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In the case of interconnected applications, reactive power is supplied by the grid, but in the case
of stand alone or isolated mode applications, reactive power must be supplied by the load itself
or can be supplied by the externally connected capacitors or by electronic controlled inverters.
In self excited induction generator, a capacitor bank either in star or delta is connected in
parallel with the induction generators terminals. When the rotor speed exceeds the synchronous
speed, the residual magnetic field in the rotor initiates a voltage across the induction generator
terminals which is further augmented by the capacitor current to continuous rise in voltage as
these external capacitors reinforce the magnetic field and system builds up an increasing
excitation. With the increase in speed, the capacitor impedance decreases and excitation
increases which results in increase in terminal voltage of the induction generator. This rise in
Prof.L.V.Bagale, EEP Department Special Purpose Machine, TE (EEP) 3
(2160913)
voltage is limited due to the saturation of magnetic circuit of the machine. Therefore, to built up
the voltage; there must be some residual magnetism present in the rotor of induction generator.
In the absence of residual magnetism, the voltage will not build up in induction generator.
Capacitors in self excited induction generators serve the purpose of providing leading reactive
power to supply the magnetizing current. The exact requirement of the capacitance depends
upon the value of kVAr required. The use of static capacitors for providing leading reactive
power for SEIG is mostly adopted, and the exact requirement of these capacitors in SEIG is
calculated in number of ways.The minimum capacitance Cmin,. Is inversely proportional to the
square of speed and also inversely proportional to the maximum saturated magnetizing
reactance and the terminal capacitance required under the loaded condition of the induction
generator. It is significantly higher than the corresponding no load value as it is affected by load
impedance, power factor and speed of induction machine. The maximum power output from
the isolated SEIG depends upon its terminal capacitance and the speed of the generator. There
must be a threshold speed below which no excitation is possible, whatever the capacitor value
may be. This speed is called the cut off speed. Due to the high cost of the capacitors and their
maintenance needs, SEIGs are economically suitable for small power plants feeding isolated
loads. In case of grid connected generators, the reactive power is drawn from the grid and also
the voltage and frequency of grid connected induction generators are fixed which results in
easier analysis.
The analysis of SEIG connected in isolated mode is little bit difficult as the voltage and
frequency of SEIG is not fixed, but depend upon factors such as speed, magnetization
characteristics, excitation capacitance and load. Excitation requirements for a three-phase self-
excited induction generator supplying a single phase load will be different as only two
capacitors are used for excitation in the circuit. For low power applications using wind-turbine
driven stand-alone induction generator, the excitation requirement setup consists of fixed
capacitor bank and fixed frequency PWM inverter setup with battery backup which adapts to
rotor speed or load variation and maintains the voltage and frequency constant.
Here Vnl is the no load voltage and Vfl is the full load voltage.
The voltage regulation up is normally used in case of transformers.
Prof.L.V.Bagale, EEP Department Special Purpose Machine, TE (EEP) 5
(2160913)
Consider general formula for voltage regulation down as
The voltage regulation is normally used in case of alternators and power system calculations.
The ideal voltage regulation is 0%. It should be as low as possible for proper operation of the
electrical devices.
VOLTAGE REGULATION TECHNIQUES
Series Capacitor Scheme
In series capacitor scheme, a capacitor of suitable value is connected in series with the load such
that capacitor VAR increases with the load.