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MECHANICS
Chapter 1
Content
Flow of Water In Soil
Effective Stress Concept
Stresses in a Soil Mass
Stresses due to Surface Loads
Compressibility of Soil
Shear Strength of Soil
FLOW OF WATER IN SOIL
SOIL
assemblage of solid particles with
interconnected voids through which water can flow
from a point of high energy to a point of low energy.
Significance:
Significance:
Compressibility
Bearing Capacity
Stability of Embankments
Lateral Earth Pressures on Retaining
Structures
Stress in Saturated Soil Without
Seepage
QUESTION:
Portion carried
by the soil solids
at their points of
contact
Effective Stress
Let
as - fraction of the unit cross-sectional area
occupied by the solid-to-solid contact
Such that
as = as1 + as2 + as3 + … + an
Then
(1-as) - the fraction of the space occupied by water
Total Stress Formulation
Expressing the total stress in terms of effective stress and
pore water pressure,
' u 1 as
' u
Effective Stress Formulation
' u
' H A H ( SAT W )
Height of soil column '
Variation of σ, σ’ and u with depth for a
submerged soil layer without seepage…
Variation of σ, σ’ and u with depth for a
submerged soil layer without seepage…
Stress in Saturated Soil With Seepage
Case 1: UPWARD SEEPAGE
Stress in Saturated Soil With Seepage
Case 1: UPWARD SEEPAGE
Stress in Saturated Soil With Seepage
Case 1: UPWARD SEEPAGE
Stress in Saturated Soil With Seepage
Case 2: DOWNWARD SEEPAGE
At any point C,
Seepage Force
Effect of
Effective Effective
Case Seepage
Stress Force
Force
No Seepage
P1A = zγ’A
zγ’
izγWA
PROBLEM I
Calculate the total stress, pore water pressure and effective
stress at points A, B and C.
PROBLEM 2
A 20-ft thick layer of stiff saturated clay is underlain by a layer
of sand. The sand is under artesian pressure. Calculate the
maximum depth of cut H that can be made in the clay to
maintain its stability.
STRESSES IN A SOIL MASS
Importance:
Calculation of Settlement
Normal and Shear Stress on a Plane
Principal Stresses
Solving for θ so that τN becomes zero, we obtain the following:
Special Case
PROBLEM
Problem
STRESSES DUE TO SURFACE LOADS
Assumptions:
Semi-infinite
Homogeneous
Linear
Isotropic
Elastic
Stresses due to Point Loads
Stresses due to Point Loads
Stresses due to Point Loads
Stresses due to Point Loads
Vertical Stress Distribution
PROBLEM
Consider a point load P = 5 kN. Calculate
the vertical stress increase(Δσz) at z = 0, 2
m, 4 m, 6 m, 10 m, and 20 m. Given x = 3 m
and y = 4m.
Stresses due to Line Loads
Stresses due to Uniformly Loaded Areas
Note:
Soil element is at a point directly below the
center of the uniformly loaded circular area.
Stresses due to Uniformly Loaded Areas
Uniformly loaded Rectangular Area
Note:
Soil element is at a point directly below a corner
of the uniformly loaded rectangular area.
PROBLEM
Determine the increase of stress at point A
due to two line loads on the surface.
Types:
Also,
Recall
Substituting vz :
Recall: Void Ratio
Change in volume of soil element = Change in volume of voids
Substituting to
Coefficient of Consolidation, cv
Rearranging the equation such that:
Also, the average degree of consolidation for the entire depth of the clay at any
time t can be estimated by:
PROBLEM 1
A soil profile is shown. A
surcharge load of 2500 lb/ft2 is
applied on the ground surface.
a. What is the average degree of consolidation for the clay layer when
the settlement is 3 in?
b. If the average value of cv for the pressure range is 0.003 cm2/sec, how
long will it take for 50% consolidation to occur?
c. If the 15-ft clay layer is drained on both sides, how long will it take for
the 50% consolidation to occur?
PROBLEM 3 & 4
A 3-meter thick layer (double drainage) of saturated clay under a
surcharge loading underwent 90% primary consolidation in 75 days. Find
the coefficient of consolidation of clay for the pressure range.
For a 30-mm thick undisturbed clay specimen as described in previous
question, how long will it take to undergo 90% consolidation in the
laboratory for a similar consolidation pressure range? The laboratory test
specimen will have two-way drainage.
PROBLEM 5
A 10-ft thick clay layer in the field under a given surcharge will undergo 7
in. of total primary consolidation settlement. If the first 4 in. of
settlement takes 90 days, estimate the time required for the first 2 in. of
settlement.
PROBLEM 6
For a normally consolidated clay,
The hydraulic conductivity, k, of the clay for the loading range is 2.0 x 10-
4 ft/day. How long (in days) will it take for a 12-ft thick layer (drained on
one side) in the field to reach 60% consolidation?
SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL
In trigonometry,