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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA

MAESTRIA EN INGENIERA HIDRAULICA

TRANSPORTE DE SEDIMENTOS
(C-704)

INTRODUCCION A LA
PROTECCION DE ESTRUCTURAS
HIDRAULICAS

MSc. Ing. Roberto Campaña Toro

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CONCEPTOS BASICOS

 Las estructuras hidráulicas


en contacto con los ríos se
ven sometidas a procesos
morfológicos de diversa
índole.

 El tipo y magnitud de
dichos procesos determina
el grado de daño sobre la
estructura.

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PROCESOS QUE
OCASIONAN DAÑO
PROCESOS HIDRAULICOS
- Remansos
- Aceleración del Flujo
- Flujo Vorticoso

PROCESOS MORFOLOGICOS
- Erosión Lateral, Vertical y Local
- Degradación y Agradación

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PRINCIPIOS DE PROTECCIÓN

 Proteger a la estructura
de los efectos del
proceso.

 Atenuar o Impedir
evolución del proceso.

 Evitar ser atacado por el


proceso

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MEDIDAS DE PROTECCION

Deben sustentarse en un entendimiento


adecuado de los mecanismos de desarrollo y
causas de los procesos hidráulicos y
morfológicos.

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Migración de Meandros

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Protección contra la Migración de Meandros

1. Seleccionar Sitios Adecuados

Seleccionar sitios donde la


dinámica fluvial es minima.

En el tramo recto ubicado


entre dos meandros sucesivos
los procesos erosivos son
mínimos.

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UNA SELECCIÓN
ADECUADA
DEL SITIO DE CRUCE

1 Ubicación no
recomendada
puente en confluencia.

2 Puente colocado en
curva
fuerte.

3 Puente en tramo de
curva suave.

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Protección contra la Migración de Meandros

2. En los casos en que la


estructura deba ser ubicado
forzosamente en una curva se
deben considerar trabajos de
estabilización de riberas.

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Protección contra la Migración de Meandros

3. En el diseño de los trabajos de


estabilización debe tomar en
consideración la variación transversal
del lecho que se esperan ocurrirán
con su implementación.

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4. A fin de asegurar un ingreso de las aguas perpendicular a la
abertura del puente considerar la construcción de Muros Guías

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5. No es conveniente emplear estructuras rígidas

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Degradación del Cauce
Degradación del lecho del río Rimac en el tramo Puente del Ejercito – Puente
Bella Unión

Fuente: Estudio Conceptual de Control de Degradación del lecho del Río Rímac – Perú Hydraulics, 2016

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Efectos de la Degradación
Regresiva en el río Rimac

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Efectos de la Degradación de Cauces

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Protección contra la degradación
del lecho
 Minimizar la porción de la
estructura ubicada en el
lecho y proveerla de
profundidades adecuadas de
cimentación.

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Traviesas para control de degradación
Las traviesas son estructuras transversales al lecho que se constituyen en puntos fijos
que contrarrestran los efectos de la degradación regresiva.

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http://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2099.1/3306/54984-7.pdf?sequence=5

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Protección de Coraza Protectora del Lecho

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Limitar extracción de agregados del lecho

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AGRADACION DEL
CAUCE

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Protección contra la agradación
del lecho.
 En el caso de lechos aluviales se recomienda el
dragado del material depositado.

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 En el caso de cauces muy anchos donde el dragado no
sea económico habrá que considerar sobre-elevar los
encauzamientos.

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La constricción del cauce por medio de diques y/o espigones con
el fin de incrementar las velocidades del flujo también ha sido
utilizada.

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Tratamiento de Cuencas y Quebradas

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Erosión Local

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Protección contra la erosión local
 Proteger posible zona de posible erosión

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 Proveer de Estructuras de Disipación y de
Protección

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 Proporcionar aberturas
adecuadas para evitar
desbordamientos.

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Aliviadero de la Presa Poechos – Piura- Perú

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Erosión en Puentes

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Protección contra la erosión
 Proveer cimentaciones profundas para la
estructura.

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Cimentación Profunda Cimentación Ancha

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 Proveer de forma
hidrodinámica a elementos
de estructura.
Erosión en Pilares: (Fórmula de Richardson)
E=2k1k2B0.65y10.35Fr10.43

donde:

E: erosión máxima (m)


B: ancho de la pila (m)
k1: constante de forma de la pila
(1.0 para circular, 1.1 para rectangular)
k2: constante de ángulo de ataque (1 para ϴ =0)
y1: tirante aguas arriba
Fr1: Número de Froude aguas arriba

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Enrocados de Protección

Proteger posible zona de


posible erosión.

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Disipadores de Vórtices

• Reducir la intensidad de los vórtices aguas arriba de


pilares y estribos “horse vortex” por medio de barreras
aguas arriba.

Collares Pilas Disipadoras

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Proveer un alineamiento adecuado a los Pilares

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Sistema de autollenado de rip-rap

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MEDIDAS DE EMERGENCIA

Colocación de
Rip-Rap

Colocación de Sacos de
Arena

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Tablestacados

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PROTECCIÓN DE LOS ESTRIBOS DE PUENTE MEDIANTE CAJAS DE GAVIONES
DISTRIBUCIÓN TÍPICA PUENTE EN USA.

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Efectos de Constricción Local
remanso. del Lecho

Efectos de Constricción

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Protección contra efectos de remanso.
 Diseñar estructuras que minimicen efectos de remanso.

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 Proveer diques de protección para salvaguardar
zonas críticas contra inundaciones.

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 Diseñar las
estructuras de
cruce para evitar
ser afectadas por
el remanso.

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Obras de Desvío

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Otros Problemas

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Percolación

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Fuerza de Arrastre
 La fuerza de arrastre es la resultante de las fuerzas que
actúan en dirección del flujo.
 Se calcula como:

Donde:

v: Velocidad del agua (m/s)


A: Area de impacto (m2)
g: Peso Específico del Agua (N/m3)
C: Coeficiente de Arrastre que depende de la forma del
objeto impactado ( 2 – 2.5 )
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Percolación

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Abrasión
 El material sólido transportado por la
corriente pude erosionar las paredes de la
infraestructura en contacto con las aguas.

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Abrasión en
Bocatoma
Huachipa

http://larepublica.pe/impresa/sociedad/711846-contraloria-investigara-mal-estado-de-
planta-de-tratamiento-de-agua

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Abrasión en
Bocatoma
Chavimochic

http://www.pepevasquez.com/hidro.html

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Investigaciones
Necesarias
Monitoreo

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Mediciónes
de Socavación

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Modelación Física

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Sedimentación de Embalses

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Utilización de Corrientes de Densidad

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Dragado de Reservorios

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Flushing

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