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Prof. Suvranu De
Four-noded
rectangular element
Reading assignment:
Summary:
u ST u4 u 2
v1 2 u2
y v 2
x d
y u3
Su
1 u1 v 3
v
x x u 4
u v
4
Summary: For each element
Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions
uNd
V
ST
f f
b S
Constant Strain Triangle (CST) : Simplest 2D finite element
v1
v3
1 u1
(x1,y1) (x3,y3)
v2 v u3
y u 3
(x,y)
u (x, y) N1(x, y) u1 N 2(x, y) u 2 N 3(x, y) u 3
u2
2 (x2,y2) v (x, y) N1(x, y) v1 N 2(x, y) v 2 N 3(x, y) v3
x
• 3 nodes per element
• 2 dofs per node (each node can move in x- and y- directions)
• Hence 6 dofs per element
Formula for vthe shape functions are
a1 b1 x c1 y
1
v3 N1
1 u1 2A
(x3,y3) a2 b2 x c2 y
(x1,y1)
N2
v2 v u3 2A
y u 3 a b x c3 y
(x,y)
N3 3 3
u2 2A
where 2 (x2,y2)
1 x1 y1
A area of triangle det 1 x 2 y2
1
2
1 x 3 y3
a1 x2 y3 x3 y2 b1 y2 y3 c1 x3 x2
a2 x3 y1 x1 y3 b2 y3 y1 c2 x1 x3
a3 x1 y2 x2 y1 b3 y1 y2 c3 x2 x1
Approximation of displacements
u1
uNd v
1
u (x, y) N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 u 2
u
v (x, y) 0 N1 0 N2 0 N 3 v 2
u 3
Approximation of the strains
v 3
u
x
x
v
y y Bd
xy u v
y
x
N1(x, y) N 2(x, y) N 3(x, y)
0 0 0
x x x b1 0 b2 0 b3 0
N1(x, y) N 2(x, y) N 3(x, y) 1
B 0 0 0 0 c1 0 c2 0 c3
y y y 2 A
N (x, y) N (x, y) N 2(x, y) N 2(x, y) N 3(x, y) N 3(x, y) c1 b1 c2 b2 c3 b3
1 1
y x y x y x
Element stiffness matrix
t
k e B D B dV
T
V
Since B is constant
A
f e N X dV e N T S dS
T T
V
ST
f f
b S
Class exercise
For the CST shown below, compute the vector of nodal loads due to surface traction
e N T S dS
T
f S ST
1
f S t
T
e
N T S dS
l13 along 2 3
y fS3y
fS2y fS2x fS3x
2 3 x
(0,0) py=-1 (1,0)
Class exercise
f S t
T
e
N T S dS
l13 along 2 3
1
0
TS
y fS3y 1
fS2y fS2x fS3x The only nonzero nodal loads are
1
2 3 x f S2 y t N 2 along 23 p y dx
x1 0
py=-1 f S3 y t N 3 along 23 p y dx
x 0
a b x c2 y a2 b2 x x3 y1 x1 y3 y3 y1 x
N 2 along 23 2 2
2A y 0 2A 2A
y1 y1 x y1 (1 x) y1 (1 x)
1 x1 y1 1 x1 y1 y1 ( x3 x2 )
det 1 x 2 y2 det 1 x 2 0
1 x 3 y3 1 x 3 0
1 x (can you derive this simpler?)
1
f S2 y t N 2 along 23 p y dx
x 0
1
t (1 x)(1) dx
x 0
t
2
Now compute
1
f S3 y t N 3 along 23 p y dx
x 0
4-noded rectangular element with edges parallel to the
coordinate axes:
(x4,y4) 4 3 (x3,y3)
4
u (x, y) N i (x, y)ui
v i 1
u 2b 4
(x,y) v (x, y) N i (x, y)vi
y i 1
1 2a 2 (x2,y2)
(x1,y1)
2b Similarly y y4
l1 ( y )
y1 y 4
N1 1 2 1 has the property
2a x l1 ( y1 ) 1
l1(x) l1 ( y 4 ) 0
1
Hence choose the shape function at node 1 as
x x2 y y 4
N1 l1 ( x)l1 ( y )
1
x x2 y y 4
x1 x 2 y1 y 4 4ab
Using similar arguments, choose
N1
1
x x2 y y 4
4ab
N2
1
x x1 y y3
4ab
N3
1
x x4 y y 2
4ab
N4
1
x x3 y y1
4ab
Properties of the shape functions:
1. The shape functions N1, N2 , N3 and N4 are bilinear functions
of x and y
N
i 1
i 1
4
N x
i 1
i i x
4
N
i 1
i yi y
3. Along lines parallel to the x- or y-axes, the shape functions
are linear. But along any other line they are nonlinear.
x x2 y y 4 x1 x y3 y x x4 y y 2 x3 x y1 y
Notice that the strains (and hence the stresses) are NOT constant within an element
Computation of the terms in the stiffness matrix of 2D elements (recap)
v4 v3
4
u4
3 The B-matrix (strain-displacement) corresponding to this element is
u3
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
v
N1 (x,y) N 2 (x,y) N 3 (x,y) N 4 (x,y)
y 0 0 0 0
u v2 x x x x
v1 (x,y) N1 (x,y) N 2 (x,y) N 3 (x,y) N 4 (x,y)
0
y
0
y
0
y
0
y
1 u1 2 u2 N1 (x,y) N1 (x,y) N 2 (x,y) N 2 (x,y) N 3 (x,y) N 3 (x,y) N 4 (x,y) N 4 (x,y)
y x y x y x y x
x
N1 (x,y)
0
x
B u1 N1 (x,y) ; and so on...
0 ; B v1
N (x,y) y
1 N (x,y)
y
1
x
The stiffness matrix corresponding to this element is
k e B D B dV
T
which has the following form
V
u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
u1 v1
k11 e Bu1 D Bu1 dV; k12 e Bu1 D Bv1 dV; k13 e Bu1 D Bu2 dV,...
T T T
V V V
4 3
Thickness (t) = 0.5 in
2 in E= 30×106 psi
n=0.25
1 2
x
3 in
This is exactly the same problem that we solved in last class, except
now we have to use a single 4-noded element
Realize that this is a plane stress problem and therefore we need to use
1 n 0 3.2 0.8 0
D
E
n 1 0 0.8 3.2 0 107 psi
1 n 2 1 n
0 0 0 0 1.2
2
x y
N1
1
x x2 y y4 ( x 3)( y 2) 0 0
4ab 6
N2
1
x x1 y y3 x( y 2) 3 0
4ab 6 3 2
N3
1
x x4 y y2 xy 0 2
4ab 6
N4
1
x x3 y y1 ( x 3) y
4ab 6
We have 4 nodes with 2 dofs per node=8dofs. However, 5 of these are fixed.
The nonzero displacements are
u2 u3 v3
k11 e Bu2 D Bu2 dV; k12 e Bu2 D Bu3 dV; k13 e Bu2 D Bv3 dV
T T T
V V V
k21 e Bu3 D Bu2 dV; k22 e Bu3 D Bu3 dV; k13 e Bu3 D Bv3 dV
T T T
V V V
k31 e Bv3 D Bu2 dV; k22 e Bv3 D Bu3 dV; k13 e Bv3 D Bv3 dV
T T T
V V V
Compute only the relevant columns of the B matrix
N 2 (2 y )
x 6
B u2 0 0
N 2 x
y 6
N 3 y
x 6
B u3 0 0
N 3 x
y 6
0 0
N x
B v3 3
y 6
N 3 y
x
6
k11 e Bu2 D Bu2 dV
T
V
2 y 5 2
3 2
0.5 (0.1067 108
0.533 10 7
)( ) 3.33 10 x dxdy
x 0 y 0
6
0.656 107
f 3 y 1000 f S3 y xy x
N 3 edge N 3 y 2
3
4 3
6 y 2 3
f S3 y t N 3 along (300) dx
x 0 edge 3 4
x 3
(0.5)(300) dx 4 3
x 0 3
3
150
2
225 lb
f 3 y 1000 f S3 y 1225 lb
How about a 9-noded rectangle?
Corner nodes
x(a x) y (b y ) x(a x) y (b y )
y 5 N1 N
2a 2 2b 2
2
2 2
2 a 2 b
2 a 1
a x(a x) y (b y ) x(a x) y (b y )
N 3 N
2b 2
4
b
2 2 2
2 a 2b 2 a
9 8
6 x
b Midside nodes
7 a 2 x 2 y (b y ) x(a x) b y
2 2
3 4 N5 N 6
a 2
2b 2
2a 2 b 2
a 2 x 2 y (b y ) x(a x) b y
2 2
N7 N8
2a b
2 2 2 2
a 2 b
Center node
a 2 x 2 b2 y 2
N9 2 2
a b