What is a long chain of sugar What is the principal

molecules? carbohydrate storage product in

animals?

What molecules are the Why is a saturated fat called a

building blocks of proteins? "saturated" fat?

Of what is a triglyceride Where does Glycolysis take

composed? place in the cell?

What is another name for Where does the Kreb’s Cycle

Chemiosmosis? take place in the cell?

What is another name for the The final output of the Citric
Kreb’s Cycle? Acid cycle includes what?
Glycogen (stored in the liver Polysaccharides are long chains
and muscles) of simple sugars bonded
together including starch,
glycogen and cellulose.

Each carbon in the fatty acid chain Amino acids

is bonded to the maximum
number of hydrogen atoms, and is
said to be saturated with
hydrogen. Unsaturated fatty acids
have carbon-carbon double bonds
which can be broken to add more

Cytoplasm One glycerol with 3 fatty acids

Mitochondrial Matrix Oxidative Phosphorylation

CO2, ATP, NADH and FADH2 Citric Acid Cycle

are the final output substances
of the Krebs cycle
A scientist can most readily
distinguish between an onion
cell and a cheek cell because the
onion cell has what structure
that the cheek cell does not?
What is the thick, semi-fluid
material within the cell that
contains the organelles and the
various materials that are
involved in metabolism?
What is the structure in the cell
that contains the genetic
material and controls the
structure and function of the
cell?
The G1 Checkpoint is known as
the Restriction Checkpoint
because it determines whether a
cell should divide, delay division,
or enter a nondividing resting
state known as the ___ phase.
The purpose of cell regulation is
to maintain __________.
What organelle processes, sorts,
and packages proteins and
lipids?
The extensive network of
membranes that is found
throughout much of the cell is
the ______.
What is the relationship between volume
and surface area? Why is cell division
therefore important?
What cellular checkpoint
signifies the beginning of the M
Phase?
In regard to cell biology, what is
density-dependent inhibition?
Golgi apparatus processes, Cell wall
sorts, and packages proteins
and lipids

The endoplasmic reticulum is The cytosol is the thick, semi-fluid

the network of membranes that
is found inside the cell.
material within the cell that contains the
organelles and the various materials that
are involved in metabolism. The term
"cytoplasm" includes both the semi-fluid
material and the organelles.

Volume increase faster than surface area. The nucleus

Cells with a much greater volume than
surface area become less efficient as it
becomes more difficult for substances to pass
through the cell membrane (too many
substances, not enough membrane). Cell
division keeps the ratio of volume to surface
area at a manageable size.

G2 Checkpoint G0

When a cell population reaches a Homeostasis

certain density, the amount of
required growth factors and
nutrients available to each cell
becomes insufficient to allow
continued cell growth.
What is Codominance? What is Polygenic Inheritance?

What is Pleiotropy? What is Epistasis?

What is Incomplete What is the shape of DNA?

Dominance?

What type of bonds form What are the three units of a

between nucleotides? nucleotide?

What is an anticodon? What is an Okazaki fragment

and what enzyme is related to
Okazaki fragments?
Traits that are controlled or
influenced by several genes (ex:
intelligence, height, weight, eye
color, behavior)
The presence of one gene affects
the expression of another gene.
One gene interferes with or
prevents the expression of
another gene located at a
different locus.
Double Helix
5-C Sugar, Phosphate Group,
Nitrogenous Base
An Okazaki fragment is a relatively
short fragment of DNA created on the
lagging strand during DNA replication.
Primase initiates Okazaki fragment
primers.
Situation in which two different
alleles for a genetic trait are
both expressed. (ex: red cattle +
white cattle = red and white
spotted offspring)
Pleiotropy occurs when a single
gene influences multiple
phenotypic traits. Consequently, a
new mutation in the gene will
have an effect on all traits
simultaneously.
Condition in which a trait is
intermediate between two
parents (ex: red flower + blue
flower = purple flower).
Phosophodiester
A sequence of 3 letters found on
TRNA that pairs with the codon
of MRNA.
What are the two primary What is an “essential” nutrient?
storage sites for glycogen?

What is a primary use of Do fat-soluble OR water-soluble

vitamin E? vitamins build up in the body,
eventually leading to toxic
levels?

What is a “fluid feeder?” Which body system is

responsible for moving fluids,
gases, and wastes to and from
cells?

What is meant by a “closed” Name the four chambers of the

cardiovascular system? heart. Which chamber is the
last to receive blood before it
leaves the heart through the
Aorta?

What, exactly, carries oxygen Is the lymphatic system open or

and nutrients to the target cells? closed?
Nutrients that cannot be Liver, muscle cells
manufactured by the organism

Fat-soluble Protection of membrane

phospholipids from oxidation

Circulatory system Organisms that feed on the fluids

of other animals or even plants.

Examples of fluid feeders include:

Aphids, Ticks, Mosquitoes,
Leeches, Hummingbirds

Right ventricle, left ventricle, The blood never leaves the

right atrium, right ventricle. system of blood vessels.

Left ventricle.

Open Interstitial fluid

Name the main components of What is an alimentary canal?
the excretory system.

What is the most important What is resting potential?

organ of the excretory system;
where is it located?

What is the functional unit of The endocrine system is responsible for

releasing signaling molecules known as
muscle contraction?
______, which are _____ (faster/slower)
than nerve impulses in signaling
reactions in the body, but produce
responses that last ______
(longer/shorter) than nerve impulses.

The hormone PRL, which Where does spermatogenesis

stands for ______, is responsible take place?
for milk production in
mammary glands.

The _____ _____ is the solid The release of what hormone

body formed in the ovaries after matures the egg? What is an
the egg has been released into the alternative name for this
fallopian tube which continues to hormone in the male, where it
grow and divide for a while. stimulates the Leydig cells?
Digestive tract The sweat glands, the liver, the
lungs, and the kidneys are the
main components of the
excretory system.

When the neuron is inactive Kidneys.

and polarized. ( -70 mV)
The kidneys are placed on
either side of the spinal column
near the lower back

Hormones; slower; longer Sarcomere

Seminiferous tubules of the Prolactin

testes

LH (lutenizing hormone); ICSH Corpus Luteum

(Interstitial Cell Stimulating
Hormone)
What is the product of Define anticodon.
translation?

Bacteriophages are involved in What is another name for the

what mode of virus proliferation? genophore?

(Conjugation, Transduction,
Transformation, etc)

This layer of polysaccharide What are polygenic traits?

(sometimes proteins) protects the
bacterial cell and is often associated
with pathogenic bacteria because it
serves as a barrier against
phagocytosis by white blood cells.

What is evolution? What is phylogeny?

Define ‘clade.’ What is The transfer of alleles of genes

“cladistics?” from one population to another
is known as:

______ _______
A 3-base sequence in a tRNA Polypeptide chain (or a protein)
molecule that base-pairs with its
complementary codon in an
mRNA molecule.

Bacterial chromosome Transduction

Traits that arise from the action The capsule

of several genes.

The evolutionary history of a Cumulative changes that occur

species. in a population over time.

Gene flow A monophyletic group of

organisms.

Cladistics – hierarchical
classification of species based on
evolutionary ancestry.
What is a Domain, and where
does it rank in respect to
Kingdoms?
True or False:
The Phylum Chordata, meaning
“hollow dorsal nervous cord,”
incorporates human beings.
Why are viruses denied a The first land plants to have
kingdom of their own?
The most primitive vascular
plants belong to Division
(Phylum) __________.
What is the primary site of
photosynthesis in plants?
What are the six kingdoms?
What two kingdoms were
combined in the Five-Kingdom
System, and what was the name
of that combined kingdom?
The common name for animals
in Phylum “Platyhelminthes” is
what?
evolved were:
The water-conducting ______
tissue in plant stems is actually
composed of dead cells.
What does it mean for a plant to
be “perennial?”
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista,
Archaea, and Eubacteria
Archaea and Eubacteria; Kingdom
Monera (or Prokaryota)
Flatworm
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts,
and hornworts)
Xylem
Perennial plants live for many
growing seasons and continue
to reproduce once mature.
The Phylogenetic classification
that is comprised of multiple
Kingdoms. Domains are
ranked immediately higher than
Kingdoms.
True
They are not organisms.
Bryophyta
The leaf is the primary site of
photosynthesis in plants.
What is cephalization? Cortisol is elevated in the
bloodstream during times of
____. It is a reliable indicator of
what in an animal?

Standing outside the flight zone What is meant by “innate

of cattle will cause them to start behavior?”
or stop moving?

The difference between a "sensitive"

period and a "critical" period with regard
to normal development of animal
behavior is that, while they both concern
the times in an animal's life when certain
types of learning are more easily
accomplished, the critical periods:
Stress
Cortisol is a reliable indicator of
the degree of stress an animal is
under
“Instinct.” Behavior determined
by the "hard-wiring" of the
nervous system. It is usually
inflexible, a given stimulus
triggering a given response.
Cephalization is an evolutionary trend,
whereby nervous tissue, over many
generations, becomes concentrated
toward one end of an organism. This
process eventually produces a head
region with sensory organs.
Stop moving
Have a more definite beginning
and end