method: direction of the camera
> The lighting installation supports better
[08+09] The playing area as a calculation
pictures because it is optimised for the grid: good television pictures depend on
broadcast cameras. tailored lighting.
10
Illuminance
horizontal illuminance
vertical illuminance
08
illuminance in the direction of

the camera
07 09
11
Emergency lighting
For many sports and leisure facilities, mains-independent emergency lighting is mandatory. Its purpose is to permit
athletes, spectators and staff to leave the building or outdoor facility safely in the event of a power failure.
Where lighting fails, the simultaneous pres- Where an event can be brought to an or-
ence of a large number of people means derly conclusion in the wake of a mains
a risk of accident: the reason for the power power failure, participant safety is ensured.
failure is unknown, the surroundings are Safety lighting needs to respond “instantly”.
unfamiliar, fear spreads and very quickly The level of safety lighting required depends
results in panic. Escape sign luminaires on the sport in question; it is expressed as
mark the routes that lead outdoors, supple- a percentage of the lighting level normally
mentary safety lighting for escape routes – required for the sport:
ensuring at least 1x horizontal illuminance > swimming – 5% for at least 30 seconds
along the central axis of routes up to two > gymnastics, indoor facility – 5% for at
metres wide – makes for better orientation least 30 seconds
and reduces the risk of accidents. > equestrian sports, indoor and outdoor
facility – 5% for at least 120 seconds
Safety lighting > speed skating – 5% for at least 30
seconds
The requirements that need to be met by > bobsleigh and luge – 10% for at least
emergency lighting are set out in the Euro- 120 seconds
pean standard DIN EN 1838. The fact that > ski-jumping, take-off and landing zone –
safety lighting is mandatory is enshrined in 10% for at least 30 seconds
the Model Ordinance Governing Places of > downhill skiing – 10% for at least 30
Assembly (MVStättV). Stipulations for safety seconds
lighting (protection of participants in sport- > cycling (track racing) – 10% for at least
ing events) are also contained in the Euro- 60 seconds.
pean standard DIN EN 12193.
For swimming pools with a depth of 1.35 m
The MVStättV covers or more, the Pool Construction Guideline
> assembly rooms which singly or jointly (1996) requires safety lighting to provide
accommodate at least 200 persons 15 lx illuminance at the water surface.
> places of assembly for at least 1,000
persons with open performance areas – Detailed information about “Emergency
areas less than 20 m² are not classed as Lighting, Safety Lighting” is provided by
performance areas licht.de in the booklet licht.wissen 10
> sports stadiums accommodating more (see page 62).
than 5,000 spectators with stands for visi-
tors and with non-roofed sports areas
Because the dividing line between “sport”

and “presentation” in performance areas is
increasingly blurred, the requirements can
also include outdoor sports facilities if
> they accommodate more than 1,000
visitors
> they have performance areas and
> the area for visitors consists entirely or
partially of built structures. Visitor areas
that are sectioned off by a barrier consist
“entirely or partially of built structures” and
are therefore also included.
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10
[10] If lighting fails, panic can ensue – es-

pecially where large numbers of people are
assembled. Escape sign luminaires mark the
routes that lead outdoors, supplementary
safety lighting facilitates orientation
[11] Escape sign luminaires run on emer-

gency power, so they are not affected by a
mains power failure.
12
[12+13] Safety signs need to be clearly
identifiable so that, in the event of a power
failure, escape routes can be noted and fol-
lowed even by people who are not familiar
with the surroundings.
11 13
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Lighting and environment

Sports and leisure facility lighting has the potential to cause “light pollution”: neighbours feel dazzled, insects are
attracted by the light. This applies to outdoor facilities, especially to sports grounds and stadiums.
Avoiding light immissions weise zur Messung und Beurteilung von > glare from non-road lighting installations
Lichtimmissionen” (Measurement and as- affecting road users
Carefully calculated mounting heights and sessment of light immissions) and recom- > sky glow.
well-shielded asymmetric floods prevent mends that they should be applied by envi-
light trespass in the vicinity of sports ronmental protection agencies. A number Lighting and insects
grounds. of federal states have also issued “lighting
guidelines” in administrative regulations. Artificial lighting attracts insects, so there is
Some floodlighting installations designed a risk that it could interfere with the natural
for certain types of lighting are fundamen- The LAI guideline is concerned with two habits of nocturnal animals. What makes
tally incompatible with the goal of avoiding criteria: light attractive is its UV content. This could
light immissions. In the case of stadiums > Room illumination – For illuminated resi- be sufficiently reduced by the use of high-
equipped with lighting for television, the dential interiors, the assessment criteria pressure sodium vapour lamps but its yel-
relevant limits are inevitably exceeded. And used is illuminance in the window plane. lowish light is strange to human eyes and
in certain ball sports such as baseball or > Discomfort glare – The dazzling effect of does not meet standard requirements for
golf, stray light needs to radiate upwards a luminaire or lighting installation is estab- competitions.
so that high-flying balls can be clearly lished on the basis of the brightness con-
made out. trast between the luminaire or luminous sur- The design of the luminaires chosen can
face and its surroundings from the vantage also reduce the appeal for insects: asym-
Protection against “light pollution” is af- of an affected local resident, the dimen- metric floods without lateral light outlets are
forded by the Federal Ambient Pollution sions of the luminous surface and its dis- a good choice.
Control Act (BImSchG). However, no actual tance from the resident.
ceilings are defined in either statutes or ad- Sports grounds are most frequently illumi-
ministrative implementing regulations. So The issue of light immissions is also ad- nated during the dark months of winter, late
the measuring and assessment methods dressed in Publication 150 “Guide on the autumn and early spring. So artificial light-
used – and the maximum admissible levels limitation of the effects of obtrusive light ing is mostly used at times when insects
based on them – are those of the German from outdoor lighting installations” from the are not active anyway.
lighting society (Deutsche Lichttechnische International Lighting Commission CIE,
Gesellschaft – LiTG). which contains references to DIN EN
12193. It also sets out limits for room illumi-
Immission control nation and neighbourhood glare. In Ger-
many, however, the requirements that apply
The Immission Control Committee of Ger- here are those of the LAI.
[14] Exemplary: The light cast by these
many’s federal states (Länderausschuss für
floods is directed exclusively onto the sports
Immissionsschutz – LAI) has adopted these The CIE publication puts forward two more ground; the very low level of stray light is
methods and ceilings in its guideline “Hin- criteria and limiting values for them: below the permitted limits.
14
Table numbers Illuminance
In DIN EN 12193, the tables are The tables set out average (Eav) horizon-
consecutively numbered and the sports tal (Eh) or vertical (Ev) illuminance. Unless
they cover are assigned in a list. The stated otherwise, the value stated in the
table numbers shown in this booklet standard refers to the principal playing
are identical to those assigned in the area
standard. In the booklet, the relevant
A.21 Soccer
sports are additionally identified in Glare limitation
the table. Class Horizontal GR
illuminance
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av GR stands for glare rating and refers to
Lighting classes lx the method used to calculate glare limita-
tion (see page 7) in outdoor lighting. GR
l 500 0.7 50
DIN EN 12193 distinguishes between values can only be calculated for persons
different lighting classes with different ll 200 0.6 50 in the playing area.
requirements (see also “Three lighting
lll 75 0.5 55
classes” on this page). In the case of a Uniformity
soccer field: 75 lx illuminance is suffi-
cient for training sessions and local The uniformity of the lighting is express-
league matches (Class III), 200 lx is re- ed as the ratio of minimum (Emin) to aver-
quired for district and regional league age (Eav) illuminance, in this case horizon-
matches (Class II) and a considerably tal (Eh) illuminance.
brighter 500 lx is needed for state and
major league games (Class I, not for
television)
Tables for each sport

DIN EN 12193 “Sports lighting” summarises the minimum lighting requirements for each sport in a table.
This booklet also contains tables but looks only at key details and does not cover all the sports referred to
in the standard.
Apart from the data presented in the tables for the reference areas where calculations the action, the higher the lighting class
in this booklet, the table for each sport in and measurements should be performed. needs to be. Lighting class III presents the
the standard cites other quality require- lowest requirements.
ments. These relate to the colour rendering Reference areas
properties of lamps and to the reference Lighting class I: Top level competition
areas to which all the stipulations in the The reference areas identified for each events, top level training; spectators: long
table apply. Also defined are the grid points sport are divided into viewing distance
> a Principal Area (PA) and Lighting class II: Medium level competition
> a Total Area (TA). events, power training; spectators: moder-
In most cases, the illuminance and unifor- ate viewing distance
Competition level Lighting mity of illuminance requirements apply to Lighting class III: Low level competition
classes the Principal Area of the sport. events (usually no spectators), general
training, general school and recreational
I II III Three lighting classes sport.
International/national •
Lighting requirements for a youth team
Regional • • soccer match are not as high as those for a
Local • • • national team game. To meet these diverse
requirements for both players and specta-
Training • • tors, DIN EN 12193 sets out three lighting
classes: the higher the competition level
School/recreational sport •
and the farther the spectators away from
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Outdoor and indoor facilities
Because of different lighting requirements, sports and leisure facilities are divided into two locational categories:
outdoor facilities (mostly sports grounds) and indoor facilities (mostly sports halls). Each can be “general”, if usable
for different sports, or “special”, if designed for only one sport, such as tennis.
Sports grounds Floodlights should always be mounted as Arrangement of luminaires

high as possible so that players are not
Luminaires suitable for sports ground light- dazzled when they look up at a high-flying The arrangement of luminaires needed for
ing include round or rectangular floods and ball. The arrangement and lighting charac- general lighting depends on the lighting re-
spots with an asymmetrical or symmetrical teristics of the luminaires determine the quirements set out in DIN EN 12193 and on
beam. The luminaires are commonly glare situation for both players and specta- the specific geometry of the hall. A regular
mounted on four or six masts positioned at tors. It is important to bear in mind at the luminaire arrangement is customary.
the sides of the playing field, which is usu- design stage that spectators also need to Whether luminaires are recessed, surface-
ally rectangular. be protected from glare. Some floods may mounted or suspended depends on the
need to be adjusted or shielded accord- height of the hall and the type of ceiling. Lu-
Certain sports, such as tennis, are played ingly. However, glare cannot be ruled out minaires for 26 mm or 16 mm diameter flu-
only on courts designed exclusively for altogether. orescent lamps, round or rectangular spots,
them. These sports often present special high-bay reflector luminaires and floods for
visual requirements and call for a luminaire Shadows on the playing field must not be metal halide lamps are a suitable choice.
arrangement that differs from the standard too harsh. Floodlight beams should there- Luminaires for sports halls need to be im-
sports ground solution. fore overlap. To avoid cast shadows, no pact-resistant.
point on the playing field should be lit only
from one direction. Good colour rendering
Sports halls Lighting is not required only to make a

sports hall bright; it should also ensure an
Most sports halls are suitable for many agreeable atmosphere. This applies espe-
different sports. Some are also used for cially where a hall is used for sports with an
non-sporting events, e.g. events staged by aesthetic dimension, such as dancing, as
local clubs and associations. The lighting well as other, non-sporting events. Lamps
needs to provide good visual conditions for of warm white or neutral white light colour
all forms of use. So before any move is are thus recommended and colour render-
made to design a lighting installation for a ing should be good to very good. (colour
sports hall, it has to be established which rendering index Ra ⱖ 80).
sports are going to take place in it and
what other forms of use are anticipated In partitionable sports halls, the direction of
(see “Multi-purpose halls”, page 5). One play and the main viewing direction swing
thing that must always be ensured is a through 90 degrees when the hall is di-
level of lighting high enough to meet the re- vided. Here, luminaires need to be glare-
quirements of the sport that presents the suppressed for every viewing direction –
most demanding visual task. something which is similarly recommended
for non-partitionable halls.
Good general lighting alone cannot meet all
requirements. Special-purpose sports
[15] Floods and spots mounted on masts
halls, in particular – those designed specifi- are an appropriate choice for sports ground
cally for sports such as tennis, squash, (outdoor facility) lighting.
riding or shooting – require supplementary
lighting. [16] In sports halls (indoor facilities), a regu-
lar arrangement of luminaires is customary.
Options include luminaires for fluorescent
lamps – as used here – as well as high-bay
reflector luminaires and floods.
17
General outdoor sports facilities

General sports grounds are mainly used for ball sports: soccer, American football, baseball, hockey. The lighting
requirements for these sports are broadly similar.
Soccer, American football Baseball, hockey
Most sports grounds – in Europe at least – Baseball and hockey, which are played
are designed for soccer. So, to accommo- with relatively small balls, have higher visual
date the world’s most popular sport, 105 x requirements than football so they need
68 m have become standard dimensions. higher illuminance. For baseball, the stan-
The size of field needed for baseball or fist- dard makes a distinction between infield
ball, hockey and American football varies and outfield areas.
but the lighting requirements for these
sports are basically the same as those for Most of the action in baseball takes place in
soccer. the infield, where catcher and batter are
positioned and perform the actions crucial
The distances a player needs to see on the to the game. The visual conditions here
pitch are normally less than 100 m. So for need to be better than in the outfield, where
training and recreational sport (Lighting little play takes place. Hence the higher illu-
Class III), DIN EN 12193 stipulates a low minance required for the infield.
horizontal illuminance of 75 lx. For competi-
tion matches with spectators, however, To enable players to judge the speed of
much brighter lighting is required because the ball accurately, uniformity of lighting is
lines of sight for spectators can be consid- particularly important. This should be no
erably longer than for players. The same less than 0.7 (baseball: infield) for lighting
applies to American football. classes I and II.
A.21 Soccer/American football A.22 Hockey

Class Horizontal GR Class Horizontal GR
illuminance illuminance
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av
lx lx
l 500 0.7 50 l 500 0.7 50
ll 200 0.6 50 ll 200 0.7 50
lll 75 0.5 55 lll 200 0.7 55
A.14 Baseball
Class Horizontal Horizontal GR
(infield) (outfield)
[17] A sports field generally measures Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av
105 x 68 metres – dimensions that are deter- lx lx
mined by soccer.
l 750 0.7 500 0.5 50
[18] Good lighting is important for players
so that they can follow every move on the ll 500 0.7 300 0.5 50
pitch. However, spectators also want to see
all the action, so the lighting design has to lll 300 0.5 200 0.3 55
take account of their needs too.
18
17
18
19
19
00
20
20
A.13 Athletics
Class Horizontal GR
illuminance Athletics system was installed for the 2006 Soccer
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av World Cup. However, its light was not de-
lx Where sports fields are surrounded by run- signed to cater for international competi-
l 500 0.7 50 ning track for athletics, the sports ground tions on the track around the pitch. So the
lighting needs to be suitably dimensioned. lighting needed to be upgraded for the
ll 200 0.5 55 As a general rule, a six-mast system will 2009 World Athletics Championships. The
suffice but more floodlights and more pow- system installed was one that also made
lll 100 0.5 55
erful lamps are required. good television pictures possible.
Additional glare limitation measures should The special thing about the new solution is
be considered for each athletic discipline. that the lighting installation is intended for
Care should be taken, for example, to en- temporary use. After the 2009 athletics
sure that no luminaires are positioned in the world championships, the luminaires and
main line of sight at the pole-vault. Another floods were dismantled and placed in stor-
special requirement is the need for 1,000 lx age until the next event at which the run-
illuminance at the finish on running tracks ning track is required. And the next time it
to enable judges to reach reliable decisions is used will not necessarily be an athletics
[19] The Berlin Olympic Stadium at the and ensure that the photo-finish camera competition: the system is designed so that
close of the 2009 World Championships in provides clear pictures. luminaires and floods could be mounted
Athletics: a second lighting installation was
built for the events in addition to the soccer
and operated on its supporting structures
lighting. Berlin Olympic Stadium for a pop concert or for other events.
[20] Sports grounds that cater for athletics Athletics facilities in general sports grounds
require more light than a soccer sports field.
require special attention – a fact that be-
As a general rule, it is enough to fit the nor-
mal sports ground lighting with more floods comes obvious at top level competitions. At
and with more powerful lamps. the Berlin Olympic Stadium a new lighting
21
Special outdoor sports facilities

A number of sports require facilities that are specially designed for them. These dedicated sports facilities present
special visual requirements. The light provided by a standard lighting installation for a “general” sports ground is
normally not right for the purpose; the luminaires need to be arranged differently.
Tennis Class I) to 300 lx and 200 lx. Players thus

have a choice of lighting levels to suit their
Tennis is a very fast game that places high requirements and budget.
demands on players’ visual acuity. There
should be no sharp decline in horizontal Golf: Driving Range
illuminance for several metres beyond the
boundary lines because these are areas Newcomers to golf start by practising their
where players are frequently active. swing on a driving range. Artificial lighting
extends the opportunities for practice
What is very important is that good contrast after dark and helps players keep track of
should be ensured between the ball (bright) their ball when they are lined up at the tee
and the background (dark). Players must with many others. To comply with DIN
not find the contrast too marked, however, EN 12193, horizontal illuminance at the tee
so the background at the ends of the court should be at least 100 lx, vertical illumi-
(screen) should not be too dark. nance at least 50 lx.
Another important requirement is that the If lighting is provided only at the tee, it is
ball must always be uniformly illuminated impossible to monitor the trajectory of the
as it flies over the court. This is essential to ball. Keeping an eye on the ball, however, is
enable players to judge its speed and tra- something that every golfer needs to learn.
jectory with accuracy. Wide-angle flood- To permit this, floodlights should be posi-
lights are therefore recommended. They tioned so that adequate vertical illuminance
should be mounted high enough to limit – e.g. 10 lux – is ensured up to a distance
glare exposure for players. of 150 m from the tee.
Illuminated tennis courts have high recre- Nine or 18-hole golf courses – unlike driving
ational value. In summer, players can make ranges – are rarely furnished with full light-
use of cool evening hours; in spring and ing facilities.
autumn, they can play long after the sun
has set. Extra comfort and convenience is
offered by lighting installations designed to
permit a two-stage reduction in lighting
level – from 500 lx illuminance (Lighting
A.16 Tennis A.26 Golf: Driving Range

Class Horizontal GR Class Horizontal Vertical
illuminance illuminance illuminance
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Ev,av
lx lx lx
l 500 0.7 50 l – – –
ll 300 0.7 50 ll – – –
lll 200 0.6 55 lll 100 0.8 50
22
00
21
[21] Tennis places high demands on play-

ers’ visual acuity. The ball should always be
uniformly illuminated as it flies over the court.
[22] Practise, practise, practise: artificial

lighting extends the time for driving range
training beyond dusk. Floodlights (not shown
here) ensure sufficient light up to 150 metres
from the tee.
22
23
23
24
24
Equestrian sports Boccia DIN EN 12193 does not set out specific
lighting requirements for mini-golf. These
Lighting for outdoor equestrian sports facili- On a dark evening, boccia players can only can be taken to be the same as for boccia,
ties is provided by floodlights and spotlights get their balls close to the boccino, or jack, however, because the size of the ball and
mounted on one or more high masts, if there is adequate light available. The illu- the nature of the visual task are similar.
depending on the size of the facility. The minance required for the visual task ranges
higher the luminaires are mounted, the up to 200 lx (Lighting Class I) and uniformity Inline skating
lower the risk of glare. For racecourses, of lighting is extremely important.
well shielded column luminaires at low Inline skating has almost entirely super-
mounting heights are also suitable; they Mini-golf seded roller-skating. Facilities include half-
are arranged parallel to the course. pipes and skating tracks. In Germany, most
The term mini-golf covers a variety of games, of the skating facilities for which lighting is
In both cases, care must be taken to en- some more standardised than others. Dis- provided are also used for competitions.
sure adequate vertical illuminance on riders tinguished by the size, shape and surfacing Recommended solutions for their usually
and horses so they can be clearly identified of their six to twelve metre long “greens”, oval tracks are spots and luminaires on one
by judges, trainers and spectators. Good they can be anything from a relaxing bit of or more masts, depending on the size of
uniformity of lighting is also a prime require- fun to an intensely competitive sport. But the facility. DIN EN 12193 makes no spe-
ment for equestrian sports. The speed of whatever the level at which players com- cific stipulations regarding lighting for such
horse-racing makes high horizontal illumi- pete, mini-golf is often played after dark. facilities. In the case of half-pipes, the light-
nance up to 750 lx necessary on the finishing designer must also take care to ensure
ing straight. For other equestrian sports Apart from skill and luck, players need that the riding surface is free of shadows
facilities (dressage, show-jumping), 500 lx good visual conditions to get round a mini- that could interfere with the visual task.
is required for Lighting Class I. golf course in the fewest shots possible.
Recommended lighting solutions are col- The lighting requirements are similar to
umn luminaires set at low mounting heights those of outdoor facilities for speed skating
and bollard luminaires. They need to be well on ice. Good lighting uniformity and mini-
[23] Inline skating track lighting needs to shielded, i.e. designed to direct the light mum glare are particularly important fea-
meet the same requirements as lighting for onto the putting surface without dazzling tures.
speed skating on ice. the players. Also, especially on large
courses, path luminaires can be installed to
[24] Riding arenas are illuminated with
floods and spots mounted on one or more provide additional lighting for the areas be-
masts, depending on the size of the facility. tween holes.
A.24 Horse Racing / Trotting / Gallop Racing

Class Horizontal Vertical illuminance Vertical illuminance GR
illuminance Home stretch Back stretch and turn
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Ev,av Ev,min /Ev,av Ev,av Ev,min /Ev,av
lx lx Length Cross lx Length Cross
l 200 0.6 750 0.6 0.4 500 0.6 0.4 50
ll 100 0.4 300 0.6 0.4 200 0.6 0.4 50
lll 50 0.2 100 0.3 55
A.13 Riding / Jumping / A.20 Boccia* A.13 Inline-Skating*

Dressage *Also applicable to mini-golf *Requirements the same as for speed
skating
Class Horizontal GR Class Horizontal GR Class Horizontal GR
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av
lx lx lx
l 500 0.7 50 l 200 0.7 50 l 500 0.7 50
ll 200 0.5 55 ll 100 0.7 50 ll 200 0.5 55
lll 100 0.5 55 lll 50 0.5 55 lll 100 0.5 55
25
Outdoor winter sports

Winter days are short. So it is useful for athletes to be able to train after dark. Winter sport is also a recreational
activity: illuminated winter sports facilities are an added tourist attraction.
Cross-country skiing Ski jumping
Experience shows that the swathe of light- Two moments are crucial for a successful
ing for a cross-country ski trail should be ski jump: the moment of take-off at the bot-
four metres wide. To enable spectators to tom of the hill and the landing. So the light-
follow the action properly at competition ing in those two areas is particularly impor-
events, illuminance levels at the finish need tant. To be able to judge touch-down points
to be higher than those required by DIN accurately and as early as possible,
EN 12193. Lighting for access routes is jumpers need good uniformity of lighting in
also important to enable coaches and the landing area. For the highest lighting
spectators to reach the trail safely. class, a rating of 0.7 is required. Illuminance
at the take-off should be at least 30 percent
Downhill skiing as high as in the landing area. Illuminance
at ski jumps is measured on the surface of
In the case of downhill skiing, athletes of all the snow.
disciplines need light from the beginning to
the end of the run. So the whole piste
should be uniformly lit. The reference plane
for horizontal illuminance is the surface of
the snow. Lifts need to be separately lit at
beginning and end; on the way up, stray
[25] The take-off area of the Oberstorf ski
light from piste lighting is enough to give
jump is brightly illuminated. 30 percent of the
users a sense of security. The above re- illuminance in the landing area is required for
quirements also apply to snowboarding. standard compliance.
A.23 Alpine / Freestyle / Jumping

Class Illuminance Illuminance Illuminance GR
Alpine / freestyle Jump run down Jump landing
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av
lx lx lx
l 100 0.5 150 0.5 300 0.7 50
ll 30 0.3 50 0.3 200 0.6 50
lll 20 0.2 20 0.3 200 0.6 55
A.17 Cross-country skiing A.28 Bobsleigh and luge

Class Horizontal Class Horizontal
lx lx
l 20 0.3 l 300 0.7
ll 10 0.3 ll 200 0.5
lll 3 0.1 lll 50 0.4
26
25
27
Bobsleigh and luge
Negotiating the steep runs used for bob-

sleigh and luge calls for skill and lightning
reactions. At high speed, the slightest of
movements make the difference between
victory and defeat. So it is extremely impor-
tant for riders to be able to gauge every
twist and turn of the run accurately.
Hence the need for relatively high horizontal

illuminance levels and good uniformity.
Dangerous dark zones that could interfere
with the rider’s visual task on the descent
are thus avoided. The luminaires should be
positioned along the run in such a way that
they do not cause dazzling reflections on
the surface of the ice.
On the ice
Speed skaters and ice hockey players pre-

fer indoor facilities because the stability of
the ice is not dependent on the weather
and is easier to control. At higher altitudes,
however, outdoor ice stadiums are certainly
an alternative. In winter sports resorts, they
are also an attraction for recreational ice
skaters. Lighting is usually provided by sys-
tems based on four, six or more masts, de-
pending on the size of the rink.
Curling is a sport in which players need to

be able to gauge distances accurately. 200
lx horizontal illuminance on the playing area, 26
300 lx at the target (house) and good uni- A.13 Speed skating A.19 Ice hockey
formity facilitate the visual task.
Class Horizontal GR Class Horizontal
For facilities specifically designed for curl- Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av
ing, the best lighting solution is a catenary- lx lx
wire system. The wires should be strung l 500 0.7 50 l 750 0.7
across the relatively narrow playing area
(masts at either side) and luminaires for ll 200 0.5 55 ll 500 0.7
high-pressure discharge lamps are the so- lll 100 0.5 55 lll 200 0.5
lution of choice.
A.12 Curling
Class Horizontal illuminance Horizontal illuminance
House Rink
lx lx
l 300 0.7 200 0.7
ll 300 0.7 200 0.7

[26] The speed skating track at the Inzell
Ice Stadium is illuminated by column installa- lll 300 0.7 200 0.7
tions centrally positioned inside the circuit.
28
27
Outdoor swimming pools

Because very few water sport disciplines in Germany are practised after dark, “ordinary” outdoor swimming pools
are furnished with standard-compliant lighting only in exceptional cases. Leisure pools, thermal baths and private
swimming pools, however, are illuminated.
Because of adverse weather conditions, In the vicinity of outdoor pools, bollard lumi- Access routes to an outdoor pool can be
swimming training – even where it is sched- naires or path luminaires on low columns marked and illuminated by orientation
uled after dark – is often held indoors even ensure that the brightness of the under- luminaires. Care should be taken to ensure
during the summer. For recreational swim- water lighting continues over the edge of that no light from luminaires causes glare,
mers, on the other hand, evening or night- the pool and that visual contact is possible either for swimmers or at the poolside.
time bathing in summer temperatures holds in every direction.
a special attraction. For their own safety,
however, they should only visit illuminated
swimming pools.
A.27 Outdoor swimming pools
Underwater floodlights are imperative for
Class Horizontal illuminance Additional requirements for diving
pools at night. Without the light they pro- Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Eh,min /Ev,av
vide, it is not possible to see the bottom. lx
l 500 0.7 0.8

[27] Light makes bathing after dark safer by
ll 300 0.7 0.5
providing a clear view of the water surface
and the surroundings. It also creates a spe- lll 200 0.5 0.5
cial atmosphere.
29
28
General indoor sports facilities

For most ball sports, sufficient room for manoeuvre needs to be available for teams of several players.
This applies to handball, basketball, volleyball and fistball as well as to the most popular team sport in the world –
soccer. Combat sports and weightlifting require similar lighting.
Ball sports avoid defeat. For this reason, the same hor-
izontal illuminance values are required for
Uniform illuminance throughout the hall is sports like karate, judo and wrestling as for
important for ensuring a clear view of the normal ball sports.
entire playing area. Volleyball and basket-
ball have special requirements. To guard Weightlifting
against glare for eyes following high-flying
balls, luminaires for a volleyball court should Weightlifting is another sport that calls for
not be mounted on the ceiling directly strength and concentration. Lighting re-
above the playing area. Nor should lumi- quirements are thus the same as for com-
naires be positioned within a four-metre bat sports.
radius of basketball baskets.
Small balls: hockey and table tennis
Combat sports
Hockey is a sport involving a small fast-
In the case of combat sports, good visual moving ball. Even smaller is the ball used in
conditions are crucial because athletes table tennis. What is more, the balls change
need to monitor each other’s movements direction fast. So, for these sports, DIN EN
[28+29] Room for manoeuvre for ball
constantly and be on guard against sudden 12193 requires 300 lx horizontal illuminance
sports. The hall is uniformly illuminated in all
lighting classes. Good lighting is also a must attack. Even the slightest movement can and good uniformity even for school and
for corridors and secondary rooms. signal a strike; fast reactions are vital to recreational sport (Lighting Class III). In the
30
29
31
30
31
32
other two lighting classes, the values re- quate vertical illuminance at high levels to and spectators, DIN EN 12193 requires
quired are the same as for sports that in- prevent camouflage zones that would make lamps with good to very good colour ren-
volve large balls. it hard for the eyes to follow the trajectory dering properties. Good colour rendering is
of the shuttle. This ensures that the shuttle also a prerequisite for video and television
For school and recreational sport as well as is easy to identify by a receiving player even recording.
for training, normal hall lighting is enough. at the highest point of its trajectory.
For competition table tennis, four supple- The brightly lit ring in the middle of the hall
mentary floodlights are required per table. Fencing is vital to the atmosphere of a boxing
They should be positioned laterally so that match. The lighting here is provided by nar-
they do not dazzle players and do not pro- Fencing is a sport characterised by light- row-angle luminaires mounted directly over
duce disturbing reflections on the table. ning-fast movements. Because of the fine- the ring. During fights, the lighting in the au-
What must always be remembered is that ness of the foil blade and the fact that the ditorium is generally lowered to security
the area around the table needs to be illu- principal visual task is focused on the op- level.
minated for players to a depth of as much ponent’s torso, DIN EN 12193 requires
as five metres. higher vertical illuminance.
To enable the eyes to follow the trajectory The 300 lx horizontal illuminance required
of a high-flying ball, sufficiently high vertical for school and recreational sport is also
illuminance needs to be provided at high higher than for most sports that take place
levels. in general sports halls; the requirements in
the other two lighting classes are the same
Badminton as for soccer.
Badminton is played with a shuttlecock, Boxing [30] The visual task in fencing is demanding
which is also small and fast. To prevent and calls for relatively high illuminance.
players being dazzled when they look up at In boxing, the speed and force of move-
[31] The small, fast-moving table tennis ball
a high-arcing shuttle, luminaires should not ments in the ring necessitate horizontal illu-
determines the visual task. The space used
be mounted directly over the court. minance of 500 to 2,000 lx. In addition, to by players around the table also needs to be
Like table tennis, badminton requires ade- ensure visual comfort for boxers, referee well illuminated.
A.2 Handball / Basketball A.1 Fencing

Volleyball1 / Fistball
Soccer / Class Horizontal Vertical
Combat Sports / illuminance illuminance
Weightlifting Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Ev,av Ev,min /Ev,av
lx lx
Class Horizontal
illuminance l 750 0.7 500 0.7
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av
lx ll 500 0.7 300 0.7
l 750 0.7 lll 300 0.7 200 0.7
ll 500 0.7
lll 200 0.5 A.10 Boxing

Class Horizontal Vertical Horizontal
A.1 Hockey / Ring Ring Training area
Table tennis / Badminton Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Ev,av Eh,av
lx lx
Class Horizontal
illuminance l 2,000 0.8 300
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av
lx ll 1,000 0.8 Ev should be at least 300
50% of Eh
l 750 0.7 lll 500 0.5 300
ll 500 0.7
1
Luminaires should not be positioned directly over the court.
lll 300 0.7
33
Special indoor sports facilities

Some sports can only be conducted on playing areas that are specially designed for them. To meet the relevant
visual requirements, the arrangement of luminaires generally differs from the standard arrangement found in a
general sports hall. In most cases, it also needs to be designed to suit a special roof construction.
Tennis change positions and viewing directions

very fast, whilst always keeping track of
Being a very fast sport, tennis places high their opponent’s movements.
demands on players’ visual acuity. So ten-
nis hall lighting needs to cause little shad- An effective solution here is a single row of
owing and minimal glare and should help luminaires parallel to the front wall and two
maintain the marked contrast between ball rows of luminaires parallel to the side walls.
and background. There should be no sharp The front wall luminaires should have an
decline in horizontal illuminance for several asymmetrical beam angled towards the wall
metres beyond the boundary lines because and need to be well shielded on the play-
these are areas where players are fre- ers’ side to avoid direct glare. Reflected
quently active. glare is prevented by positioning the lumi-
naires at least a metre from all walls.
To prevent tennis players being dazzled
when looking at high-arcing balls, lumi- Luminaires used in squash courts need to
naires should not be positioned directly be impact-resistant.
over the court. The ceiling must also be lu-
minaire-free as far as three metres behind Shooting
the base line because players very often
look upwards there, especially when serv- In shooting, participants basically look in
ing. An arrangement of luminaires parallel one direction, towards the target. For good
to the sides of the court is the customary scores, high illuminance values are vital.
solution. For archery and shooting with crossbow,
rifle or pistol, DIN EN 12193 stipulates
Extra comfort and convenience is offered 1,000 lx for targets 25 metres away and
by tennis hall lighting that players them- 2,000 lx for targets 50 metres away.
selves can adjust to suit their requirements
and budget. To permit this, the lighting in- For the shooting range and its approach,
stallation is designed for 750 lx illuminance 200 lx horizontal illuminance is adequate for
(Lighting Class I requirement) and can be all lighting classes. To permit optimum judg-
switched in stages down to 500 lx and ment of distance and firing line, good uni-
300 lx. formity of lighting is important. Reflectors
inclined at 30–40° towards the target are
Luminaires used in tennis halls need to be recommended for shooting ranges. They
impact-resistant. have the added effect of preventing direct
eye contact with luminaires. For the firing
Squash point, indirect lighting is recommended to
avoid reflections on the weapon.
The fast rubber ball used in squash pres-
ents high visual task requirements, espe-
cially in terms of lighting uniformity. It is
much smaller than a tennis ball, frequently
shoots upwards at angles close to the verti-
cal and travels at speeds up to 200 kilome-
tres an hour for most of the game. Because
the vertical surfaces of the court permit
complex ball trajectories, players have to
34
32
A.4 Tennis
Class Horizontal
illuminance
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av
lx
l 750 0.7
ll 500 0.7
lll 300 0.5
A.1 Squash
Class Horizontal
illuminance
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av
lx
l 750 0.7
ll 500 0.7
lll 300 0.7
[32+33] Good tennis hall lighting produces

little shadowing and minimal glare and helps
maintain a marked contrast between the
ball and the background. An arrangement of
luminaires parallel to the sides of the court
is the customary solution
33
35
34 35
Nine-pin and ten-pin bowling Equestrian sports
Like shooters and archers, nine-pin and In halls for equestrian sports (jumping,
ten-pin bowlers have their eyes trained dressage), lighting needs to be tailored not
mostly on the target – the pins. However, only to the visual requirements of human
the vertical illuminance needed here is not beings but also to those of horses. A
as high as for shooting and archery: 500 lx horse’s twilight vision is very highly devel-
is enough for the area of the pins. This oped, so it is more sensitive to differences
value applies to all lighting classes. For the in light than a human being. To avoid con-
bowling lane and approach, 200 lx horizon- fusing and upsetting the animals, marked
tal illuminance is adequate – again for all luminance fluctuations need to be avoided.
lighting classes.
To ensure that all obstacles are readily iden-
Although players always play to win, nine- tified, higher vertical illuminance is needed.
pin and ten-pin bowling are not so much Spectators, too, rely on this vertical illumi-
competitive sports as popular recreational nance to make out horses and riders
activities. Standard-compliant lane lighting clearly. Owing to the presence of dust and
facilitates the visual task – but bowlers want heightened humidity, all luminaires used in
more: they expect lighting that creates an indoor riding arenas should be designed to
agreeable atmosphere. a higher degree of protection.
So special attention should be paid to light- Cycling

ing outside the actual bowling area. Accen-
tuating, even indirect lighting – not too When track riders get going, they cannot
bright, not too low – is the key to an attrac- stop fast – especially since their bikes are
tive lighting concept here. not fitted with brakes. Even so, they try to
36
A.5 Archery / Shooting / Bowling
Class Horizontal illuminance Vertical illuminance
stay as close as possible to the rider in Range Target Pins
front to get maximum benefit from his slip- Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Ev,av 25 m Ev,av 50 m Ev,av Ev,min /Ev,av
stream. To avoid collisions and painful falls, lx lx lx lx
riders need to be able to gauge precisely l 200 0.5 1,000 2,000 500 0.8
what their opponents are likely to do, even
at high speed. That calls for good visual ll 200 0.5 1,000 2,000 500 0.8
conditions. lll 200 0.5 1,000 2,000 500 0.8
The illuminance values required by DIN EN

12193 apply to the surface of the track. A.3 Equestrian A.2 Cycling
The 1,000 lx vertical illuminance required
Class Horizontal illuminance Class Horizontal illuminance
additionally at the finish facilitates the visual Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av
task of the judges and plays a significant lx lx
role in determining the quality of photo fin-
l 500 0.7 l 750 0.7
ish pictures.
ll 300 0.6 ll 500 0.7
lll 200 0.5 lll 200 0.5
[34] In sharp focus: 500 lx makes the pin

area the most brightly lit point in the room.
[35] Cycle track lighting needs to make it

possible for riders to gauge precisely what
their rivals are going to do. That is vital for
ensuring that collisions and painful falls are
the exception, not the rule.
37
37
A.3 Climbing halls

Class Horizontal Vertical
Eh,av Eh,min / Ev,av Ev,min /

lx Eh,av lx Ev,av
l 500 0.7 500 0.7
ll 300 0.6 300 0.6
lll 200 0.5 200 0.5
A.2 Indoor playground* /

Go-karting*
Class Horizontal illuminance**
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av

lx
l 750 0.7
ll 500 0.7
lll 200 0.5
* Requirements the same as for general sports hall

** Lighting Class III for indoor playgrounds
36
38
Climbing halls ing shadows. Care must also be taken to the light altogether should be confined to
ensure that climbers looking upwards or at the occasional tunnel.
Indoor climbing is now an established activ- holds at their side are not dazzled.
ity, offering recreational fun and training Go-karting
opportunities “at the rock face” whatever Indoor playgrounds
the weather. The degrees of difficulty range Go-kart tracks are as popular with recre-
from “beginner” to “advanced”. For a visual Children need exercise, want fun and wel- ational racing drivers as they are with dedi-
experience that is as natural as possible, come any form of variety. Indoor play- cated motor sports fans. Indoor tracks
a light colour similar to daylight is recom- grounds fit the bill perfectly here, whatever not only offer a karting experience regard-
mended. Lamps should also have good the weather. A recreational facility for the less of the weather; they also hold a spe-
colour rendering characteristics (Ra index whole family, they offer far more than an cial appeal as a venue for “private” events.
ⱖ 80). activity package for children’s birthdays. Go-karts are fast but the speeds they
Rising visitor figures show that the con- reach are not exceptionally high for their
Climbers are all dressed in the kind of cepts are right. size. Lighting requirements are therefore no
clothing worn by professionals and are higher than in a general sports hall; the
equipped with fall arrest harnesses. How- From a lighting viewpoint, the empty hall is stipulations for ball sports and cycle tracks
ever, being able to see properly is an comparable to a general sports hall cov- (Table A.2) apply.
equally basic safety requirement. For a ered by Table A.2. For recreational use
start, this means the need for evenly distrib- (Lighting Class III), it thus requires 200 lx Note on outdoor facilities: The requirements
uted light: every wall should be uniformly horizontal illuminance. So the arrangement for outdoor go-kart tracks in DIN EN 12193
illuminated with no marked differences in of luminaires for an indoor playground can are set out in Table A.18.
luminance. resemble that of a general sports hall.
Because playground equipment blocks
Direction of light and modelling are also light, the illuminance at certain points may
[36] Uniform light is right for the climbing
particularly important. The correct ratio of be too low but it should still be enough on wall. It should comprise a mix of diffuse and
diffuse to directional light emphasizes the the whole for children at play. To prevent directional light tailored to suit the wall so that
structure of the wall and makes holds and overly dark conditions, light-coloured hall holds and grips are clearly recognisable.
grips clearly recognisable. Incident light walls are recommended. They act as re-
[37] Fun and variety: Indoor playgrounds
from the side and light from above prevent flective surfaces for the light from the ceil- are treated for lighting purposes like general
climbers themselves casting deep, disturbing. Playground facilities that block out sports halls.
39
Indoor winter sports

Indoor winter sports are predominantly sports or recreational activities on ice. Because an ice surface is easier
to control indoors, many athletes prefer indoor facilities to outdoor ones. In the few halls that exist for indoor skiing,
the lighting requirements to be met are analogous to those for outdoor skiing. (see page 26).
Ice skating Ice hockey: Light for the puck
Ice skaters like indoor rinks because they For ice hockey, lighting at the goal areas
allow them to train whatever the weather. In needs to be somewhat brighter than else-
most cases, rinks are used for all the differ- where on the pitch. The higher illuminance
ent skating sports – ice hockey, speed can be achieved in one of two ways – either
skating and figure skating. So the lighting by closer luminaire spacing above the goal
needs to be designed to cater for the ones or by fitting the goal lights with more pow-
with the highest visual requirements: ice erful lamps.
hockey and speed skating. Any lighting
meeting the needs of these two sports is Because of the speed and size of the puck,
also right for recreational ice skating, for it is not always easy for ice hockey specta-
which most indoor rinks are used on a reg- tors to follow its movements. The percepti-
ular basis. bility of a flying puck can be significantly
improved by raising the luminance of the
Ceiling luminaires should be arranged in a background, thus making the black puck
uniform pattern above the playing area. As stand out in sharper contrast. So the areas
a general rule, care should be taken when around the rink – including the spectator
selecting and arranging luminaires to pro- stands – should always be bright.
duce as few reflections as possible on the
shiny ice surface. Luminaires in indoor ice Curling
rinks need to be impact-resistant.
What counts in curling is ability to gauge
distances. For that, players need a good
A.3 Speed skating* A.1 Ice hockey / Figure skating eye and good visual conditions on the ice.
DIN EN 12193 requires 200 lx horizontal
Class Horizontal illuminance Class Horizontal illuminance
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av illuminance for all lighting classes. In the
lx lx “house” or target area, it should be 100 lx
higher. To enable players to follow the path
l 500 0.7 l 750 0.7
of a stone precisely, good uniformity of
ll 300 0.6 ll 500 0.7 lighting is important.
lll 200 0.5 lll 300 0.7

* Note: Glare cannot be quantified. It can however be controlled by careful positioning of luminaires. The
vertical illuminance at the finishing line should be 1,000 lx for photo-finish equipment and officials.
A.12 Curling
Class Horizontal illuminance Horizontal illuminance [38] Calm before the storm: The fast game
House Rink with the small puck calls for bright light with
good uniformity.
lx lx
l 300 0.7 200 0.7 [39] In recent years, a number of halls have
recently been built for indoor downhill skiing.
ll 300 0.7 200 0.7 No special rules have yet been formulated for
the lighting required in these new facilities.
lll 300 0.7 200 0.7 The requirements for outdoor downhill skiing
apply analogously (see page 26).
40
38
39
41
Multi-purpose halls
Using a hall not only for sport but also for other events can make good economic sense. But it needs to be
planned as a multi-functional facility; retrofitting for changes in use is not possible. Multi-purpose hall lighting
needs to be more technically sophisticated than ordinary sports hall lighting.
Basically any sports hall can be designed naires are an option but generally remain
as a multi-purpose facility. Even an area of the exception for reasons of cost. How-
ice for ice hockey can be incorporated; it ever, it is sensible to ensure that the re-
can be covered for other sports or for non- quired electrics are in place.
sporting events. One or two stages, com-
fortable stands, lowerable front-row seating Dimmable lighting
in stands to permit more standing space –
there are many possible and practicable Wherever possible, the general lighting
options. Such a facility can also be used as should be dimmable. It should be flanked
a lecture hall or exhibition room, a venue for by supplementary lighting on separate cir-
club events or stage performances or a hall cuits and fitted with a lighting control sys-
for gala occasions. tem that caters for all anticipated needs. In
larger halls with multi-stage sports lighting
All anticipated uses need to be known be- for television broadcasts, lighting control is
fore the lighting design is realised so that also generally useful for non-sporting
the lighting can be designed to perform events.
every function that is needed and that
every lighting scene required can be re- It is important to remember that such prem-
alised. For an event such as a pop concert, ises are always still sports halls, so all lumi-
temporarily installed supplementary luminaires need to be impact-resistant. Lumi-
40
42
naires that do not meet this requirement –
e.g. spots installed for stage lighting at a
height of less that five metres – need to be
dismantled for sports activities.
Shielding for spots
Where high-pressure discharge lamps are

used for sport, it must be remembered that
they need ten minutes to cool down before
they can be switched on again. The use of
instant hot re-ignition gear is not recom-
mended here – it is intended for emergen-
cies (safety lighting) – because it shortens
the life of the lamps. An alternative is to
mount shields on spots. They should be
designed to open and close at a selectable
speed.
[40+41] Multi-purpose halls are designed

for sport and other uses. The lighting installed
in them needs to cater for every anticipated
occasion, from sports events to lectures and
exhibitions.
41
43
42
43
A.6 Water polo / Competitive swimming / Synchronised

swimming / High and springboard diving
Class Horizontal Additional requirements
illuminance for diving
Eh,av Eh,min /Eh,av Eh,av /Ev,av
lx
l 500 0.7 0.8
ll 300 0.7 0.5
lll 200 0.5 0.5
44
44
Indoor swimming pools
Different disciplines present different lighting requirements for athletes in the water. Experience shows that good
visual conditions for outsiders generally mean good visibility for athletes, whatever the discipline. However, lighting
requirements can differ widely from one indoor pool to another.
Water sports tive. For recreational bathers, the light they

cast becomes a decorative pool feature.
For water polo players, ambient brightness For water polo matches and for competitive
is a crucial parameter. Competitive swim- swimming, however, underwater floodlights
mers, on the other hand, do not require as should be switched off.
much light because their attention is fo-
cused on their lane. Swimming instructors, Lamps with a colour rendering index of
coaches and pool attendants need a good Ra ⱖ 80 – i.e. rendering to a standard
view of the water from the pool side. At higher than that required by DIN EN 12193
competitions, spectators need to be able to – enhance visual comfort and help create
follow the action in the pool from a consid- an atmosphere which recreational bathers
erable distance. find congenial.
Reducing reflections High and springboard diving
Because water reflects direct incident light Diving installations require supplementary
so intensely, ceiling luminaires should be lighting. This enhances the vertical illumi-
mounted at the perimeter of pools. Where nance throughout the diving area. Addi-
this is not possible, reflections can be re- tional vertical illuminance is also required for
duced by mounting luminaires with an judges – especially at the point of entry –
asymmetrical beam over the water. For because they need to assess the diver’s
small pools, luminaires installed above the performance from the side or from an
edge of the pool suffice. oblique angle at the edge of the pool.
Underwater lighting also reduces reflected For springboard diving, the ratio of horizon-
glare from a pool surface, as well as making tal to vertical illuminance needs to be
for a clearer view of the pool bottom. For planned with particular care.
synchronised swimming, underwater flood-
lights – designed for pool use – are impera-
High degree of ingress protection and protection against corrosion

Because of humid, chlorinated or even salty air, luminaires for indoor swimming pools need to meet high
standards of electrical reliability and protection against corrosion. Operational reliability calls for luminaires
designed to high degrees of protection, at least IP 44 for lamp and ballast compartments. Quality luminaires
designed for such applications feature additional corrosion protection and ensure years of service even in
[42+43] Reflections on the water can be
avoided by mounting ceiling luminaires at the adverse conditions.
pool perimeter. Luminaires positioned directly
over the water should be designed for asym- Important note: Luminaire fastening elements must also be corrosion-resistant; the most reliable fastenings
metrical light distribution.
are made of austenitic stainless steel
[44] Example of horizontal illuminance dis-
tribution in an indoor swimming pool.
45
Indoor leisure pools

Recreational swimmers go to pools for fun and not for muscle or cardio
training. With fun pools and slides, islands and activity areas as well as
extensive wellness zones with saunas and solaria, most leisure pool
complexes offer a full range of facilities for entertainment, health and beauty.
Leisure pool lighting needs to meet the

same basic requirements as lighting for “or-
dinary” indoor pools (see page 44), espe-
cially in terms of luminaire protection and
corrosion proofing. However, greater em-
phasis is placed here on ambience and a
stimulating lighting atmosphere. Supple-
mentary lighting is also needed for the
poolside activity areas, which can range
from rustic scenarios to tropical paradises.
Setting the scene with light
The higher design requirements of a leisure

pool are met by arrangements of elegant lu-
[45] The butts beside the whirlpool set
minaires and a considered choice of light
accents with dynamic colour-changing light. sources and light colour. In the water, un-
The coloured light is produced by LEDs. derwater floodlighting adds a magical note
to a stimulating world of cascades and
[46] Leisure pool lighting sets the stage
fountains, grottoes and greenery, niches
mainly for water. Lighting around the pool
should be more atmospheric than in an and stones. The dramatic lighting provided
“ordinary” swimming facility. by concealed and visible luminaires can be
supplemented by wallwashing or illumina-
tion of parts of the ceiling.
Ambience for “ordinary” indoor swim-

ming pools
Paying more attention to ambience can

also make “ordinary” indoor swimming
pools more attractive for recreational swim-
mers: technically optimised high-design lu-
minaires for general lighting, punctual
warm-white lamps for accent lighting and
underwater floodlights enhance the leisure
experience.
45 46
46
47
47
48 49
48
Fitness studios
Fitness studios – either as independent operations or as part of a sports facility complex – offer a host of
opportunities for training. Options range from bodybuilding through personal workout programmes to gymnastics
and other forms of group exercise. Workout areas with apparatus and exercise rooms are provided for the
purpose.
Workout areas Changing rooms
The first requirement for lighting here is that For changing rooms, standards designed
it should make it possible for all apparatus for the working world require a uniform
to be operated safely. This calls for at least lighting level of at least 160 lx. For greater
300 lx horizontal illuminance in workout comfort and convenience, however, 300 lx
areas. The arrangement of luminaires is recommended. For one thing, the
should be defined by the arrangement of brighter light makes items in lockers or
apparatus. It is important to ensure that in- sports bags easier to find.
formation on screens and displays is not
obscured by excessive reflected glare. The higher lighting level also gives users a
greater sense of security and signals clean-
Apparatus and areas for exercises that are liness. Accent lighting makes for a less
performed face-up are best grouped to- clinical lighting atmosphere, enhancing
gether. This is because these activities re- visual comfort and improving the visual
quire different lighting to protect users from appeal of the room.
the glare that is unavoidable where lumi-
naire faces are in direct lines of sight. For economical general lighting in commu-
Asymmetric luminaires mounted outside the nal changing rooms, 26 mm or 16 mm
direct glare zone on the ceiling offer consid- diameter fluorescent lamps are a particu-
erable anti-glare protection. larly suitable option. For individual changing
cubicles, more light sources are needed
Special lighting comfort is achieved where to provide adequate lighting. Here, down-
ceiling luminaires can be dimmed for zonal lights or other ceiling luminaires for com-
lighting control. Lighting can thus be better pact fluorescent lamps – always one over
tuned to the needs of those training. each cubicle – are the right choice. Wall
Being differentiated, it also makes a more luminaires with halogen or compact fluores-
attractive impression as a whole. Supple- cent lamps are suitable providers of accen-
mentary accent lighting with wall luminaires, tuating light.
for instance, makes for a more informal at-
mosphere.
Exercise rooms
[47] The arrangement of luminaires in the
The lighting concept for workout areas can workout area should be determined by the
apparatus. Horizontal illuminance should be
also be adopted for spinning, power step, no less than 300 lx.
stretching, bums-tums-and-legs and back-
muscle training rooms. In at least one of the [48] Bright and cheerful changing room
rooms, the light colour of the lamps should lighting signals cleanliness and makes for a
greater sense of security. 300 lx is better than
be warm white and the lighting dimmable. the 160 lx minimum illuminance required for
The lowered lighting helps make for a relax- standard compliance.
ing atmosphere for training units involving
mental exercises. [49] Taking the monotony out of spinning:
the light changes colour in dynamic se-
quences based on the RGB model (red,
green, blue) It is generated by RGB fluores-
cent lamps.
49
Service areas
The heart of every sport and leisure facility is formed by a sport or activity area. But that is not the only place
where athletes and spectators need good lighting: the right light is also important in adjoining service areas,
including corridors and passageways. Good lighting quality in these areas enhances the image of the facility as
a whole.
Sauna Solarium
General lighting for a solarium also needs
We take a sauna to recharge our batteries. to be designed with care. The lamps that
So the surroundings should be restful. For are used require a colour rendering index of
the lighting designer, this means: elegant lu- Ra ⱖ 80 so that changes in skin tone are
minaires and accentuating light, bright for readily discernible. This is also a require-
safe passage between sauna, plunge pool ment for areas around a sauna. The recom-
and shower, dimmed for rest rooms. mended light colour is warm white.
Both in the sauna itself and in the immedi- Massage room

ate surroundings, hygiene requirements are
high. Extra luminaires should therefore be The illuminance required in a massage
installed in all zones to raise the lighting room is the same as for therapy rooms in
level to at least 300 lx for cleaning. a healthcare facility: 300 lx. This lighting
level is primarily needed for cleaning opera-
Inside the sauna, special luminaires are re- tions. For the massage itself, there is no
quired. In the immediate surroundings, the need for bright light. Dimmed general light-
high humidity of the air calls for luminaires ing is enough for a massage session; ac-
with a higher degree of protection – at least cent lighting is a possible alternative. The
IP 44. Downlights for compact fluorescent recommended light colour is warm white
lamps are a good solution. but coloured accent lighting is an option.
50
00
50
Showers and lavatories
Hygiene is a prime requirement in showers

and lavatories. Although the relevant stan-
dards stipulate a minimum of 100 lx illumi-
nance, 300 lx is recommended for cleaning
operations. This avoids any impression of
lack of cleanliness.
As in all damp interiors, luminaires installed

in showers and lavatories need to be de-
signed to a higher degree of protection – at
least IP X4 (protection against spraywater).
Where shower heads in the wet zone of
shower rooms are not mounted in fixed po-
sitions, an even higher degree of protection
– IP X5 (protection against jets of water) –
is required. In all cases, luminaires may
only be operated here on protective extra-
low voltages up to 12 Volts.
Lamps need a colour rendering index of

Ra ⱖ 80 to reproduce all colours. Fluores-
cent and compact fluorescent lamps meet
this requirement. Recommended light
colour: warm white. In lavatories, a pres-
ence detector makes for greater conven-
ience and conserves energy at the same
time.
51
Mirror lighting
Two luminaires are needed to ensure shadow-free reflec-
tion of a face. They must be mounted on either side of
the mirror. For large mirrors, this side-lighting can be
usefully supplemented by luminaires above the mirror.
All luminaires should feature frontal shielding for glare-
free lighting.
[50] Sunning indoors: The solarium cabins

are adjacent to the pool area
[51] Hygiene is important in showers and

lavatories. 300 lx illuminance is the minimum
recommended for cleaning operations.
[52] Coloured light helps us relax. Here, the

entire room is plunged into a sea of changing
colours generated by RGB (red, green, blue)
52 LEDs
51
Entrances Communication routes and staircases
Entrances make a crucial first impression Staircase lighting and lighting for corridors
on spectators. But athletes, of course, like and passageways needs to help make
a friendly welcome too. So the lighting communication routes safe. Generally
should be designed with this in mind. Its speaking, 100 lx is sufficient for orientation.
cheerful light should also encompass wait- However, this minimum requirement stipu-
ing areas. lated in standards is based on the assump-
tion that communication routes are fre-
At ticket dispensers, additional vertical illu- quently used and therefore familiar.
minance makes information on monitors
and displays easier to read. For visitors, 200 lx is more comfortable and
safer. This is because the higher illuminance
Entrance area lighting facilitates orientation, makes potential tripping hazards easier to
dividing large open areas into sections and recognise. It also enables people to gauge
directing the way to pay points, spectator more accurately what other persons are
stands and toilets. Route-marker systems likely to do.
can also be installed; modern LED (Light
Emitting Diode) systems are a particularly Care should also be taken to ensure good
energy-efficient choice. LEDs have another uniformity of lighting on communication
advantage: they produce not only white but routes. Ceiling or wall luminaires with com-
also coloured light, even RGB mixes if re- pact fluorescent lamps or tubular fluores-
quired. cent lamps are used for this application.
53 54
52
They are both particularly energy-efficient.
The use of presence detectors to switch
lights on and off automatically helps con-
serve energy and cut costs.
Accentuating lighting in corridors, e.g. wall-

washing, raises vertical illuminance and
thus enhances visual comfort. Staircases
are correctly illuminated from the landing
above to create the short soft shadows
needed to enable each tread to be clearly
distinguished from the one below.
[53] Lighting at an entrance makes for a

friendly welcome and helps visitors get their
bearings.
[54+55] Uniform, cheerful light accompa-

nies visitors along communication routes.
100 lx illuminance is enough for orientation
but 200 lx is more comfortable and safer for
visitors who do not know their way around.
55
53
56
57
54
Catering At a bar, a combination of accent and indi-
rect lighting is the right choice. The recom-
Lighting for bistros and cafeterias needs mended light colour for all catering estab-
to be planned and designed to suit the ar- lishments is warm white. Lamps with a
chitecture and the furnishings. The primary colour rendering index of Ra ⱖ 80 ensure
design objective is to make guests feel that food and drinks look appetising.
comfortable. To achieve this, the lighting
needs to keep the service area low-key. At tills with monitors, care must be taken to
Extra light, however, can be usefully pro- ensure that the visual task is not impeded
vided to emphasize the tables. by disturbing reflections. Keyboard or key-
pad must not be too dark; if necessary, [56] The lighting concept of a catering es-
tablishment is a major factor determining
For small rooms, a limited number of lumi- supplementary lighting should be provided. whether guests feel comfortable. It should be
naires of the same type are normally Where a growing number of incorrect en- coordinated with the architecture and furnish-
enough. In larger rooms, ceiling luminaires tries are noted, the lighting situation should ings.
or spots and luminaires on power track always be considered as a possible con-
[57] From outside, the restaurant on the
provide the general lighting required. A tributing factor. bathing lake is an eye-catcher. Its lighting
second or third lighting system, e.g. pen- concept uses luminaires for high rooms to
dant luminaires or wallwashers assigned produce a relatively high lighting level. How-
to tables, can then be used to furnish ever, the light can be dimmed.
accentuating light.
[58] Catering for fans at a soccer stadium:
to prevent interference with the view of the
screens, lighting must not dazzle.
58
55
Lamps
The two pages overleaf (58/59) show lamps out a minimum requirement for luminous ef-
that are suitable for sports and leisure facil- ficacy to limit energy consumption and thus
ity lighting. They can be supplemented or make a contribution to climate protection.
substituted by LEDs. Fig. 59 on the page
opposite shows examples. Lamps have different light colours, which
are determined by the spectral composition
The table beneath the images on pages of the light they produce. If the main visible
58/59 sets out the performance data of the radiation is in the red range, the light is
individual lamps. Precise values for each classed as warm white (ww); where blue
available rating class and other specifica- content is higher, it is described as neutral
tions are contained in manufacturers’ cata- white (nw) or daylight white (dw). Light
logues. colour within these classes is defined more
precisely by colour temperature in degrees
As a general rule, lamps are selected first, Kelvin.
suitable luminaires second. Lamps need to
meet the requirements of the relevant light- The colour rendering properties of lamps
ing task in terms of quality of light (colour, are defined by the colour rendering index
colour rendering), mode of operation (times, Ra, which is based on a number of specific
starting characteristics, failure mode, etc) colours. The highest Ra value possible is
and energy efficiency. 100, which means perfect colour rendering.
The lower a lamp’s Ra value, the poorer its
Technical terms colour rendering properties and thus the
more inferior the quality of light.
Lamps need electrical energy (electricity) to
operate. They thus consume electrical The amount of light emitted by a fluores-
power in Watts (W), see “Power rating” in cent or high-pressure discharge lamp de-
the table. Multiplying this by the lamp’s creases over the course of its service life.
service life in hours indicates its energy A drop in luminous flux is likely earlier where
consumption (kWh). The operation of dis- a conventional ballast is used rather than
charge lamps (lamps 1 to 19) requires bal- an electronic one. Information about the
lasts und, in the case of some models, ig- “Life behaviour of discharge lamps for gen-
niters, which consume additional electricity eral lighting” is available from the German
and thus increase the rate of energy con- Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers’
sumption. These control gear losses are not Association – ZVEI (www.zvei.org).
taken into account in the table. Efficient
ballasts and operating modes improve a Important note: Discharge lamps have dif-
lighting system’s energy and economic effi- ferent ignition and starting characteristics.
ciency. The EU directive on energy-using Some – mostly double-ended – lamp types
products (EuP) and its ordinances require permit hot re-ignition, others need to cool
efficient operation. for a few minutes before they can start
again.
Luminous flux is the rate at which light is
emitted by a lamp in all directions. It is The base provides the mechanical connec-
measured in lumens (lm). Luminous effi- tion with the luminaire. It supplies power
cacy is the measure of a lamp’s energy effi- to the lamp and facilitates positioning. The
ciency. It is the luminous flux of a lamp in better the light can be controlled by the
relation to its power rating and is expressed luminaire, the greater its light output ratio.
in lumens per Watt (lm/W). The higher the Basically, there are two kinds of lamp base:
lm/W ratio, the more efficiently a lamp turns screw bases, e.g. all E bases, and plug-in
the energy it consumes into light. In the bases. Base types are defined by one or
case of some lamp types, EU directives set more letters and a sequence of numerals.
56
59
Light emitting diodes operating hours. Failure is rare. Unlike high [59] Light emitting diodes (LEDs): Individual
quality LEDs, however, cheap products lose LEDs (not illustrated) are not very wide-
spread; modules – like the ones shown here
LEDs are semiconductors that give off light their brightness relatively quickly.
– are more commonly used. The two LED
when electronically excited at a very low lamps on the right are direct replacements
voltage. All semiconductors are encased in LEDs are fairly easy to control electronically. for screw base incandescent lamps (top) and
a housing to protect them from environ- Apart from dimming, they can be har- pin base halogen reflector lamps (bottom).
mental influence. There are individual LEDs, nessed to deliver a dynamic sequence of
LED modules, LED systems (luminaire with changing colours. The RGB colour model,
LEDs) and LED lamps on the market. Unlike in which red, green and blue light are mixed
conventional light sources, LEDs produce in various ways, enables millions of different
monochromatic coloured light. White light colours to be reproduced. Another function
of different colour temperatures (neutral of lighting control is to realise pre-pro-
white, warm white) is obtained by lumines- grammed lighting scenes.
cence conversion – directing the mono-
chromatic light of a blue LED through a yel- More information about LEDs is contained
low converter material such as phosphor. in the booklet licht.wissen 17 published
by the industry association licht.de
Coloured LEDs started out as status and (www.licht.de).
signal indicators in electronic equipment.
Then they found applications in orientation
and special effect lighting. Today, white
LEDs are in increasingly widespread use as
a source of “viewing light”. Because LED
light contains no ultraviolet (UV) or infrared
(IR) radiation, it is particularly suitable for
lighting where light- and heat-sensitive ma-
terials are present.
LEDs are dimmable. Appropriate pulsing

(pulse-width modulation – PWM) produces
a linear reduction in light output without
affecting light colour. The diodes have an
extremely long life, ranging up to 50,000
57
1, 2
3, 4, 5
6
6
6
11
12
11
13
10
13
10
14 15
60
Three band longlife
amalgam ⭋ 16 mm
high luminous flux
high luminous flux

luminous efficacy
3- or 4-tube lamp
4-tube lamp and
3-tube lamp3) 4)
square design
⭋ 16 mm high
Three band
Three band
Three band
Three band
Three band
Three band
Three band
Three band
elongated4)
1-, 2- oder
⭋ 26 mm
⭋ 26 mm
⭋ 16 mm
Lamp type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Characteristics Lamp category Linear fluorescent lamps Compact fluorescent lamps
Power rating from 18 18 14 24 24 5 18 16 60

(Watts) to 58 58 35 80 120 70 805) 36 120
Luminous flux from 1,350 1,350 1,300 1,900 1,850 250 1,200 1,100 4,000
(lumens to 5,200 5,200 3,650 7,000 8,850 5,200 6,000 2,800 9,000
Luminous efficacy from 751) 751) 79 (93) 2) 69 (84)2) 72 (76)2) 50 67 61 67

(lumens/Watt) to 901) 901) 93 (104) 2) 88 (99)2) 90 (93)2) 82 88 78 75
Light colour ww, nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw
Colour rendering index Ra

80 – 85 80 – 85 80 – 85 80 – 85 80 – 89 80 – 85 80 – 85 80 – 85 80 – 85
(in some cases as range)
Life from 15,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 18,000 5,000 9,000 5,000
(in hours) to 20,000 90,000 24,000 24,000 24,000 15,000 15,000 10,000 20,000
Base G13 G13 G5 G5 G5; G23; G24; 2G11; 2G10; 2G8-1

2G7; 2GX11 GR8;
GX24 GR10q
GR14q
58
Lamps
Table footnotes
1)
Where lamps are EB-operated, luminous
efficacy increases to 81–100 lm/W.
9 The power input decreases from 18 W
to 16 W, from 36 W to 32 W and from
58 W to 50 W
8 2)
9 High values at 35° ambient temperature
3)
Lamps 6.3 and 9 for wider temperature
range
4)
Lamps 6.2 and 7 also as special models
for wider temperature range
5)
40 W and 55 W only with EB
6)
Also available in other designs
ww = warm white
colour temperature below 3,300 K
nw = neutral white
colour temperature 3,300 to 5,300 K
tw = daylight white
16 colour temperature over 5,300 K
17 18
21
20 19
with ceramic burner
with ceramic burner
with ceramic burner
with ceramic burner
with ceramic burner
with ceramic burner
With screw base,
lamp-shaped6)
Double ended
Double ended
Double ended
Double ended
Double ended
incandescent
Single ended
Ellipsoid (E)
Tubular (T)
short arc
Ellipsoid
long arc
Tubular
quartz
quartz
T or E
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Metal halide lamps HP sodium Halogen lamps
20 70 70 1,000 1,000 70 70 70 50 50 18 48
400 250 400 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,000 250 1,000 1,000 205 2,000
1,600 5,100 5,500 90,000 90,000 5,800 4,700 4,700 3,500 4,400 220 700
41,500 25,000 36,000 220,000 230,000 240,000 110,000 26,000 128,000 130,000 4,200 44,000
80 73 79 90 90 83 74 80 63 70 12 14
106 104 90 110 107 120 110 104 139 150 20 22
ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw, dw nw, dw nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw ww ww ww ww
80 – 96 75 – 95 76 – 93 80 – 90 65-85 65-93 65 – 90 80 – 95 25, 65 25, 65 100 100
9,000 9,000 9,000 4,000 8,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 18,000 18,000 1,000 1,500
12,000 12,000 12,000 6,000 12,000 12,000 13,000 32,000 32,000 32,000 2,000 2,000
G12; G22; Fc2 RX7s; Kabel, Kabel G12; E27 E27 E27 E27 E27 R7s
GU6,5; RX7s Fc2 K12s K12s E40 E40 E40 E40 E40 E14
GU8,5;
GX8,5;
PGJ5
59
61 62 67 68
63 64 69 70
65 66 71 72
Luminaires
The term “luminaire” is used to denote the entire light fitting, including all components required to affix, operate
and protect the lamp. The luminaire provides protection for the lamp, distributes and directs its light and prevents
it from dazzling.
Luminaire selection is determined by the against solid foreign bodies, the second 0710-13. This means that if they are struck
lighting requirements of the lighting task, (1 to 8) indicates protection against mois- by a ball, they must resist damage that
the choice of lamps and the mechanical ture. The higher degrees of protection also could cause luminaire parts to fall to the
and electrical requirements that need to be indicate conformity to the degrees lower ground.
met. Room architecture and design intent down the scale. Where a capital “X” ap-
also play a role. pears in place of one of the numerals, it The stylised paired images on these two
means the luminaire has not been tested pages, which are not to scale, show a
The degree of protection to which a lumi- for that form of protection. selection of typical luminaires for sports
naire is designed guarantees its operational and leisure facilities. In each pair, the image
reliability. Degrees of protection are indi- Impact resistance on the left shows the radiation characteris-
cated by IP codes (Ingress Protection) con- tics and lighting effect of the luminaire
sisting of two numerals. The first numeral Luminaires for sports halls need to be im- depicted in the image on the right.
(1 to 6) describes the degree of protection pact-resistant in conformity with DIN VDE
60
73 74 79 80
75 76 81 82
77 78 83 84
[61 + 62] Floodlight with asymmetrical beam for [71 + 72] High bay downlighter, symmetrical (left)
outdoor sports facilities – floods of this type for in- and asymmetrical (right) beam
door facilities look identical, only smaller.
[73 + 74] Impact-resistant louver luminaire
[63 + 64] Floodlight, round, symmetrical beam,
for outdoor sports facilities [75 + 76] Diffuser luminaire for damp interiors
[65 + 66] Floodlight, rectangular, symmetrical [77 + 78] Opal diffuser luminaire
beam, for outdoor sports facilities
[79 + 80] Downlights, symmetrical beam
[67 + 68] Swimming pool luminaires for special
low-voltage halogen lamps (left) and for LEDs (right) [81 + 82] Accent luminaire (left) and orientation
luminaire (right) with LEDs for coloured lighting
[69 + 70] High bay reflector luminaire, axially
symmetrical beam [83 + 84] Escape sign luminaire
61
Each booklet! € 9,–
licht.de publications
licht.wissen 01
Lighting with Artificial Light
60 pages on basics: Booklet 1 introduces the 18-
booklet series “licht.wissen”, conveying a clear and
impartial picture of the basics of modern lighting
technology.
Gutes Licht für Hotellerie

und Gastronomie 11 Beleuchtungsqualität
mit Elektronik 12
[licht.wissen 03] 40 pages of infor- [licht.wissen 10] 40 pages on [Heft 11] 48 pages on hospitality [Heft 12] 28 pages on lighting
mation about outdoor public light- emergency and safety lighting: lighting: Booklet 11 presents appli- electronics: Booklet 12 examines
ing: Booklet 03 explains how “see- Booklet 10 focuses particularly on cation examples attesting to the the double act performed by light-
ing and being seen” works, looks at lighting and electrical requirements. massive impact that artificial lighting ing and electronics. It explains how
the basics of lighting and shows Application examples illustrate has on the commercial success of electronics saves energy and at the
how important light is for safety. their importance for safety. hotels and restaurants. same time improves lighting quality.
licht.wissen in English – Free pdf downloads from www.all-about-light.org/en/publications
01 Lighting with Artificial Light (2008) 06 Good Lighting for Sales and Presentation (2002) 12 Lighting Quality with Electronics (2003)
02 Good Lighting for Schools and Educational 07 Good Lighting for Health Care Premises (2004) 13 Outdoor workplaces (2007)
Establishments (2003) 08 Sport and Leisure (2010) 14 Ideas for Good Lighting for the Home (2009)
03 Roads, Paths and Squares (2007) 09* Prestige lighting (1997) 15 Good Outdoor Lighting for the Home (2009)
04 Good Lighting for Offices and Office Buildings (2003) 10 Emergency lighting, safety lighting (2008) 16 Urban image lighting (2002)
05 Industry and Trade (2009) 11 Good Lighting for Hotels and Restaurants (2005) 17 LED – Light from the Light Emitting Diode (2005)
18 Good Lighting for Museums, Galleries and Exhibitions
* Currently out of print (2006)
62
Imprint
All about light!
Publisher
licht.de
Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht
Impartial information Lyoner Straße 9, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
phone +49 (0)69 63 02-353
licht.de provides information on the advan- fax +49 (0)69 63 02-400
tages of good lighting and offers a great licht.de@zvei.org, www.licht.de
deal of material on every aspect of artificial
lighting and its correct usage. The informa- Editing, design and realisation
tion provided is impartial and based on cur- rfw. kommunikation, Darmstadt
rent DIN standards and VDE stipulations.
Printed by
licht.wissen – no print –
The booklets 1 to 18 of the licht.wissen se- ISBN no. PDF edition 978-3-926193-54-4
ries of publications (formerly: Information on 01/10/00/8V
Lighting Applications) are designed to help
anyone involved with lighting – planners, The publication takes account of current DIN stan-
decision-makers, investors – to acquire a dards (available from Beuth Verlag, Berlin) and VDE
basic knowledge of the subject. This facili- stipulations (available from VDE Verlag, Berlin)
tates cooperation with lighting and electrical
specialists. The lighting information con- Reprints of licht.wissen 08 in full or in part with the
tained in all these booklets is of a general permission of the publishers.
nature.
licht.forum
licht.forum is a specialist periodical focusing Acknowledgements for photographs

on topical lighting issues and trends. Gen-
erally around 12 pages long, it is published Numbering of photos on back page:
at irregular intervals.
85
www.licht.de
86 87 88
The industry initiative also presents its know-
ledge of lighting on the Internet. Its website 89 90 91
www.licht.de features a “Lighting for the
Home” portal and a “Lighting for Profes- Photographs
sionals” section offering practical tips for Cover, 12, 13, 21, 22, 37 Blitzwerk, Mühltal •
private and professional lighting applica- 3, 35 F. A. Rümmele, Alfter • 6 B. Friese, Pforz-
tions. heim • 14, 15, 24 Frank Mühlbauer, Licht-Ton-
Datenkommunikation GmbH, Usingen • picture-
“Lighting Know-how” offers one-click ac- alliance: 19 (15429409), 30 (12567388, Sven
cess to explanations of technical terms. A Simon), 40 (13144712) • 23 Andreas Kelm,
database containing a wealth of product Darmstadt • 26 Lars Hagen, elementalSPORTS /
overviews, a supplier matrix and details of DESGphoto, Berlin • 48, 56 Grote + Laleicke,
the addresses of licht.de members provide Lemgo • 59, 60 Blitzwerk, Mühltal und LSD,
a direct route to manufacturers and their Darmstadt • 61 bis 84 JARO-Medien, Mönchen-
products. “Info and Service” round off the gladbach
Internet presence with an online shop for
print publications and downloads, links to All other images and illustrations were made avail-
“Lighting on the Web”, FAQs and an exten- able by licht.de members or produced for licht.de.
sive lighting glossary.
licht.wissen 08
Sport and Leisure
Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Lyoner Straße 9
60528 Frankfurt am Main
Germany
phone +49 (0)69 63 02-353
fax +49 (0)69 63 02-400
licht.de@zvei.org
www.licht.de

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Energy-efficient lighting 8 Multi-purpose halls 42

Lighting for television 10 Indoor swimming pools 44

Emergency lighting 12 Indoor leisure pools 46

Lighting and environment 14 Fitness studios 48

Tables for each sport 15 Service areas 50

Outdoor and indoor facilities 16 Lamps 56

[02] Good lighting for athletes, spectators

Sport is also a popular form of recreation for non-participants.

DIN EN 12193 “Sports lighting” refers to Maintained illuminance and

dis htn ious

[04] Lighting quality features are interre-

Glare limitation Light colour

Leonberg Sports Hall

Luminaires installed luminaires with luminaires with electronic

Number of luminaires 216 48

Lamps per luminaire 2 x 58 Watt fluorescent 6 x 80 Watt fluorescent

Total connected load 31,104 Watts 24,768 Watts

Energy consumption per year 130.667 kilowatt-hours 49,653 kilowatt-hours

Energy costs per year 20.907 euros 7,944 euros

Energy saved per year 81,014 kilowatt-hours

Cost saving per year 12,963 euros

CO2 saving per year 48.6 metric tons CO2

Lighting for television

No special requirements need to be ob- Lighting for good image quality

illuminance in the direction of

Because the dividing line between “sport”

[10] If lighting fails, panic can ensue – es-

[11] Escape sign luminaires run on emer-

Lighting and environment

Tables for each sport

Sports grounds Floodlights should always be mounted as Arrangement of luminaires

Sports halls Lighting is not required only to make a

General outdoor sports facilities

Soccer, American football Baseball, hockey

A.21 Soccer/American football A.22 Hockey

l 500 0.7 50 l 500 0.7 50

ll 200 0.6 50 ll 200 0.7 50

lll 75 0.5 55 lll 200 0.7 55

Special outdoor sports facilities

Tennis Class I) to 300 lx and 200 lx. Players thus

A.16 Tennis A.26 Golf: Driving Range

lll 200 0.6 55 lll 100 0.8 50

[21] Tennis places high demands on play-

[22] Practise, practise, practise: artificial

A.24 Horse Racing / Trotting / Gallop Racing

l 200 0.6 750 0.6 0.4 500 0.6 0.4 50

ll 100 0.4 300 0.6 0.4 200 0.6 0.4 50

lll 50 0.2 100 0.3 55

A.13 Riding / Jumping / A.20 Boccia* A.13 Inline-Skating*

l 500 0.7 50 l 200 0.7 50 l 500 0.7 50

ll 200 0.5 55 ll 100 0.7 50 ll 200 0.5 55

lll 100 0.5 55 lll 50 0.5 55 lll 100 0.5 55

Outdoor winter sports

Cross-country skiing Ski jumping

A.23 Alpine / Freestyle / Jumping

l 100 0.5 150 0.5 300 0.7 50

ll 30 0.3 50 0.3 200 0.6 50

lll 20 0.2 20 0.3 200 0.6 55

A.17 Cross-country skiing A.28 Bobsleigh and luge

l 20 0.3 l 300 0.7

ll 10 0.3 ll 200 0.5

lll 3 0.1 lll 50 0.4