-72-

Design of Footings
General Most of the structures built by our country are made of reinforced concrete. Here, the part of the
structure above ground level is called as the superstructure, and this is already designed, where the part of
the structure below the ground level is called as the substructure. Footings are located below the ground
level and are also referred as foundations. Foundation is that part of the structure which is in direct
contact with soil. The R.C.C. structures consist of various structural components which act together to
resist the applied loads and transfer them safely to soil. In general the loads applied on slabs in buildings
are transferred to soil through beams, columns and footings. Footings are that part of the structure which
is generally located below ground Level. They are also referred as foundations. Footings transfer the
vertical loads, Horizontal loads, Moments, and other forces to the soil. The important purpose of
foundation is as follows;
1. To transfer forces from superstructure to firm soil below.
2. To distribute stresses evenly on foundation soil such that foundation soil neither fails nor experiences
excessive settlement.
3. To develop an anchor for stability against overturning.
4. To provide an even surface for smooth construction of superstructure. Due to the loads and soil
pressure, footings develop Bending moments and Shear forces.
Generally the classification foundation
In our case of footings which are want to deal is isolated footing this footing is concerned only columns
which are far apart and they are mostly interior columns and another footing which are want to design
combined footing . And this is part of layout of our project foundation that shows type of footings.

Foundation System

Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation

Pile Foundation Pier (Caisson)

Foundation

Isolated spread Wall Combined Cantilever or Raft or Mat

Footings Footings Footings Strap Footings Foundation
 -72-

Design of Isolated R.C. Footings

The isolated footing essentially consists of bottom slab. These bottom Slabs can either be flat, stepped or
sloping in nature. The bottom of the slab is reinforced with steel mesh to resist the two internal forces
namely bending moment and shear force. For ordinary structures located on reasonably firm soil, it
usually suffices to provide a separate footing for every column. Such a footing is called an isolated
footing. It is generally square or rectangular in plan; other shapes are resorted to under special
circumstances. The footing basically comprises a thick slab which may be flat (of uniform thickness),
stepped or sloped (on the upper surface), as shown in Fig. 14.1.The soil bearing pressures from below
tend to make the base slab of the footing bend upwards, somewhat into a saucer-like shape (cantilever
action), and hence the footing needs to be suitably reinforced by a mesh provided at the bottom of the
slab. However, in the exceptional case of very small and relatively thick footings, the structural action is
likely to occur, not by bending of the footing slab, but by a lateral dispersion of the compressive stress at
the base of the column; in such a case, it suffices to provide a plain concrete pedestal footing. The term
‘pedestal’ is also used to refer to that portion of a column below ground level where the cross-sectional
dimensions are enlarged. The provision of a pedestal is optional, but is often resorted to by design
engineers, as it results in reduced development length requirements for the column bars, reduced
slenderness of the column† (especially when the founding depth is large), increased direct bearing area on
the footing base slab, and reduced shear stresses and design moments. Pedestals are also used to support
structural steel columns, the load transfer between the steel column and the concrete pedestal being
achieved generally through gusseted steel base plates with ‘holding down’ bolts.
Generally the Isolated Column Footing can summarize: These is independent footings which are provided
for each column. And this type of footing is chosen when
 Soil bearing capacity is generally high
 Columns are far apart
 Loads on footings are less
The isolated footings can have different shapes in plan. Generally it depends on the shape of column cross
section some of the popular shapes of isolated footings or column footing are:
 Square
 Rectangular
 Circular
 -72-
Combined Column Footing
Where two columns are close together it is sometimes necessary or convenient to combine their footings
to form a continuous base. The dimensions of the footing should be chosen so that the resultant load
passes through the centroid of the base area. This may be assumed to give a uniform bearing pressure
under the footing and help to prevent differential settlement. For most structures the ratios of dead and
imposed loads carried by each column are similar so that if the resultant passes through the centroid for
the serviceability limit state then this will also be true - or very nearly - at the ultimate limit state, and
hence in these cases a uniform pressure distribution may be considered for both limit states. The shape of
the footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal as shown in figure 10.8. The trapezoidal base has the
disadvantage of detailing and cutting varying lengths of reinforcing bars; it is used where there is a large
variation in the loads carried by the two columns and there are limitations on the length of the footing.
Sometimes in order to strengthen the base and economies on concrete a beam is incorporated between the
two columns so that the base is designed as an inverted T -section. The proportions of the footing depend
on many factors. If it is too long, there will be large longitudinal moments on the lengths projecting
beyond the columns, whereas a short base will have a larger span moment between the columns and the
greater width will cause large transverse moments. The thickness of the footing must be such that the
shear stresses are not excessive. And another attempt of explanation of combined footing is in the below
These are common footings which support the loads from two or more columns. Combined footings are
provided when, (1) soil bearing capacity is generally less, (2) Columns are closely spaced and (3)
Footings are heavily loaded. In the above situations, the area required to provide isolated footings for the
columns generally overlap. Hence, it is advantageous to provide single combined footing. In some cases
the columns are located on or close to property line. In such cases footings cannot be extended on one
side. Here, the design of a combined footing is more efficient and economical as well as the settlement of
footing is uniform if the pressure distribution due to load is uniform. This condition may be achieved if
the centroid of all applied loads and the centroid of the area of footing coincide. The shape of a combined
footing in plan shall be such that the centroid of the foundation plan coincides with the centroid of the
loads in the columns. Combined footings are either rectangular or trapezoidal. Rectangular footings are
favored due to their simplicity in terms of design and construction. However, rectangular footings are not
always practicable because of the limitations that may be imposed on their longitudinal projections
beyond the two columns or the large difference that may exist between the magnitudes of the two column

Centroid of base and

resultant load coincide

Rectangular Trapezoidal
loads
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Step1: determination the size of foundation:

A superimposed load transferred through a column is added with self- weight of footing to obtain total
load to be transferred to the soil. This total load is divided by the safe bearing capacity of soil to
determine the area of footing. The condition to be satisfied by the subsoil in the design of foundation is
that its safe bearing capacity (which is based on both strength and settlement) should not be exceeded by
the loads from the structure. As the safe bearing capacity is obtained (from the principles of soil
mechanics) by dividing the ultimate capacity of the soil by a suitable factor of safety, its value represents
the serviceability condition, and not the limit state condition. Accordingly, the loads to be used to
determine the size of the foundation should the service loads so that we are using this formula for
determining the area of footing:
supperimposed load + 10% of supperimposed
required area of footing =
safe bearing capacity of soil (SBC)
Step2: determination the depth of footing (thickness)
i From Bending Moment Consideration
The bending moment of any section is determined by passing through the section a vertical plane
extending completely across the footing and computing the moment of the forces acting over the entire
area of the footing on one side of the said plane.
For calculating the greatest bending moment the section is to be located at the face of concrete wall,
column or pedestal. But this section may be taken to be located at halfway between the center line and
edge in case of masonry wall.
ii From Shear Force Consideration
a) One-way shear (wide-beam shear):
One-way shear is similar to shear in bending in slabs. Considering the footing as a wide beam, the shear is
taken along a vertical plane extending the full width of the base located at a distance equal to the effective
depth of the footing. The allowable shear stress is the same as in beams. The tension reinforcement to be
considered for estimating the allowable shear should continue for a distance equal to the full effective
depth beyond the section. In one-way shear, the shear force to be resisted is the sum of the upward forces
in the foundation area from the critical section to the edge of the footing. The consequent shear per unit
V
area is given by τv = 𝑏𝑑 , This τv should not be more than the 𝜏𝑝 = 𝐾(0.25√Fck ). Design the depth for
one-way shear. We generally find the depth required from shear consideration before we find the depth
required from bending moment consideration in pad footings.
b) Checking for two-way or punching shear:
In footing punching shear is the shear produced by a concentrated load punching through the slab around
it. It is also called two-way shear. This type of shear occurs around columns in footings and flat slabs.
This stress is calculated around the column load at a distance d/2 from the edge of the column. The
allowable value is 𝜏𝑝 = 𝐾(0.25√Fck ) , where k = (0.5 + β) < 1 , β = ratio of the short to long side of
the column. If k > 1 , then𝜏𝑝 = (0.16√Fck ).
In foundation slabs, the thickness of concrete around columns should be so chosen that they can withstand
the above punching shear without shear reinforcement. If the shear value is high, there are methods, such
as shear head reinforcement, for reinforcing for punching shear as described in books on R.C. They are
mostly used in flat slab construction and rarely used in foundation slabs.
-72-
Step3: Tensile Reinforcement:
Main reinforcement is provided along the width and distribution bars of minimum specified
reinforcement along the length of strip foundation.
In isolated footing under a single column, main reinforcements are provided in both orthogonal directions
in the form of a mesh. In the rectangular footing, however, reinforcement parallel to longer side are
distributed uniformly, whereas out of total reinforcement, parallel to shorter side.
Step4: Control of bearing pressure on Base on column

QEYBTAAN HOOS UDAGEE LAYOUT KA FOOTINKA GALAYA MESHAN

DETAILKA MANA SAMEYNIN LKN WA FUDUDYAHAY BARI HAL SAAC DIYAAR NOQO

Design of isolated footing (rectangular footing)

Column size-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25cm * 60cm
Soil bearing capacity ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2kg/cm2
Load from column W1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107856kg
Self-weight of footing ----------------- 10% of column load = 0.1*107856 ---------------------------10785.6kg
The total load of superimposed load----------------------------------------------------------------------- 118642kg
Step1: fixing the size of base (L-a)/2
PT 118642
A required = = = 4.75 m2
SBC 25000
this is the required area of footing. We choose a=0.60m
B =2m

square in our footing, so each side is equal square

b=0.25m

roo of the area B = L = √A = √4.75 = 2.20M

Net the upward pressure of soil, without considering
self-weight of footing pressure on to the soil, it is
only column weight.
107856
𝑄= = 2.228kg/cm2 ≅ 2.23kg/cm2 L = 3m
2202
2 2
2.23kg/cm < 2.5kg/cm
Step2: Determination of depth
i Design Bending Moment at Y-Y:
As shows figure4.5 the selected portion is the arm of
a=0.60m
B =2m

this moment
B 2.2
b=0.25m

Myy = q ∗ (B − a)2 = 22300 ∗ (2.2 − 0.6)2

8 8
Myy = 15699kgm
(B-b)/2

m 15699 ∗ 100
d = √( ) = √( ) = 24.8 cm
Qb 11.6 ∗ 220
Similarly, L = 3m
ii Design Bending Moment at X-X
 B 2.2
𝑀𝑥𝑥 = q ∗ (𝐵 − 𝑏)2 = 22300 ∗ (2.2 − 0.25)2 = 23320 kgm
8 8
m 23320 ∗ 100
d = √( ) = √( ) = 30.2 cm
Qb 11.6 ∗ 220 (L-a)/2-d
These depths of footing getting from bending moment are
very small and we are doing other tentative.
d
a=0.60m

B =2m
iii From shear force consideration

b=0.25m
a) Distance of critical section for one way shear = d
First attempt is the breadth of loaded area from edge
parallel to B:
𝐵−𝑎 2.2 − 0.6
X = ( − 𝑑) = ( − 𝑑) = 0.8 − 𝑑
2 2
Shear force at section Y-Y L= 3m
𝐿−𝑎
𝑉1 = 𝑞𝐵 ( − 𝑑) = 22300 ∗ 2.2( 0.8 − 𝑑)
2
𝑉1 = 49060( 1.2 − 𝑑) − − − − − − − − − − − −(1)
V
τV1 = ≤ K τc − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)
Bd
V 49060( 0.8 − 𝑑) 22300( 0.8 − 𝑑)
τV1 = = =
Bd 2.2 ∗ d d
Permissible shear stress = K τc
short side of column 0.25
𝐾𝑠 = 0.5 + = 0.5 + = 0.92 < 1
long side of column 0.6
𝜏𝑝 = 0.25√Fck = 0.25√220 = 3.7Kg/cm2
Assume actual shear stress and permissible shear stress
is equal and equating to get unknown variable.
22300( 0.8 − 𝑑) 3.7Kg cm2
τV1 = = ∗ 1000 a=0.60m
B =2m

d Cm2 m2
b=0.25m

17840 − 22300d = 37000d

37000d + 22300𝑑 = 17840 d

(B-b)/2-d
59300𝑑 = 17840
𝑑 = 0.3 = 30 cm Still this depth isn’t satisfy of this
footing L= 3m
Similarly:
Second attempt is the breadth of loaded area from edge parallel to L:
𝐵−𝑏 2.2 − 0.25
X = ( − 𝑑) = ( − 𝑑) = 0.975 − 𝑑
2 2
Shear force at section X-X
𝐵−𝑏
𝑉2 = 𝑞𝐵 ( − 𝑑) = 22300 ∗ 2.2( 0.975 − 𝑑)
2
𝑉2 = 49060( 0.975 − 𝑑) − − − − − − − − − − − (1)
𝑉2
τV2 = ≤ K τc − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)
Ld
 V 49060( 0.975 − 𝑑) 22300( 0.975 − 𝑑)
τV2 = = =
Ld 2.2 ∗ d d
Permissible shear stress = K τc
short side of column 0.25
𝐾𝑠 = 0.5 + = 0.5 + = 0.92 < 1
long side of column 0.6
𝑇𝑐 = 0.25√Fck = 0.25√220 = 3.7Kg/cm2
17976(0.875 − 𝑑) 3.7Kg Cm2
τV1 = = ∗ 1000
d Cm2 m2
37000d = 22300( 0.975 − 𝑑)
37000d + 22300𝑑 = 21743
59300𝑑 = 21743
21743
𝑑= = 0.37𝑚 = 37cm
59300
iv Critical section for two way shear from the face of the column half the depth of footing of each side
d
of column (2):
Perimeter of critical section b0 = 2[(𝑎 + 𝑑) + (𝑏 + 𝑑)]
b0 = 2[(0.6 + 𝑑) + (0.25 + 𝑑)]
b0 = 1.2 + 2𝑑 + 0.5 + 2𝑑
b0 = 1.7 + 4𝑑 This is a perimeter
𝑉2 = 𝑞[(𝐵2 − (𝑎 + 𝑑)(𝑏 + 𝑑)]
𝑉2 = 22300[(2.2)2 − (0.6 + d)(0.25 + d)]
𝑉2 = 22300[4.84 − 0.15 − 0.85d − 𝑑 2 ]
𝑉2 = 22300[4.69 − 0.85d − 𝑑2 ]
𝑉2 = (104587 − 18955𝑑 − 22300𝑑2 )
V
τV2 = ≤ K τc
b0 d
V (−22300𝑑2 − 18955𝑑 + 104587)
τV2 = =
b0 d (1.7 + 4𝑑)d
𝑇𝑐 = 0.25√Fck = 0.25√220 = 3.7Kg/cm2
V (−22300𝑑2 − 18955𝑑 + 104587)
τV2 = = ≤ 3.7Kg/cm2
b0 d (1.7 + 4𝑑)d
(−22300𝑑2 − 18955𝑑 + 104587) 3.7Kg Cm2
τV2 = = ∗ 10000
(1.7 + 4𝑑)d Cm2 m2
2
37000(1.7 + 4𝑑)d = (−22300𝑑 − 18955𝑑 + 104587)
62900d + 148000𝑑2 = (−22300𝑑2 − 18955𝑑 + 104587)
148000𝑑2 + 22300𝑑2 + 62900d + 18955𝑑 = 104587
170300𝑑2 + 81855d = 104587
d = 0.58cm ≅ 60cm This is effective depth of footing
Hence the maximum value of d = 60cm and the cover of footing is 4cm
So overall depth D=60+5=65cm
Step3: Tensile reinforcement
1.6
∴ effective depth for upper layer 𝑑𝑢 = 65 − 4 − − 1.6 = 58.8𝑐𝑚
2
 1.6
∴ effective depth for bottom layer 𝑑𝑏 = 65 − 4 − = 60.2𝑐𝑚
2
Mmax 25885.4 ∗ 100
Ast = = = 34.9 𝑐𝑚2
σst jd 1400 ∗ 0.88 ∗ 60.2
Mmax 20644.3 ∗ 100
Ast = = = 28.79 𝑐𝑚2
σst jd 1400 ∗ 0.88 ∗ 58.2
These areas of steel are the area of longitudinal direction of bottom and the area of transverse direction of
upper respectively.
We choose ∅16 is the main diameter of steel bar using for long direction of reinforcement of maximum
sagging moment span, also we use this main reinforcement bars in short direction.
So that the number of bars that we need to use in these directions can be calculated as:
Ast 34.9 ∗ 4
nos = = = 17.36 say 18 bars
Abar 𝜋 ∗ 1.62
π ∗ 1.62 π ∗ 1.62
Ast = nos ∗ = 18 ∗ = 36.19 cm2
4 4
length of footing 200cm
∴ spacing of bars = = = 11.11cm say 11cm c/𝑐
number of bars 18
Ast 28.79 ∗ 4
nos = = = 14.3 say 15 bars
Abar 𝜋 ∗ 1.62
π ∗ 1.62 π ∗ 1.62
Ast = nos ∗ = 15 ∗ = 30.16 cm2
4 4
breadth of footing 300cm
∴ spacing of bars = = = 20cm c/𝑐
number of bars 15
Step4: Checking for bending stress
Control of bearing Pressure on Base of column on footing
The compressive bearing stress at the base of a column should not exceed the permissible bearing
𝐴
pressure in direct compression of 0.25Fck increased by a coefficient equal to√𝐴1
2

𝐴1 For supporting area of uniform thickness 𝐴1 = (𝑎 + 4𝐷)(𝑏 + 4𝐷)

𝐴2 = loaded area of footing = (a ∗ b)
𝐴
The maximum value of factor√𝐴1 is equal to 2
2

𝐴1 = (𝑎 + 4𝐷)(𝑏 + 4𝐷) = (60 + 4 ∗ 65)(25 + 4 ∗ 65) = 91200𝑐𝑚2

𝐴2 = (a ∗ b) = (60 ∗ 25) = 1500𝑐𝑚2
∴ Multiplication factor to bearing stress in direct compression (𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑟 )

𝐴1 91200𝑐𝑚2
√ =√ = 7.8 > 2 , Hence adopt Factor = 2
𝐴2 1500cm2

𝐴1
Permissible bearing stress = √ ∗ 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑟 = 2 ∗ 0.25 ∗ 220 = 110𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝐴2
Super − imposed load
Actual Bearing stress = ≤ Permissible bearing stress
Loaded area of column bar
107856 72𝑘𝑔 110𝑘𝑔
= < − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −OK
60 ∗ 25 𝑐𝑚2 𝑐𝑚2
This is analytical procedure of isolated footing design, it is well checked and its depth is possible and
suitable for Mogadishu but the area of this footing is very big area and isn’t possible because its area are
large and also not economic.

Design of Combined footing

Loads
Column C1-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------157046 kg
Column C2---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105974 kg
Super imposed load of these two columns---------------------------------------------------------------- 263020 kg
Self-weight of footing ---------------10% super imposed = 0.1*263020-------------------------------- 26302 kg
Total load of footing to the soil---- --263020 + 26302 ------------------------------------------------- 289322 kg
Bearing capacity of soil ------------ 2kg/cm2 ------------------------------------------------------------20000kg/m2
Step1: determination the size of footing
QF 289322
A required = = = 11.5 m2
QS 25000
Hence provided area of footing= 4.6 ∗ 2.5 = 14.72m2, there may be another tentative of dividing.
Let the center of gravity (C.G) of loads be at X from the center of column C1, taking moment of
superimposed loads about of column C1, as shown figure4.12.
−(157046 + 105974)X + 105974 ∗ 2.1 = 0
222545.4
X= = 0.85𝑚
263020
For uniform soil pressure C.G of loads must coincide with C.G of footing projection of footing on L.H.S
from center of column C1
L
X = − 0.85 = 2.3 − 0.85 = 1.45𝑚
2
Similarly, projection of footing on R.H.S from center of column C2
L 4.6
X = − (2.1 − 0.85) = − 1.25 = 1.05𝑚
2 2
Now upward pressure on footing
105974 + 157046
𝑃= = 22871.3kg/m2 ≅ 22871kg/m2
4.6 ∗ 2.5
Sheer force of section of column 1 = 22871 * 2.5 * 1.45 -------------------------------------------------82907kg
Sheer force of section of column 2 = 22871 * 2.5 * 1.05 ------------------------------------------------ 60043kg
Bending moment at section 1-1 = 22871* 2.5 * 1.452/2 -----------------------------------------------60108kgm
Bending moment at section 2-2 = 22871 * 2.5 * 1.052/2 -----------------------------------------------31519kgm

L =4.60m
X 1 =1.45m X 2 =0.85m X 3 =1.25m X 4 =1.05m

C1 C2
B =3.20 m

CG

(a)Size of Footing 2
P=17868kg/m

(b)Net Upward Pressure Diagram

82917kg

45958kg
60020kg
74129kg

(c)Shear Force Diagram

12067kgm

31523kgm
60115kgm (d)Bending Moment Diagram

Step1: depth of footing from maximum bending moment

 m 60108 ∗ 100
d = √( ) = √( ) = 45.5 cm Let d = 45.5cm and D = 50.5cm
Qb 11.6 ∗ 250
Step1: Checking depth for two way shear
Taking critical section for two way shear at d/2 from face of column C1
V = 157046kg − 22871(0.60 + 0.5)(0.30 + 0.5) = 136919.5kg
V 136919.5
τ𝑉 = = = 7.2Kg/cm2
𝑏𝑑 380 ∗ 50
𝑏0 = 2 ∗ (60 + 50) + 2 ∗ (30 + 50) = 380
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾𝑠 𝜏𝑠
short side of column 0.3
𝐾𝑠 = 0.5 + = 0.5 + ≅1
long side of column 0.4
𝑇𝑐 = 0.25√Fck = 0.25√220 = 3.7Kg/cm2
τ𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 > τ𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
coment
V = 157046kg − 22871(0.60 + 0.8)(0.30 + 0.8) = 121825kg
V 121825
τ𝑉 = = = 3Kg/cm2
𝑏𝑑 500 ∗ 80
𝑏0 = 2 ∗ (60 + 80) + 2 ∗ (30 + 80) = 500𝑐𝑚
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾𝑠 𝜏𝑠
short side of column 0.3
𝐾𝑠 = 0.5 + = 0.5 + ≅1
long side of column 0.4
𝑇𝑐 = 0.25√Fck = 0.25√220 = 3.7Kg/cm2
3Kg/cm2 < 3.7Kg/cm2 , τ𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 < τ𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ,

Step1: Longitudinal reinforcement

Bending moment Long direction for maximum bending moment
M 60115 ∗ 100
Ast = = = 108.43 cm2
Ϭst ∗ J ∗ d 1400 ∗ 0.88 ∗ 45
Provide the diameter of Bars in the slab ∅18 so:
ASt 108.43 ∗ 4
Nos = = = 42.6 say 43 bars.
Area of one bar π ∗ 1.82
If we increase the depth of footing 60 cm
M 60108 ∗ 100
Ast = = = 60.986 cm2
Ϭst ∗ J ∗ d 1400 ∗ 0.88 ∗ 80
Provide the diameter of Bars in the slab of footing ∅18 so:
ASt 60.986 ∗ 4
Nos = = = 23.97 say 24 bars.
Area of one bar π ∗ 1.82

M 12043 ∗ 100
Ast = = = 12.22 cm2
Ϭst ∗ J ∗ d 1400 ∗ 0.88 ∗ 80
ASt 12.22 ∗ 4
Nos = = = 6.1 say 7 bars
Area of one bar π ∗ 1.62
 Bending moment Short direction

(L-a)/2

d
a=0.60m
B=2m

b=0.25m

d
(B-b)/2

L =3m
d