Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2018
365
High temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) occurs in steels exposed to high temperature
(>200°C [400°F]), high pressure hydrogen and involves surface decarburization, internal
decarburization, and/or intergranular cracking. Hydrogen attack is an irreversible
process causing permanent damage, which results in degradation of mechanical
properties and possible failure including leakage, bursting, fire, and/or explosion.
(3) Investigation of the effects of carbon content and alloying element content, heat
treatment, hot and cold working, welding processes, and postweld heat treatment
(PWHT) on hydrogen attack susceptibility;
(7) Calculation of hydrogen diffusion and methane pressure through the wall
thickness of the one-side hydrogen exposure assembly;
The effects of carbon content, alloying element content, heat treatment, welding,
postweld heat treatment, and hot and cold working on hydrogen attack susceptibility
were investigated. It was demonstrated that low carbon content and the addition of
carbide-forming elements (Mn, V, Cr) in steel enhances the resistance to hydrogen
attack.
In C-0.5Mo weldments, the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) was
observed to be the region which is most susceptible to hydrogen attack. More extensive
hydrogen attack cracks were found in a CGHAZ with low heat input (13.8 kJ/cm
[35 kJ/in], SMAW) than in a CGHAZ with high heat input (39.4 kJ/cm [100 kJ/in],
SMAW). Hydrogen attack susceptibility in the CGHAZ was reduced by postweld heat
treatment. Low-carbon weld metal and the fine-grained HAZ regions (FGHAZ) were
demonstrated to be minimally susceptible to hydrogen attack.
For microstructure characterization, CCT diagrams were developed for two heats
of C-0.5Mo steel (0.21 wt.% C and 0.15 wt.% C) under heat treatment and welding
conditions (slow and fast heating rates, respectively) using Gleeble thermal simulation
and high speed dilatometry. Microstructures and carbides were studied for select
tempered materials using OLM, SEM, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
coupled with convergent electron beam diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy
(EDS). The predominant carbides were identified as M3C for the service-exposed heats
and N&T materials. During prolonged tempering or PWHT (621°C [1150°F], 15 h),
carbide evolution occurred from M3C carbides to M23C6 and Mo2C type carbides. M23C6
and Mo2C type carbides are more stable in comparison to M3C and can enhance
hydrogen attack resistance.
Methane evolution was investigated by using autoclave exposure testing and
methane determination. The results indicated that methane formation starts at the
beginning of hydrogen exposure at 454°C (850°F), 3.4 MPa (500 psi) H2. An in-situ
methane bubble nucleation mechanism was proposed based on the volume change
caused by hydrogen-carbide reactions.
The equilibrium methane pressure distribution through the wall of the one-side exposure
assembly was calculated using a model developed from the relevant equations
pertaining to hydrogen diffusion and thermodynamics of methane formation. Using a
criterion relating methane pressure to sintering force (PCH4 > 2s/r), the maximum damage
depths at different wall thicknesses in the one-side exposure assembly were calculated
and were demonstrated to be consistent with the measured results.
Based on a review of the data used for development of the C-0.5Mo Nelson Curve, it was
found that the C-0.5Mo Nelson Curve in API Publication 941 was defined based on an
insufficient and unreliable database. According to the database generated in this
research, a modified hydrogen attack limit (Nelson Curve) was defined for C-0.5Mo steel,
below which hydrogen attack might not occur for approximately 28 years. The modified
hydrogen attack limit (for C-0.5Mo steel) is below the carbon steel Nelson Curve in API
Publication 941. Because hydrogen attack is a time-dependent process, it is suggested
that the time for safe operation should be stated on Nelson Curves.
A model for hydrogen attack limits for C-0.5Mo steel was developed by applying a
critical value of −9.0 to a previously published hydrogen attack parameter (Pw). The
hydrogen attack limit calculated from the model satisfies the modified hydrogen attack
limit defined in this research. Based on this model, the exposure time for the C-0.5Mo
Nelson Curve published in API Publication 941 was determined as 10,500 h
(14 months). This further indicates that the C-0.5Mo Nelson Curve defined in API
Publication 941 is not valid for long term operating conditions. The developed model
emphasizes that hydrogen attack is a time dependent process. In addition to the
operating temperature and hydrogen partial pressure, safe operational times should be
stated on the Nelson Curves
[1] Maximum damaged depth is the maximum extent (depth), measured relative to the ID
surface, of hydrogen damage through the wall thickness of a component, as observable
by SEM.
$225.00
Characterization of Crack Surface Morphology of Reheat and Hydrogen Assisted Cracks in
Submerged Arc Weld Deposits of 2-1/4Cr-1Mo-V (22V) Steels
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