Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Amrit Virdee
MSNC-507-02B-SP18 - Statistics
older adults
(Smith, 2017) and approximately 62% of smartphone owners have used their
phone in the past year to look up health condition information (Lee, 2016).
Smartphones are increasingly being used by consumers to manage their health for
example, health and fitness apps, healthcare portals and more recently the
adoption of personal health records with iPhones. Privacy has been cited as one
of the biggest factors that bring down consumer ratings of mobile apps and the
poor attention of privacy and security is holding back the adoption of useful apps
information.
The primary basis of the study is based around the privacy of mobile
health apps on smartphones and the study tests the reliability and usability of
common user authentication techniques. Dr. Kelly Grindrod is the primary author
The research was conducted using usability testing in two age groups, 18
to 30 years and 50 years and older. The younger group was recruited through
and-sell website, whilst the older group was recruited through public libraries,
senior education sessions, senior computer clubs and community centers. All
Assessment (HLA) in order to assess health literacy and complete the Montreal
techniques, three of which were knowledge-based and one was biometric based.
The three knowledge-based techniques included 1) a four-digit pin where the user
created a sequence of four numbers and then used those four numbers to access
the phone (figure 1(a)), 2) a graphical password where the participant selected a
lock where the participant drew a pattern visualized as a line by connecting dots
measure 20 times while reading a health message between each entry. The test
app then captured data on whether the participant was successful in authenticating
on a task and the time it took to perform each successful authentication task.
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Figure 1: (a) Four-digit PIN, (b) Graphical password (c) Pattern-lock (d) Fingerprint
participants completed a System Usability Scale (SUS) test using a 5-item Likert
all four authentication techniques, they rated each technique using a questionnaire
(Appendix 3: S3 Questionnaire).
candidates were required to have used smartphones in the past as well as test
favorably for health literacy and cognition. This helps to reduce bias in the test
tests and Mann-Whitney U tests. For participants that successfully completed the
compare the time it took for each authentication method, the number of errors and
the success rate. All statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS (Version
24).
range whilst 59 were in the older range. Of the 102 participants, 62% were
Table 1: Success rate, time per authentication task, and errors per task PIN, PATTERN,
GRAPHICAL and FINGERPRINT authentication techniques.
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rate, authentication time and errors per attempt. The results show that the
graphical method had the highest login success rate (100%), the pattern method
had the least mean authentication time (3.44s) and hence was the quickest method
for access and the pin and graphical methods had the least number of errors per
Table 2: ANOVA comparing the average success rate, time per authentication
task, and errors per for PIN, PATTERN, GRAPHICAL and FINGERPRINT
authentication techniques (N = 86)
The results of the study illustrated that 100% of younger participants were
able to complete all trials of the pin, pattern and graphical methods and 98% of
only the older participants were only able to complete 100% of the graphical
method, 98% of the pattern and pin methods and 76% of the fingerprint method.
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age groups. Figure 1 displays the results illustrating that for young adults the pin
method had the highest SUS score whilst the graphical method had the lowest
SUS score. For old adults, the pin and pattern methods had the highest SUS
scores and the fingerprint method had the lowest SUS score.
Conclusions
The primary basis of the study is based around the privacy of mobile
health apps on smartphones and the study tests the reliability and usability of
mobile devices may adversely affect usability (Grindrod et al, 2017). The authors
techniques in younger and older participants. The study was able to conclude
differences between the younger and older participants, for example older
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The study also showed that older participants were also less likely to be
unclear as to why the difference in the fingerprint method but could have been
observation as older patients will likely start using health apps on their
smartphones. The paper also concluded that the pin and pattern method was the
The strengths of the study were that a number statistical methods such as
order to assess health literacy and complete the Montreal Cognitive Assessment
the test set as well as ensure a level of consistency between the participants in
methods.
The sample size used was 102 participants and they the selection involved
two groups, an 18-30 and an over 50 group. The participants were chosen from
centers. The sample population used are from educated, English speaking
do not include patients with low levels of health or literacy who may be more
likely to use a health app. The sample size of 102 is also relatively small and may
References
tank/2017/01/12/evolution-of-technology/
2. Lee, J. (2016, January). Future of the Smartphone for Patients and Healthcare
fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756052/
3. Grindrod, K., Khan, H., Hengartner, U., Ong, S., Logan, A. G., Vogel, D., . . .
from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.018
9048#
e0189048. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189048
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Appendix
Please complete the following questionnaire. If you have difficulty, the research coordinator
can assist you. The following questions will help us understand more about you and your
experience with passwords.
1. The following is a list of password options. Select all options that you have used before:
PIN
o E.g., 1234 or 0984 or 2098 or 2093
Secure password of 8+ digits including a small letter, big letter, number and/or symbol
o E.g., AsoineN1%
Image-based passcode: selecting the right images or the right spots on provided images to
authenticate yourself;
Fingerprint
Pattern Lock
o E.g.
5. Do you need to enter a password to unlock a specific software program on your computer
(specify:)?
6. Do you own a regular cellphone such as a flip phone, not including smartphone?
Yes
No ---skip to question 9
8. What kind of password do you need to enter to unlock your regular cellphone?
PIN
Simple password
Secure password
Secure password remembered using a phrase
Pattern lock
Image based passcode
Fingerprint
I don’t need to enter a password, image based passcode, pattern or fingerprint
9. Do you own a smartphone such as an Apple iPhone, Samsung Galaxy or a Blackberry Z, etc?
Yes
No ---skip to question 13
11. What kind of password do you need to enter to unlock your smartphone?
PIN
Simple password
Secure password
Secure password remembered using a phrase
Pattern lock
Image based passcode
Fingerprint
I don’t need to enter a password, image based passcode, pattern or fingerprint
12. Do you need to enter a password to unlock a specific software program on your smartphone
(specify)?
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13. Do you own a handheld tablet computer such as an Apple iPad or a Google Nexus or Samsung
Galaxy TAB?
Yes
No ---skip to question 17
15. What kind of password do you need to enter to unlock your tablet?
PIN
Simple password
Secure password
Secure password remembered using a phrase
Pattern lock
Image based passcode
Fingerprint
I don’t need to enter a password, image based passcode, pattern or fingerprint
16. Do you need to enter a password to unlock specific software program on your tablet (specify)?
17. Do you use the same password for multiple software programs on your personal computer,
smartphone and/or tablet computer?
Yes
No
I don’t own a computer, smartphone or tablet computer
18. How often do you write down your passwords and store them somewhere else?
Always
Very Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
22. How often do you have difficulty entering/typing your password into your smartphone or tablet
computer?
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Always
Very Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
I don’t own a smartphone or tablet computer
Note: The following questions help us to ensure that we include a variety of people in our
study. You can choose to not answer the question if you’d like.
24. What is your annual household income (the combined income of all individuals living in your home)?
Less than $20,000
$20,000-$49,999
$50,000-$79,999
More than $80,000
I don’t know/refuse to answer
26. Which of the following best represents your ethnicity (select all that apply):
Caucasian
Aboriginal
Black
Arab
Chinese
Japanese
Korean
West Asian
South Asian
Southeast Asian
Filipino
Hispanic/Latino
Other (Explain):
Running Head: EVALUATING AUTHENTIATION OPTIONS
15
27. Do you have chronic health conditions in the past three months?
Yes (Please specify: _________________________________________)
No
**Thank you for completing this questionnaire. The research coordinator will now perform a
short assessment of your health literacy. Please notify the research coordinator that you are
ready to begin the assessment.
Word
1. Kidney 4. Nutrition 7. Alcoholism 10. Dose 13. Directed 16. Diagnosis
2. Occupation 5. Miscarriage 8. Pregnancy 11. Hormones 14. Nerves 17. Hemorrhoids
3. Medication 6. Infection 9. Seizure 12. Abnormal 15.Constipation 18. Syphilis
Research Coordinator: The following is a short assessment of your health literacy. (A score between
0 and 14 suggests the examinee has low health literacy). Look at the list of words you have. Read
the first word out loud. Next, I’ll read two words and I’d like you to tell me which of the two words is
more similar to or has a closer association with the word you just read. If you don’t know, please say
‘I don’t know’. Don’t guess.
Next, read the second word… (Continue until the list is complete).
Session: PIN*
1. PIN
E.g., 1234 or 0984 or 2098 or 2093
5. Image Based Passcode: select the right spot on provided images in certain order;
6. Fingerprint
7. Pattern lock
E.g.
1. In your daily life, do you agree: “it is important to secure your personal health
information using a PIN or Password”?
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
2. When you want to protect your personal health information on a computer or mobile
device, what type of password do you typically use?
PIN
Simple password
Secure password
Secure password remembered using a phrase
Image based passcode
Pattern lock
Fingerprint
I don’t use a password, image based passcode, pattern or fingerprint
3. Given the choice, when you want to protect your personal health information on a
computer or mobile device, what type of password do you most prefer to use on a
mobile device?
PIN
Simple password
Secure password
Secure password remembered using a phrase
Image based passcode
Pattern lock
Fingerprint
The following questions are about your experience using the PIN (the following
questions were also used for GRAPHICAL, PATTERN, and FINGERPRINT).
4. How secure do you think a PIN is compared to no password to unlock your mobile
device?
Much more secure
Somewhat more secure
Not more or less secure
Somewhat less secure
Much less secure
I don’t know
5. How secure do you think a PIN is compared to the type of password you typically
use in your daily life?
Much more secure
Somewhat more secure
Not more or less secure
Somewhat less secure
Much less secure
I don’t know
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6. Rate your agreement with the following statements about the PIN method?
Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Agree Disagree
I think entering PIN takes a lot of
time
I think PIN method is annoying
I think the PIN method is tiring
7. Rate your agreement with the following statements about the PIN method?
# Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Disagree
1 I think I would use the PIN
frequently
2 I found the PIN
unnecessary complex
3 I found the PIN easy to use
4 I think I would need the
support of a technical
person to be able to use the
PIN method
5 I thought there was too
much inconsistency in using
the PIN method
6 I would imagine most
people would learn to use
the PIN very quickly
7 I found the PIN very
cumbersome to use
8 I felt confident using the PIN
9 I needed to learn a lot of
things before I could get
going with the PIN
10 I found the PIN was well
integrated with the various
functions of the task.
1. On a scale of 0 to 10, rate how much you liked each method that you tried (0=did
not like at all; 10 liked very much).
(Most preferred)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(Least preferred)
3. (If there is mismatch ranking between question 1 and 2): I noticed that you
ranked the [e.g., PIN] highest but you liked the [e.g., fingerprint] more. Why
is that?
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4. What did you like and dislike about each method you tried:
Like Dislike
PIN
Picture
Pattern
Fingerprint
5. What are some scenarios where a particular scheme would not work in
your life?