Design of A New Fractal

DESIGN OF MIMO ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
IN
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Sudhanshu Kumar (BE/15167/14)

Shekhar Kumar (BE/15200/14)
Aditya Nath Pandey (BE/15005/14)
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGEENIRING

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MESRA,
PATNA CAMPUS-800014
2018
DECLARATION CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work presented in the thesis entitled “DESIGN OF
MIMO ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION” in partial fulfillment
of the requirement of the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engeeneering
in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Birla Institute of
Technology, Mesra, Patna campus is an authentic work carreid out under
my supervision and guidance.
To the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis that not

form basis for the award of any previous degree to anyone else.
Date:
Dr. Megha Dadel

Project Guide
Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
Patna campus
Head Co-ordinator
Dept. of Electronics & Communication (Under Graduate)
Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra Mesra,
Patna Campus Patna Campus
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The foregoing thesis entitled “Design of MIMO Antenna for Wireless

Communication” is hereby approved as a certificate study of research topic
and has been presented in satisfactory manner to warrant its acceptance as
prerequisite to the degree for which it has been submitted.
It is understood that by approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse

any conclusion drawn or opinions expressed therein, but approve the thesis
for the purpose for which it is submitted.
(Internal examiner) (External Examiner)
(Chairman)
Head of the Department
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our group has worked in the direction of the completion of this project though it is
not possible to complete a project without a proper assistance and guidance of other
people this one is certainly not an exception.
On this very outset of this report, we would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt
obligation towards all the personages who have helped me in this endeavour.
We are ineffably indebted to Dr Megha Dadel for her valuable guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project and
also for their support in completing the project.
We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents and members of the BIT
for their kind co-operation and encouragement which helped us in this project.
At last but not the list we would like to express our gratitude towards our friends and
colleagues who willingly helped us in completing this project.
Sudhanshu Kumar (BE/167/14

Shekhar Kumar (BE/200/14)
Aditya Nath Pandey(BE/15005/14)
ABSTRACT
In this article, a new fractal -like tree structure patch antenna is presented. The
introduced antenna designed to meet the requirement of Ultrawideband (UWB) and
the 5th generation (5G) multiband technology. The presented -like antenna
construction is based on scaled versions of circular patch antenna and rectangular
connectors. The antenna is designed on a low cost Rogers RT/duroid 5880™
substrate, and is fed by 50 – ohm microstrip line. The proposed antenna resonates at
five different bands at -10dB return loss. Also, the antenna radiates with constant
radiation pattern characteristics at the different frequency bands. The antenna
simulated using high frequency structure simulator software (HFSS). The antenna is
also manufactured and the measurement results show a high resemblance with the
simulation results.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPICS Page No
A.DECLARATION CERTIFICATE i
B.CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ii
C.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
D.ABSTRACT iv
E.TABLE OF CONTENTS v
F. LIST OF FIGURES vi
G.LIST OF ABBREVIATION vii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1 UWB Technology
1.1 Two modulation modes of UWB
1.2 Medical UWB History
1.3 Fractals as Antenna
1.3.1 Wideband Fractal Antenna
1.4 Antenna Designs
1.4.1 Prnted Slot Anetenna
1.4.2 Printed Dipole Antenna
1.4.3 Directional UWB Antennas
1.4.4 Dual Printed Wideband Antenna
1.4.5 Design Solutions to improve
Antenna Bandwidth
2 Metamaterial Antenna
3 Future work : Applications in UWB
3.1 Wearable Antennas.
3.2 Dielectric and conductive Textile material for
UWB Antennas
3.3 Dielectric for Wearable Antennas
3.4 All Textile Wearable Antennas
4. Dielectric Resonator Antennas
4.1 Broadband DRA’s
4.2 High Gain DRA’s
5. The Proposed Antenna Model (Sierpinski Antenna)
6 . Results And Conclusion
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1. U-shaped patch antenna with U-slot
Fig 2. Printed Wideband monopole slot antenna
Fig 3. Compact UWB P-shaped wide slot antenna
Fig 4. CPW fed printed binomial wide slot antenna

Fig 5. Printed double sided round bow tie antenna
Fig 6. Low Profile directional self grounded bow tie
Antenna
Fig 7. Geometry of Magnetoelectric dipole for uni-
directional UWB.
Fig 8. Geometry of dual polarised Wideband
directional coupled loop antenna
Fig 9. Printed antenna with Trapiziform Ground Plane
Fig 10. Miniatured UWB printed Monopole antenna
with dome- topped.
Fig 11. Geometry of small Metamaterial Antenna.
Fig 12. UWB antenna employing Metamaterial to
realise notched band
Fig 13. A Metamaterial for cells UWB antenna
Fig 14. A Triple band e- Textile antenna
Fig 15. Geometry of UWB All Textile antenna
Fig 16. Geometry of all Textile UWB- Antenna
with low back radiation
Fig 17. Geometry of the SW Cavity backed slot
Wearable textile antenna
Fig 18. Rectangular DRA on a metallic ground plane
Fig 19. Geometry of the plastic based super shaped
Dielectric resonator antenna
Fig 20. Geometry of wide band high gain stacked
cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna
Fig 21. DRA working on circular patch
Fig 22. DRA excited by electric probe
Fig 23. Geometry of High Gain Mushroom shaped
Dielectric resonator antenna.
List O
INTRODUCTION
1. UWB Technology
Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio is an emerging technology with some unique attractive features
which are combined with researches in other fields such as wireless communications, radar, and
medical engineering fields. Formally before 2001, UWB's application is limited mainly in military
areas. However, since 2002, FCC has gradually allowed the commercial usage of these
bandwidths, which makes it possible that every common people could benefit the UWB features.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulate that the frequency for the UWB technique
is from 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz in America . However, in Europe , the frequencies include two parts:
from 3.4 GHz to 4.8 GHz and 6 GHz to 8.5 GHz. The power radiation requirement of UWB is
strict and it would not disturb the existing equipments because UWB's spectrum looks like
background noise. The UWB spectrum mask defined by FCC and the CEPT proposal.
The patch antenna popularly used in communication system due to their various advantages. The
patch antennas characterised by its simple design, low profile, high efficiency, and low fabrication
cost. Early patch antenna designs suffer from some drawbacks, including the relatively large size
and the narrow bandwidth, specially for thin substrates.
Different structure and design have been introduced to overcome the deficiencies in the
characteristics of the patch antenna and to provide a wider bandwidth. An example of the
techniques used to reduce the antenna size are adding a shorting wall along the null in the electric
field across the centre of the patch, adding a shorting pin near the antenna feed, using slots and/or
slit in the patch or the ground plane.
Furthermore, the enhancement can be achieved through impedance – matching networks, parasitic
patches on the top of the main patch, and numerous modification of the radiatior shape such using
and circle, and triangle -shaped.
Because of the rapid increase in the data rates and bandwidth of the advanced communication
system, the design of Ultrawideband (UWB) and multiband antenna became an essential
requirement. In Ref.[2]. The authors presented an E-shaped patch antenna with a mix between an
L-shaped and H-shaped ground plane the proposed antenna in Ref.[2], the band from 1 to 8 GHz
for the -10 db return loss this proposed antenna is suitable for L-band S-Band and C-Band
communication system.
On the other hand, fractal geometry is an effective method of fabricating multiband and low profile
antennas. The scaling and self similarity in fractal shape antenna enables multiband and broadband
properties as well as the miniature side of the antennas. The complex shapes and discontinuities
of fractals lead to a larger bandwidth and radiation of antennas.Koch, Sierpinski, Minkowski,
Hilbert, and Cantor arrays are examples of multiband antenna configuration based on fractal
geometry in recent years. InRef.[5], the authors presented several configurations of fractal antenna
like, Sierpinski carpet, modified Sierpinski gasket and Koch Snowflake. Another fractal shape
antenna is proposed in Ref.[6] where, the proposed antenna is designed to operate in the 1800 to
2400 GHz band, which is suitable for GSM and WLAN systems.
Circular patch is considered as one of the most popular patch antennas. In a lot of attention by the
researchers as a single element and array too. Unlike to rectangular patch, circular patch has only
one dimension to control, which does not change the mode, but it affects the resonant frequency.
In Ref.[7] a simple three band circular patch antenna with two curved slotting is presented. The
proposed antenna in Ref [7] gives return loss of -35.80 Db, 42.39 Db, and -44.98 Db at the different
resonance frequencies 8.96,14.44, and 18.97 GHz, respectively.
This project presents a novel multiband fractal like patch antenna. The proposed antenna operates
in five different wide bands. The operating bands are 1.7 GHz to 7 GHz, from 8 GHz to 10 GHz,
from 10.5 GHz to 12 GHz, from 13 GHz to 16 GHz and finally from 19.3 GHz to 23 GHz. These
bands are suitable for many applications in L, S, C and Ku bands such as global positioning system
(GPS). Satellite mobile phones, surface ship radar and some satellite communications system
specially those of NASA for communication with ISS and space shuttle, radar applications
including continuous wave, pulsed, single polarisation, dual polarisation, synthetic aperture radar,
and phased arrays. X-band radar frequency subbands are used in civil, military and government
institutions for weather monitoring, air traffic control, maritime vessel traffic control, defence
tracking and vehicle speed detection for law enforcement and 5G technology, which became the
future of mobile communication, many companies are looking into the technologies that could be
used to become part of the system. In addition to this a number of universities have set up 5G
research units focused on developing the technologies for 5G.
1.1 Two modulation modes of UWB
With the abundant frequency resource, the UWB has two modulation modes: the Impulse Radio
(IR) and Multi-band OFDM .They have different advantages and could be applied in different
fields in medical area. MB-OFDM mode of UWB could be used for small range high speed data
communications. For IR mode, by using low-power ultra-short pulses (sub-nanosecond interval),
UWB has many applications: short-range high-speed broadband access to the Internet, accurate
localization at centimeter level, and high resolution penetrating radar in the medical engineering
et al. In these applications the accuracy detection and location is much adapt to the medical
monitor, and the high resolution imaging is suitable for pathologic imaging, which is modulated
by the IR. So the UWB technology attracts more and more researchers' interest in the medical
applications area. In a word, the two modes of UWB modulation illustrate the two main function
of UWB: Sensing and Communicating.
For a multiband system, information on each of the sub-bands can be transmitted using either
single-carrier (pulse-based) or multi-carrier (OFDM) techniques.
Single-carrier multiband systems transmit information by modulating the phase of a very narrow
pulse. The main advantage of this type of system is that the transmitter has a very simple design.
Some disadvantages are that it is difficult to collect significant multi-path energy using a single
RF chain; switching time requirements can be very stringent (less than 100 ps) at both the
transmitter and receiver; the receiver signal processing is very sensitive to group delay variations
introduced by analog front-end components; and spectral resources are potentially wasted in
order to avoid narrowband interference.
Impulse radio, a form of ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) spread-spectrum signaling, has properties
that make it a viable candidate for short-range communications in dense multipath environments.
This paper describes the characteristics of impulse radio using a modulation format that can be
supported by currently available impulse signal technology and gives analytical estimates of its
multiple-access capability under ideal multiple-access channel conditions.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing or OFDM is another use of UWB. It lets you run
thousands of signals at data rates of over 250 megabits per second. Demodulating the signals is
computationally intensive. But by sending out the signals across at least 500 MHz, there is little
interference with each of these signals. This broad signal is essential for the lower UWB band so
that UWB antennas don’t interfere with the GPS and satellite communications using the spectrum
below 6 GHz.
There are two engineering challenges with ultrawide band antennas. The first problem is
bandwidth. The antenna has to work over several gigahertz of bandwidth. The second problem is
the Q, the bandwidth of the antenna relative to the center frequency of the bandwidth. Resonant
antennas are usually high-Q. For UWB Vivaldi antennas, it takes a fraction of a second for the
antenna impedance to stabilize. This doesn’t matter if you’re sending amateur radio signals, but
this affects the signal when the UWB antenna is used for a high speed data network or high
resolution radar system. The fraction of a second it takes to warm up to the full impedance means
the transmitter and antenna impedance is a lot different for the short signals than it would for a
CW signal. This type of quick modulating signal also requires voltage to build up, which delays
the signal being sent. This both lengthens and delays the data being sent often in applications
where response time is essential.
Some of the early uses of UWB antennas were UHF TV, cell phones and GPS. GPS shifted off
ultra wide band antennas early on because it interfered with the navigation systems
recommended by the FAA. Sensor data collection and location tracking applications sometimes
use the UWB frequency range today.
Fig 2. U shaped patch Antenna with U Slot extended in a circular square ground plane
1.2 Medical UWB History
Applying Ultra-WideBand (UWB) technology in medical applications is an emerging research

trend in recent years. First attempt of using UWB radar in medical applications is in human body
monitoring and imaging in 1993 . On August 9, 1994, the first US Patent application was filed for
medical UWB radar. One year later, MIT began an educational project for the â€œRadar
Stethoscope. In 1996, the biomedical use of UWB radars is better described with photo and sample
tracings, and in the same year, the US Patent was awarded. Since then, UWB is often deemed as a
possible alternative to remote sensing and imaging. Compared with X-ray imaging, UWB radar
probes use non-ionizing electromagnetic waves which proved to be harmless to human body.
Moreover, the UWB radar has very low average power level and is very power efficient. Thus is
suitable to be a potentially cost effective way of human body imaging, especially in real time
imaging. By 1999, many works have begun for UWB medical applications in cardiology,
obstetrics, breath pathways and arteries.
1.3 Fractals as Antennas
All the basic trigonometric shapes are already utilized in antenna design and their radiation
mechanisms are well explored. And we also know that any arbitrarily random shape can pick
up EM waves. So why not have a discipline in chaos. That means, using fractals as antennas
may offer better radiation pattern and may also offer more controlling parameters to designer.
Fractal antennas are multi-resonant and smaller in size. Qualitatively, multi-band characteristics
have been associated with the self-similarity of the geometry and Hausdorff dimensions are
associated with size. Research towards quantitative relation between antenna properties and
fractal parameters is going on extensively. Any variation of fractal parameters has direct impact
on the primary resonant frequency of the antenna, its input resistance at this frequency, and the
ratio of the first two resonant frequencies. In other words, these antenna features can be
quantitatively linked to the fractal dimension of the geometry. This finding can lead to increased
flexibility in designing antennas using these geometries. These results have been experimentally
validated.
A fractal antenna's response differs markedly from traditional antenna designs, in that it is
capable of operating with good-to-excellent performance at many different frequencies
simultaneously. Normally standard antennas have to be "cut" for the frequency for which they
are to be used—and thus the standard antennas only work well at that frequency. This makes
the fractal antenna an excellent design for wideband and multi-band applications.
1.3.1 Wideband Fractal Antenna
It is intuitive that the self similarity property of fractals will result in multiple resonances. The
multiple resonances can be converted into wide band characteristics by bringing the resonance
frequencies closer and letting the bands overlap. If the fractal parameters are controlled properly,
this can be achieved.
In general, for any antenna to have wide band characteristics, the parameters discussed below
have to be taken into account.
The impedance bandwidth of a microstrip antenna can be determined from frequency response
of its equivalent circuit. For parallel-type resonance, the half power bandwidth is given as:
2G
BW = dB
ω
dw
where Y = G + jB is the input impedance at the resonance frequency.
.
This bandwidth is also defined as VSWR ~ 2 bandwidth. Hence, in terms of VSWR,
VSWR−1
BW = Q√VSWR
where Q is the quality factor of the structure. As Q decreases, the system becomes lossier and
bandwidth increases. Hence, if εr decreases, BW increases and if thickness of substrate increases,
bandwidth again decreases. Further achievement of antenna bandwidth can be obtained by
increasing gap coupling or direct coupling with the ground plane. And slow resistance
transformation also helps in increasing bandwidth.
1.4 ANTENNA DESIGNS
The design started with the square patch antenna in the first stage. This is called as the zero
order. The patch is assumed to be made up of nine small and equal size square structures. As
a first iteration, two such small squares are indented in the center. This produces the first order.
Next iteration gives the second order which is shown in Figure 1. By doing so, it is observed
that the length of the perimeter of the patch is increased and the metal area of the structure
has reduced than the original. The second iteration is performed by considering each small
square patch as made up of nine smaller square patches and repeating the same procedure as
done in the first iteration leading to the second iteration. Similar concepts are discussed and
experimented in [4-6] and [8]. Antenna is designed assuming to be fabricated on FR4 substrate
with relative permittivity of 4.4.
1.4.1 Printed Slot Antennas
Recently, printed slot antennas have been introduced because they are very attractive for
wideband and UWB applications, especially the so-called printed wide-slot monopole
antennas (see Figure 3(a)), which usually consist of a monopole (see Figure 3(b)) and a slot
realized in a metal frame acting as ground plane (see Figure 3(c)). In fact, printed slot antennas
typically exhibit wide impedance bandwidths and low near-field coupling which make them
very suitable for the reduction of the EMC/EMI problems with the nearby devices and objects.
However, wideband performances and compact low-profile antennas are generally conflicting
requirements that lead to a trade-off between the bandwidth and the antenna size. For this
reason, many efforts have been done in literature for reducing the dimensions of slot antennas
keeping the same wideband performances . To this purpose, several slots geometries, such as
square, rectangular, triangular, circular, and elliptical together with suitable excitation
techniques making use of cross, fork, triangle, square, and arc monopoles, have been
employed and investigated.
Fig 3. Printed Wideband Monopole Slot Antenna (a)Monopole Shapes (b)Frame Geometries
(c) Adopted to realize printed wide monopole slot antenna
The structure has a dimensions of about (22mm×24mm×1.6mm).The obtained operational

bandwidth, which ranges between 3 and 11.2 GHz (FBW = 115.5%) covering the UWB
applications, has been optimized by choosing adequate monopole and slot geometries. In
particular, the rectangular monopole shows a better coupling with respect to rounded
monopoles, while the tapered slot exhibits a larger impedance bandwidth than circular,
elliptical, and square slots, as the current paths around the tapered slot edges are longer.
Moreover, the gap between the monopole and the metal frame, illustrated in Figure 3(a), has
been opportunely set in order to increase the coupling between the microstrip feeding line and
the radiating slot. These characteristics have been carried out using the full-wave MoM-based
IE3D [87]. Realized gain ranges between 5.4 and 9.8 dBi, while the radiation patterns at lower
frequencies show low cross-polarization (-20db) levels. However, when the frequencies
increase the polarization purity reduces. Finally, the antenna group delay variations are below
1.3 ns, which can be retained acceptable in UWB communications systems.
A more compact printed wide-slot antenna has been proposed. In fact, the structure having
dimensions of (16mm×16mm), where is the free-space wavelength at the central frequency)
is suitable to cover the 4.5–10.9 GHz frequency band (FBW = 83%) for breast cancer
detection and medical imaging. The antenna, formed by a p-shaped slot excited by a
rectangular monopole, is printed on a Rogers substrate of thickness 1.27 mm () and dielectric
permittivity of 10.2. A 50Ω microstrip feeding line connected to a SMA connector is used for
the excitation of the antenna.
Fig 4. A compact UWB P-shaped wide slot antenna for cancer detection, Dark grey upper
metal face, medium grey bottom metal face, and light grey dielectric substrate.
The structure has been analyzed and designed with the full-wave FIT-based CST Microwave
Studio . Radiation patterns are typically donut-shaped and omnidirectional, resembling those
of a dipole antenna. The antenna responses to UWB signals reveal a low distortion of the
radiated field with values of the fidelity factor ranging within acceptable limits (>0.5).
As the bandwidth of printed wide-slot antennas is mainly affected by slots and monopoles
geometries, a deep investigation of binomial structures has been provided. In particular, six
kinds of antennas have been simulated and measured for different orders of the binomial
function (N=1), 2, 3, 6, 12, and infinite). In particular, when (N=1) the slot and the monopole
have a triangular shape, while they assume a rectangular shape when N tends to infinite. Some
examples of CPW-fed printed wide-slot antenna geometries for different values of the
binomial order are depicted
Fig 5. The CPW fed printed binomial wide slot antenna, Dark grey upper metal surface and
light grey dielectric substrate.
1.4.2 Printed Dipole Antennas
Although monopoles antennas present several advantages they do not radiate along their axes,
making an array of monopoles not suitable to radiate in that direction. This can be
disadvantageous if a radiating system, having a high-gain and compact dimensions, has to be
integrated into a low-profile host platform. To overcome these drawbacks printed dipole
antennas, having a proper geometry and equipped with a suitable metal screen, can be
advantageously used. To this end, in this section a brief description of the main design
solutions proposed in the literature is provided.
Two printed double-sided rounded bow-tie antennas (DSRBAs) for UWB applications (see
Figure 05) have been proposed . The first antenna is printed on a dielectric substrate ROGER
RO3600 of dimensions 36mm×36mm×1.27mm , dielectric permittivity 𝜀𝑟 = 6 , and loss
tangent 0.002. The second one is printed on a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) of dimensions
32.4mm×32.4mm×1.14mm,𝜀𝑟 =3.1 and tan𝛿 = 0.002, whose properties are suitable for
conformal applications. Even though for both antennas the radiation characteristics are
similar, it is shown that the geometry presenting rounded arms exhibits better performances
in terms of bandwidth and cross-polarization levels with respect to the design solution based
on flat-ended arms (rounded arms limit the level of the electric charges generally excited on
sharp metallic edges, thereby reducing the reactive energy storage). In fact, a 59% of
additional bandwidth and -10dB a lower cross-polarization level are achieved. The antenna
gain ranges between 0.7 and 5.5 dBi, while the relative group delay is stable and acceptable
within the UWB frequency spectrum. The main characteristics of the antennas have been
derived using a homemade software based on a finite-element boundary integral formulation
that employs tangential vector finite elements (TVFEs) and tetrahedral meshing and the full-
wave FEM-based HFSS [8] typically used for high frequencies applications.
Fig 7.A printed double sided round bow tie antenna
1.4.3 Directional UWB Antennas
Omnidirectional antennas useful for mobile applications are not suitable to support high-gain
point-to-point wireless communications, as well as to realize spatial diversity schemes useful
to reduce multipath fading effects, or high resolution UWB radar for objects detection and
imaging applications. To this end, directional UWB antennas making use of suitable reflective
structures have been recently proposed . In this section some examples of this important class
of antennas are illustrated.
A low-profile directional self-grounded bow-tie antenna for UWB applications has been
presented in . The antenna, which covers a frequency range of 2–15 GHz with about −10 dB
reflection coefficient, stable radiation patterns, and good time-domain impulse response, can
be usefully employed for sensor networks, UWB short-range communication systems, UWB
radar for high resolution imaging systems, and super sensitive UWB radio astronomy. The
antenna of dimensions (54mm×58mm×27mm) whose geometry is shown in Figure 8, assumes
the so-called seagull-over-sea configuration. The metallic arms are connected together,
forming the metal reflector of the antenna, while a suitable balun, connected at the feeding
point and housed behind the reflector, is employed to match 50Ω a microstrip feeding line to
a 150Ω twin-line transmission line attached at the bow-tie arms. A careful full-wave analysis,
performed using the FIT technique, has highlighted a directional antenna behavior with a
directivity of about 5–8 dBi and a maximum group delay of about 1 ns, when the opening
angle of the antenna arms is 60°. These radiation characteristics, induced by the full ground
design solution, are strongly demanded in many applications, such as, UWB radar and
tracking systems, UWB indoor geolocation systems, and UWB sensing and microwave
tomography.
Fig 8. A low profile directional self grounded bow tie antenna
A UWB antenna with unidirectional radiation pattern, useful for broadband radar applications
or for point-to-point wireless communications, consisting in a horizontal bow-tie electric
dipole, a center-fed loop antenna acting as a magnetic dipole, and a rectangular cavity, was
proposed . The bow-tie electric dipole, printed on the top side of a dielectric substrate having
relative permittivity 2.2 and thickness 0.502 mm , is connected through six vias to two
rectangular patches printed on the dielectric backside. These patches are joined to the feeding
line by means of a vertical balun consisting in a microstrip-to-stripline transition having the
purpose to match the 50Ω microstrip line to that of a 90Ω balanced stripline. This transition,
mounted vertically on the center of the ground plane, is printed on a dielectric substrate with
𝜀𝑟 = 2.2 and thickness 0.787mm . A series of high-impedance stub is introduced at the bottom
of the balun to improve the impedance matching. Finally, two metal cylinders placed near the
feed region connect the horizontal radiating structure to the ground plane, thereby allowing
the realization of a center-fed loop antenna, which works as a magnetic dipole. The overall
size of the structure including the reflector is 60mm×50mm×12.4mm . The full-wave FEM-
based HFSS [7] was adopted to analyze and design the antenna. The impedance bandwidth
ranges between 3.08 and 10.6 GHz (FBW of about 110%), while the realized antenna gain
varies between 6.8 and 10.6 dBi. The radiation patterns show a good directional behavior
characterized by a front-to-back ratio above 20 dB below 7 GHz, which drops to about 13 dB
at higher frequencies. The cross-polarization levels are below −20 dB in the whole frequency
band. The antenna response to UWB signals (coincident with 5th-derivative of the Gaussian
pulse) shows a limited signal distortion and a ringing tail caused by the resonant processes
taking place in the radiator and in cavity acting as reflector.
Fig 9. Geometry of the magnetoelectric dipole for unidirectional UWB communications.The

vias used to connect the antenna to the balun are indicated in the figure.
A UWB low-profile antenna for low UWB frequencies applications (1–3 GHz) presenting
directional characteristics and high front-to-back ratio is presented .These characteristics can
be useful in ground-penetrating radar, microwave detection and imaging, and radio base
stations. The antenna is realized using a slab of GIL GML 1032 substrate with relative
dielectric permittivity 3.2 and thickness 1.52 mm on the opposite faces of which the arms of
a bow-tie-shaped flare are printed.
1.4.4 Dual Polarised Wideband Antenna
Dual polarized wideband directional coupled sectorial loop antennas for radar and mobile
base-station applications are presented in [56]. Two slightly different design solutions based
on a dual polarized radiating element are proposed. For radar applications, the radiating
element is used to excite the two degenerate modes (𝑇𝐸10, 𝑇𝐸01 ) of a cavity with square cross-
section. The cavity of dimensions (160mm×160mm×60mm) is employed to improve the
directivity useful for radar applications, such as those employed in through-wall imaging
systems, since at least two antennas are typically used (one as transmitter and one as receiver).
As for such applications higher VSWR can be tolerated, the antenna was designed so as to
achieve the maximum bandwidth (approximately one octave) with a VSWR of 2.5. The
proposed antenna structure, printed on a RO4003C substrate with relative permittivity 3.55,
loss tangent 0.0021, and thickness 1.524 mm. It consists of a dual polarized exciting element
backed by a square cross-section cavity. The polarizing element consists of two orthogonal
coupled sectorial loops antennas (OCSLAs). Each sectorial loop is composed of two opposite
triangular patches and a rectangular ring around the outside. Two tapered microstrip lines
arranged orthogonally and connected to two vertical coaxial cables placed inside the cavity
are used to excite the antenna so as to support horizontally/vertically or circularly polarized
radiated fields. Gains of about 10 dB, with similar beamwidth in the - and -plane, and high
front-to-back ratios are achieved.
A novel compact dual-polarized unidirectional wideband antenna based on two crossed magneto-
electric dipoles is proposed. The proposed miniaturization method consist in transforming the
electrical filled square dipoles into vertical folded square loops. The surface of the radiating
element is reduced to 0.23λ0∗0.23λ0, where λ0 is the wavelength at the lowest operation frequency
for a standing wave ratio (SWR) <2.5, which corresponds to a reduction factor of 48%. The
antenna has been prototyped using 3D printing technology. The measured input impedance
bandwidth is 51.2% from 1.7 GHz to 2.9 GHz with a Standing wave ratio (SWR) <2.
A low profile dual-polarized unidirectional wideband antenna based on two crossed magneto-
electric dipoles is proposed. The antenna consists in folding the radiating element, the height of
the radiation element is reduced to 0.11λ0 where λ0 is the wavelength at the lowest operation
frequency for a standing wave ratio (SWR) <;2 corresponding to a reduction factor of 37%. The
antenna has been prototyped using 3D printing technology and evaluated in an anechoic chamber.
The measurement results are in excellent agreement with simulations The measured input
impedance bandwidth is 54.2% from 1.8 GHz to 2.9 GHz with SWR<;2.
Compared to Microstrip technology, CPW (coplanar waveguide) technology has superiors'

advantages in terms of dispersion, radiation loss and easy integration with monolithic microwave
integrated circuits. In addition the CPW - fed slot structures printed on one side of substrate the
thing that avoid the misalignment errors which is critical in Microstrip fed structures [10]. The
high cross-polarization level may deteriorate the radiation characteristics of the antennas.
Especially those with dual orthogonal-polarization operation which need to have quite good
polarization purity.
Fig 10.Geometry of a dual polarized wideband directional coupled sectorial loop antenna
A different design solution, useful for the mobile base-station applications (1710–2170 MHz),
making use of the same radiating element placed over a ground plane, is instead adopted to
obtain an antenna (size ) with a wider beam, a higher operating bandwidth, and a better SWR
(less than 1.5). This design solution employs a printed balun to excite the antenna. Without
cavity a maximum gain of about 8 dBi along the boresight is obtained. The analysis and design
of both antennas have been performed using the full-wave FEM-based HFSS.
1.4.5 Design Solutions to Improve the Antenna Bandwidth
By introducing extra impedances or resonances, also by increasing the thickness . Adding a

dielectric layer or resonator over the patch can increase the bandwidth. A dielectric layer with a
second patch on top can increase the bandwidth, and a third one even more - you've turned your
antenna into a three-element filter, with the same band shaping opportunities. Slots in the patch
can increase the bandwidth, in a similar way a matching circuit can also do this - some ways of
feeding a patch are narrower band than others. Slots on the patch can just be clever ways of
moving the matching circuit onto the patch, but can change the radiation pattern.
One way to increase bandwidth is to increase losses, but this reduces gain so is not usually an
acceptable solution. Most other solutions also introduce losses incidentally, but if you are
careful, not so much that they are no good. Multiple layers or dielectric resonators can/probably
will change the radiation pattern.
We can also use EBG structures in the form of an array to act as the ground plane for the antenna.
these structures will act as high impedance structures unlike the PEC ground which has low
impedance. such a ground can also increase the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna
Use of high dielectric material increased the gain but simultaneously it also increased the dielectric
loss and reduced the radiation efficiency. We should try to use the substrate with acceptable
dielectric and possible use DMS structure that definitely improved our bandwidth because it
compromise in terms of quality factor.
Frequency selective surfaces have been applied to antenna or antenna array in order to increase
bandwidth in. The authors used an FSS EBG structure, it had characteristic bands insertion of
operating/rejection in a given structure, achieving an increase in bandwidth of a specific antenna
or antenna array. The increase in parameters such as gain and directivity using FSS applied to
antennas and antenna arrays have been reported in. We can also mention the use of FSS to reduce
the radar cross section (RCS) . Other applications of FSS in microstrip antenna arrays found in
literature are in multiband and high-directivity microstrip patch antenna arrays.
Reducing the ground plane of the array, we observed an increase in the bandwidth as well as a
reduction in the resonant frequency.
This section provides an overview of the most commonly used techniques to increase the
operating band of the printed monopole antennas. In particular, trapeziform and rounded
ground planes, with notches near the feeding lines or with a zig-zag shaping of the upper edge,
have proven to be particularly effective in increasing the operating band of said antennas.
A compact CPW-fed monopole antenna composed of an elliptical monopole and a coplanar

trapeziform ground plane has been proposed in [35]. The antenna depicted in Figure 11(e)
achieves a ratio impedance bandwidth of 21.6 : 1 and exhibits a nearly omnidirectional
radiation pattern with a gain ranging between about 0.4 and 4 dBi. The radiating structure is
a suitably modified version of the planar discone antenna. In particular, it is composed of an
elliptical monopole fed by a tapered coplanar waveguide (CPW) and of a ground plane having
the shape of a trapezoid to improve the energy emission. The antenna is realized on a dielectric
substrate of thickness 1.524 mm having a relative dielectric permittivity 3.48. The antenna
size is approximately at the lower working frequency. The antenna characteristics have been
evaluated by using the full-wave FIT-based CST Microwave Studio . The antenna presents a
simulated impedance band ranging from 0.40 up to 9.51 GHz and a measured operating band
ranging from about 0.41 up to 8.86 GHz.
Fig 11. Printed Anenna with trapeziform ground planes,Different Geometries of monopole
and of excitation systems are shown in fig.
Best performances are obtained using an excitation technique making use of a trident-shaped
tapered CPW to excite an elliptic monopole having a trapeziform ground plane. The measured
impedance bandwidth ranges from 1.0 to 24.1 GHz useful for satellite navigation applications,
wireless LANs, and ultrawideband systems.
The antenna can support many existing wireless services, including GPS (1.57–1.58 GHz),
GSM1800 (1.71–1.88 GHz), PCS1900 (1.93–1.99 GHz), WLAN (2.5 or 5-6 GHz), and
multiband GNNS and UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz). As for the metal plate monopole antenna (3D
profile), the adoption of a fork feeding line improves the excitation of the vertical component
of the current density with respect to the horizontal one on the monopole, making the antenna
suitable to operate in a more extended frequency band. The antenna, printed on a dielectric
substrate of thickness 1.524 mm and relative dielectric permittivity of 3.48, has been
characterized using the full-wave FIT-based CST Microwave Studio [25]. The radiation
patterns show that in the -plane the antenna has nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern at
lower frequencies (from 1 GHz to 5 GHz), while the -plane radiation pattern shows a typical
figure-of-eight at the frequency of 1 GHz, which is similar to a conventional dipole or to that
of a biconical antenna. Further geometries of printed antennas based on trapeziform ground
are shown.
The printed monopole antennas give very large impedance bandwidth with reasonably good
radiation pattern in azumuthal plane, which can be explained in the following two ways. The
printed monopole antenna can be viewed as a special case of microstrip antenna configuration,
wherein the backing ground plane is located at infinity . A patch is fabricated on dielectric
substrate (commonly FR4). Beyond the substrate it can be assumed that a very thick air
dielectric substrate 𝜀𝑟 = 1 exists. It makes a microstrip antenna configuration on a thick
substrate with 𝜀𝑟 closer to unity, which yields large bandwidth.
An example of an antenna consisting of a dome-topped, bowl-shaped patch with a tapered

truncated ground plane is shown in [72]. A notch is introduced below the feeding line near
the patch for widening the antenna impedance bandwidth (see Figure 20). In this way the
antenna is capable of operating in the frequency band 2.65–13 GHz for UWB applications
(FBW = 132%). The antenna, printed on a FR4 substrate having , has dimensions of about (,
where is the free-space wavelength at the central working frequency). From an analysis of the
return loss, performed using the full-wave FEM-based HFSS [8], it appears that the antenna
bandwidth typically depends on the width and depth of the notch realized in the ground plane
and on the radius of the bottom part of the monopole. In particular, the upper frequency is
greatly affected by the notch depth, while an optimum value of the gap between the radiator
and ground plane promotes an increase in the electromagnetic coupling and therefore a
widening of the operating band. Furthermore, the analysis of the current distribution excited
on the metal surfaces reveals that the top of the radiator is little affected by the surface currents
and therefore it has limited impact on the bandwidth. On the contrary, a higher current level
is observed around the notch in the ground plane near the feeding line when the operating
frequencies are lower, while in the lower patch region when the antenna working frequency
increases.
Fig 12. Miniaturized UWB printed monopole antenna with a dome-topped, bowl-shaped patch
and truncated ground plane provided with a notch.
2. Metamaterial Antennas
Metamaterials are artificial structures composed of periodic or nonperiodic subwavelength

macrocells, whose their effective medium properties can be controlled by designing the
macrounits so as to realize special materials that do not exist in nature. Several structures,
such as, the split-ring resonators (SRRs), the complementary SRRs (CSRRs), the transmission
line- (TL-) based structures, and the artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs), have been
introduced in literature with the aim of improving the performance of microwave circuits and
antennas. In this section, some examples of this important class of antennas are provided with
the aim to enable the reader to have a broader view of the technologies that can be used to
realize wireless communication systems of new generation.
Two multiband antennas making use of metamaterials have been developed with the aim of
covering the WiMAX 2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz and the WLAN 5.2/5.8 GHz bands [100]. Both the
antennas are printed on a dielectric substrate with relative permittivity of 2.65 and thickness
of 1 mm. The overall dimensions of the radiating structures are of 35mm×35mm×1mm . The
full-wave FEM-based HFSS [8] was adopted to analyze and design the antennas. The first
antenna consists of a rectangular monopole loaded by means of an electric-LC (ELC) structure
placed under the monopole. This structure transforms the monopole from a dual-band in a
three-band antenna providing coverage in the bands 2.5/3.5/5.5 , thereby meeting the
requirements for the WLAN and WiMAX applications. Two slits arranged near the feeding
line are used to improve the impedance matching. In addition to the ELC structure placed
under the monopole, the second antenna integrates an electronic band gap (EBG) structure in
the upper part of the ground plane (see Figure 38) to get a good impedance matching in
frequency range 2.49-2.53 GHz and a UWB behavior in the frequency range 2.95-6.07 GHz
. It is observed that both antennas have stable omnidirectional radiation pattern in H-plane and
an 8-shaped radiation pattern in the E-plane.
Fig 13. Geometry of a small metamaterial antenna with ELC structure . Front view (a) and
back view (b). Dark gray upper metal face and light gray dielectric substrate.
A transparent antenna useful for short-range UWB applications making use of metamaterials
was presented in . This antenna, which can be easily attached on glass panels and windows of
homes and buildings, is realized using a transparent conductive material known as silver-
coated thin films (AgHT-4). This film, consisting of a thin layer of AgHT-8 (height 0.053 mm
) placed on a PET polymer substrate of relative permittivity 3.23, height 0.12 mm , and surface
resistivity , has been employed to realize a UWB antenna of about 30mm×30mm (see Figure
14). To avoid interference with WLAN communication systems working in the same
environment a bandstop filter tuned at 5.8 GHz, and making use of complementary split-ring
resonators (CSRRs), has been integrated in the antenna. Split-ring resonators have been
adopted as they are one of the artificial metamaterial structures that exhibit negative
permittivity/permeability properties. In any case, three CSRRs structures, two in the ground
plane near the CWP and one in the circular monopole, where the magnetic field exhibits its
higher values (see Figure 39), are necessary to obtain a notched band of only - 4dB at 5.8 GHz.
Such poor performance occurs due to the high losses presented by the AgHT-4, which are
responsible for a significant reduction of the resonant process taking place in the CSRRs. As
expected the losses reduce the antenna gain that, within the UWB band, varies between -11dBi
and -5dBi . These results are similar with those observed in the transparent antennas. The
analysis and design of the antenna have been performed using the full-wave FIT-based CST
Microwave Studio .
Fig 14. A UWB antenna employing metamaterials to realize a notched band useful to reduce
interference with WLAN communication systems (a) CSRR integrated in the monopole; (b)
CSRRs near the CPW. The CSRRs are located near the regions where the magnetic field
exhibits its higher values. Dark gray upper metal face and light gray dielectric substrate.
A compact antenna based on metamaterial structures for UWB applications having a different
geometry is presented . The antenna, whose overall dimensions are 26.6mm×18.97mm , has
been printed on both sides of a FR4 dielectric substrate of permittivity 4.6, loss tangent of
0.02, and thickness 1.6 mm. The antenna consists of four unit cells, which exhibit negative
equivalent permeability and permittivity, attached to the upper edge of a triangular patch.
Three rectangular slots are realized in the ground plane near the tapered microstrip feeding
line (see Figure 15) to improve the impedance matching.
Fig.14. A metamaterial UWB antenna . The four cells composed of two capacitance-loaded
strips (CLSs), a split-ring, and a gapless ring, forming the metamaterial loading of the upper
edge of the triangular patch, are evident in the figure. Dark gray upper metal face, medium
gray bottom metal face, and light gray dielectric substrate.
The metamaterial unit cell is composed of two capacitance-loaded strips (CLSs), a split-ring
and a gapless ring. The four unit cells form a sort of periodic structure useful to provide an
impedance bandwidth ranging from 3.07 up to 19.91 GHz with excellent radiation
characteristics, high-gain, efficiency, and adequate capability of pulse handling. The
measured gain exhibits its maximum level of 8.57 dBi at 13.5 GHz, a minimum level of
2.71 dBi at 18.6 GHz, and an average level of 5.62 dBi over the working frequency bands
(3.07–19.91 GHz). A quite stable omnidirectional radiation pattern in H-plane and an 8-
shaped radiation pattern in the E-plane are observed. The gain variations and the ringing
observed in the antenna response to pulse signals reveal the presence of resonant phenomena
taking place in the structure forming the metamaterial as well as in the antenna geometry. The
Microwave Studio.
3. Future Work: Application in UWB
UWB communication system is attracting more and more attention since it was released by FCC
because of its advantages such as low power consumption, high speed data rate [4], etc. It
requires an antenna which is small in size and has a wide bandwidth and omnidirectional
radiation patterns [5]. Many kinds of UWB planar antennas are available.
Moreover, many of these antennas are microstrip-fed. So the metal layers should be printed on
both sides of the substrate. In order to simplify the fabrication process, the CPW-fed antennas
have been widely used owing to their attractive features such as wide bandwidth, simple structure
of a single metallic layer, easy integration with MMICs and other active circuits etc. Many of the
UWB antennas have a quasi-monopole/dipole architecture which is used to provide the
omnidirectional pattern and broad bandwidth.
The proposed miniature CPW-fed UWB antenna will be explored for UWB bandwidth. Its usage
as an UWB antenna is very audacious because it offers more control variables to achieve the
desired radiation pattern and it may also achieve the small size as desired in this band.
3.1.Wearable Antennas
A growing interest in less bulky low-cost communication systems, which can be easily hidden into
garments, helmets, glasses, or shoes, textile, and flexible wearable antennas is spreading among
the scientific community. Indeed, wearable devices, exhibiting smaller profiles and lesser stiffness
than the printed technological counterpart, can easily allow the civil defense, the police forces, the
firefighters as well as the sportsmen, and so forth to focus directly on their specific activities.
Moreover, the wearability of the communication system may be important also to support the
remote control of biological parameters of not hospitalized patients or of athletes during sports
activities. To this purpose, WBANs (Wireless Body Area Networks) for on-body, off-body, and
in-body communications sceneries were regulated by the IEEE 801.15 standard [109].
Wearable antenna have been welcome nowadays due to the UWB that promises high data rate with
wider bandwidth along with low power consumption. Textile antenna is more compatible for
wearable antenna because of its small size and it can be integrated directly into the cloth. In this
work a Ultra Wide Band (UWB) wearable textile antenna is designed with Cordura Fabric as
substrate and Taffeta fabric is used as conducting material. Four antennas is designed and
simulated using EMPro software and the performance of the antenna was studied and compared
between them. The proposed antenna is said to have a large bandwidth from 2 GHz to 9.6 GHz.
The return loss of the antenna is -29 dB at 8.1 GHz.
Because of their relevance, in this section after an overview of the main dielectric and conductive
textile materials useful to the realization of wearable antennas, some of the most recent progresses
concerning this important class of antennas will be discussed.
3.2. Dielectric and Conductive Textile Materials for Wearable Antennas
In general, wearable antennas consist of metallic components (radiating patch and ground plane)
printed on a dielectric substrate, whose geometries fall into the antenna classes analyzed in the
previous sections. Therefore, for the sake of brevity the characteristics of the commonly employed
materials for the realization of textile and flexible antennas are reported and analyzed in this
subsection. In particular, some of their fundamental parameters such as conductivity, permittivity,
and loss tangent are indicated for providing useful information during the design and realization
phases of said antennas.
3.3 Dielectrics for Wearable Antennas
The dielectric materials used to realize wearable antennas are mostly affected by different factors
such as frequency, temperature, surface roughness, and moisture content [110]. In particular, the
level of the moisture absorbed by the fabrics is described by the Moisture Regain (MR), which is
defined as follows:
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 − 𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑦
MR= 𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑦
where 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 is the weight of the material at equilibrium after conditioning in a climate chamber
and is the mass of the material in dry state.
3.4 All-Textile Wearable Antennas
As the demand for various wearable devices such as smart watches, glasses and clothes increases,
wireless body area networks (WBANs) have received a great deal of attention [1]. A conformal
antenna is required for WBAN application. To satisfy this requirement, a compact low-profile IR-
UWB antenna and an all-textile higher order mode circular patch antenna for omnidirectional
radiation characteristics have been studied.
All textile antennas for self-monitoring biomedical applications are proposed All components of
proposed antennas are made of textile materials. The felt material is used as an antenna substrate.
The radiating elements are made by conductive fabric and threads. To analyze the body effect on
the antenna performance, muscle-equivalent phantoms are used.
An e-fiber is used as a conductive patch of dimensions 60mm×100mm opportunely sewed to a

polymer-based substrate (PDMS:𝜀𝑟 = 3, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿<0.001) to realize a triple band e-textile antenna (see
Figure 16) covering the GSM, PCS, and WLAN (2.4 GHz). The loaded loop and the narrow slots
realized on the two patches are critical for achieving a good impedance matching at all three
frequency bands. As the 332-strand e-fibers textile has a high conductivity and resistivity of only
0.8 Ω/m, the e-textile antenna shows performances similar to its all-metallic counterpart,
exhibiting 2 dBi of realized gain. In particular, higher radiative performances are observed when
the antenna is located on the front or on the back of the human body. Finally, it should be noticed
that the antenna maintains its performance even after repeated flexing and washing/drying cycles.
Fig 15. A triple band e-textile antenna . The black dots indicate the feeding points. Dark gray upper
conductive polymer fibers (e-fibers) and light gray dielectric textile substrate.
An all-textile antenna with full ground plane (ATA-FGP) useful for UWB and WBAN
communications has been presented. The antenna, whose geometry is depicted in Figure 17,
employs a full ground plane to achieve high radiative performances and excellent electromagnetic
isolation with the users. The analysis and design of the antenna have been performed using the
full-wave FIT-based CST Microwave Studio [25]. The antenna is realized using Shieldit Super as
conductor and felt as dielectric substrate. The Shieldit Super from Less EMF Inc. (Latham, NY,
USA) is a 0.17 mm thick flexible conductive textile having a conductivity of about 1.18 × 105 ,
while the felt is a thermally isolating material with thickness 3 mm, a relative permittivity of 1.45,
and a loss tangent of 0.044. The antenna is formed by three main radiators connected in parallel
by means of a short transmission line. An additional parasitic radiator, excited through a capacitive
coupling, surrounds the main radiators. The operating frequencies of the main radiators are
designed to be closely spaced, enabling a combined wideband resonance for the ATA-FGP. The
capacitive coupling between the active patches and the surrounding parasitic radiator contributes
to increase the antenna bandwidth. Using said assembly an operating band between 3 and 10 GHz
is obtained. The ATA-FGP exhibits a wide beam in the boresight direction, while the presence of
the full ground drastically reduces the energy emission toward the user body. Antenna gain ranges
between 5.1 and 6.3 dBi when the antenna is on the chest and between 3.2 and 6.9 dBi when it is
on the back of a human body.
Fig 16. Geometry of the UWB all-textile antenna with full ground plane for off-body WBAN
communications . The three patches and the parasitic one forming the wearable antenna are
indicated in the figure. The black dot point indicates the pin of the coaxial probe. Dark gray upper
conductive textile and light gray dielectric textile substrate.
A different all-textile antenna, composed of Shieldit for the conductive part and of felt for the
dielectric part, was proposed in [145] for WBAN and wearable computing. The structure consists
of two patches and a ground plane implemented on two layers of 2 mm thick substrate. A full
ground plane on the lower layer shields the user against on-body radiation and improves the quality
of the radiated/received UWB signal. However, because full ground planes typically limit the
impedance bandwidth of printed monopole antennas, a parasitic circular metal patch between the
radiating octagonal patch and the full ground plane was employed to enhance the antenna
bandwidth. In particular, the circular patch, connected by a thin strip to the ground, is inserted
between two layers of dielectric material to prevent direct contact with the octagonal patch and the
ground plane, realizing in this way a stacked configuration (see Figure 43). A step is introduced in
the ground plane near the 50Ω CPW feeding line to enhance the antenna impedance bandwidth.
Fig 17. Geometry of an all-textile UWB antenna with low back radiation for WBAN applications.
Dark gray conductive textile and light gray dielectric textile substrate.
The conductive parts of the antenna formed by Shieldit, a conductive textile from Less EMF Inc.,
have thickness of 0.17 mm and an estimated conductivity of , while the felt substrate layers have
a relative permittivity of 1.45 and a loss tangent of 0.044. The overall dimensions of the antenna
are , corresponding to about at the lowest operating frequency of 3.18 GHz. The antenna covers
the UWB bandwidth ranging between 3.18 GHz and 11 GHz, achieving a maximum gain of about
7.2 dBi at 9 GHz with unidirectional radiation patterns. Measurements performed with the antenna
placed on the arms and chest of a human being have highlighted excellent radiative performances
with simulated SAR values lower than 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue when excited by signal
of 0.5 W (rms). Fidelity factors and pulse distortions have been found comparable with those of
other textile antennas proposed in literature. The analysis and design of the antenna have been
performed using the full-wave FIT-based CST Microwave Studio .
A dual-band wearable textile antenna based on a substrate integrated waveguide technology (SIW)
featuring an integrated flexible solar harvesting system, consisting of a flexible solar cell, a power
management system, and energy storage, has been presented in [146]. The antenna, working in the
2.4–2.4835 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical band and the 2.5–2.69 GHz 4G LTE band 7,
can be used to monitor rescue workers during interventions and patients in hospitals and home-
care. The proposed antenna consists of two layers of conductive material consisting of copper
polyester Taffeta, with a surface resistivity , separated by a layer of expanded rubber protective
foam with , loss tangent 0.016, and thickness . The backed cavity is realized by using a row of
equally spaced flat flange copper tube eyelets along each side of the rectangular cavity. The cavity
is split into two halves (see Figure 44) by a nonresonant rectangular slot. The dimensions of the
slot and both parts of the cavity were carefully chosen so as to excite simultaneously two hybrid
modes responsible for the antenna bandwidth. Finally, a thin and flexible solar cell is placed on
the upper part of the first cavity (see Figure 19), while on the rear side of the antenna is housed the
power management system (PMS) so as to prevent antenna radiation into the electronic circuitry.
The experimental measurements performed on an antenna prototype have shown that the antenna
exhibits a gain ranging between 4.7 and 5.1 dB, a wide bandwidth, and a high front-to-back ratio.
Moreover, its high robustness against bending, the low influence of the human body, and the
flexible structure make the proposed antenna particularly suitable for wearable applications. The
Microwave Studio.
Fig 18. Geometry of the SIW cavity-backed slot wearable textile antenna with the integrated
energy harvesting hardware . Dark gray conductive textile and light gray dielectric textile
substrate. The conductors employed to connect the solar cell and PMS are indicated in the figure.
Top view (a) and bottom view (b).
4. Dielectric Resonator Antennas
High permittivity dielectric resonators (DRs) have been employed in the past to develop low losses
microwave circuits, filters, and oscillators . Although DRs were mainly conceived for said
applications, in the early 1980s–1990s Long and others proposed for the first time the use of
dielectric resonators as high-efficiency radiating structures. In particular, they employed a
magnetic walls model to analyze cylindrical resonators, having a dielectric constant lower than
that typically used to excite high resonant processes. Later, they analyzed the electromagnetic
behavior of rectangular and hemispherical dielectric resonators. In particular, whereas for the
rectangular resonator the same model used to analyze the cylindrical resonator was employed, for
the hemispherical resonator a rigorous full-wave solution was adopted to identify the resonance
frequencies of its resonant modes . The geometries of the above-mentioned DRAs are depicted in
Figure 20.
Fig 19 Rectangular (a), cylindrical (b), and hemispherical (c) DRA on a metallic ground plane.
Later, in the 1990s Leung et al. have deepened the research activities on the DRAs proposing some
excitation techniques aimed at the integration of the antennas with the RF circuitry. In addition,
they addressed the problem of the full-wave modeling using the MoM and the FDTD techniques
aimed at assessing the quality factor, the input impedance, and antenna radiation patterns.
MoM techniques were also employed by Junker et al. to analyze structures having rotational
symmetry (BOR) in order to reduce the computational burden necessary to the computation of the
reflection coefficients and of the radiation diagrams . These authors also used a dyadic Green’s
function approach to assess the frequency behavior of the input impedance and of the quality factor
of hemispherical resonators, and they extended the MoM analysis to the assessment of the
electromagnetic coupling of bodies of revolution (BOR) with non-BOR feeding structures . In
addition, they expanded the MoM technique to determine the power delivered to cylindrical
resonant structures excited by a narrow slot in a rectangular waveguide .
Finally, Mongia et al. have deepened the study of the characteristics of some geometries (dielectric
ring resonator antenna , triangular resonator , providing approximate formulas for the calculation
of the resonance frequency and the quality factor, as well as a standardization of the nomenclature
of the modes excited in dielectric resonators and antennas.
The results obtained until the 2000s have allowed identifying several geometries, excitation
techniques, and some heuristic formulas useful to the assessment of the working frequencies of
the resonators most commonly employed in practical applications .
However, these structures were characterized by limited fractional bandwidths not compatible with
the evolution of the modern wireless communication systems. For this reason, the research
activities carried out in the last decades of the 2000s have been focused on the ways for widening
the band, for increasing the gain, and for improving the quality of the linear or circular polarization,
as well as for the miniaturization and integration of the radiating structures into portable devices.
For the sake of brevity, in the following an overview of the most significant papers concerning the
aforementioned design aspects is provided, while the excitation techniques and typical high
performance dielectric materials together with their suppliers are listed, respectively.
4.1 Broadband DRA
Since broadband communication systems allow offering a variety of wireless services in a single
mobile device , as well as higher data rate, several studies useful to provide guidelines to design
wideband dielectric resonator antennas have been proposed in the scientific literature . In fact, the
antenna geometry, the suitable choice of the dielectric materials, as well as that of the appropriate
feeding techniques, can lead to the excitation of specific resonant modes characterized by low
values of the antenna -factor. In particular, a new class of super shaped DRAs (see Figure 46),
making use of low dielectric permittivity plastic materials [polyvinyl chloride (PVC) [with 𝜀𝑟 =
2.8 ] was proposed in with the aim to obtain a high operating bandwidth (exceeding 70%), an
antenna gain ranging from 5 up to 10 dBi, and an excellent linear/circular polarization purity. The
antennas belonging to the mentioned class may be advantageously used to operate in indoor
environments, as well as on access points of satellite terminal receivers. The geometrical
dimensions of the considered DRAs are of 100mm×27mm (about a wavelength within the material
forming the DRA at the frequency of 7.5 GHz). The antenna analysis and design were carried out
by means of the full-wave FIT-based CST Microwave Studio .
Fig 20. Geometry of the plastic-based super shaped dielectric resonator antenna
A different design solution has been proposed. This solution makes use of three cylindrical
resonators having different dimensions and dielectric permittivities, stacked along the symmetry
axis (boresight direction). The resulting antenna (see Figure 47), characterized by a broadband
behavior (FBW = 26%) which extends from 5.4 to 7.5 GHz, for the simulated, and from 5.4 to
7 GHz, for the measured, exhibits a high-gain ranging from about 9 up to 11 dBi.
Fig 21. Geometry of the wideband high-gain stacked cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna . The
microstrip line adopted to excite the antenna is also indicated in the figure.
The band widening is obtained by merging the fundamental resonant frequencies of the three DRs
whose dielectric materials are the Rogers RT/Duroid 6010 with , the Rogers RT/Duroid 6006 with
, and Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 with . To increase the antenna gain the stacked DRs are surrounded
by a cylindrical metal reflector. The antenna, whose ground plane dimensions are (about ) and
whose height is equal to about (where is the free-space wavelength at the central frequency of
6.5 GHz), is excited by a microstrip line coupled to the DRs assembly by means of a slot in the
ground plane. The analysis and design have been performed using the full-wave FEM-based HFSS
[8] and FIT-based CST Microwave Studio . The radiation diagrams show a good angular behavior
with a very limited level of cross-polarization along the boresight direction (−40 dB). The proposed
solution presents a front-to-back ratio of about 22 dB at 6 GHz.
As discussed above, the adoption of low permittivity dielectric materials can be useful to extend
the antenna bandwidth. To this end, in some dielectric products having low dielectric permittivity
are reported. In addition, in the same paper some geometrical shapes and some feeding systems
useful for the excitation of circular polarization (see Figure 48), as well as for the excitation of the
higher order modes useful to increase the antenna gain or to confer to the DR a dual or a multiband
behavior, are discussed. This information can be beneficial whenever it is necessary to compact
the communication system conferring to the DR a filtering and radiant behavior.
Fig 22. DRA working in circular polarization. The slits on the DR excite the circular polarization,
while the metal strips (drawn in black) are used to increase the operating bandwidth of the axial
ratio triggering a circular polarization that goes to overlap to that radiated by the DR.
Tridimensional view (a) and front view (b)
In addition to geometry and to dielectric materials, the antenna excitation system may have a
significant impact on the bandwidth of the radiating structure. In particular, an antenna composed
of a dielectric spacer, made of foam having a dielectric constant close to one, on which a DR is
placed, having a dielectric constant (adopted dielectric material TMM10i), and with a metal plate
placed on the top surface of the DR, has been proposed in . The DR is excited by means of a
trapezoidal monopole patch, attached to the side surface of the resonator on which a suitable notch
is realized, connected to an SMA connector. The air-region, forming the spacer, behaves as a
magnetic wall on which is mounted the dielectric resonator loaded with a top metal surface. The
electromagnetic analysis was performed using the full-wave FEM-based HFSS . The prototype
antenna has a frequency band ranging between 2.9 and 6.7 GHz (FBW = 75%) with a gain varying
between 4.8 and 6.5 dBi. This result was achieved realizing a bevel on the exciting monopole,
which allows an effective impedance matching with the coaxial line (see Figure 49). The
dimensions of the ground plane are about 50mm×50mm while the total height of the DRA is of
about 15 mm. The structure has dimensions of about 0.48×0.48×0.14 , where is the wavelength at
the lower frequency.
Fig 23. A dielectric resonator antenna excited by an electric probe having a trapezoidal shape .
Tridimensional view (a) and lateral view (b). The DR region with the notch is that where the strip-
fed system used to excite the DRA is placed.
4.2 High-Gain DRAs
Higher order modes provided miniaturisation, gain and large bandwidth including wide design
space for polarisation and reconfigurability. Higher order modes generation and control have been
presented with simulated and experimental results. The dual excitation of RDRA generated even
and odd modes. Space 's' between top and bottom DRAs, controlled modes and shifting of first
and third resonant modes towards second mode resulted into merging of all three modes. At higher
order modes gain of 9.1 dBi and bandwidth 8.2 GHz has been reported in this work. Mathematical
modelling for eigenvalue ωm n p and eigenvector (amplitude coefficients and phase) dm n p and cm n
p have been developed for TE and TM modes
Typical dielectric resonator antennas exhibit gains of about 4-5 dBi (suitable for indoor coverage)
which may be not suitable for some applications such as those concerning wireless base stations
and satellite communications. In particular, radio base stations operating in outdoor environments
may require gains that vary in the range of about 3 to 30 dBi depending on the type of radio links
and coverage requirements , while for satellite applications such gains may oscillate between
12 dBi (or lower for small satellite applications) and 50 dBi (for high-gain satellite applications) .
Also the working frequency can be important because in the frequency range of 60 GHz the
atmospheric absorption of electromagnetic waves is particularly significant and consequently said
frequency is adopted only for short-range wireless communications making use of high-gain
antennas .
One of the main expedients used for increasing the antenna gains in a limited frequency band
consists in the excitation of higher order modes . In fact, when these modes are excited, the antenna
appears electrically bigger and thus the realized gains are higher. Furthermore, because the
realization of an array is not required, the complexity and size of the antenna are more limited. In
addition, the mutual coupling between the array elements is finally avoided [200]. In particular, a
high-gain rectangular dielectric resonator antenna, backed by a ground plane with a suitable slit
excited by a microstrip line, has been proposed in . The gain increase is achieved by exciting the
resonator on the higher order modes. In this way a higher gain of about 5 dB compared to that
obtained by a conventional excitation of the fundamental resonant mode is obtained. Three
different DRAs, of relative dielectric permittivity 10 and , having increasing heights, are used to
excite modal configurations of higher order, highlighting how the increase of the modal order as
well as that of the resonator’s height results in an increase of the antenna gain. The ground plane
of the DRA is approximately (, where is the free-space wavelength). A homemade full-wave
FDTD numerical technique was adopted to analyze the antennas. Gains of about 10 dBi and FBW
= 7.5% are obtained in the resonator having a height of about 30 mm ().
In addition to the use of techniques aimed at the excitation of suitable higher order modes, the use
of metal reflectors and of appropriate design solutions allows a considerable increase of the
antenna gain . In particular, the simultaneous use of stacked DRAs and of a cylindrical metal
reflector placed in proximity of the DRAs (see Figure 47) allows achieving a gain of about 11 dBi
with a FWB = 26% and a front-to-back ratio of about 17–30 dB.
Higher radiative performances, on a higher operating bandwidth (exceeding 65% fractional

bandwidth), are reached using a suitably shaped metal reflector and equipping the DRA with a
top-mount spherical cap-lens (see Figure 50) useful to focus the RF energy in the boresight
direction . The materials chosen to realize the DR (𝜀𝑟 = 3) and the dielectric lens (𝜀𝑟 = 4) belong
to the ECCOSTOCK HiK 500F family, featuring a loss tangent less than 0.002 in the frequency
range . The antenna has a diameter of about 114 mm (equal to about at the central working
frequency) and a height of about 48 mm (). This design solution allows achieving a high-gain
(exceeding 15 dBi), excellent linear/circular polarization purity, and a high front-to-back ratio
(better than 20 dB). Said characteristics make the antenna suitable to be successfully employed in
indoor/outdoor wireless communication systems as well as for satellite terminal receivers, for
instance, to effect a transponder function between WiFi and satellites in the so-called 8/7 GHz X
band. In addition, it can also be advantageously used in UWB wireless applications working with
pulse signals. The antenna, making use of low permittivity dielectrics, can be realized with
lightweight commercial-grade materials and thus may be suitable for space/airborne applications
at a reasonable manufacturing cost and complexity. The full-wave FIT-based CST Microwave
Studio has been employed to design and characterize the antenna, while the singularity expansion
method has been adopted to express the antenna response to arbitrary excitation waveforms.
Fig 24. Geometry of the high-gain mushroom-shaped dielectric resonator antenna in the vertical
symmetry plane of the antenna . The DR, the lens, the reflector, and two of the four coaxial probes
useful to excite the circular polarization are reported in the figure.
5 . THE PROPOSED ANTENNA MODEL AND ANALYSIS
SIERPINSKI ANTENNA
In order to use the same and antenna for different applications required the antenna to be a
multiband antenna and miniaturized to suit different wireless applications. The geometry of
Sierpinski carpet antenna up to 3rd iteration is presented. The Polish mathematician Waclaw
Sierpinski presented in the Sierpinski carpet in 1916.
The design starts with Sierpinski carpet planer monopole antenna. The 1st basic
rectangular patch is designed. In the 1st iteration the basic square patch is segmented by removing
1
the media were from it, by taking scale factor . For 2nd iteration segments are done on remaining
3
1
8 squares following the scale of . The same procedure is used for further iteration with same
3
scale factor. By using this method we have designed 3 iterations as shown.

The basic rectangular patch is designed on FR4 substrate of thickness 1.6 and and relative
permittivity of 4.4. The dimensions of the patch are calculated using the formula given and are as
shown in table
Table. Design considerations
Dielectric substrate (FR4) 𝜀𝑟 = 4.4, tan𝛿 = 0.09

Substrate height 1.59mm
𝑐 2 37.25mm
W=2 𝑓 √𝜀
0 𝑟 +1
1
𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 ℎ 4.08
𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + [1 + 𝑊]−2
2 2
𝑊 0.732
(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.3) [
+ 0.264]
∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ ℎ
𝑊
(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.258)[ + 0.8]
ℎ
𝑐 29.46mm
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
2𝑓0 √𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
L= 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2∆𝐿 27.99mm
6. LITERARURE SURVEYS
1.Design of Sierpinski Fractal Antenna for wideband applications, by P. Shibi. Kirubavthy

and K. Ramprakash, IEEE,01 FEB 2018
This paper presents a design of Sierpinski Fractal Antenna (SFA). Sierpinski is known by name
of Sierpinski Triangle having triangular slots using mid-point geometry of triangle. Sierpinski
Geometry is modified using circular shape. It is designed with relative permittivity of 4.4 and
having dimensions 17.89 × 21.45 × 1.6 mmA3. The proposed antenna has return loss of -16.96 dB
at 5.1GHz. Probe feed is used to feed the antenna. Antenna has a gain of 13.48dB at 9.8GHz. The
simulation of proposed antenna is done using High Frequency Structure Simulator HFSS V13
Software.
2 Modified sierpinski monopole antenna for UWB applications with multibands, by P

Jeethu, Zachirah C Alex, K. Shambhavi, IEEE, 23 April 2018
This thesis reports the modified design of Sierpinski fractal antenna with a ring structure for UWB
applications. The fractal system is a method to miniaturize the antenna dimension to enhance its
radiation and broadband properties. Due to the self-similarity property possessed by the fractal
structure it has the multiband behavior. The proposed modified antenna with ring structure
operates in the frequency range of 4.06 GHz to 9.13 GHz. The introduction of ring structure
improves the bandwidth of the antenna. The proposed antenna developed two bands with the
resonant frequencies of 4.76 GHz and 8.6 GHz. The each band operates with a return loss of −51db
and −58.37db respectively. The design and performance analysis of the proposed antenna was
done with CST Microwave Studio software.
4. Design of high gain stacked Sierpinski Carpet fractal antenna for C-band applications
by Jyotibhushan Padhi, Muktikanta Das, IEEE, 29 March 2018.
In this article, an innovative structure of a high gain stacked fractal antenna is introduced. This
article follows stacking and Sierpinski Carpet concept to achieve wide bandwidth and high gain of
the antenna. The proposed design consists of five patches, the driving element is printed on the
lower substrate and other four parasitic patches are suspended with dielectric clamps above the
driving element. This designed antenna has 550MHz bandwidth with a gain of 10.3dB. As this
antenna is operating at 6GHz frequency, this antenna is suitable for C-band applications.
5. Design of sierpinski fractal UWB antenna, by A. Kavya, Zachirah C Alex, K.

Shambhavi, IEEE, 03 December 2015.
This paper presents a low profile sierpinski fractal antenna for ultra wide band applications. The
proposed antenna is designed by incorporating sierpinski fractals inside a circular ring of width
1mm which improves the impedance band width and radiation efficiency of the antenna. The
proffered antenna of dimensions 29×28×1.6 mm3 covering the frequency range of 3.7 to 14.3 GHz
with radiation efficiency of 92% is fed by microstrip feed line. The radiation pattern is stable over
the operating UWB range. Sierpinski fractal UWB antenna is designed and simulated using High
Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).
6. Modified Sierpinski fractal patch antenna ,by Neeraj Rao, Dinesh Kumar V, IEEE, 29
December 2014.
The Fractal geometries have unique properties such as space filling and self similarity. For
achieving the desired miniaturization, multi-band and wideband properties the fractal geometries
have been exploited in antenna designing. The paper proposes a novel geometry called as modified
Sierpinski fractal for better performance as compared to the traditional existing Sierpinski
geometry. The proposed modified Sierpinski has been compared with the existing Sierpinski for
the microstrip fractal patch antenna. The modified Sierpinski has been compared on a dielectric
substrate of FR-4 lossy with a dielectric constant of εr=4.3. Both the geometries have been
compared up to fourth iteration. The calculations and comparisons of return loss and radiation
patterns have been done and shown in the communication.
7. Circular Sierpinski Fractal Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applications,by Deepa

Dubey, Jagdish Ahiwar, Deepak Dekate,IEEE, 18 August 2016.
A circular multiband fractal antenna is presented in this paper for multiband wireless applications.
Sierpinski Gasket approach is used to make circular fractals of scaled dimensions. The fractal
antenna has the multiband operation due to the self-similar property in fractal geometry. Fractal
geometry leads to improved bandwidth, radiation efficiency and reduced size. The proposed
antenna resonant frequencies are centred at 2.6 GHz, 4.8 GHz, 5.6 GHz, 6.3 GHz, 7 GHz, 8 GHz,
8.6 GHz and 9.2 GHz with at least 200 MHz bandwidth. Circular patch antenna is used as the basic
geometry and 3 stages of iterations produced the proposed design. Radius of the base antenna is
24 mm.
8. Design and Fabrication of Wide Band Fractal Antenna for Commercial Applications,by
Vijendra P. Meshram, Prasad Sangare, Prashant Wanjari, IEEE, 09 December, 2014
The design of 2.45 GHz- Triangular fractal antenna using fractal geometry has been proposed in
this paper. The An soft HFSS software has been used to simulate the antenna and observed that
increase in iterations led to improvement is VSWR & return losses. The simulated and
experimental results are found to in good agreement. This optimized fractal antenna has the
potential of operating in several of the currently broad band commercial existing systems such as,
Bluetooth and GSM..
9. Wearable active Sierpinski fractal antenna for off-body communication, by A. Baroni,

H.Rogier,IEEE, 19 October 2015.
In this paper the realization of a wearable active Sierpinski fractal antenna for off-body
communication is presented. The realized prototype is designed for operation in the 868MHz and
915MHz Industrial Scientific Medical bands. The selection of the desired frequency is performed
by modifying the antenna feeding structure through an input impedance matching network. This
adaptive feeding structure also compensates for variations in input impedance of the antenna
caused by the presence of the human body. The design is validated by simulations and
measurements on an antenna prototype.
10. Design and development of printed Sierpinski Carpet, Sierpinski Gasket and Koch
Snowflake fractal antennas for GSM and WLAN applications, by Prateek Lande, Dason
Davis, Nezel Mascarhanas, IEEE, 30 April 2015.
In this paper, three configurations of printed fractal antennas, such as Sierpinski Carpet, Modified
Sierpinski Gasket and Koch Snowflake are designed and developed for multiband operations for
GSM 1800, WLAN 2400/5800 applications. The antenna performance is analyzed for their
radiation characteristics. The simulation and experimental results depict 1:2 VSWR return loss
around the desired frequencies. Also a modified design configuration of Sierpinski Gasket fractal
antenna is proposed in this paper.

Design of A New Fractal

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Design of A New Fractal

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

DESIGN OF MIMO ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS

Sudhanshu Kumar (BE/15167/14)

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGEENIRING

To the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis that not

Dr. Megha Dadel

The foregoing thesis entitled “Design of MIMO Antenna for Wireless

It is understood that by approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse

(Internal examiner) (External Examiner)

Sudhanshu Kumar (BE/167/14

Fig 1. U-shaped patch antenna with U-slot

Fig 2. Printed Wideband monopole slot antenna

Fig 3. Compact UWB P-shaped wide slot antenna

Fig 4. CPW fed printed binomial wide slot antenna

1.1 Two modulation modes of UWB

1.2 Medical UWB History

Applying Ultra-WideBand (UWB) technology in medical applications is an emerging research

1.3.1 Wideband Fractal Antenna

where Y = G + jB is the input impedance at the resonance frequency.

1.4 ANTENNA DESIGNS

1.4.1 Printed Slot Antennas

The structure has a dimensions of about (22mm×24mm×1.6mm).The obtained operational

1.4.2 Printed Dipole Antennas

1.4.3 Directional UWB Antennas

Fig 9. Geometry of the magnetoelectric dipole for unidirectional UWB communications.The

Compared to Microstrip technology, CPW (coplanar waveguide) technology has superiors'

1.4.5 Design Solutions to Improve the Antenna Bandwidth

By introducing extra impedances or resonances, also by increasing the thickness . Adding a

A compact CPW-fed monopole antenna composed of an elliptical monopole and a coplanar

An example of an antenna consisting of a dome-topped, bowl-shaped patch with a tapered

Metamaterials are artificial structures composed of periodic or nonperiodic subwavelength

3. Future Work: Application in UWB

3.2. Dielectric and Conductive Textile Materials for Wearable Antennas

3.4 All-Textile Wearable Antennas

An e-fiber is used as a conductive patch of dimensions 60mm×100mm opportunely sewed to a

4. Dielectric Resonator Antennas

Higher radiative performances, on a higher operating bandwidth (exceeding 65% fractional

5 . THE PROPOSED ANTENNA MODEL AND ANALYSIS

scale factor. By using this method we have designed 3 iterations as shown.

Table. Design considerations

Dielectric substrate (FR4) 𝜀𝑟 = 4.4, tan𝛿 = 0.09

1.Design of Sierpinski Fractal Antenna for wideband applications, by P. Shibi. Kirubavthy

2 Modified sierpinski monopole antenna for UWB applications with multibands, by P

5. Design of sierpinski fractal UWB antenna, by A. Kavya, Zachirah C Alex, K.

7. Circular Sierpinski Fractal Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applications,by Deepa

9. Wearable active Sierpinski fractal antenna for off-body communication, by A. Baroni,

S-ar putea să vă placă și