HSDD 10 10

Lecture 1: Intro and Signals Slide -1
Due to a scheduling conflict, we start promptly at 6:15 pm tonight.
ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design

applying Maxwell’s Equations to tame Signal Integrity problems
Prof Eric Bogatin, Dean, Signal Integrity Academy

Teledyne LeCroy www.beTheSignal.com, eric@beTheSignal.com
Adjunct Prof, ECEE Dept CU, Boulder
And
Prof Melinda Piket-May
Assoc. Prof, ECEE Dept, CU, Boulder
Spring 2016
Jan 2016
ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com
ECEN 4224/ ECEN 5224

High Speed Digital Design
Covers the design, analysis and measurement of interconnects for high speed digital, high
speed serial link and PDN applications; including transmission lines, vias, connectors;
measurements using scopes, VNA and TDR instruments, analysis of signal waveforms and
S-parameters in the time and frequency domains, the use of EM field solvers and circuit
simulators, and good design methodology.
Credits: 3 credit hours, Elective course
Prerequisites: ECEN 3400 Electromagnetic fields and waves
Recommended prerequisites, ECEN 3410 Electromagnetic waves and transmissions line
Textbook, “Signal and Power Integrity- Simplified, E. Bogatin, 2009
Course objectives:
Provide an introduction to the current approaches used in the industry for signal integrity
design and analysis

What is Signal Integrity?
All High-Speed Products Have One Thing in Common
TX RX
Transmit a signal from one TX to a RX, with acceptable quality

Driver Package Board Backplane Board Package Receiver
But interconnects are not transparent!

Signal integrity is about the problems interconnects introduce and how to avoid them.
Really about Electromagnetic fields, materials and boundary conditions = Maxwell’s Equations
This class is NOT about solving Maxwell’s Equations- it is about their practical application
The fundamental, real-world tradeoff: performance, cost, risk, schedule
All High-Speed Products Have One Thing in

Common
TX RX
Transmit a signal from one TX to a RX, with acceptable quality
Driver Package Board Backplane Board Package Receiver
But interconnects are not transparent! What can go wrong?

Attenuation Ringing
Non-monotonic edges Dispersion
Skin depth Loaded lines
Inductance Ground bounce
Emissions Cross talk
Terminations NEXT
Via stubs FEXT
Decoupling capacitors Gaps in return path
Losses Data clock skew
Surface roughness Jitter
Dissipation factor Changing reference planes
Skew Stub lengths
Overshoot Branch topology

This Class is About:

An Efficient Design Methodology to Eliminate Problems Before the
Design is Released
• An efficient methodology:
understand the
Identify the SI problems
“essential principles”
Find the root cause
Apply the “Youngman” principle
Establish practical design guidelines to minimize them

(Best Design Practices)
“If your arm hurts when you
If it’s “free” always follow the “habits” raise it, don't raise your arm.”
Use analysis tools to evaluate cost-performance
tradeoffs as early in the design process as possible “If problem A happens because
your design has feature B,
“Are you sure then eliminate feature B from
about this Stan? It your design”
seems odd that a
pointy head and a
long beak is what
makes them fly” Identify the root cause of a
problem and fix the root cause
Bogatin’s 10 Rules
(PCD&F Magazine, Aug 10 , 2010
or Bogatin Book of Lists Booklet)
1. Answer “it depends” questions by “putting in the numbers”
2. Separate myth from reality by “putting in the numbers”
3. Watch out for the whack-a-mole effect
4. Most important step in solving a problem: find the root cause
5. Apply the Youngman Principle to optimize designs
6. Sometimes an OK answer now! is better than a good answer late
7. Evaluate “bang for the buck” with virtual prototypes
8. Watch out for mink holes
9. Never perform a measurement or simulation without first
anticipating what you expect to see
10. There are two kinds of designers: those who have signal integrity
problems and those who will

Rule #9: Never do a measurement or

simulation without first anticipating what
you expect to see.
If you are wrong, there is a reason- either the set up is
wrong or your intuition is wrong. Either way, by
exploring the difference, you will learn something
If you are right, you get a nice warm feeling that you
understand what is going on.
Corollary to rule #9:

There are so many ways of screwing up a measurement or
simulation, you can never do too many consistency checks
Jan 11, 2016: Lecture 1
• Who we are
• Expectations
• Resources
• 7 pm – special exercise
• 7:15 – 15 min break
• Grading and assignments
• My approach to Signal Integrity
• Starting out: re-thinking signals
• Hands on Labs
• Lab #1
Eric Bogatin
(eric@beTheSignal.com)
• Education
SB, Physics, MIT; MS, PhD, Physics, Univ of AZ, Tucson
• Industry experience: R&D, prod development, mfg research
Large companies: Bell Labs, Sun Micro, Raychem
Small companies: Silicon Light, Xinix, IDI, Ansoft
• My Own company: Bogatin Enterprises
Teaching SI classes, world wide for 25 years
Writing columns, articles, white papers, books
Lecturing
Acquired by Teledyne LeCroy in 2011
• Now
Dean of Teledyne LeCroy Signal Integrity Academy
Teach, conduct research at CU, Boulder
Lecture world wide
Write textbooks, articles
Columnist, journalist for EE Times, EDN
What we Expect of You

• Come to class on time: 6:15 pm
• Turn off cell phones. No calls, or texting in class. Take important text/voice calls outside
• 1 credit hour = 3 hours additional work outside class
Total time associated with 5224 is 3 hours in class + 3 x 3 = 9 hours outside class = 12 hrs/wk
2 hours class lecture time
4 hours reviewing video lectures
3 hours reading text book
3 hours working on lab assignments
• Bring to class each week

Your clicker
Your laptop
Your tent card
• Download the software:

QUCS (optional)
Teledyne LeCroy Si Studio (free version)
Polar Instruments SI9000
Mentor Graphics HyperLynx 9.3
Keysight ADS
Ansys HFSS

What we Expect for You after this class

• Have a solid engineering intuition about the behaviors of signals on interconnects
• Apply the principles of Maxwell’s equations, without much of the equations
Understand the essential principles
• Skilled at “putting in the numbers”

“Engineering is Geek for Tradeoff Analysis” - Bruce Archambeault
Start with the simplest approach and build up complexity
Rules of thumb
Analytical approximations
Numerical simulation: circuit simulation, field solvers
• Able to analyze the results- answer the “so what?” question

Always apply rule #9
Apply analysis to real world problems
Turn information into action (answer the ..so what? Question)
• Experience leveraging commercially available measurement and simulation tools

once we know what to expect
• Get in the habit of questioning authority: become your own expert
Class format
• Before class:
Review the assigned online lectures at the Signal Integrity Academy
Review the reading assignments from the textbook
Jot down your questions
• During class:
Class starts promptly at 6:15 pm each night
Joke of the day
Pop Quiz clicker quiz questions
Review and demos
Break (@7:15 pm)
Reviews and demos
Intro to the lab homework
• After the class:

Complete the lab homework
Write up the lab report (~ 1-2 pages)
Start over again

Joke of the day
You will need clickers
• Frequency for ITLL is DB

• Every student must bring
their clicker to each class
• 15% of your grade will be
based on clicker results

Pop quiz
The Text Book
• Use hardback version

• Use pdf version
• I am currently writing the
3rd edition- suggestions
are welcome

The Signal Integrity Academy

• All registered students will receive a
complementary subscription to the
SI Academy:
www.SignalIntegrityAcademy.com or
www.beTheSignal.com
• MUST use your firstname.lastname
@Colorado.edu email
• There will be assignments to view
some of the video lectures
• The new class: HSDD will be
opened shortly and you will use it
the most
• All lab assignments will be posted at
the SI Academy
• We will also use D2L
Other Resources
• Textbook
• www.SignalIntegrity Academy.com
• D2L
More details
Assignments
Resource materials
• Instructors:
Eric’s office hours: before class from 5 to 6:15 in ITLL 1B50 or by
appointment
Prof Melinda Piket-May
Tim Wang Lee is the grader
• My EDN, EE Times columns

Grading
> 90% A, 80-89% B, 70-79% C
• Weekly quizzes (15 points) (1.5 points each)

Top 10 scores count (10-13 of them)
• Homework (labs) (30 points) (3 points each)

Top 10 scores count (10-13 of them)
• Midterm and final (45 points)

Midterm is in class (20 points)
Final is in class (25 points)
• Special project reports (10 points)

10 points for grad students only, due between midterm and final
• If you are an undergraduate:

No special project is due (90 points total)
Midterm can be completed at home
If you do well in this classG
• Give me your resume. I can help you find a summer

intern position or a job
• I currently have 2 PhD students and 4 MS independent
study students. They all are publishing papers
• I have openings for other independent study projects this
semester and in the Fall
• I may have a paid project to perform measurements in
my lab in Longmont: 5 hours/week on Tues
• I may have paid summer intern positions available in my
lab in Longmont.

Homework: Hands On Labs
• You should have access to these simulation tools:

• Free tools: Special note: if you are
QUCS enrolled in ECEN 4224/
5224 and you are using
Teledyne LeCroy Si Studio (free version)
a software tool licensed
• Polar SI 9000 (license until end of Feb, can be through this class, you
extended) CAN NOT use this tool
for commercial use.
• Mentor HyperLynx 9.3 (CU license) These can only be used
• Keysight ADS (apply thru email) for class assignments.
• Ansys HFSS (software and license thru CU server)

• You should work in teams- no more than 3 to a team
• You can submit a group lab report
BE SURE TO HAVE ALL TEAM MEMBERS NAMES ON THE REPORT!
The Lab Report

• No more than 2 pages
• Pick one or two of the suggested exercises
• Answer the following questions 4 phases to every
What was the goal? experiment:
What was the plan?
What did you expect (rule #9) 1. Playing around
2. Plan
What did you do and observe? And why do you think it
happened? (analysis) 3. Implementing the plan
What consistency tests did you do? 4. Writing up
So what? How will what you learned, influence design
decisions?
• My hidden agenda
I often find, the process of writing up what you did in an
experiment helps you think through what you learned, think of
consistency and fit the puzzle pieces together.
Practice articulating the concepts reinforces the concepts

Grading Lab Reports: worth 3 points each
• 1 point: did you apply rule #9?

• 1 point: did you articulate the principles correctly in
your discussion?
• 1 point: did you interpret the results correctly and try
any consistency tests?
Ethics
• Is relative and culturally based

• Will become a differentiator in the industry:
http://www.teledyne.com/aboutus/ethics.asp
• CU honor code
http://honorcode.colorado.edu/student-information
• Your personal code of ethics:

It’s not about getting caught, it’s about sleeping well at night
How important is honoring your “word” to you?
• For this class, what is unethical?

• If you have questions, talk to me personally, or bring to class to
discuss

Most important skills from this class
• Articulate the technical principles: verbally, in writing

• Work in teams- cooperate, negotiate, discuss
• Do not rely on experts- empower yourself as your
own expert
• Develop Good Habits:
apply rule #9
think of consistency tests
ask, so what?
understand and apply the “equations”, they are not black boxes
question authority- think critically and do not accept blindly
The Project (10 points) for grad students

can work in teams of up to 3
1. Send me an email (eric@beTheSignal.com) with the proposal BEFORE March 14
2-5 sentences. What do you plan to do, who’s on the team?
2. How good are Rules of Thumb or approximations? (see my EDN columns)
Pick an example
Compare it to a numerical simulation tool
Establish when it applies, when it doesn’t, roughly what accuracy
Write a report: 1200 words, 5 figures (like a feature article, IEEE paper)
3. Establish a design guideline with a field solver or circuit simulator
Pick a structure like a transmission line, a via, a signal over a gap
Identify the sort of SI problems to expect
Parameterize it and model it with a simulation tool
Determine a set of parameters for good signal integrity, and when problems will arise
Generate examples of good designs, bad designs
Write a report: 1200 words, 5 figures (like a feature article, IEEE paper)
4. Other topicsVsee me
1. Special project: responding to a person with no formal training and questions Maxwell’s equations
• Papers will be due April 18

Topic Schedule and Reading Assignment

(before you come to class)
1. Jan 11: Welcome and intro
2. Jan 18 holiday (chpt 1, 2, 3)
3. Jan 25: Transmission lines and signals (chpt 7) Textbook for the class
4. Feb 1: Reflections and circuit simulations (chpt 8)
5. Feb 8: Discontinuities (chpt 5, 6)
6. Feb 15: Differential pairs (chpt 11)
7. Feb 22: S-parameters and the TDR (chpt 2, 12)
8. Feb 29: Attenuation and loss (chpt 9)
9. Mar 7: High speed serial links (chpt 9, 11, 12)
10. Mar 14: (mid term)
11. Mar 21: spring break
12. Mar 28 Eyes and jitter analysis
13. April 4: Cross talk (chpt 10)
14. April 11: Ground bounce (chpt 6)
15. April 18: The PDN (chpt 4, 6, 13)
16. April 25 last class
17. May 2: final exam
Homework Assignment #1, due by Jan 25, 2014
• Read: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 7 in the text book

• Sign into the SI Academy and view the videos:
EPSI, section 1
VRPW-20-10
VRPW-20-100, 102
VRPW-30-10, 16, 20, 41
• Install Polar Instruments SI 9000

• Install HyperLynx 9.3
• Install Keysight ADS
• Lab report: Evaluating a new tool
Pick one of the tools and describe what it does, how it does it
Find, create an example and run it.

How do you evaluate a new tool?

1. Read the manual, documentation
2. Try a built in example
3. Play around- push buttons, see what happens - explore
4. Pick a problem where you know the answer- does the tool give the answer you
expect? (apply rule #9)
5. Do not use a feature you don’t know the details of.
6. Never assume the tool is smarter or more expert than you are
7. Documentation is notoriously poor. You may have to “reverse engineer” what the tool
is doing
8. Start with the simplest form of the problem, gain confidence in the result and build
complexity.
9. Rarely use auto scale- adjust the scales so you can immediately make sense of the
results- to apply rule #9.
10. The purpose of ANY simulation is to use the results: always perform the analysis and
the “so what?”
Turning in Lab Reports
• Demo’ed and assigned in class on a Monday

• Any additional files needed will be posted on the SI
Academy by Tuesday am.
• If you turn in your lab report BEFORE 5 pm on the
following Friday (in the dropbox on D2L)
Eric will grade it and have it back on the next Monday
• If you turn in your lab report after 5 pm Friday, but

before class starts on Monday,
Prof Piket-May will grade it and have it back to you by the following
Monday’s class.

Demos:
• Polar instruments SI 9000
• Mentor Graphics HyperLynx
Example files:
C:\MentorGraphics\9.3HL\SDD_HOME\hyperlynx64\HypFiles\SI_PI
_Principles
• Keysight ADS
Create workspace on desktop
Create new schematic
Add transient simulation, step source, simple circuit
Label a node
Run (gear it)
Display it
Do NOT apply your rf intuition to High Speed

Digital signal integrity applications
Microwave And Digital Spectra Share the Same Frequency Space
(Not to scale)
ELF = Extremely Low Frequency

VF = Voice Frequency
VLF = Very Low Frequency
LF = Low Frequency
MF = Medium Frequency
HF = High Frequency
VHF = Very High Frequency
USB 2.0 UHF = Ultra High Frequency
SHF = Super High Frequency
EHF = Extremely High Frequency
PCIe gen I
USB 3.0
10Gbase
28 Gbps

Important Distinction #1:

The Bandwidth of Signals are Different
All the way to DC
broadband
narrowband
BW ~ 2.5 x 2 = 5 GHz
Bandwidth: the frequency range that is “significant”
Microwave: narrow band, related to modulation frequency
Digital: high limit related to rise time ~ 0.35/RT ~ 2.5 x DataRate

Low freq limit to DC: very wide bandwidth
Important Distinction #2
Time Domain and Frequency Domain
Digital Designers Live and Microwave Designers Live and
Think in the Time Domain Think in the Frequency Domain

Important Distinction #3
Even the Concept of Impedance is different
@1.8 GHz
a design impedance
A sine wave interacts with A short RT edge propagates

the entire interconnect at down a transmission line
steady state and sees an and sees an instantaneous
input impedance impedance
Consequence #4: When is a Transmission Line not a

Transmission line?
Microwave Designer:
when it’s a C or an L
=
Digital Designers: NEVER
Interconnects are ALWAYS

transmission lines and must
be treated like transmission
lines

Consequence # 5:
Reactions to Circuit Board Features
Microwave Designer: “ Oh goody!”
Digital Designer: “ Oh S@!%!T”
RF designers see a stub as a very useful circuit

element
@1.8 GHz
a target impedance

Digital Designers see a stub as a limiting

element in their system
1.5 1.5
fres = = = 7.5 GHz
7.5 GHz Len 0.20
No via stub
in the
channel
No stub
0.2 inch via stub
10 Gbps
5 GHz Nyquist
With stub
Capacitors Are Used a LOT!

Consequence #6:
What Makes a Good Capacitor?
As a broad band noise filter,
need as low an impedance
peak as possible
Microwave Designer for filters:

Narrowband filters: as sharp an
edge as possible by
Hi Q, as Low an ESR as possible
Digital Designer for PDN:

Low impedance peaks by
Low Q, as High an ESR as possible
Any Wonder Why There is Confusion?

Two World Views for Signals and Interconnects
Electromagnetic Fields
Circuit elements and Boundary Conditions
and sources:
George Simon
Ohm (1789-1854) James Clerk
Maxwell
(1831-1879)
Courtesy of Ansys
Two Different Approaches: Similar Diff

Eqs, Similar Behavior (in most cases)
• A signal is a propagating
• A signal is a voltage or current electromagnetic wave
i
vs v
Rs Rt
L
C
Electric field ( E)
Magnetic field (H)
Field quantity
Lumped Circuit Elements
 ∂H y ∂E 
∂i( z , t ) ∂v( z, t) a x  − = ε x 
= −C  ∂z ∂t 
∂z ∂t
∂v( z, t) ∂i( z, t) ∂H y
= −L  ∂E 
∂z ∂t a y  x = − µ 
 ∂z ∂t 
Similar differential equations, ….but with some differences
2 important “cheats” expand the use of lumped circuit elements

Duality of World Views

Perfectly Equivalent Views (both are correct and equally accurate)
Time Domain frequency domain
Single-end signals differential, common signals
Become bilingual: learn to think frequency AND time domain

Become bilingual: learn to think single-ended AND differential
Not equivalent: One is a better approximation to the real world

Flat earth Round earth
Newtonian motion Relativistic motion
Classical mechanics Quantum mechanics
Newtonian gravity General relativity
Currents, voltages and circuits Electromagnetic fields and Waveguides
When the goal is “get to an acceptable answer the fastest”, use the appropriate model
The current, voltage, circuit model usually gets us an answer fastest for most SI problems
But when is it not acceptable? When do we need electromagnetics?
The Real World Seems to be Based on

Electromagnetic Fields and Boundary Conditions
• Why not just ALWAYS just solve Maxwell’s Equations
to get to the answer?
Sometimes problems are really hard to solve using Maxwell’s
Equations
Sometimes it’s difficult to gain physical insight from the equations
Sometimes there are no good analytical approximations and it
requires complex numerical simulation- lots of time, expertise and
$$ to get to an answer
“Sometimes an OK answer NOW! is more important than a good
answer late.”
Where it is OK, we will approximate the real world of fields and
materials with circuit elements.
We have to watch out for when this is not ok.

When Do We Need Maxwell’s

Equations?
• When there is spatial variation in E, H field

• When there are propagating EM fields
• When modes are important
• Typically when Len > ~ 1/10th λ
Like
Converting the Physical World into the Circuit World
Capacitance Matrix [pF/m]:

1 2
1 118.052 -4.451
2 -4.451 118.052
Inductance Matrix [nH/m]:

1 2
1 280.236 30.059
2 30.059 280.236
DC Resistance Matrix [ohms/m]:

1 2
1 4.949 0.000
2 0.000 4.949

Like
When the entire conductor does not act like

a “lumped” element
The current distribution is not uniform

A “DC” effect
Requires 2.5D field solver to calc current
distribution
“Sometimes a lie tells more of the truth than the truth” –

Francis Low
• Use the approach that gets you “an acceptable answer fastest”
• “Engineering is the art of approximation”
• For most signal integrity problems, voltage, current and circuits is just fine-
provided you think about wave propagation of signals!
• Be aware of effects which cannot be approximated by lumped circuit elements


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Lecture 1: Intro and Signals Slide -1

Due to a scheduling conflict, we start promptly at 6:15 pm tonight.

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design

Prof Eric Bogatin, Dean, Signal Integrity Academy

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

Lecture 1: Intro and Signals Slide -2

ECEN 4224/ ECEN 5224

Credits: 3 credit hours, Elective course

Prerequisites: ECEN 3400 Electromagnetic fields and waves

Recommended prerequisites, ECEN 3410 Electromagnetic waves and transmissions line

Textbook, “Signal and Power Integrity- Simplified, E. Bogatin, 2009

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

What is Signal Integrity?

All High-Speed Products Have One Thing in Common

Transmit a signal from one TX to a RX, with acceptable quality

But interconnects are not transparent!

The fundamental, real-world tradeoff: performance, cost, risk, schedule

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

Lecture 1: Intro and Signals Slide -4

All High-Speed Products Have One Thing in

Transmit a signal from one TX to a RX, with acceptable quality

Driver Package Board Backplane Board Package Receiver

But interconnects are not transparent! What can go wrong?

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

This Class is About:

Establish practical design guidelines to minimize them

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

Lecture 1: Intro and Signals Slide -6

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

Rule #9: Never do a measurement or

Corollary to rule #9:

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

Lecture 1: Intro and Signals Slide -8

Jan 11, 2016: Lecture 1

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

Lecture 1: Intro and Signals Slide -10

What we Expect of You

• Bring to class each week

• Download the software:

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

What we Expect for You after this class

• Skilled at “putting in the numbers”

• Able to analyze the results- answer the “so what?” question

• Experience leveraging commercially available measurement and simulation tools

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

Lecture 1: Intro and Signals Slide -12

• After the class:

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

Joke of the day

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

Lecture 1: Intro and Signals Slide -14

You will need clickers

• Frequency for ITLL is DB

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

Lecture 1: Intro and Signals Slide -16

The Text Book

• Use hardback version

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

The Signal Integrity Academy

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com

Lecture 1: Intro and Signals Slide -18

ECEN 5224 High Speed Digital Design www.beTheSignal.com