GLAND HORMONE ABBRIVIATION LOCATION TARGET EFFECT

growth-h-releasing-h GHRH ventral brain anterior pituitary increase GH release

growth-h-inhibiting-h GHIH ventral brain anterior pituitary decrease GH release
hypothalamusthyrotropic releasing h TRH ventral brain anterior pituitary increase TSH release
corticotropin-releasing h CRH ventral brain anterior pituitary increase ACTH release
gonadotropin-releasing H GRH or GnRH ventral brain anterior pituitary increases GTH release
Oxytocin OT ventral to hypothalamus Uterus (Receptor # Contraction
Posterior ventral to hypothalamus increase near birth (positive feedback)
Pituitary anti-diuretic hormone ADH ventral to hypothalamus Kidneys Decrease water loss
ventral to hypothalamus Increase blood volume
growth hormone GH or STH ventral to hypothalamus bone and Increase bone & muscle length
(AKA: somatotropin) skeletal muscle
Anterior prolactin PRL ventral to hypothalamus Breast Milk production
Pituitary (works with LH)
Gonadotropins GTH (FSH & LH) ventral to hypothalamus Testes, Ovaries sex steroid production and
Sperm and Egg maturation
Thyroid stimulating h TSH ventral to hypothalamus thyroid gland stimulates Thyroid gland
adrenocorticotropic h ACTH ventral to hypothalamus adrenal cortex stim. corticosteroid release
thyroid hormone TH (T3 and T4) anterior throat Almost every cell in body resting metabolism
Thyroid
Calcitonin anterior throat Inhibits osteoclasts Decrease blood Ca2+
(Ca2+ deposit in bone)
parathyroid hormone PTH anterior throat Stimulates osteoclasts Increase blood Ca2+ levels
Parathyroid Ca2+ absorption
(kidneys, intestine)

Adrenal epinephrine & E & NE superior to kidney Blood pressure Increase metabolism
Medulla norephinephrine (AKA catecholamines) Skin (sweat glands) Blood to skeletal muscles
Sweat/decrease smooth muscle
Mineralcorticoids superior to kidney Kidneys Increase blood Na+
(aldosterone) (water retension, increase BP)
Adrenal Glucocorticoids superior to kidney Adipose tissue Increase blood sugar
Cortex (cortisol) Blood vessels vasoconstriction (Increase BP)
Gonadocorticoids superior to kidney Reproductive Organ Puberty onset

Insulin I ventral to stomach Liver, skeletal muscles & Increase sugar uptake/storage
Pancreas Fat Decrease fat breakdown
Glucagon ventral to stomach Liver Increase blood sugar
(glycogen breakdown) (humoral)
Pineal Melatonin posterior to thalamus hypothalamus alter sleep/wake cycle
(sleep wake cycle) "circadian rhythm"
Thymus Thymosins superior to heart immune cells T-lymphocyte activation
Ovary Estrogen,progesterone E&P ventral to kidneys uterus, brain Maturation, gamete production
Testes Testosterone T scrotum testicles, brain, muscles Maturation, gamete production
 TRIGGERS PATHOLOGY
brain acromegaly/dwarfism
brain acromegaly/dwarfism
low levels of TH hyper or hypo thyroidism
stress or low blood press Addison's or Cushing's
brain infertility
Uterus stretching
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus Diabetes insipidus - low ADH
Alcohol is antagonist
Hypothalamus Acromegaly (excess GH)
(stimulates & inhibits) Dwarfism (lack of GH)
Hypothalamus or suckling Inappropriate lactation

Hypothalamus infertility

Hypothalamus (TRH) hypo- or hyper- thyroidism

Hypothalamus Addison's (lack) Cushing's (excess)r
TSH Hypothyroidism-cold lethargic
from anterior pituitary Hyperthyroidism-hyperactivity nervous
excess Ca2+ blood ONLY IMPORTANT IN CHILDREN
(Humoral stimulus)
Low blood Ca2+ Hypercalcemia- too much PTH, too much
(humoral) Ca2+ in blood (kidney stones)
Hypoparathyroidsm- low PTH
not enough Ca2+
SNS (hypothalamus)
(Neuronal control)

Low blood Na+ Hypertension- excess secretion

Angiotensin II Addison's disease- low secretion
ACTH Cushing's Disease (too much)
Addison's disease (not enough)
ACTH (at puberty) Too much will cause excessive
masculinization
High blood sugar (Diabetes mellitus) Type 1-insulin dep.
(humoral) (Diabetes mellitus) Type 2- insulin independ
Low blood sugar Hypoglycemic- low glucagon
not enough blood sugar
Light Disrupted sleep/wake cycle
"circadian rhythm"
Immune System immunosuppression
GTH (anterior pituitary) infertility, osteoperosis
GTH (anterior pituitary) infertility, feminization