Lecture Hour-51 10CV755

UNIT 8 HGD

NUMERICALS

1) The distance between the farthest point in the turf covered drainage
area(with an average slope of 1.5% towards the drain ) and point entry to
side drain is 200m .the weighted value of runoff coefficient is 0.25. the
length of longitudinal open drain in a sandy clay soil from the inlet point to
the cross drainage is 540m. The velocity of flow in side drain may be
assumed as 0.6m/sec so that silting and erosion are prevented .estimate the
design quantity of flow on the side drain for years period of frequency of
occurrence of the storm.

Solution:

C=0.25

Inlet time T1 for an average turf with 1.5% slope corresponding to 200m distance =
33 min ( from graph )

Time T2 for water to flow through 540m length drain at 0.6m/sec

=540/(0.6*60) = 15 min

Duration are time of concentration T =33+15=48min

Drainage area =540*200=108000m2

Ad= 108000/1000=108

Design value of rain fall intensity for 10yeras frequency of occurrence and
corresponding to 48min. duration =70mm/hr(from figure) therefore ,i=70/3600mm/
sec.

Design quantity flow,

=0.25*(70/3600)*108 = 0.525m3/sec
 2) The maximum quantity of water expected in one f open longitudinal drains
on clayey soil is 0.9m3/sec. design the cross section and longitudinal

Slope of trapezoidal drain assuming the bottom width of trapezoidal section to

be1.0m and cross slope to be 1.0 vertical to 1.5 horizontal. Allowable velocity of
flow in the drain is 1.2m/sec and manning’s roughness co-efficient is 0.02.

Solution:

1) Cross section:

The allowable velocity of flow =1.2m/sec

From the discharge equation A= Q/V

= (0.9/1.2)

= 0.75m2

For the trapezoidal section with bottom width 1.0m and side slope 1.0 vertical
to 1.5 horizontal, when the depth of flow is d meter, the top width = (1+3d)
and cross sectional area , A= (1+1+3d)*d/2

0.75 = d +3d2 /2

1.5d2 + d-0.75 =0 solving the equation

d = 0.45m

actual depth of drain =0.45m

Free board =0.15m

Depth of side drain =0.45+0.15 =0.6 m

2) Longitudinal slope may be found from manning’s formula

V=1/n (R2/3 S1/2 )
Where R = (A/P)
P= [√ (.452 + (1.5*0.45)2 ]*2 +1.0
= 2.62m

R = A/P = (0.75/2.62) =0.286m

 S1/2 = Vn/R2/3
= 1.2*0.02/( 0.2862/3)
=0.0553
Slope S = 1 in 320.

SUB SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM:

Changes in moisture content of subgrade are caused by fluctuations in ground

water table seepage flow , percolation of rain water and movement of capillary
water and even water vapour. In sub surface drainage of highways, it is attempted
to keep the variation of moisture in subgrade soil to a minimum. However only the
gravitational water is drained by usual drainage system.

 Lowering of water table:

The highest level of water table should be fairly below the sub grade in order that,
the sub grade and pavement layer are not subjected excessive moisture. From
practical considerations it is suggested that the water table should be at least 1.2m
below the subgrade. And places where water table is high the best remedy is to
take the road formation on embankment of height not less than 1 to 1.2m when the
formation It is to be at or below the general ground level it would be necessary to
lower the water table.

If the soil is relatively permeable it may be possible to lower the high water table
by merely construction of longitudinal drainage trenches with drain pipe and filter
sand the depth of the trench would on the required lowering of water table the
distance between the drainage trenches and soil type. Show in figure.
 Lowering high water table in permeable soil.

If the soil is relatives less permeable the lowering of ground water level may not be
adequate at the center of the pavement and in between the two longitudinal drain
trenches. Hence in addition the transvers drains may have to be provided in order
to the effectively drain off the water and thus to lower the water table up to the
level of transvers drains.
 Sub surface drainage system with transvers drains.

 CONTROL OF SEEPAGE FLOW:

When the general ground as well as the impervious strata below or sloping
seepage flow is likely to exist if the seepage zone is at the depth less than
0.6 to 0.9m from the sub grade level longitudinal pipe drain trench filled
with filter material and clay seal may be constructed to intercept the seepage
flow.

Control of seepage flow.

 CONTROL OF CAPILLARY RISE:

If the water reaching the sub grade due to capillary rise is like to be
detrimental it is possible to solve problem by arresting the capillary rise
instead of lowering the water table. The capillary rise may check either by
capillary cut off of any one of the following two types:
1) A layer of granular material of suitable thickness is provided during the
construction of embankment between the subgrade and the highest level
of sub surface water table.

The thickness of the granular capillary cut off layer should be

sufficiently higher than the anticipated capillary rise with in the granular
layer so that the capillary water cannot rise above the cut off layer.

Granular capillary cut off

2) Another method of providing capillary cut off Is by inserting an

impermeable or an bituminous layer in place of granular blanket.
Impermeable capillary cut off