Introduction

The immense of industrialization and urbanization it increased the utilization of vehicles. The main
facts due to increasing of vehicle numbers are limitation of oil and emissions from burning oils. The
world consumes the million gluons of oil barrels every day for automobile. And emission from
burning fossil fuel increase the carbon dioxide level in atmosphere and increases greenhouse effect
and cause climate changes. And also internal combustion engine vehicles reduce significant
amount of city air quality and which causes human health. Using of Hybrid Electrical Vehicles
(HEV) instead of internal combusting engine vehicle (ICEV) could prominently decrease the
atmosphere pollution. And effect of using of Electrical Vehicle (EV) could be even better.

Hybrid vehicle

The conventional drive system of vehicle with internal combustion (IC) engine and transmission
system has been developing through early stages to produce drive power and to achieve many
different advantages, by using more than one alternative power source. But nothing gives better
outcomes like electric power source as an alternative it generally speaks now days is hybrid
system. The main advantages of hybrid system vehicles are reduction in fuel consumption,
reduction in emissions and increase torque and power.

The history of hybrid electric vehicles, the modern hybrid vehicle production is started shortly after
the 20th century. There are some of the key stages of HEV development.

Beginning 1801- 1850

1834 – Thomas Davenport of the USA invented the first direct current electric motor in a
car that operates in circular electrified track.

First stage 1851-1990

1900: The Lohner-Porsche Elektromobil makes it debut at the Paris Exposition. Although
initially a purely electric vehicle, designer Ferdinand Porsche soon added an internal
combustion engine to recharge the batteries, making it the first hybrid electric vehicle.

1888 - German Engineer Andreas Flocken built the four wheeled electric car.
 1899 – The Pope manufacturing company became the first large-scale EV manufacturer in
the USA.

Boom and Bust 1901-1950

1908- Petrol powered Ford Model T was introduced to the market.

1930- The number of EVs dropped to zero and ICE vehicles dominated because of cheap
Petrol.

1947- Oil rationing Japan led carmaker Tama to release a 4.5hp electric car. It used to 1 40V
lead acid battery.

Second Stage 1951-2000

1966- US congress introduced legislation recommending EVs as a way of reducing air

pollution.

1968: GM develops the GM 512, an experimental vehicle that runs on electricity at low
speeds and gasoline at high speeds.

1973- High oil prices and long delays at fuel station and therefore renewed interest in EVs.

1996- To comply with zero emission vehicles, GM produced the EV1 electric car

1997- in Japan Toyota began sales if the Prius the world’s first commercial hybrid car.

Third stage-2001- present

2010- Nissan Leaf was launched (pure electric car)

2012- PHEV outsold half the car models of the US market

2014- Tesla model S all-wheel drive dual motor car was launched. Range up to 330 miles.
Hybrid vehicle drive system combines the conventional drive system with electric
components including electric motor, battery pack, and power electronic devices. In modern
HVs uses lithium iron (Li-ion) batteries for drive the vehicle when it is in electric assist and
this battery consisting number of cell modules serially connected to working at voltages
between 200-400V. Therefore this is known as high-voltage battery. Further this high
voltage battery contains its cooling system, insulation, junction box and battery management
system. The electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to move the
vehicle and also in modern hybrid vehicles the electric motor act as a generator while
reversing motor action so called regeneration. Induction motors and synchronous motors are
widely used drive motor in hybrid vehicle. This is due to the low cost, high reliability and
maintenance-free operation. With help of power electronic advancements the induction
motor could be provided the desired controllability. And the other immediate device is the
Inverter which effective converts DC to AC to supply power electric motor from hi-voltage
battery and also which associates with regeneration while braking to recharge the HV
battery.

Hybrid Vehicle Powertrain Systems combine conventional powertrain components, an internal

combustion engine and transmission, with new electric components, electric motor, power
electronics and high voltage energy storage, such as a battery. AVL's development of a Hybrid
Powertrain System efficiently combines our expertise of the different sing le components with
our capabilities to integrate these components into a system optimized to meet CO 2 /fuel
consumption reduction targets.

With help of electrification the conventional drive system has been changed to electric drive which
simply having energy source as a battery, electric motor and inverter.

The tendency of using more than one power source

With the electrification of the drive system the hybrid vehicles form a bridge between pure
internal combustion engine (IC) and pure electric vehicles

An electric car is an automobile with an electric motor powered by a system of rechargeable

batteries. Electric cars are mechanically simplistic and more durable than gasoline-powered cars, and
they do not have to exploit nonrenewable resources (natural resources that cannot be replaced). They
also produce less pollution than do gasoline-powered cars.
An electric car has a battery, a charger for replenishing the battery's power from an electrical
outlet, and a controller. The Controller is connected to the accelerator pedal, for directing the flow of
electricity between the battery and motor. Most electric cars use lead-acid batteries, but new types of
batteries, including zinc-chlorine, nickel metal hydride, and sodium-sulfur, are being developed. To
recharge the batteries, operators plug the car into a 120-volt or 240-volt outlet. The motor of an electric
car harnesses the battery's electrical energy by converting it to kinetic energy, or energy that makes the
car move. The driver simply switches on the power, selects "Forward" or "Reverse" with another switch,
and steps on the accelerator pedal.
While the internal-combustion engine of a conventional car has many moving parts, an electric
motor has only a single rotating element. Like a gasoline-powered car, an electric car has a system
(called a powertrain) of gears, shafts, and joints that transmit motion from the motor to the car wheels.
Most electric cars do not have clutches or multispeed transmissions. To go backward, the flow of
electricity through the motor is reversed, changing the rotation of the motor and causing the powertrain
to make the wheels reverse direction. Most electric cars have a regenerative braking system-the braking
system acts as a battery charger.

https://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-technology/history-of-hybrid-cars.