PHILIPPINE MILITARY HISTORY
AMERICAN INFLUENCE
I. PRE-SPANISH OCCUPATION
April 15, 1521 – Battle of Mactan
- The first recorded organized resistance against
foreign aggressor
- Lapu-Lapu, the acknowledge father of the AFP
fought against the Spaniards led by Magellan. He
refused to pay homage to the King of Spain. Natalo
sila tas nadeads si Magellan lam nyo na yan.
II. SPANISH OCCUPATION
1570
- After they successfully occupied some of the
archipelagos (mostly in Visayas), they tried to
land in Manila pero pinigilan sila ng Muslim
raiders led by Rajah Soliman
1571
- Legaspi conquered Manila and made it as the
capital of the Philippines.
- Diego Silang, led the rebellion; displayed his
exemplary military leadership style and tactics
in defeating the Spaniards
1603 – Chinese Revolt
1868 - General Jose Prim dethroned Queen Isabela
II of Spain
July 7, 1892
- Andres Bonifacio, who is considered as the
father of the Philippine Army, founded a more
radical group called the “Katipunan”
- While Katipunan was gaining strength, two
factions emerged – the Magdalo led by
Aguinaldo and the Magdiwang led by Bonifacio
August 23, 1896 – Cry of Pugad Lawin
- signaled the start of the Philippine Revolution
against Spain
March 22, 1897 – Tejeros Convection
- the Tejeros Convention was called to resolve the
conflict between the two factions. As a result,
Aguinaldo won the presidency. This gave birth to
the Philippine Army.
III.
April 23, 1898 – America vs. Spain
- America convinced Filipinos to battle Spain
together and promised to grant Independence
to Philippines. Aguinaldo declared war.
June 12, 1898 – Inpendence Day was declared
- At Kawit, Cavite
- After 10 days, June 22, 1989, Philippine Navy
was created by the Revolutionary Army.
- Filipinos were defeated which led the fall of
Malolos Republic
March 23, 1901
- capture of General Aguinaldo by the Americans
in Palanan, Isabela
August 8, 1901 – Philippine Constabulary
- was establish for peace and order, an insular
police force
April 16, 1902
- the laying down of arms of General Malvar
February 7, 1905 – Philippine Military Academy
December 21, 1935 - the National Defense Act was
enacted which officially created the Armed Forces
of the Philippines (AFP)
July 1, 1947 – Philippine Air Force
IV. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
- Japan declared war against US
December 10, 1945
- Japan landed in Vigan and Aparri
- the combined military forces of the United States
and the Filipinos withdrew to Bataan for the
implementation of War Plan Orange
April 9, 1942 – Fall of Bataan
May 6, 1942 – Fall of Corregidor
October 20, 1944 - Some did not surrender that led
to Guerillas. The activities of the latter were
instrumental for the comeback of liberating US
Forces under Gen Douglas Mc Arthur who landed in
Leyte.
 V. INTERNATIONAL PEACE KEEPING
OPERATIONS
- It is also noteworthy that the AFP had
participated in international peace keeping
efforts as its commitment to the United Nations
such as the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to
Korea (PEFTOK) in the early 50’s, the Philippine
Air Force Contingent in Congo, Africa in the
early 60’s and the Philippine Civic Action Group
(PHILCAG) in South Vietnam in the 60’s.
Philippine contingents were also sent to East
Timor, Iraq and Liberia to participate in UN
peace keeping operations.
AFP ORGANIZATIONS
I. BRIEF HISTORY
March 22, 1897
- Artemio Ricarte was elected as Captain General
of the Revolutionary Army with which the first
Philippine Republic was born
1934
- The Philippine Legislature House Bill Nr 72 was
then provided for the creation of the Bureau of
National Defense
- on the following year, President Manuel L
Quezon signed the Commonwealth Act Nr 1,
which became the legal basis for the
organization of the army in the Philippines on
December 21, 1935.
- January 11, 1936, Jose Delos Reyes was
appointed as Brigadier General and had Gen
Basilio J Sables and Col Guillermo B Francisco
as acting first and second Assistants Chief of
Staff
- Late 1936 AFP was organized.
II. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS (GHQ)
- The Secretary of National Defense exercise
supervision and control over the Armed Forces
of the Philippines. responsibility of directing,
planning and supervising the National Defense
program maintaining law and order throughout
the country, and performing other functions as
may be provided law.
- 3 major services of the AFP:
a. Philippine Army (PA) - In Charge with the
development of the regular and services
ground forces of the AFP.
b. Philippine Air Force (PAF) - In charge with
the development of the air elements of the
AFP
c. Philippine Navy (PN) - In charge with the
development of naval element of the AFP
1. Chief of Staff, AFP – is the highest military
officer in the AFP. He has command and control
over all the elements of the AFP. HE executes
the President Command functions in relation to
military strategy, tactics and operations and
acts as the immediate adviser tops the
Secretary of National Defense.
- President Rodrigo Duterte
2. Secretary of Joint Staff – Assist in Professional,
technical and other functional areas included in,
but narrower than the broad fields of interest
and joint staff officers and largely relating to
technical, administrative and branch matter.
3. Vice-Chief of Staff – Assist the Chief of Staff and
performs duties in the absence of the CSAFP.
4. Deputy Chief of Staff – is designated by the C of
S exercise general supervision over the general,
special, administrative and technical staff
services.
III. AFP, JOINT STAFF (Deputy Chief of Staff)
1. DCS for Personnel, J1 – assists, control,
coordination
2. DCS for Intelligence, J2 – formulation of
intelligence
3. DCS for Operatons, J3 – planning and
supervision of operations
4. DCS for Logistics, J4 – advises logistical needs
5. DCS for Plans, J5 – in charge of long range plans
6. DCS for Civil Military Operations, J7 – advises
to conduct civil relation activities and build
strong home defense
7. DCS for Training and Education, J8 – Manpower
8. DCS for Reservists and Retiree Affairs (RRA), J9
– RRA
IV. 2 major AFP COMPONENTS
1. Regular Components Consist of all standing
forces as directed by the President.
2. Reserve Component Consist of numbers of the
reserve unit in the major services of the AFP
wide-support and separate units and affiliated
reserve units as the President may authorize.
AFP CODE OF ETHICS
Article 1 – Identity
Section I: Constitutional Mandate
- It is mandated to serve and protect the People and
secure the sovereignty of the state and The integrity of
the national territory from internal and external threats.
Section II: Organization & Chain of Command
- It is headed by the President as the Commander in
Chief who exercise Control, Supervision and Authority
through a Chain of Command Headed by the Chief of
Staff.
Article II –AFP History
a. Lapu –Lapu – In the battle of Mactan on 27 April
1521, He acknowledged Father of AFP.
b. Andres Bonifacio – The Founder of the Katipunan on
07 July 1892, He Considered as the Father of the
Philippine Army.
c. Philippine Navy – Was Created on 22 June 1898, by
the Revolutionary Army.
d. Philippine Constabulary – Was organized on 08
August 1901.
e. Philippine Military Academy – Was Established on 17
February 1905
Article III – AFP Creed
Section 1. The AFP Core Values
The CORES OF VALUES
1. Honor - hallmark of military conduct; crowning
value of professionalism. More precious than
life itself: Dignity, Integrity, Reputation
2. Valor – Highest level of physical and moral
courage: Power and Strength, Courage and
ability to overcome fear
3. Duty – full and steadfast commitment to serve:
Sense of Responsibility, Selfless
Service/Supreme Sacrifice, Competence
4. Loyalty – (Patriotism) Steadfast commitment to
service; Trust, faith and allegiance to fellow
Army, soldier and country: Country,
Constitution, Chain of Command
5. Solidarity – Camaraderie, and brotherhood:
Esprit-de-corps, teamwork
Section 2. The AFP stand on basic Issues – employment
of the AFP in many areas of national concern which lie
beyond the traditional martial role of the organization
in the country
2.1. The AFP organization – shall be so designed,
structured, staffed and manned
2.2. Supremacy of Civilian Authority – The AFP shall
uphold the supremacy of the civilian authority over
the mil.
2.3. Chain of Command – The AFP shall follow the
chain of command. Every officer and soldier shall
obey the lawful orders of his immediate officers.
2.4. Military Leadership – The mil. Leadership shall
have ability to influence, concerns the morale and
welfare of its members
2.5. People’s support – needs people’s support to
achieve peace and order
2.6. National Development – The AFP shall be the
people’s partner in development and progress.
2.7. Spiritual Life –practice of one’s religious faith
2.8. Social Justice - promotion of social justice.
2.9. Human Rights – respect the inherent dignity of
human being and his inalienable rights
2.10. Enemies of the State – The AFP shall consider
as enemies of the state those who shall violate the
sovereignty of the Philippines.
2.11. Partisan Politics – The AFP recognizes the
sanctity of its insulation from partisan politics.
2.12. Mass Media – The mass media is an effective
vehicle of change and progress. The AFP shall
maintain an “open-media policy”
2.13. Family Life – The AFP shall recognize that its
members are human beings with the same family
obligations as other people.
2.14. Democracy – democracy
2.15. National Interest – national interest
2.16. Peace – Peace is priceless gift to mankind
2.17. War – War is defined as the use of organized
military force
 2.18. Use of Armed Force – restraint and precaution
in the use of armed force to implement policies.
2.19. Principled Critiques/Cause-Oriented Groups -
shall not stifle dissent or label the principled
critiques and/or cause-oriented groups as threats to
national security.
2.20 Research and Technology –prime mover of
research and technology in the manufacture of
armaments and electronic hardware.
Article IV –AFP Membership
Section 1. General Statement – make the most
important asset of all the organizations’ resources.
Efforts shall be exerted to attract only the best qualified
and most deserving in order to maintain high standards
set forth in this code.
Section 2. Procurement System – The AFP shall adopt
an efficient system of procurement that shall ensure
uniform.
Section 3. Membership Qualifications the following
shall be the minimum criteria in the selection of
applications.
MEMBERSHIP QUALIFICATION
1. Commissioned Officer:
- Grant by the President of the Philippines of a
Commission and rank appropriate to his/her line
and expertise after meeting all of the following
Requirements.
a. Must be natural Filipino born citizen.
b. Good moral Character
c. Physically and Mentally Fit
d. With the Age Bracket Prescribed by the AFP
e. Must at Least be a Baccalaureate Degree holder
f. Must have gone through at Least the basic
Commission Officer Training in any of the Service
School.
g. Must have attained an Above Average IQ Rating
in The General Military Classification Test Prepared
and Administered in accordance with the AFP
2. Enlisted Personnel
a. Must be a Natural Born Citizen
b. Good Moral Character
c. Physically and Mentally Fit
d. Single
e. With the Age Bracket from 18 to 26 years of age.
f. Must be at Least a High School Graduate.
Article V – Military Professionalism
Section 1. General Statement – The members of the
AFP are public servants who are oathbound to fulfill the
lofty mandate of the constitution.
Section 2. Professionalism – expert application
Section 3. Standard of Military Professionalism –observe
the following:
3.1. Standard of Loyalty – LOYAL DAPAT
3.2. Standard of Competence – Dapat may knowledge
and skills di puro papogi charot
3.3. Standard of Ethics – Dapat may right conduct; right
manners!
3.4. Standard of Morals – Dapat alam yung TAMA sa
MALI!! grrr
Section 4. Unprofessional Acts – Behavior that fall short
of the professional standard
4.1 Act of Disloyalty – bawal yung taksil
4.2 Acts of Incompetence blah blah
Section 4.3 – United Acts – established and
accepted ethical and moral standards of behavior and
performance
Section 4.4 – Corrupt Act – All acts characterized as
crimes against public chenelyn
Section 5. Penalties and Administrative Sanctions –
penalties for above acts mentioned in this Code shall be
those which are provided in the Revised Penal Code, the
Articles of War.
Articles VI – AFP Custom and Tradition
Section 1. General Statement – the importance of
customs and traditions to the AFP cannot
overemphasized.
Section 2. Definition of Terms
2.1. Traditions – are inherited principles that serve as
guide for individuals or groups.
2.2. Customs – are accepted practices
Section 3. Military Traditions
3.1. Tradition of Valor – epitomized valor during their
gallant defense of Tirad Pass, Bataan, Corrigedor, blah
3.2. Tradition of Duty – dedicated public servant who
performed his tasks with a deep sense of responsibility
and selfsacrifice
3.3. Tradition of Honor – General Artemio Ricarte, the
firs recognized Captain General; exemplified the value
of Honor by leading a life of dignity
3.4. Tradition of Solidarity – The strongest, most
enduring and powerful military tradition
3.5. Tradition of Loyalty – The Filipino soldier has held
the respect of the nation by shedding blood and
offering the supreme sacrifice in defense of the country.
Section 4. Military Customs
4.1. Salute – most important custom
4.2 Rank has its privileges
4.3. Place of Honor – the place of honor is on the right.
Accordingly, when a junior walk, rides, or sits with a
senior he takes position abreast and to the left of the
senior.
4.4. Use of the word Sir
Article VII – General Provisions
Section 1. Legal Force – This code of ethics shall be
guided by the provisions of the Constitution of the
Republic of the Philippines, article of War, Revised Penal
Code. R.A 6713 (Ethical Standards of Public Officials and
Employees) R.A 3019 (Anti –Graft Practices Act), R.A.
6869 (Anti-Coup d’etat Act) and other special laws.
Section 2. Moral Force – All members of the AFP in the
implementation of this code shall morally bound by the
Divine Laws, Oath of Office, AFP Customs and
Traditions, AFP Code of Conduct.
ROTC LEGAL BASIS
Reserve Officer’s Training Corps- Is the primary source
of reservist; (64%) from ROTC (36%) from other sources
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 1, “NATIONAL DEFENSE
ACT” dated 21 Dec 1935. - compulsory military training
of all college students.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1706, “NATIONAL SERVICE
LAW” dated 08 AUG 1980. - Military service will no
longer be compulsory but leaving the National Service
Training to be in effect.
3 Components
1. Military Training Service (MTS)
2. Civic Welfare Service (CWS)
3. Law Enforcement Service (LES)
MEMORANDUM NO. 11 dated 1986 by then President
Corazon C Aquino suspended the implementation of PD
1706. Sinuspend nya yung latter law.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7077 “CITIZEN ARMED FORCE OR
AFP RESERVIST ACT” dated 27 Jun 1991. - Prescribed
for a two-year ROTC Program as a requirement for
graduation to all tertiary level students.
EXPANDED ROTC PROGRAM (Tripartite Committee:
DND, CHED, DILG)
REPUBLIC ACT 9163, “NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING
PROGRAM (NSTP)” dated 23 July 2001 (eto na yung
latest)
Components:
1. Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC)
2. Literacy Training Service (LTS)
3. Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS)
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
Definition of Terms:
1. Military Information- all facts, documents, materials,
photographs, diagrams, maps, and reports of
observations of any kind which increases our knowledge
2. Military Intelligence- knowledge acquired through
the collection, evaluation and interpretation of all info;
the heart of operations.
3. Intelligence Cycle – study in which phase is
considered first information or intelligence can be
inserted in any phase; no beginning and no end.
4. Intelligence Report/Record- procedure of the intel
cycle which must be followed to get a significant
military information in proper and effective manner that
can be essential to the commanders who to formulate
and make decisions.
5. Military Security- Measures taken by a certain unit to
protect itself from espionage, hostile observation,
subversion or sabotage.
6. Counter Intelligence – Aspects of intelligence which
comprises civil and military measure, including the
collection, processing and distribution of information,
and executive action designed to counter enemy or to
prevent sabotage or subversive activities.
B. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS:
1. Intelligence is continuous (tuloy tuloy)
2. Intelligence operations and tactical operations are
independent (Kayang mag-isa)
3. Intelligence must be useful (may pakinabang)
4. Intelligence must be timely (may oras charot,
napapanahon)
5. Intelligence operations must be flexible (kayang
magsabay sabay qiqil)
6. Intelligence operations require imagination and
foresight (oh lawak ng imagination)
7. Intelligence requires constant security measures
(para safe)
C. FOUR (4) PHASES OF INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
(may steps to basahin nyo na lang)
1. Planning the collection effort (buti pa sya nagpplano’t
nageeffort)
2. Collection of Information (para more chances of
winning)
3. Processing Information (parang pabrika)
4. Dissemination and use (wag naman give nang give)
Collection- Is the systematic exploitation of sources
Sources of information- Are persons, things or action
from which information about the enemy, whether or
terrain is derived.
Collection Agency- Any person, unit or activity that
called or process information by research, surveillance,
interrogation or other exploitation of resources.
Processing- Is the step which intelligence is created
from the raw material of information.
Evaluation- Information is of small value unless it has
been analyzed to respect to its pertinence, the
reliability of the officer and agency and its probable
accuracy.
Dissemination and use in the end result of all
intelligence activities. La na finish na
D. EXAMPLES OF MILITARY SECURITY ARE:
1. Secrecy discipline
2. Safeguarding of classified defense information and
equipment
3. Signal communication security
4. Security of troops movements
5. Security of control of accredited correspondence
6. Special handling of evaders and escapes
7. Based unit security
8. Counter subversion with in the AFP
9. Counter espionage
10. Counter sabotage
11. Concealment and camouflage
12. Counter reconnaissance
13. Counter intelligence control prohibited areas.
14. Special handling of prisoners of war.
15. Tactical measures as required in combat area.
E. COUNTER INTELLIGENCE
- It consists of all activities done in peace and war
concerned with the prevention, detection,
neutralization of potential energy
Counter Intelligence Measures is composed of:
a) PASSIVE - counter intel measures conceal
information from the enemy. Itatago lang
b) ACTIVE – Counter Intel measures activity block the
enemy’s attempt to gain information engage in
sabotage or subversion. Pipigilan, may effort
3) Person from which Observation was made
(tatlo to pero ‘to lang importante siguro)
S – Signal Intelligent
T – Commander of a unit
U – Intelligence Specialist
V – Troop Engage in operation
W – Enemy Interrogee
X – Local Government Official
Y – Local Populace
Z – Enemy Captured documents
E. REPORT FOR FIRE d. Prestige - To have been a leader attained prestige in
the minds of one associates
WHO – peepsxz involve
e. Conditioned needs - This source of Leadership is
WHAT – Kind of program basically psychological. Desire, ambition (Example: I’ll
be the one
WHEN – Date f. Specific Skills - people who prefer to posses specific
WHERE – Location skills in the particular job. Example: (The television
series “A” team)
WHY – Purpose or mission g. Personal Characteristics - intelligence, scholarship or
Note: the report for FIRE should be: knowledge, speed of design vitality, self -confidence
and social adoption.
1. Pertinent - Appropriate 2. accurate - Must be exact
3. Unbiased 4. Concise - Short brief and clear BASAHIN NA LANG YUNG MIL LEADERSHIP, SELF-
5. Timely - Soon as possible EXPLANATORY NAMAN KAKATAMAD

Morale – is the state of mind of an individual. It

MILITARY LEADERSHIP
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a. Military Leadership - Is the process of influencing
men to accomplish the mission
b. Leadership Traits - Personal qualities that are direct
value
c. Leadership Principles - Fundamental guidelines for
the selection of appropriate action
d. Command - Authority an ind’l lawfully excise to
e. Leadership - individual directs guide, influences or
control
BASIC RESPONSIBILITIES OF A COMMANDER
1. Accomplishment of mission 2. Welfare of men
THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
Source of Leadership:
1. Tradition
a. Being born of loyalty and trained in royal ways.
Example: King of England
b. The doctrine of Leadership by the eldest. The oldest is
the fittest to govern
2. Magical Powers
a. Theory of Cultural determination - Leader are created
by social situation. Example: Knight in Shinning Armor
(luh)
b. Leadership is providential - It arises only out of
certain men who are natively endowed by their creator
with wisdom, goodness and valor.
c. Accident - They do not necessarily have the nature
endowment.
depends on his attitude toward everything that affects
him his fellow soldier, his leaders and Army life in
general morale is closely related to satisfying man
needs.
Esprit De Corps – is the loyalty to pride in, and
enthusiasm for the unit as shown by its members. Esprit
De Corps is the unit spirit.
Discipline – is the attitude that insures prompt
obedience to order and the initiatives of appropriate
action in the absence of order.
Proficiency – is the technical, tactical, and physical
ability to do the job well. Unit proficiency is the sum of
the skills of all men in the unit welded together
BASIC MAP READING
MAP- is a graphic representation of the earth’s surface
or part of it, drawn into scale as seen from above. (im
the map)
IMPORTANCE OF MAP
1. Accurate; mas nagiging necessary na gumamit nito;
sa pagpplano, map dapat; enough yung supply
CARING OF MAP (alagaan mo kasi!!!!)
1. Ingatan mula sa (ayoko ng) dumi, putik, tubig,
and pagkapunit
2. Dapat nasa waterproof case (lagyan mo ng
helmet para di mauntog)
3. Use a pencil when putting a mark (para walang
ebidensya jk)
4. Light lines lang para pag binura di masyadong
halata bes
5. Fold it properly
CATEGORIES OF MAP
ACCORDING TO SCALE
Scale - is expressed as a fraction and gives the ratio of
map distance to the ground distance.
▪ Small Scale – 1: 600,000
▪ Medium Scale – More than 1: 600,000
▪ Large Scale – 1:750,000 di ko sure kung 75k or 750k
TYPES OF MAPS (wag mahihiyang magtanong)
✓ Planimetric map – only the horizontal (flat) position
of features.
✓ Topographic map - a two-dimensional map which
presents the horizontal (flat) and the vertical (relief)
positions of the features represented.
✓ Photomap – A reproduction of a photograph or
photomosaic upon which grid lines, marginal data, place
names and boundaries may be added.
✓ Joint operations graphics
✓ Photomosaic map
✓ Terrain model – a three-dimensional representation
of an area, modeled in plaster, rubber, or other
materials. It is distinguished from others maps showing
some cultural and terrain features realistically instead
of symbolically.
✓ Military city map
✓ Plastic relief map – A topographic map printed on
plastic and molded into a three-dimensional form.
✓ Special maps
Military Use
✓ General map
✓ Strategic map
✓ Strategic-Tactical map
✓ Tactical map
▪Artillery map ▪Situation map
MARGINAL INFORMATION
The following marginal information are contained in a
map:
a. SHEET NAME - located at the center of the upper
margin. Generally, a map is named after its outstanding
cultural or geographic feature. Whenever possible,
name of the largest city on the map is use.
b. SHEET NUMBER - found in the upper right margin
and is used as a reference number assigned to each
map.
c. SERIES NAME AND SCALE - the map series name is
found in the upper left margin. A map series is usually
comprises a group of similar maps at the same scale and
on the same sheet lines or format, designed to cover a
particular geographic area.
d. BAR SCALES - the bar scales are located in the center
of the lower margin. They are rulers used for the
determination of ground distance.
e. INDEX TO ADJOINING SHEETS - the index to adjoining
sheets appear in the lower margin. It identifies the map
sheets surrounding the map.
f. INDEX TO BOUNDARIES - appears in the lower right
margin. This diagram, which is a miniature of the map,
shows the boundaries that occur within the map area.
Such as provincial and city boundaries.
g. LEGEND - located in the lower left margin. It
illustrates and identifies the topographic symbols used
to depict the more prominent features on the map.
h. DECLINATION DIAGRAM - located in the lower
margin and indicates the angular relationship of true
north, grid north, and the magnetic north.
i. CONTOUR INTERVAL - appears in the center of the
lower margin. It states the vertical distance between
adjacent contour lines on the map.
j. PROTRACTOR SCALE - a protractor scale may appear
in the upper margin on some maps. It is used for laying
out a magnetic north line on the map.
1. BLACK - the majority of cultural or manmade features
such as buildings, houses, roads, bridges, and etc.
2. BLUE - water features such as lakes, rivers, swamps
and seas.
3. GREEN - vegetation such as woods, orchards and
vineyards.
4. BROWN - all relief features such as contours.
5. RED - built-up areas, classification of roads and other
special feature.
Map Distance (MD)= Representative Fraction (RF)
Ground Distance (GD)
1. The most commonly used unit of angular measure is
the DEGREE with its subdivision of MINUTES AND
SECONDS.
Circle = 360°
1° = 60 Minutes (60 ')
1' = 60 Seconds (60")
BASE LINE single call to any station within the net.
a. TRUE NORTH - A line from any position to the 7. Collective Call Sign – This call sign identifies two
geographic north pole. True North is symbolized by a or more station in a particular radio net but not all
star. station in the net.
8. Net Call Sign – This call sign identifies all radio
b. MAGNETIC NORTH - The north that is established by
stations operating in a particular radio net.
the compass. Magnetic north is usually symbolized by a
9. Call – A method of establishing communication
half arrowhead.
whereby the station calling transmits the
c. GRID NORTH - The north established by the vertical identification of the station are called as will as his
grid lines in a map. Grid north may be symbolized by own identity
the letters GN or Y. 10. Prowords – Are pronounceable words which
have assigned meaning to facilitate transmission by
AZIMUTH is defined as a horizontal angle measured in a radio communication
clockwise manner from a base line. B. Five (5) Means of Communication
Two Kinds of Azimuths 1. WIRE – It is used as the principle means of
communication in all military units; embraces all
a. Forward Azimuth - It is the forward direction of an equipment used for laying and recovering wire,
azimuth battery-operated and sound –powered telephones,
b. Back Azimuth: It is the reversed direction of an switch board, and teletype equipment when their
Azimuth measuring clockwise. To obtain a back use is authorized
azimuth from a forward azimuth 2. RADIO – This means of communication is the most
MILITARY SYMBOLS - Are signs, composed of a rapid one. It is most frequently used for
diagram, number, letter, abbreviation, color or maintaining command, control, contact and
combination thereof, which is used to identify and direction in contact.
distinguished a particular military unit, activity or 3. MESSENGER – The used of messenger as a means
installation of communication is preferred over the rest when
maps and classified documents are to be
A CONTOUR LINE is a line representing an imaginary transmitted to other operating units.
line on the ground along which all points are at the 4. VISUAL SIGNAL – It is used to control the actions of
same elevation. small units.
5. SOUND SIGNAL – this means of communication is
BASIC SIGNAL COMMUNICATION used primarily to spread alarms, normally it is used
A. Definition of Terms to warn troops of an impending hostile air,
1. Signal Communication – Is a method of means of mechanized or gas attack
communication thereof or conveying information O. Phonetic Alphabets
from one person to another except by direct
conversation. A – ALFA J – Juliet U - Uniform
2. Means of Signal Communication – is a medium
B – Bravo K – Kilo V – Victor
by which information is convey from one
person/place to another. C – Charlie L – Lima W – Whisky
3. Agency of Signal Communication – Is the facility
D – Delta M – Mike X – X-ray
which embraces both personnel and equipment
necessary in conveying information from one E – Echo N – November Y – Yankee
person/place to another.
4. Radio Net – A group of several stations working F – Foxtrot O – Oscar Z – Zulu
together in the frequency. G – Golf Q – Quebec
5. Call Sign – A combination of pronounceable
words that identify the facility or station. H -Hotel R – Romeo
6. Individual Call Sign – this call sign identifies a I – India S – Sierra
PLM HYMN 11. To be especially watchful at night and during the
time for challenging, to challenge all person on or
Lyrics by Gatpuno Antonio J. Villegas (1988 or 1968) near my post and to allow no one to pass without
Music by Prof. Fellipe Padilla de Leon proper authority.
Pamantasan, Pamantasang Mahal
PLM CADETS’ PRAYER
Nagpupugay kami’t nag-aalay
Loving heavenly father, we come to you this hour asking
Ng Pag-ibig, tao na paggalang for your blessing and help as we, the Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Maynila “Rajah” ROTC Cadets, are gathered
Sa patnubay ng aming isipan
together.

We pray for your guidance for this day and ask that you
Karunungan tungo’y kaunlaran would clearly show us how to conduct it with a spirit of
Hinuhubog kmaing kabataan joy and enthusiasm.

Maging Pilipinong mero’ng dangal Give us the desire to find ways to excel in our work.
Help us to work together and encourage each other to
Puso’y tigib ng kadakilaan excellence. We ask that we would challenge each other
to reach higher and farther to be the best we can be.

Pamantasang Lungsod ng Maynila
Kaming lahat dito’y iyong punla
Tutuparin pangarap mo’t nasa
May this day serve as a catalyst to move us forward and
cause us to advance and see growth in all areas of our
lives. May we leave here recognizing You are the God of
all wisdom and You are willing to lead us forward.

Pamantasan, kami’y nanunumpa This we pray in the name of the Lord Jesus, Amen.
Pamantasan kami’y nanunumpa

11 GENERAL ORDERS
1. To take charge of this post and all government
property in view
2. To walk my post in a military manner, keeping
always in the alert and observing anything that
takes place within the sight or hearing
3. To report all violation of orders I am instructed to
enforce
4. To repeat all calls from my post more distant from
the guard house than my own
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved
6. To receive, obey and pass on the sentinel who
relieves me orders from the commanding officer,
officer of the day, commissioned and non-
commissioned officers of the guard only
7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty
8. To give the alarm in case if fire or disorder
9. To call the commander of relief in any case not
covered by instruction
10. To salute all officers, all colors, and all standards
not in case