Water is everywhere-even in the air!

What are the following familiar objects? How can you describe them if you didn't know what they were?

People describe objects in many ways using size, shape, colors, and textures. Describing objects by using

size (place images here)

shape

color

texture

uses an object's properties. A property describes how an object looks, feels, or acts. The objects shown
here have different kinds of properties:

Solution example

Gas-Gas Air
Gas-Liquid Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Soda
Gas-Solid Hydrogen (H2) in Palladium (Pd) Metal
Liquid-Liquid Gasoline
Liquid-Solid Dental Fillings
Solid-Solid Metal Alloys Such as Sterling Silver

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_solution2.html

Making Solutions
A simple solution is basically two substances that are evenly mixed together. One of them is
called the solute and the other is the solvent. A solute is the substance to be dissolved (sugar).
The solvent is the one doing the dissolving (water). As a rule of thumb, there is usually more
solvent than solute. Be patient with the next sentence as we put it all together. The amount of
solute that can be dissolved by the solvent is defined as solubility. That's a lot of "sol" words.

Colloids

Science has special names for everything. They also have names for the different types of
homogenous mixtures. Solution is the general term used to describe homogenous mixtures with
small particles. Colloids are solutions with bigger particles. Colloids are usually foggy or milky
when you look at them. In fact, milk is an emulsified colloid.

You may also hear about colloids if you study soil. While milk is an organic colloid, soils can be
made up of inorganic colloids, such as clay.

Making Solutions

So, what happens? How do you make that solution? Mix the two liquids and stir. It's that simple.
Science breaks it into three steps. When you read the steps, remember...
Solute=Sugar
Solvent=Water
System=Glass.

1. The solute is placed in the solvent and the concentrated solute slowly breaks into pieces. If
you start to stir the liquid, the mixing process happens much faster.
2. The molecules of the solvent begin to move out of the way and they make room for the
molecules of the solute. Example: The water has to make room for the sugar molecules to spread
out.

Can Anything Change Solutions?

Sure. All sorts of things can change the concentrations of substances in solution. Scientists use
the word solubility. Solubility is the ability of the solvent (water) to dissolve the solute (sugar).
You may have already seen the effect of temperature in your classes. Usually when you heat up a
solvent, it can dissolve more solid materials (sugar) and less gas (carbon dioxide). If your friend
was mixing sugar and water, she would be able to dissolve a lot more sugar into hot water rather
than cold.

3. The solute and solvent interact with each other until the concentration of the two substances is
equal throughout the system. The concentration of sugar in the water would be the same from a
sample at the top, bottom, or middle of the glass.
 Examples of household solutions would include the following:

 coffee or tea
 sweet tea or coffee (sugar added to solution)
 any juice
 saltwater
 bleach (sodium hypochlorite dissolved in water)
 dishwater (soap dissolved in water)
 carbonated beverages (carbon dioxide dissolved in water is what gives sodas their fizz)
 powdered drinks

Solutions are formed by mixing solute in a solvent. Thus, a solution is a homogeneous mixture. We can
find a number of solutions in our homes. Here is a brief list:

Salt water is formed when we mix salt (generally table salt) in water. Here, water is the solvent and salt
is the solute.

Sugar water is formed by mixing sugar in water.

Mouthwash consists of a number of chemicals dissolved in water.

Tincture of iodine is obtained by dissolving crystals of iodine in alcohol.

Soda contains sugar, carbon dioxide, color, etc. in water.

Kool Aid contains sugar and color in water.

Vinegar is obtained when we mix acetic acid in water.

Hydrogen peroxide solution is typically a 3-6% solution of hydrogen peroxide. This is formed by mixing
hydrogen peroxide in water.

Detergent solution is obtained by mixing detergent in water.

Window cleaner consists of a number of chemicals and fragrance in water. Some examples of solutions
are salt water, rubbing alcohol, and sugar dissolved in water. When you look closely, upon mixing salt
with water, you can't see the salt particles anymore, making this a homogeneous mixture. Let's make
use of our salt water example to talk about the two main parts of a solution.

Properties of Solutions
Pure liquids have a set of characteristic physical properties (melting point, vapor pressure at a given
temperature, etc.). Solutions in a solvent exhibit these same properties, but the values differ from those
of the pure solvent because of the presence of the solute. Moreover, the change observed in these
properties in going from the pure solvent to a solution is dependent only upon the number of solute
molecules; these properties are called colligative properties. The properties of a solvent that show a
predictable change upon the addition of a solute are melting point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and
osmotic pressure.

Melting and boiling points. Solutions exhibit higher boiling points and lower melting points than the
parent solvent. The increase in boiling point and decrease in melting point is dependent upon the
number of solute particles in the solution. The greater the number of solute particles (i.e., the
concentration), the greater the boiling point elevation and melting point depression. A common
application of this effect in some parts of the world is in the use of antifreeze solutions in the cooling
systems of automobiles in cold climates. "Antifreeze" compounds are usually organic liquids that are
miscible with water so that large freezing point effects can be attained.

Vapor pressure All liquids exhibit a vapor pressure, the magnitude of which depends on the temperature
of the liquid. For example, water boils at 100°C, which means that at 100°C the vapor pressure of water
is equal to the atmospheric pressure allowing bubbles of gaseous water (steam) to escape from the
liquid state. However, the vapor pressure of a solution (at any temperature) is less than that of the
solvent. Thus, boiling water ceases to boil upon the addition of salt because the salt solution has a lower
vapor pressure than pure water. The salt solution will eventually boil when the temperature of the
solution increases bringing about an increase in vapor pressure sufficient to again form bubbles. Note in
this example that the boiling point of water increases with the addition of salt; thus, the boiling point
elevation and the vapor pressure depression are related.

Osmosis. This property of solutions is perhaps the least familiar of the colligative properties, but in a
sense it is more important than those already mentioned. In 1748 French clergyman and physicist Jean-
Antoine Nollet observed that certain animal membranes are selectively permeable to different
molecules. Since then, many examples of semipermeable membranes have been discovered, including
animal bladder or gut tissues, eggshell lining, and certain vegetable tissues. A semipermeable membrane
may be defined as a material that allows molecules of one kind to pass through it but prevents the
passage of other kinds of molecules or allows the passage of different kinds of molecules at different
rates. Membranes often permit the passage of solvent molecules and prevent the passage of solute
molecules. The phenomenon of osmosis is of far-reaching importance in biology, medicine, and related
areas. Many animal and vegetable membranes are semi-permeable, and the process of osmosis plays an
important role in the transfer of molecules through cell walls in biological processes. Osmosis is
responsible in part for the germination of seeds and for the rising of sap into the branches and leaves of
trees. The preservative action of sugar solutions (e.g., preserves, jellies) is believed to depend upon
osmotic processes; bacteria are literally dehydrated.
Read more: http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ru-Sp/Solution-Chemistry.html#ixzz5LC1N4T16

Recognize the difference between physical and chemical, and intensive and extensive, properties

Key Points

 All properties of matter are either physical or chemical properties and physical properties are
either intensive or extensive.

 Extensive properties, such as mass and volume, depend on the amount of matter being
measured.

 Intensive properties, such as density and color, do not depend on the amount of the substance
present.

 Physical properties can be measured without changing a substance’s chemical identity.

 Chemical properties can be measured only by changing a substance’s chemical identity.

Key Terms

 intensive property: Any characteristic of matter that does not depend on the amount of the
substance present.

 extensive property: Any characteristic of matter that depends on the amount of matter being
measured.

 physical property: Any characteristic that can be determined without changing the substance’s
chemical identity.

 chemical property: Any characteristic that can be determined only by changing a substance’s
molecular structure.

Physical Properties

Physical properties are properties that can be measured or observed without changing the chemical
nature of the substance. Some examples of physical properties are:

color (intensive)

density (intensive)

volume (extensive)
mass (extensive)

boiling point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance boils

melting point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance melts

Chemical Properties

Remember, the definition of a chemical property is that measuring that property must lead to a change
in the substance’s chemical structure. Here are several examples of chemical properties:

 Heat of combustion is the energy released when a compound undergoes complete combustion
(burning) with oxygen. The symbol for the heat of combustion is ΔHc.

 Chemical stability refers to whether a compound will react with water or air (chemically stable
substances will not react). Hydrolysis and oxidation are two such reactions and are both
chemical changes.

 Flammability refers to whether a compound will burn when exposed to flame. Again, burning is
a chemical reaction—commonly a high-temperature reaction in the presence of oxygen.

 The preferred oxidation state is the lowest-energy oxidation state that a metal will undergo
reactions in order to achieve (if another element is present to accept or donate electrons).

Physical and Chemical Changes to Matter

There are two types of change in matter: physical change and chemical change.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Identify the key features of physical and chemical changes

KEY TAKEAWAYS

Key Points

 Physical changes only change the appearance of a substance, not its chemical composition.

 Chemical changes cause a substance to change into an entirely new substance with a new
chemical formula.

 Chemical changes are also known as chemical reactions. The “ingredients” of a reaction are
called reactants, and the end results are called products.

Key Terms
  chemical change: A process that causes a substance to change into a new substance with a new
chemical formula.

 chemical reaction: A process involving the breaking or making of interatomic bonds and the
transformation of a substance (or substances) into another.

 physical change: A process that does not cause a substance to become a fundamentally
different substance.

Physical Changes

Another way to think about this is that a physical change does not cause a substance to become a
fundamentally different substance but a chemical change causes a substance to change into something
chemically new. Blending a smoothie, for example, involves two physical changes: the change in shape
of each fruit and the mixing together of many different pieces of fruit. Because none of the chemicals in
the smoothie components are changed during blending (the water and vitamins from the fruit are
unchanged, for example), we know that no chemical changes are involved.

Example Physical Changes

Cutting, tearing, shattering, grinding, and mixing are further types of physical changes because they
change the form but not the composition of a material. For example, mixing salt and pepper creates a
new substance without changing the chemical makeup of either component.

Phase changes are changes that occur when substances are melted, frozen, boiled, condensed,
sublimated, or deposited. They are also physical changes because they do not change the nature of the
substance.

Example Physical Changes Boiling water:

Boiling water is an example of a physical change and not a chemical change because the water vapor still
has the same molecular structure as liquid water (H2O). If the bubbles were caused by the
decomposition of a molecule into a gas (such as H2O →H2 and O2), then boiling would be a chemical
change.

Chemical Changes
Chemical changes are also known as chemical reactions. The “ingredients” of a reaction are called the
reactants, and the end results are called the products. The change from reactants to products is signified
by an arrow:

Reactants → Products
The formation of gas bubbles is often the result of a chemical change (except in the case of boiling,
which is a physical change). A chemical change might also result in the formation of a precipitate, such
as the appearance of a cloudy material when dissolved substances are mixed.

Rotting, burning, cooking, and rusting are all further types of chemical changes because they produce
substances that are entirely new chemical compounds. For example, burned wood becomes ash, carbon
dioxide, and water. When exposed to water, iron becomes a mixture of several hydrated iron oxides and
hydroxides. Yeast carries out fermentation to produce alcohol from sugar.

An unexpected color change or release of odor also often indicates a chemical change. For example, the
color of the element chromium is determined by its oxidation state; a single chromium compound will
only change color if it undergoes an oxidation or reduction reaction. The heat from cooking an egg
changes the interactions and shapes of the proteins in the egg white, thereby changing its molecular
structure and converting the egg white from translucent to opaque.

The best way to be completely certain whether a change is physical or chemical is to perform chemical
analyses, such as mass spectroscopy, on the substance to determine its composition before and after a
reaction.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/physical-and-chemical-properties-of-
matter/

Why Do Phase Changes Occur?

Phase changes typically occur when the temperature or pressure of a system is

altered. When temperature or pressure increase, molecules interact more with
each other. When pressure increases or temperature decreases, it's easier for
atoms and molecules to settle into a more rigid structure. When pressure is
released, it's easier to particles to move away from each other.

For example, at normal atmospheric pressure, ice melts as the temperature

increases. If you held the temperature steady but lowered the pressure, eventually
you would reach a point where the ice would undergo sublimation directly to
water vapor.

01
of 08
Melting (Solid → Liquid)

Pauline Stevens / Getty Images

Example: Melting of an ice cube into water.

02
of 08
Freezing (Liquid → Solid)

Robert Kneschke / EyeEm / Getty Images

Example: Freezing sweetened cream into ice cream.

03
of 08
Vaporization (Liquid → Gas)

Example: Evaporation of alcohol into its vapor.

04
of 08
Condensation (Gas → Liquid)

Sirintra Pumsopa / Getty Images

Example: Condensation of water vapor into dew drops.

05
of 08
Deposition (Gas → Solid)

Example: Deposition of silver vapor in a vacuum chamber onto a surface to make

a solid layer for a mirror.

06
of 08
Sublimation (Solid → Gas)
RBOZUK / Getty Images

Example: Sublimation of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) into carbon dioxide gas.
Another example is when ice directly transitions into water vapor on a cold,
windy winter day.

07
of 08
Ionization (Gas → Plasma)

Oatpixels / Getty Images

Example: Ionization of particles in the upper atmosphere to form the aurora.

Ionization may be observed inside a plasma ball novelty toy.

08
of 08
Recombination (Plasma → Gas)

artpartner-images / Getty Images

Example: Turning off power to a neon light, allowing the ionized particles to
return to the gas phase.

Suspensions

The particles in suspensions are larger than those found in solutions. Components of a suspension can
be evenly distributed by a mechanical means, like by shaking the contents, but the components will
settle out.

Example: Oil and Water

More Examples of Suspensions

A suspension in chemistry is a mixture made up of particles in a fluid. Most of the suspensions you
encounter in everyday life consist of solid particles in a liquid, but suspensions could also form from two
liquids or even a solid or liquid in a gas. One key way to identify a suspension is that the components can
separate over time. The particles do not dissolve in the fluid.

Here are 5 examples of suspensions:

mercury shaken in oil

oil shaken in water

powdered chalk in water

dust in air

soot in air Solutions

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. The dissolving agent is the solvent.
The substance which is dissolved is the solute. The components of a solution are atoms, ions, or
molecules, which makes them 10-9 m or smaller in diameter.

Example: Sugar and Water

Suspensions

The particles in suspensions are larger than those found in solutions. Components of a suspension can
be evenly distributed by a mechanical means, like by shaking the contents, but the components will
settle out.

Example: Oil and Water

More Examples of Suspensions

Colloids

Particles intermediate in size between those found in solutions and suspensions can be mixed such that
they remain evenly distributed without settling out. These particles range in size from 10-8 to 10-6 m in
size and are termed colloidal particles or colloids. The mixture they form is called a colloidal dispersion.
A colloidal dispersion consists of colloids in a dispersing medium.

Example: Milk

Aerosols

fog

insecticide spray

clouds

smoke

dust

Foams

whipped cream

shaving cream

Solid Foams

marshmallows

Styrofoam
Emulsions

milk

mayonnaise

lotion

Gels

gelatin

butter

jelly

Sols

ink

rubber

liquid detergent

shampoo

Solid Sols

pearl

gemstones

some colored glass

some alloys

How To Tell a Colloid From a Solution or Suspension

At first glance, it may seem difficult to distinguish between a colloid, solution, and suspension, since you
can't usually tell the size of the particles simply by looking at the mixture. However, there are two easy
ways to identify a colloid:

Components of a suspension separate over time. Solutions and colloids don't separate.

If you shine a beam of light into a colloid, it displays the Tyndall effect, which makes the beam of light
visible in the colloid because light is scattered by the particles. An example of the Tyndall effect is the
visibility of light from car headlamps through fog.

How Colloids Are Formed

Colloids usually form one of two ways:

Droplets of particles may be dispersed into another medium by spraying, milling, high speed mixing, or
shaking.

Small dissolved particles may be condensed into colloidal particles by redox reactions, precipitation, or
conde

What Is a State of Matter?

The word "matter" refers to everything in the universe that has mass and takes up space. All matter is
made up of atoms of elements. Sometimes, atoms bond together closely, while at other times they are
scattered widely.

States of matter are generally described on the basis of qualities that can be seen or felt. Matter that
feels hard and maintains a fixed shape is called a solid; matter that feels wet and maintains its volume
but not its shape is called a liquid. Matter that can change both shape and volume is called a gas.

Some introductory chemistry texts name solids, liquids, and gasses as the three states of matter, but
higher level texts recognize plasma as the fourth state of matter. Like a gas, plasma can change its
volume and shape, but unlike a gas, it can also change its electrical charge.
The same element, compound, or solution can behave very differently depending on its state of matter.
For example, solid water (ice) feels hard and cold while liquid water is wet and mobile. It's important to
note, however, that water is a very unusual type of matter: rather than shrinking when it forms a
crystalline structure, it actually expands.

Solids

A solid has a definite shape and volume because the molecules that make up the solid are packed
closely together and move slowly. Solids are often crystalline; examples of crystalline solids include table
salt, sugar, diamonds, and many other minerals. Solids are sometimes formed when liquids or gasses are
cooled; ice is an example of a cooled liquid which has become solid. Other examples of solids include
wood, metal, and rock at room temperature.

Liquids

A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Examples of liquids include water and
oil. Gasses may liquefy when they cool, as is the case with water vapor. This occurs as the molecules in
the gas slow down and lose energy. Solids may liquefy when they heat up; molten lava is an example of
solid rock which has liquefied as a result of intense heat.

Gases

A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Some gasses can be seen and felt, while others
are intangible for human beings. Examples of gases are air, oxygen, and helium. Earth's atmosphere is
made up of gases including nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

Plasma

Plasma has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Plasma often is seen in ionized gases, but it is
distinct from a gas because it possesses unique properties. Free electrical charges (not bound to atoms
or ions) cause the plasma to be electrically conductive. The plasma may be formed by heating and
ionizing a gas. Examples of plasma include stars, lightning, fluorescent lights and neon signs.