1.

Main Conclusion
a) Correct.
b) False. Out of scope + contrary to the passage. The author does not state that the
requirement of the popular novels is incompatible with true creative expression. On the
contrary, the author recommends P.D. James to explore mainstream genres because that
will allow her to explore her creativity.
c) False. Contrary to the passage. The author sees the dichotomy as spurious, a false
opposition.
d) False. Too narrow. This is only discussed in the second paragraph.
e) False. Contrary to the passage. The author recommends P.D. James to move to the
mainstream due to her descriptive style.

2- Use of words

(i) Who used the words: the author

(ii) Word used positively or negatively: negatively
(iii) Why use the word: to imply that P.D. James spent too much time on descriptive details.
a) False. Distorts details. The author’s point here is not to praise James’s talents, but rather to
focus on one of her shortcomings.
b) False. Distorts details.
c) False. Distorts details. The author’s point here is not to praise James’s talents, but rather to
focus on one of her shortcomings.
d) False Distorts details.
e) Correct.

3 – Function paragraph)

a) False. Distorts details. The second paragraph only discusses two viewpoints not any alternative.
The alternative view point (which is held the by author) is discussed in the third paragraph not
the second paragraph.
b) Correct.
c) False. Distorts details. The author makes no assertions in the earlier paragraph. The author
merely notes a generalization. Moreover, the generalization is never contradicted.
d) False. Distorts details. The second paragraph does NOT introduce anything NEW but rather
EXPANDS on not one but two interpretations. False. The author is presenting two
interpretations.
e) False. Distorts details. Although there are two viewpoints, this is against the author’s view that
the dilemma is a “false opposition”.
4 – Must be True

a) False. Out of scope. The author discusses neither. Moreover, this would go against the reasoning
that there are conventions.
b) False. Distorts details. The passage notes that enjoyable novels are considered to be lowbrow
and dull novels are considered to be highbrow. However, this is the opinion of others NOT the
author. Moreover, we don’t know which category detective fiction resides in. Common sense
even suggests that there is objective answer and that alone raises a red flag.
c) False. Out of scope. The passage only discusses the works of P.D. James not detective fiction in
general. Moreover, there is no reason to infer that even P.D. James works has been ignored by
critics. On the contrary, the passage mentions two critics who apparently have NOT ignored P.D.
James.
d) False. Contrary to the passage. The passage notes that there are conventional standards in
detective fiction.

5 – Critics Agree

a) Correct. Get on with the more taxing business, please proceed

b) False. Distorts details. This is something the author will agree with not the critics.
c) False. Out of scope.
d) False. Distorts details. The criticism is NOT that her plots are too complicated or simple but
rather that she neglects her plots.
e) False. Out of scope. The criticism is NOT that her plots are too complicated or simple but rather
that she neglects her plots.

6 – Author’s view

a) False. Distorts details. This is what P.D. James does.

b) False. Distorts details. . P.D. James does this.
c) False. This is what PD. James does not traditional detective fiction in general.
d) Correct.
e) False. P.D. James does this.

7 – Author’s view

a) False. Out of scope. The author makes no such distinction. In-fact, the author agrees with
the critics over P.D. James in certain cases.
b) False. Out of scope.
c) False. Out of scope.
d) Correct.
e) False. Distorts details.
8 – Analogy

The answer should focus on the following: if it is enjoyable then it is inferior. If it is not inferior then it is
a tiny bit dull.

a) False. Out of scope.

b) False. Contrary to passage.
c) Correct.
d) False. Out of scope.
e) False. Out of scope.

1. Difficult to establish standing but if successful then give some basis of protection.
2. Gives example of a type of common law, property law, giving standing through an actual case.
3. Also, distinction between individual and communal property to give standing.

9 – Primary Purpose

a) False. Out of scope. The passage is discussing protection of native American’s property not
burial grounds.
b) False. Too narrow. This is only discussed in the first paragraph.
c) Correct.
d) False. Out of scope.
e) False. Establish right to graves and property contained therein NOT the land. Furthermore, does
not discuss multiple means, only discusses legal means.

10 – Must be True

a) False. Contrary to the passage. Standing is granted to deceased’s heirs.

b) False. Out of scope. The passage only discusses standing for property in cases where the original
owner is not alive.
c) False. Contrary to the passage/Out of scope. Standing is granted in cases where the land is held
for common use by the tribe.
d) False. Contrary to the passage. Standing is granted to close relatives.
e) Correct.
11 – Must be True

a) False. Out of scope. The passage does not compare the difficulty in resolving ancient and recent
graves once standing has been established.
b) False. Distorts details. While the passage notes that the distinction between communal and
individual property rights MAY be an issue there is no evidence that it is USUALLY an issue.
c) False. Contrary to the passage. The passage notes in the first line of paragraph 1 that once
standing has been achieved, property law MAY be useful in certain situations.
d) Correct.
e) False. Distorts details. While the passage notes that common law may be used in cases where
standing has been achieved we don’t know the frequency.

12 – Must be True

a) False. This is not relevant. There is a possibility that standing may be established by the tribe or
by close relatives.
b) Correct.
c) False. Distorts details. While the passage tells us who can establish standing, specifically, heirs,
close relatives, tribal representatives etc., the passage makes no mention of strangers.
d) False. Distorts details. While the passage tells us that standing is more difficult to establish if the
descendants have no lives on the land, this is NOT necessary.
e) False. Scope shift. This answer shifts the scope from what remains in graves can considered to
be abandoned property from whether the land can be considered abandoned property.

13 – Function (second paragraph)

a) Correct.
b) False. Distorts details. While the passage notes that it MAY be difficult to establish standing, and
the criteria in which standing MAY be established, it does not mention the difficulties that
Native Americans have to go through to establish standing.
c) False. Distorts details. That is done in the third paragraph.
d) False. Contrary to the passage. The passage notes a specific ancient grave in which standing was
established.
e) False. Contrary to the passage. The passage notes that the application of common law in cases
in which standing has been established would be a significant extension of common law.

14 – Main idea

a) False. Distorts details. While the passage notes that Carrier vs Bell as an example in which
common law was used to protect ancient grave contents by Native Americans, it never suggests
that there were NO legal grounds to establish standing prior to this case.
b) False. Distorts details. While the passage notes that property law MAY be used to protect the
remains of ancient graves, it does NOT mention whether that is the BEST method.
 c) False. Distorts details. While the passage notes that it MAY be difficult to establish standing if
the Native American tribe associated with a grave has since left the area where the grave is
located, this does not imply that the older the grave the more difficult it is to establish standing.
d) Correct.
e) False. Distorts details.

15 – Main Point

a) False. Distorts details. While the passage states what the author finds the fourth hypothesis the
most plausible, it does not state what the scientific community in general finds most acceptable.
b) False. Too narrow. This is only mentioned in the second paragraph.
c) Correct.
d) False. Distorts details. While each of the hypothesis serves to present an explanation for past
phenomenon, only the rate-of-speciation hypothesis predicts the future.
e) False. Out of scope. While this appeals to common sense the passage makes no such claim.

16 – Analogy

17 – Must be True

a) Correct.
b) False.
c) False.
d) False. This is based on a detail in the first paragraph and has no co-relation to the time theory.
e) False. Out of scope.

18 – Weakens

a) False. This strengthens the hypothesis.

b) False. Many ?
c) False. Distorts details. This is related to the energy hypothesis.
d) False
e) Coorect

19 – Must be True

a) False. Contrary to the passage. The passage notes in the first paragraph that the tropical areas
are thought to have even more species diversity than currently thought, and currently there are
more variety of species in the tropics than in either temperate zones or artic zones.
b) Correct.
 c) False. Distorts details. This may not have to be true since even though the biomass is high, the
death rate may be quite high.
d) False. Out of scope.
e) False. Out of scope. We don’t know if they are likely to adapt or not.

20 – Author Agree

a) False. While the passage notes which one of the hypothesis is the MOST plausible, it makes no
mention of which one is the LEAST possible.
b) False. Out of scope. The passage does NOT explicitly relate the two.
c) False. Distorts details. The passage notes that the time hypothesis is incorrect because of its
failure to consider that artic zones have been free of ice ages and that ice ages have affected
some temperature zones more than others NOT because of C.
d) Correct.
e) False. Out of scope. While this may be an important distinction, the author does NOT make this
distinction.