1.

Introduction to CDMA

Youngil MoPark
Kookmin University

1
 Multiple Access
A way of providing communication service to
multiple subscribers at the same time

Schemes of multiple access

Frequency Division Multiple Access
AMP (Analog wireless)

Time Division Multiple Access

GSM (FDMA+TDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access

Direct Sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA)
(DS CDMA)

Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA)

Bluetooth (hops among 79 channels that are spaced 1 MHz apart)

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 Multiple Access

FDMA ~ different freq spectrum for different channel

TDMA ~ different time slot for different channel
CDMA ~ different code for different channel

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 CDMA
Principles of CDMA

Transmitter Receiver

Input
p Data Output
p Data Input Data
BS MS

Spreading Code
Spreading Code Tx Data

Rx Data Rx Data
Spreading Code Spreading Code

Output Data

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 Advantages of CDMA
frequency utilization efficiency
Frequency reuse factor (F) = 1

FDMA Channel CDMA Channel

F=1/4
F 1/4 F=1
F 1

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 Advantages of CDMA
Soft handover
Mobile commences communication with a new BS without
interrupting communication with old BS
Due to same frequency assignment between old and new
BS
No call disconnection during handover

KMU BcN Lab 6

 Advantages of CDMA
Security
Each MS has a unique PN code with period of (2^42)-1
Considering 1.2288 Mcps chip rate, period corresponds to
41.4 days
Hard to intercept, almost impossible to tap

Anti-Jamming
Effect of jamming is greatly reduced by spectrum spreading
(in proportion to processing gain of CDMA)
Jammer needs a very high power to be effective
Attractive to military communications

KMU BcN Lab 7

 Advantages of CDMA
Call capacity
20 times larger traffic capacity than analog
Thanks to less interference, variable bit rate

Transmission power
Require less transmission power than FDMA and TDMA
Three-times longer battery life for mobile station
L
Less b
base station,
i lless expense

Processing of multipath signal

Multipath signals have different delays
can discriminate between the multipath arrivals using time
diversity property
Rake receivers are used to combine multipath signals to
reduce error rate at the receiver

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 CDMA Evolution - Before CDMA
AMPS
(Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
30kHz per channel
Service 830 users
20MHz freq gap between upstream & downstream
Æ separation by low loss duplexer filter

869-894 MHz
FDD 30kHz

Duplexer
Analog
f
Frequency V i Si
Voice Signall
824-849 MHz Modulator

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 Evolution of CDMA

IS-95 CDMA 2000 CDMA 2000

Type WCDMA HSDPA
A/B 1x 1x EV-DO

Base Station Sync Sync Sync Async Async

Freq.
1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz 5MHz 5MHz
BW

Max 14.4
153.6 Kbps 2.4 Mbps 2 Mbps 10 Mbps
Capacity /57.6 Kbps

Circuit Circuit Circuit

Network Packet Packet
/packet /packet /packet
Target Voice +
Voice + Data Voice + Data Data Only Data Only
Traffic Data
1.2288 1.2288 1.2288
Spreading 3.84 Mcps 3.84 Mcps
Mcps Mcps Mcps

KMU BcN Lab 10

 CDMA Evolution
IS-95A
IS 95A (2G)
First CDMA protocol
14.4/9.6 kbps circuit/packet data

IS-95B (2.5G)
Most analog information is removed
Some technical corrections
N
New C
Capabilities,
bili i such
h as hi
higher
h d data rate
64 kbps packet data

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 CDMA Evolution
CDMA2000 1X
1x means "1 times Radio Transmission Technology", indica
tes the same RF bandwidth as IS-95: a duplex pair of 1.2
5 MHz
MH radio
di channels.
h l
High speed data (144 kbps packet data with Mobile IP)
Coding (Turbo) and Modulation (Hybrid QPSK)
New dedicated and common channels
Enhanced Power

1X EV-DO (1x Evolution for high-speed integrated

Data Only)
The objective is to provide the largest practical number of
users to run high
high-speed
speed packet data applications
2.4 Mbps packet data

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 Evolution Toward 4G

2000 2005 2010

ular
3.5G
Mobilitty

Cellu
3G 3G-LTE
HSUPA
2G/2.5G HSDPA 100Mbps/50Mbps
W-CDMA
14.4Mbps/2Mbps
14.4Mbps/5.8Mbps
4G
GSM 2Mbps/2Mbps
DOrB
DOrA 4.9Mbps/1.8Mbps
cdma2000 3.1Mbps/1.8Mbps
AMPS WiBro-E
EV-DO
IS-95A/B 2 4Mbps/1 8Mbps
2.4Mbps/1.8Mbps
[
[TDD]
] 340Mbps/90Mbps
p p
[FDD} 250Mbps/150Mbps
WiBro
20Mbps/5Mbps
WLL Wireless
IEEE802.16e
Access Network IEEE802.16
a/b/d
BWA
Internet

IEEE802.11a/g

W-LAN
IEEE802.11b DL/UL 최대속도

Throughput

KMU BcN Lab 13