Japanese Grammar

1. Wa (Particle for subject): This particle is like helping verb (is/am/are,

was/were etc.)

(i) Watashi wa Rajesh Uppal desu. (I am Rajesh Uppal)

(ii) Heena San wa kaishain desu. (Heena is company worker.)
(iii) Kaisha wa Maruti Suzuki desu. (The company is Maruti Suzuki.)

2. No (Particle for possession): This particle is for denoting possession. It is

used to denote ‘of’.

(i) Kore wa Nihongo no hon desu. (Yeh Japanese ki kitaab hai.) Here, ki
no (of)
(ii) Maruti Suzuki wa kuruma no kaisha desu. (Maruti Suzuki gaadi ki
company hai.)
Question sentence: Maruti Suzuki wa nan no kaisha desu ka?
(Maruti Suzuki kis cheez ki company hai??)

(iii) Are wa watashi no kuruma desu. (This car is mine. Denoting

possession.)
(iv) Sono ketai denwa wa Mahesh San no desu. (This mobile phone is of
Mahesh San)
Question sentence: Are wa dare no kuruma desu ka? (whose car is this?)

(v) Kono Wain wa Itaria no desu. (This wine is of Italy)

Question sentence: Kore wa doko no wain desu ka? (This wine is of which
country?)

3. Ni (particle to denote time, used with ‘aimasu’):

(i) Maiban 12 ji ni nemasu. (I sleep at 12 every night.)

 Question sentence: Maiban nan ji ni nemasu ka? (Every night at what
time do you sleep?)

(ii) Kyonen no 3 gatsu ni Nihon e ikimashita. (Last year, in March I went

to Japan)
Question sentence: Itsu Nihon e ikimashita ka? (When did you go to
Japan?)

(iii) Konban kissaten de tomodachi ni aimasu. (This evening, I met my

friend at coffee shop.)

4. Kara/Made (Particle denoting from-till):

(i) Kono resutoran wa gozen 11 ji han kara desu. (This restaurant is
from 11:30 am.)
(ii) Shigoto wa gozen 9 ki kara gogo 6 ji 45 fun made desu. (The work is
from 9 am to 6:45 pm.)
(iii) Indo no ginko wa nanji made desu ka? (Indian bank is till what time?)

Question sentence: Shigoto wa nanji kara nanji made desu ka? (The work
is from what time till what time?)
Note: Whenever you have to ask about time, you ask nan ji?

5. E (Particle denoting direction): (Used with ikimasu, kimasu, kaerimasu)

(i) Ashita doko e ikimasu ka. (Where are you going tomorrow?)
(ii) Senshu Gujarat e ikimashita. (Last week, I went to Gujarat.)

6. De (Particle denoting the mode of travel, Par/mein (of hindi)):

(i) Mainichi Auto de uchi e kaerimasu. (I go by auto to my home every
day.)
(ii) Kuruma de Jaipur e ikimasen ka. (Should we go to Jaipur by car?)
Question Sentence: Nani de Jaipur e ikimasen ka? (By what should we go
to Jaipur?)
 (iii) Ashita 11 ji ni Lajpat Nagar eki de aimasho. (Let’s meet at Lajpat
Nagar Station at 11 am tomorrow.) (Lajpat Nagar station par milte
hain.)
(iv) Toshokan de benkyo shimashita. (Library mein padhai ki.)

7. To (Particle to denote with):

(i) Senshu tsuma to mall de kaimono shimashita. (Last week I shopped
at mall with my wife.)
(ii) Maiban musume to asobimasu. (Every evening I play with my
daughter.)
Question sentence: Maiban dare to asobimasu ka? (Every evening you play
with whom?)

8. O (Particle used with mostly all verbs):

(i) Maiban kazoku to terebi o mimasu. (Every evening, I watch
Television with my family.)
(ii) Maiasa shinbun o yomimasu ka? (Do you read newspaper every
morning?)

9. Ga (Particle used with arimasu, wakarimasu, suki/kirai, jozu/heta):

Arimasu have
Wakarimasu understand
Jozu good at
Heta bad at
Suki  Like
Kirai  Hate

(i) Uppal San wa dansu ga jozu desu. (Uppal San is good at dance.)
(ii) Hill station ga suki desu. (I like hill station.)
(iii) Nihongo ga wakarimasu. (I understand Japanese.)
(iv) Shukudai ga arimasu. (I have homework.)
10. Ni (Particle Used to denote ‘for and to’):-
(i) Haha ni hana o agemasu. (I gifted bouquet to my mother.)
(ii) Haha ni hana o moraimasu. (I received bouquet from my mother.)
(iii) Sensei ni nihongo o naraimasu. (I learnt Japanese from teacher.)

11. Ni—ga combo (for arimasu):-

(i) Tsukue ni hon ga arimasu. (There is book on the desk.)

(ii) Hon wa tsukue ni arimasu. (The book is on the desk.)

12. Comparison among adjectives:

(i) Alto wa Ciaz yori chisai desu. (Alto is smaller than Ciaz.)
(ii) Q: Shimla to Manali to dochira ga suki desu ka? (Which is your
favourite—Shimla or Manali?)
A: Manali no ho ga suki desu. (Manali is better.)

(iii) Q: Kuni de doko ga ichiban okii desu ka? (Amongst all countries,
which one is the biggest?)
A: Russia ga ichiban okii desu. (Russia is the biggest of all.)