CAPITULO 7 O Planejamento de Pesquisas Qualitativas Oferecer sugestées para o planejamento de estudos qualitativos nao é facil. Em primeiro lugar porque, ao contrario do que ocorre com as pesquisas quan- titativas, as investigacGes qualitativas, por sua diversidade e flexibilidade, nao admitem regras precisas, aplicaveis a uma ampla gama de casos. Além disso, as pesquisas qualitativas diferem bastante quanto ao grau de estruturacao prévia, isto 6, quanto aos aspectos que podem ser definidos ja no projeto. Assim, por exemplo, enquanto os pés-positivistas trabalham com projetos bem detalhados, os construtivistas sociais defendem um minimo de estruturacao prévia, consi- derando que o foco da pesquisa, bem como as categorias tedricas e o proprio design! s6 deverao ser definidos no decorrer do processo de investigacao. Entre os argumentos usados para defender um minimo de estruturacio (Lincoln & Guba, 1985) podemos destacar: a) 0 foco e o design do estudo nao podem ser definidos a priori, pois a realidade é muiltipla, socialmente construida em uma dada situagao e, portanto, nao se pode apreender seu significado se, de modo arbitrario e precoce, a aprisionarmos em dimensées e categorias. O foco e 0 design devem, entao, emergir, por um processo de inducao, do conhecimento do contexto e das mitiltiplas realidades construidas pelos participantes em suas influéncias reci- procas; 1. O termo design, no que se refere A pesquisa, tem sido traduzido como desenho ou pla- nejamento. 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