9 Microsoft

Discussion Draft
Basics of Veda Swaras

and Vedic Recital-08
Vowel Sandhi
Version 0.1 November 10, 2017

Vowel Sandhi
Contents
1 Veda Basics – Vowel Sandhi Rules ............................................. 9

1.1 Introduction: .............................................................................. 9
2 Sandhi Rules with ‘a’ and aa ...................................................... 10
2.1 Basic rules for combination of ‘a’ and ‘aa’: .......................... 10
2.2 When letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘a’ (A, Ü, A)....... 11
2.3 When Letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows the
sound ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B) .................................................................... 16
2.3.1 Exceptions observed when ‘a’ does not become an

avagraha when it follows the sound ‘aa’: ................................. 20
2.4 When letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘ae’ ( L, ã F) ....... 23
2.5 When letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘O’ (AÉå æ H¦) ....... 26
2.6 When letter ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B) follows
Sound ‘a’ (A, Ü, A)....................................................................... 29
2.7 Basic Rule when letter ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)
follows the sound ‘aa’(AÉ, Ý, B) ................................................. 36
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Vowel Sandhi
3 Basic rules for combination of ‘e’ (C Þ C) and
‘ee’(D ß C¦): ...................................................................................... 40
4 Basic rules for combination of ‘u’ E à D and
‘uu’ F á D¦: .................................................................................... 43
5 ‘ae’ L,ã, G is formed with a combination of ‘a’ A, Ü’ A and
aa’ AÉ Ý B with ‘e’ (C, Þ C) or ‘ee’ (D ,ß ,C¦)............................. 45
6 ‘ai’ (Lã, ä ,¤F) is formed with a combination ‘a’(A,Ü,A) and
‘aa’ (AÉ Ý B) with ‘ae’ (L ã G)/ ‘ai’ (Lã ä ¤F) .............................. 48
7 ‘O’ (AÉå æ H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’(A, Ü, A) and
‘aa’(AÉ, Ý,B) with ‘u’(E,à, D) and ‘uu’(F,á, D¦) ........................... 51
8 ‘au’ (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’(A,Ü,A) and
‘aa’ (AÉ,Ý, B) with ‘O’ (AÉå,æ, Hx) or ‘au’ (AÉæ, å÷, H¦) ................. 54
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Vowel Sandhi
9 ‘ar’ (AUç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and
‘aa’(AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘Ru’(G,¼,E, and ‘Ruu’ (H,Ï, u) ......................... 57
10 ‘al’ (AsÉç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and
‘aa’(AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘lRu’(sÉ× ô¢¼ m£) and ‘lRuu’ ((sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u) ........... 60
11 ‘e’ (C Þ C) and ‘ee’(D ß C¦) changes to ‘y’ (rÉç, ò¢, c§ )
followed by other Vowels ................................................................. 61
12 ‘u’ (E,à,D) and ‘uu’ (F,á, D¦) changes to ‘v’ (uÉç, õ¢, e§§ )
combination of other vowels ........................................................... 66
13 ‘ae’ (L, ã F) changes to ‘a’(A) sound with combination of
Other vowels (except for a,A,Ü,A) or as ‘ay’ (ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§), ......... 71
14 ‘ai’, (Lã ä ¤F) changes to ‘aa’ (AÉ Ý B or ‘ay’(ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§ )
with combination of any Vowel ........................................................ 76
15 ‘O’, (AÉå æ Hx) changes to ‘av’ (AuÉç) or
‘a’ followed by vowels (Except A,Ü,A)........................................... 81
5
Vowel Sandhi
16 ‘au’, (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) changes to ‘aav’ (AÉuÉç,Ýõ¢,Bp§ or ‘aa’
(AÉ,Ý,B) with combination of any Vowel ...................................... 83
17 ‘Ruu’ (H Ï u) is formed with a combination of
‘Ru’(G¼ E) and ‘Ruu’ (H Ï u) .......................................................... 86
18 ‘lRuu’ (sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u) is formed with a combination of
‘lRu’(sÉ× ô¢¼ m£) and ‘lRuu’ ((sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u)............................................ 87
19 Single Vowel letters do not combine ......................................... 88

20 Interjections donot combine ....................................................... 90
21 Dual Noun or Verb forms ending with
ee,Uu,ae donot combine ................................................................... 91
22 Control Sheet for understanding of Rule: ................................. 94
Vowel Sandhi
Version Notes – Version 0.1 dated November 10, 2017

1. The reference to Rules in PratishAkyam has been added.
2. Original Section 9 containing example of Sandhi a+au deleted as the
Padam was not taken correctly. Two Sandhi of a+au have been
provided under Section 8.
3. Old Section 19 deleted as not found relevant
7
Vowel Sandhi
Notes:
1. We have started referring to Books like PrAtiSAkhyam, (English
Translation and Comments by Mr. W.D Whitney), PAnini's AshtAdhyAyI
published by Sindhu Charan Bose (originally by Indian Press Benaras in
1891), translated in English by Shri Chandra Vasu.
2. We are also trying to understand the works of VyAsa SIkshA and
PAnini SIkshA with available English translation.
3. Our Articles will keep undergoing periodical changes with reference
our learning and understanding. We request readers to check for new
versions uploaded in the vedavms.in website.
4. We note that PrAtiSAkhyA in his work (period much earlier to PAnini)
has recorded the difference in application of grammar rules or
different opinions of other Saints/Sages before or during his time.
Some great Rishis whose rules or differing opinions quoted in
Taittriya PrathiSAkhya work are vAlmIki, ArtreyA, PauSkarasAdi,
PlAkSi, KaundinyA, GautamA, SaityAyana, SamkRutya, UkhyA,
KANDamAyanA, AgnivEShyA , PlAksAyanA, HaritA
,SAnkhAyanA,MimAmSA and few other Rishis.
5. Abbreviations for reference will be used as below:

PrAtiSAkhyA - PS
PAnini's AshtAdhyAyI – PA
VyAsa SIkshA – VSI
PAnini SIkshA - PSI
Vowel Sandhi
9
Vowel Sandhi
1 Veda Basics – Vowel Sandhi Rules
1.1 Introduction:
This article on Vowel Sandhi has been prepared with a view to gain better understanding of
Vedic texts which are normally recited in Krisha Yajur Veda and improve a learner’s recital.
We have tried to give examples from Krishna Yajur Veda Mantras, to make this article very
practical for the reader. Wherever the examples not found and often repeated, we have not
provided examples. Efforts are being taken to understand these rules and find them in the
Vedic texts. Please note that some of the rules in grammar may not be applied in Vedic texts
due to the swara and maatra values and/or applied differently when option exists with alternate
Grammar rules.
We find generally the usage of Vowels ‘Ruu’ (H,Ï, u), lRu(sÉ×, ô¢¼, m£) and lRuu (sÉÚ, ô¢Ï,
m££) are very very limited. Examples using these words are not easily found in the common
Suktams or Mantraas.
We are including only the basic rules which are found often in vedic verses to keep this article
reasonably easy to understand and relate ones Veda learning to the common rules.
Readers are requested to give their feedback, comments and suggestions for improving the
value of this article to our e-mail id – “vedavms@gmail.com”
In Sanskrit, it is very difficult to place or pronounce two vowels together. So the Vowel Sandhi
rules have been framed to make the rendering/reading (both prose and poetry) easy through
well structured rules based on the sound forms and how they combine.
Vowel Sandhi
2 Sandhi Rules with ‘a’ and aa
PA 6.1.101 – When a simple vowel is followed by a homogeneous vowel, the

corresponding long vowel is the single substitute for both the preceding and the
subsequent or succeeding vowel. That is a,e,u with a combination of a,e,u .
2.1 Basic rules for combination of ‘a’ and ‘aa’:

‘aa’ or ‘A’ is formed with a combination of
‘a’ + ‘a’ = aa A+ A = AÉ Ü + Ü = Ý A+ A = B
‘a’ + ‘aa’ = ‘aa’ A+ AÉ= AÉ Ü + Ý = Ý A+ B= B
‘aa’ +’a’ = ‘aa’ AÉ + A= AÉ Ý+ Ü= Ý B+ A= B
‘aa’ + ‘aa’ = ‘aa AÉ+ AÉ = AÉ Ý+ Ý = Ý B+ B= B
If the rules relating to A, Ü, A and (AÉ, Ý, B) is followed everywhere, as it is
shown above, we will have the problem of maatra value, timing of recital or extensions while
reciting Vedas, Slokas and sometimes the meaning that is made out of recital can be not
correct or unwanted. So, specific rules have been laid out, in Sanskrit, with an option to adopt
the necessary application in Veda recital.
1. If Swaram acquisition, as per some defined principles, is affected then the ‘a’ or
’aa’does not become an avagraha (represented as Å ) but retains its original sound form
as ‘a’ or ‘aa’ only.
11
Vowel Sandhi
2. When the ‘a’ or ‘aa’ has a swaram, the vowel sandhi rule is applied selectively subject to
some advanced rules as per observations made in standard Suktams.
3. Experts/Scholars opine that the use of Avagraha is optional in Poetry and Veda. The
reference sections quoted from Panini’s work is from Book 6 Chapter 1.
2.2 When letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘a’ (A, Ü, A)
Rule: When the first letter with ‘a’ Sound is followed by the letter ‘a’, the letter is elongated to
the Dheerga letter ‘aa’.; (AÉ, Ý, B) in the Sandhi.
Word with Sound ‘a’ followed by letter ‘a’ need not always combine unless there is a need to
give a desired sound effect/vibration and continuation to rendering with ease and smoothness.
This does not result in the overall maatra value of the sandhi.
If recited with the sound of ‘a’ (1 maatra) and the following ‘a’ as it is (again 1 maatra),
the maatra in time scale is two. If the Sandhi rule is applied and the resultant ‘aa’ sound is
produced, then the total maatra for that Dheerga letter shall be two.
Basic Words/Padams before Sandhi The Resultant Words/Padam after

Sandhi
pÉýSìÇ mÉþzrÉãqÉý A¤ÉÍpÉ rÉïeÉþ§ÉÉÈ pÉýSìÇ mÉþzrÉãqÉÉý¤ÉÍpÉ rÉïeÉþ§ÉÉÈ
ð…4î¢3óñ¢ ð†Ÿ¢«òñ… Üþð¤…4ó¢ ð…4î¢3óñ¢ ð†Ÿ¢«òñ£…þð¤…4ó¢
òü†î¢ó£: | òü†î¢ó£: |
Vowel Sandhi
h–öbI e—¥qõi– A±hy–ª h–öbI e—¥qõix–±hy–ª jR—öZxJ
jR—öZxJ
AuÉ AkÉýUÉ¨ÉÉÿiÉç AuÉÉkÉýUÉ¨ÉÉÿiÉç
Üõ Üî…4ó£î¢î£‡î¢ | Üõ£î…4ó£î¢î£‡î¢ |
Ap Ac–kxÀx˜Z§ Apx c–kxÀx˜Z§
U£üþaÉýlkÉ-AlÉÑþÍsÉmiÉý A…¡Çûý U£üþaÉýlkÉÉ-lÉÑþÍsÉmiÉÉý…¡Çûý
óè¢î† è…3ï¢î4-ÜÂ†ô¤ð¢î… óè¢î† è…3ï¢î£4-Â†ô¤ð¢î£…é¢3è3…ñ¢
Üé¢3è3…ñ¢
k°— M–Ê- Ad¡—myeë– A§MI– k°—M–Êx-d¡—myeëx–O§MI–
pÉ£üþ AlÉÑýMÇüÌmÉþlÉÇ SãýuÉÇý pÉ£üÉþlÉÑýMÇüÌmÉþlÉÇ SãýuÉÇý
ð4è¢î† ÜÂ…èñ¢ð¤†ùñ¢ ð4è¢î£†Â…èñ¢ð¤†ùñ¢
h°— Ad¡–KIey—dI ¥b–pI– h°x—d¡–KIey—dI ¥b–pI–
13
Vowel Sandhi
SýÌuÉ ´ÉþrÉxuÉý AliÉËUþ¤Éã SýÌuÉ ´ÉþrÉ xuÉÉýliÉËUþ¤Éã
î¤…3õ¤ Ÿ¢ó†òú¢õ… Üï¢îó¤†«þ î¤…3õ¤ Ÿ¢ó†òú¢-õ£…ï¢îó¤†«þ
by–py öq—jsû– AZ§ky—¥± by–py öq—j sûx–Çky—¥±
ÌaÉËUýzÉ AcNûÉþ uÉSÉqÉÍxÉ ÌaÉËUýzÉÉcNûÉþ uÉSÉqÉÍxÉ
è¤3ó¤…Ÿ Üê¢ê£†2 õî£3ñú¤ è¤3ó¤…Ÿ£ê¢ê£†2 õî£3ñú¤
Zûx– Myky–q APâx— pbxisy Zûx– Myky–qxPâx— pbxisy
xÉWûxÉëý A¤ÉÉrÉþ qÉÏýRÒûwÉãÿ xÉWûxÉëÉý¤ÉÉrÉþ qÉÏýRÒûwÉãÿ
úýú¢ó… Üþ£ò† ñ¦…´4«û‡ úýú¢ó£…þ£ò† ñ¦…´4«û‡
stös– A±xj— iz–X¡¥r˜ stösx–±xj— iz–X¡¥r˜
lÉqÉÈþ xÉÔýiÉÉrÉ-AWûþlirÉÉrÉý uÉlÉÉþlÉÉÇý lÉqÉÈþ xÉÔýiÉÉrÉÉ-WûþlirÉÉrÉý uÉlÉÉþlÉÉÇý mÉiÉþrÉãý
ïñ†ú¢ ú¨…î£ò-Üý†ï¢î¢ò£ò… ïñ†ú¢ ú¨…î£ò£-ý†ï¢î¢ò£ò…
diJ— s¢–Zxj-At—Çõxj– diJ— s¢–Zxjx-t—Çõxj–
Vowel Sandhi
pdx—dxI pdx—dxI
lÉqÉÉãþ ÌlÉcÉãýUuÉãþ mÉËUcÉýUÉrÉ AUþhrÉÉlÉÉÇý lÉqÉÉãþ ÌlÉcÉãýUuÉãþ mÉËUcÉýUÉrÉÉUþhrÉÉlÉÉÇý
ï«ñ£† ï¤«ê…ó«õ† ðó¤ê…ó£ò- ï«ñ£† ï¤«ê…ó«õ† ðó¤ê…ó£ò£-
Üó†í¢ò£ù£…ñ¢ ó†í¢ò£ù£…ñ¢
¥ix— dy¥P–k¥p— ekyP–kxj- d¥ix— dy¥P–k¥p— ekyP–kxjx-
Ak—YõxdxI– k—YõxdxI–
lÉqÉþ AÉýzÉuÉãþ cÉ AÎeÉýUÉrÉþ cÉý lÉqÉþ AÉýzÉuÉãþ cÉÉÎeÉýUÉrÉþ cÉý
ïñ† Ý…Ÿ«õ† ê Üü¤…ó£ò† ê… ïñ† Ý…Ÿ«õ† ê£ü¤…ó£ò† ê…
di— B–q¥p— P ARy–kxj— P– di— B–q¥p— PxRy–kxj— P–
lÉqÉýzsÉÉãYrÉÉþrÉ cÉ AuÉxuÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉý lÉqÉýzsÉÉãYrÉÉþrÉ cÉÉuÉxuÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉý
ïñ…Ÿ¢«ô£è¢ò£†ò ê ïñ…Ÿ¢«ô£è¢ò£†ò
Üõú£…ï¢ò£†ò ê ê£õú£…ï¢ò£†ò ê
15
Vowel Sandhi
di –¥qøxKõx—j di –¥qøxKõx—j
P Apsx–dõx—j P– Pxpsx–dõx—j P–
lÉqÉþÈ mÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉ AuÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉý lÉqÉþÈ mÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉÉuÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉý
ïñ:† ð£…ó¢ò£†ò ê Üõ£…ó¢ò£†ò ïñ:† ð£…ó¢ò£†ò ê£õ£…ó¢ò£†ò ê…
di— BZx–kõx—j P di— BZx–kõx—j
Amx–bõx—j P– Pxmx–bõx—j P–
qÉÑZÉÉýÌSlSìþ¶Éý AÎalÉ¶Éþ qÉÑZÉÉýÌSlSìþ-¶ÉÉýÎalÉ¶Éþ
ºè£…2î¤3ï¢î¢3ó†Ÿ¢ê… ºè£…2î¤3ï¢î¢3ó†Ÿ¢-ê£…è¢3ù¤Ÿ¢ê†
Üè¢3ù¤Ÿ¢ê†
i¡Lx–byöÉ—Ò– A²yÒ— | i¡Lx–byöÉ—-Òx–²yÒ— |
mÉëÉhÉþ AmÉÉlÉÉæ qÉ×ýirÉÉã qÉÉïþ mÉÉiÉýÇ mÉëÉhÉÉþmÉÉlÉÉæ qÉ×ýirÉÉã qÉÉïþ mÉÉiÉýÇ
ð¢ó£í† Üð£ªù÷ ð¢ó£í£†ð£ªù÷ ñ¢¼…î¢«ò£ó¢-
Vowel Sandhi
ñ¢¼…î¢«ò£ó¢-ñ£†ð£î…ñ¢ ñ£†ð£î…ñ¢
öexY— Aexd¦ i£–¥Zõxª öexYx—exd¦ i£–¥Zõxª ix—
ix— exZ–I exZ–I
pÉãýwÉýeÉqÉãýuÉ AxqÉæþ MüUÉãÌiÉ | pÉãýwÉýeÉqÉãýuÉÉxqÉæþ MüUÉãÌiÉ |
«ð…4û…ü«ñ…õ Üú¢¬ñ† «ð…4û…ü«ñ…õ£ú¢¬ñ† è«ó£î¤
è«ó£î¤
¥h–r–R¥i–p A¤¤sô— K¥kxZy ¥h–r–R¥i–px¤¤sô— K¥kxZy
2.3 When Letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows the sound ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)
Rule 1: When Letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows the sound ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B) ,
‘a’ that follows ‘aa’ is represented through an Avagraha.
Example:
17
Vowel Sandhi
Mü¨ÉÉïþ + AÍxÉ = Mü¨ÉÉïþÅÍxÉ ,
mÉëýÌiÉý¸É+ AÍxÉ =mÉëýÌiÉý¸ÉÅÍxÉþ,
èó¢î¢î£+ Üú¤ =èó¢î¢î£†Åú¤
ð¢ó…î¤…û¢ì£+Üú¤ = ð¢ó…î¤…û¢ì£Å2ú¤
KªÀx+ Asy = KªÀx—„sy
öe–Zy–rçx+ Asy = öe–Zy–rçx„sy—
The sound of both Mü¨ÉÉïþ and mÉëýÌiÉý¸É is ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)
it is followed by ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) hence a Avagraha is formed after ‘aa’(AÉ, Ý, B).
Effect on Maatra: ‘a’ has one maatra and ‘aa’ has two maatra value in terms of time.
Due to the Sandhi, the rule results in a Maatra of 2.5, with Avagrah, the ‘a’ is truncated to
‘Å’ with only 0.5 maatra.This helps correct extension of rendering Vedas or reading slokas
with intended meaning and time scale.
Table of Examples
Vowel Sandhi
Basic Words/Padams before Sandhi The Resultant Words/

Padam after Sandhi
NûÉýrÉÉ AqÉ×iÉ NûÉýrÉÉÅqÉ×iÉ
ê£…2ò£ Üñ¢¼î…ñ¢ ê£…2ò£Åñ¢¼î…ñ¢
jsõ— Qx–jx Ai£Z–I jsõ— Qx–jx„i£Z–I
xÉÑýÌSlÉÉý-xÉÉ AxÉþÌSýÌ¹È xÉÑýÌSlÉÉý-xÉÉÅxÉþÌSýÌ¹È
ú§…î¤3ù£…-ú£ Üú†î¤…3û¢®: ú§…î¤3ù£…-ú£Åú†î¤…3û¢®:
s¡–bydx–-sx As—by–ræyJ s¡–bydx–-sx„s—by–ræyJ
xÉÉ AÎalÉlÉÉþ zÉÉýliÉÉ xÉÉÅÎalÉlÉÉþ zÉÉýliÉÉ
ú£ Üè¢3ù¤ù£† Ÿ£…ï¢î£ ú£Åè¢3ù¤ù£† Ÿ£…ï¢î£
sx A²ydx— qx–Çx sx„²ydx— qx–Çx
±ÉæuÉïþËUýhÉÉ-AliÉËUþ¤É ±ÉæuÉïþËUýhÉÉ-ÅliÉËUþ¤É
19
Vowel Sandhi
î¢3ªò÷ó¢ õ†ó¤…í£-Üï¢îó¤†þñ¢ î¢3ªò÷ó¢ õ†ó¤…í£-Åï¢îó¤†þñ¢
p—ky–Yx-AÇky—±I p—ky–Yx-„Çky—±I
iÉýlÉÔUbÉÉãýUÉ AmÉÉþmÉMüÉÍzÉlÉÏ iÉýlÉÔUbÉÉãýUÉ ÅmÉÉþmÉMüÉÍzÉlÉÏ
î…Ûó«è£…4ó£ Üð£†ðè£Ÿ¤ù¤ î…Ûó«è£…4ó£ Åð£†ð è£Ÿ¤ù¤
Z–d¢k¥Nx–kx Aex—Kxqydz Z–d¢k¥Nx–kx „ex—eKxqydz
iÉrÉÉý AxqÉÉlÉç ÌuÉýµÉiÉý iÉrÉÉýÅxqÉÉlÉç ÌuÉýµÉiÉý
îò£… Üú¢ñ£ù¢ õ¤…Ÿ¢õî… îò£…Åú¢ñ£ù¢ õ¤…Ÿ¢õî…
Zjx– Asôx© py–qûZ– Zjx–„sôx© py–qûZ–
qÉÉ AqÉ×iÉÉÿiÉç qÉÉÅqÉ×iÉÉÿiÉç
ñ£ Üñ¢¼î£‡î¢ ñ£Åñ¢¼î£‡î¢
ix Ai£Zx˜Z§ ix„i£Zx˜Z§
Vowel Sandhi
qÉÉþ AalÉã pÉÉýÌaÉlÉóè qÉÉÿÅalÉã pÉÉýÌaÉlÉóè
ñ£þ Üè¢3«ù ð£…4è¤3ùóè† ñ£‡Åè¢3«ù ð£…4è¤3ùóè†
¥jx ixþ A¥² hx–Mydóè ¥jx ix˜„¥² hx–Mydóè
Note: Dheerga swaritam is acquired due to the Conjunct Consonant (samyuktara

vyajyani) that follows the long letters with swaritam.
2.3.1 Exceptions observed when ‘a’ does not become an avagraha

when it follows the sound ‘aa’:
This is due to the Swarm and sound effect that is desired by the Rishi who composed or
propounded that Mantra. General observation is “Where two words give distinct logical
meaning which can flow smoothly as a sound with the respective swaram, they donot
combine”.
Some Examples from Standard Krishna Yajur Veda Suktams:
No Avagraham is used.
iÉxqÉÉý AU…¡ûþqÉÉqÉuÉÉ
îú¢ñ£… Üóé¢è† ñ£ñ«õ£…
Zsôx– AkO§M—ixi¥px–
21
Vowel Sandhi
pÉý¤ÉÇÆrÉÉ AýliÉËUþ¤Éã
ð…þñ¢ Æò£ Ü…ï¢îó¤†«þ
h–±I Æjx A–Çky—¥±
EmÉýýqÉÉ AþxrÉ ÌuÉýý¸ÉÈ
àð……ñ£ Ü†ú¢ò õ¤……û¢ì£
De––ix A—sõ py––rçxJ
mÉëÉxqÉÉý AÉzÉÉþ AzÉ××huÉ³Éç
ð¢ó£ú¢ñ£… ÝŸ£† ÜŸ¢¼í¢õù¢ù¢
öexsôx– Bqx— Aq£YûË§
lÉ ½þxrÉÉ AmÉýUÇcÉýlÉ
ï ý¢ò†ú¢ò£ Üð…óë¢ê…ù
Vowel Sandhi
d tõ—sõx Ae–kIP–d R–ksx–
AþTüýsÉÉ AþmÉÑýwmÉÉrÉÉ¶É
Ü†ð…2ô£ Ü†¹…û¢ð£ò£Ÿ¢ê† ¹…û¢ð¤í¦‡:
jx A—f–mx A—e¡–rðxjxÒ—
AÉãwÉþkÉÏUýxqÉÉ AþËUý¹ iÉÉþiÉrÉ
æû†î¦4ó…ú¢ñ£ Ü†ó¤…û¢ì î£†î«ò
Hxr—czk–sôx A—ky–ræ Zx—Z¥j
ÍzÉZÉÉ AýhÉÏrÉÉãÿSèkuÉÉï
õý¢ù¤† Ÿ¤è£2 Ü…í¦«ò£‡ó¢î¢3î¢4õ£
pÕy— qyLx A–Yz¥jx˜ªÆûx
pÉÔËUýSÉ AþxiÉÑý qÉ½ÿÇ
23
Vowel Sandhi
Ì4ó¤…î£3 Ü†ú¢¶… ñý¢ò‡ñ¢
ZË±—öZI h¢ky–bx A—së¡– itõ˜I
qÉÑýWÕûý¨ÉÉïÈ mÉëãýwrÉÉþ ApÉuÉlÉç
º…ý¨…ó¢î£: ð¢«ó…û¢ò£† Üð4õù¢ù¢
i¡–t¢–ªÀxJ ¥öe–rõx— Ahp©
2.4 When letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘ae’ ( L, ã F)
Rule: When the letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows letters with sound ‘ae’,
the ‘ae’ ( L, ã F) retains it form and sound but the ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A)
which follows becomes an avagraha Å.
Example:
eÉlÉãþ + AÍpÉSìÉãýWÇû = eÉlÉãþÅÍpÉSìÉãýWÇû
ü«ù† + Üð¤î¢3«ó£…ýñ¢ = ü«ù†Åð¤î¢3«ó£…ýñ¢
Vowel Sandhi
R¥d— + Ahy¥öbx–tI = R¥d—„hy¥öbx–tI
UÉý¹íãý + AÎxqÉlÉç = UÉý¹íãýÅÎxqÉlÉç
ó£…û¢ì¢«ó… +Üú¢ñ¤ù¢ = ó£…û¢ì¢«ó…Åú¢ñ¤ù
kx–¥öræ– + Asôy© = kx–¥öræ–„sôy©
This rule is observed in Chamakam at many places since ‘me’ in Cha ‘me’ combines
with following ‘a’.
Table of Examples
Basic Words/Padams before Sandhi The Resultant Words/Padam after

Sandhi
SÏbÉÉïrÉÑýiuÉÇ cÉþ qÉã, AlÉÍqÉý§ÉÇ cÉý qÉã, SÏbÉÉïrÉÑýiuÉÇ cÉþ qÉã, ÅlÉÍqÉý§ÉÇ cÉý qÉã,
ApÉþrÉÇ cÉ qÉã ÅpÉþrÉÇ cÉ qÉã
î¦3ó¢è£4»…î¢õë¢ê† «ñ, î¦3ó¢è£4»…î¢õë¢ê† «ñ,
Üïñ¤…î¢óë¢ê…«ñ,Üð†4òë¢ê«ñ, Åïñ¤…î¢óë¢ê… «ñ,Åð†4òë¢ê «ñ
bzªNxj¡–ZûI P— ¥i, bzªNxj¡–ZûI P— ¥i, „diy–öZI
Adiy–öZI P– ¥i,Ah—jI P ¥i, P– ¥i, „h—jI P ¥i,
mÉëmÉþ±ã AsÉý¤qÉÏ mÉëmÉþ±ã ÅsÉý¤qÉÏ
25
Vowel Sandhi
ð¢óð†î¢3«ò Üô…þ¢ñ¦ó¢«ñ† ð¢óð†î¢3«ò Åô…þ¢ñ¦ó¢«ñ†
öee—¥bõ Am–±§izª¥i— öee—¥bõ „m–±§izª¥i—
SãurÉÌSiÉãý-AÎalÉqÉþ³ÉÉýS SãurÉÌSiÉãý-ÅÎalÉqÉþ³ÉÉýS
«î3õ¢òî¤3«î…-Üè¢ù¤ «î3õ¢òî¤3«î…-Åè¢ù¤-
¥bpõby¥Z–-A²yi—Ëx–b ¥bpõby¥Z–-„²yi—Ëx–b
ÌuÉurÉÉýÍkÉlÉã-A³ÉÉþlÉÉÇý ÌuÉurÉÉýÍkÉlÉã-Å³ÉÉþlÉÉÇý
õ¤õ¢ò£…î¤4«ù-Üù¢ù†ù£…ñ¢ õ¤õ¢ò£…î¤4«ù-Åù¢ù†ù£…ñ¢
pypõx–cy¥d-AËx—dxI– pypõx–cy¥d-„Ëx—dxI–
xÉWûxÉërÉÉãeÉýlÉã AuÉýkÉluÉÉþÌlÉ xÉWûxÉërÉÉãeÉýlÉã ÅuÉýkÉluÉÉþÌlÉ
úýú¢ó«ò£ü…«ù úýú¢ó«ò£ü…«ù
Üõ…î4ù¢õ£†ù¤ Åõ…î4ù¢õ£†ù¤
stös¥jxR–¥d
Vowel Sandhi
Ap–cdûx—dy stös¥jxR–¥d
„p–cdûx—dy
ÌuÉ±ýiÉã ArÉþlÉÉrÉ ÌuÉ±ýiÉãÅrÉþlÉÉrÉ
õ¤î¢3ò…«î-Üò†ù£ò õ¤î¢3ò…«î-Åò†ù£ò
pybõ–¥Z Aj—dxj pybõ–¥Z„j—dxj
2.5 When letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘O’ (AÉå æ H¦)
Rule in Vowel Sandhi is “ Letter with sound ‘O’ (ओ, æ, Hx) remains unchanged
when followed by (अ Ü, A) but (अ, Ü, A) changes to Å (avagraha).
Note: Please refer to the article/discussion note on Visarga Sandhi rules for the vowel
sound ‘a’ followed by ‘a’.
Table of Examples:
Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule
lÉqÉþÈ AÍxÉýqÉSèprÉÉãý lÉqÉÉãþÅÍxÉýqÉSèprÉÉãý

ïñþÈ Üú¤…ñî¢3ð¢4«ò£ ï«ñ£† Åú¤…ñî¢3ð¢4«ò£…
di—J Asy–ib§¥hõx– d¥ix— „sy–ib§¥hõx–
27
Vowel Sandhi
lÉqÉÈ AxrÉþSèprÉÉãý lÉqÉÉãÅxrÉþSèprÉÉãý

ïñÈ Üú¢ò†î¢3ð¢4«ò£ ï«ñ£-Åú¢ò†î¢3ð¢4«ò£…
diJ Asõ—b§¥hõx– d¥ix„sõ—b§¥hõx–
lÉqÉþÈ AmÉaÉÑýUqÉÉþhÉÉrÉ lÉqÉÉãþÅmÉaÉÑýUqÉÉþhÉÉrÉ

ïñþÈ Üð°…3óñ£†í£ò ï«ñ£†Åð°…3óñ£†í£ò
di—J AeM¡–kix—Yxj d¥ix—„eM¡–kix—Yxj
rÉþÈ AmÉÉÇ mÉÑwmÉÇý ÆuÉåSþ rÉÉåþÅmÉÉÇ mÉÑwmÉÇý ÆuÉåSþ |

òþÈ Üð£ñ¢ ¹û¢ð…ñ¢ Æ«õî†4 «ò£†Åð£ñ¢ ¹û¢ð…ñ¢ Æ«õî†4
jþJ AexI e¡rðI– Æ¥pb— | ¥jx—„exI e¡rðI– Æ¥pb— |
rÉþÈ AxqÉÉlÉç ²ãÌ¹ý rÉÉãÿÅxqÉÉlÉç ²ãÌ¹ý

òþÈ Üú¢ñ£ù¢ î¢3«õû¢® «ò£‡-Åú¢ñ£ù¢ î¢3«õû¢®
jþJ Asôx© ¥bûræy–

¥jx˜„sôx© ¥bûræy–
rÉþÈ AWû-qÉþÎxqÉý oÉë¼ÉýWû-qÉþÎxqÉ rÉÉãþÅWû-qÉþÎxqÉý oÉë¼ÉýWû-qÉþÎxqÉ

òþÈ Üý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤… «ò£†Åý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤…
ð¢3óý¢ñ£…ý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤ ð¢3óý¢ñ£…ý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤ |
Vowel Sandhi
jþJ At-i—sôy– ögÖx–ti—sôy ¥jx—„t-i—sôy– ögÖx–t-i—sôy
xÉÈ AÎxqÉýiÉÉÇ xÉÉãýÅÎxqÉýiÉÉÇ

úÈ Üú¢ñ¤…î£ñ¢ «ú£Å…ú¢ñ¤…î£ñ¢
sJ Asôy–ZxI ¥sx„–sôy–ZxI
uÉ×ý¤ÉÈ AjÉþ ÌoÉýsuÉþÈ uÉ×ý¤ÉÉãÅjÉþ ÌoÉýsuÉþÈ

õ¢¼þÈ Üî†2 ð¤…3ô¢õ†: õ¢¼…«þ£Åî†2 ð¤…3ô¢õ†: |
p£–±J Aa— gy–mû—J | p£–¥±x„a— gy–mû—J |
WãûQÈ AuÉþ WãûQûÉãÅuÉþ

«ýìÈ Üõ† «ý«ì£3Åõ†
¥tWJ Ap— ¥t¥Wx„p— jxsyszrçxJ |
uÉÂþhÉÈ AÍkÉUÉýeÉÈ uÉÂþhÉÉãÅÍkÉUÉýeÉÈ

õ¼†íÈ Üî¤4 ó£…ü:
õ¼†«í£Åî¤4 ó£…ü:
pk¡—YJ Acykx–RJ |
pk¡—¥Yx„cykx–RJ |
29
Vowel Sandhi
2.6 When letter ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B) follows Sound ‘a’ (A, Ü, A)
Rule: When the letter with sound ‘a’ is followed by letter ‘aa’, the first letter with a
sound gets elongated to ‘aa’ (Dheergam) (AÉ, Ý, B)
There are exceptions to the rule due to the effect of swara acquisition of the preceding
or following letters or swarm for the ‘a’ or ‘aa’.
Note: Some books have a convention of representing ÅÅ after the dheerga letter
resulting out of the Sandhi (the vriddhi). Please also refer to our Article on Avagraha.
Basic Words/Padams before The Resultant Words/Padam

Sandhi after Sandhi
lÉqÉÉãþ ÂýSìÉrÉþ- AÉiÉiÉÉýÌuÉlÉãý ¤Éã§ÉÉþhÉÉÇý lÉqÉÉãþ ÂýSìÉrÉÉþ-iÉiÉÉýÌuÉlÉãý ¤Éã§ÉÉþhÉÉÇý
ï«ñ£† ¼…î¢3ó£ò†-Ýîî£…õ¤«ù ï«ñ£† ¼…î¢3ó£ò£†-îî£…õ¤«ù
d¥ix— k¡–öbxj—-BZZx–py¥d– d¥ix— k¡–öbxjx—-ZZx–py¥d–
lÉqÉþ EýŠæ-bÉÉãïþwÉÉrÉ AÉ¢üýlSrÉþiÉã lÉqÉþ EýŠæ-bÉÉãïþwÉÉrÉÉ ¢üýlSrÉþiÉã
ïñ† à…ê¢¬êó¢-«è£†4û£ò- ïñ† à…ê¢¬êó¢-«è£†4û£ò£
Vowel Sandhi
Ýè¢ó…ï¢î3ò†«î è¢ó…ï¢î3ò†«î
di— D–¤¤¶ª-¥Nx—rxj di— D–¤¤¶ª-¥Nx—rxjx-
BöK–Éj—¥Z öK–Éj—¥Z
lÉqÉÉãþ SÒlSÒýprÉÉþrÉ cÉ AÉWûlÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉ lÉqÉÉãþ SÒlSÒýprÉÉþrÉ cÉÉWûlÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉ
ï«ñ£† ¶3ï¢¶…3ð¢4ò£†ò ê ï«ñ£† ¶3ï¢¶…3ð¢4ò£†ò
Ýýï…ù¢ò£†ò ê ê£ýï…ù¢ò£†ò ê
d¥ix— b¡É¡–hõx—j P d¥ix— b¡É¡–hõx—j
Btd–dõx—j P Pxtd–dõx—j P
lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉãwÉþuÉã cÉ AÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉý lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉãwÉþuÉã cÉÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉý
ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢«íû†«õ ê ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢«íû†«õ
Ý»…î¤4«ù† ê ê£»…î¤4«ù† ê
di— sëz–±§¥Yr—¥p P di— sëz–±§¥Yr—¥p Pxj¡–
31
Vowel Sandhi
Bj¡–cy¥d— P cy¥d— P
lÉqÉþ DýÍkÉërÉÉþrÉ cÉ AÉiÉýmrÉÉþrÉ cÉý lÉqÉþ DýÍkÉërÉÉþrÉ cÉÉiÉýmrÉÉþrÉ cÉý
ïñ† ß…î¢4ó¤ò£†ò ê Ýî…ð¢ò£†òê… ïñ† ß…î¢4ó¤ò£†ò ê£î…ð¢ò£†ò ê…
di— C¦–öcyjx—j P di— C¦–öcyjx—j

BZ–eõx—j P– PxZ–eõx—j P–
lÉqÉþ AÉiÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉ AÉsÉÉý±ÉþrÉ cÉý lÉqÉþ AÉiÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉÉsÉÉý±ÉþrÉ cÉý
ïñ† Ýî£…ó¢ò£†ò ê ïñ† Ýî£…ó¢ò£†ò ê£ô£…î¢3ò£†ò
Ýô£…î¢3ò£†ò ê… ê…
di— BZx–kõx—j P di— BZx–kõx—j Pxmx–bõx—j
Bmx–bõx—j
ÆÌuÉýµÉ AÉiqÉÉþlÉÇ mÉýUÉrÉþhÉÇ ÆÌuÉýµÉÉiqÉÉþlÉÇ mÉýUÉrÉþhÉÇ
Vowel Sandhi
Æõ¤…Ÿ¢õ Ýî¢ñ£†ùñ¢ Æõ¤…Ÿ¢õ£î¢ñ£†ùñ¢ ð…ó£ò†íñ¢
ð…ó£ò†íñ¢
Æpy–qû BÃx—dI e–kxj—YI Æpy–qûxÃx—dI e–kxj—YI
lÉÉqÉÉýiqÉ-AÉlÉýlSuÉþ mÉÔÂwÉ lÉÉqÉÉýiqÉÉ-lÉýlSuÉþ mÉÔÂwÉ
ï£ñ£…î¢ñ Ýï…ï¢î3õ† Ì¼û ï£ñ£…î¢ñ£ ï…ï¢î3õ† Ì¼û
dxix–Ã Bd–IZp— e¢k¡r dxix–Ãxd–I Zp— e¢k¡r
Exceptions observed:
Examples of ‘aa’ not combining with previous ‘a’ sound.
iÉuÉþpÉëýqÉÉxÉþ AÉzÉÑýrÉÉ mÉþiÉÇýirÉlÉÑþ
îõ† ð¢4ó…ñ£ú† ÝŸ§…ò£ ð†î…ï¢î¢òÂ†
Zp— öh–ixs— Bq¡–jx e—ZI–
ÌmÉmÉëÏþwÉÌiÉýxuÉ AÉrÉÑþÌwÉ SÒUÉãýhÉã
33
Vowel Sandhi
ð¤ð¢ó¦†û î¤…ú¢õ Ý»†û¤ ¶3«ó£…«í
eyöez—r Zy–sû Bj¡—ry b¡¥kx–¥Y
iÉxrÉý xÉZÉÉý rÉxiÉþ AÉÌiÉýjrÉ…
îú¢ò… úè£…2 òú¢î† Ýî¤…î¢2ò
h—psy– Zsõ– sLx– jsë— BZy–aõ
xiÉÉãqÉÉý-¶ÉlSÉóèþÍxÉ ÌlÉýÌuÉSÉãþqÉ AÉWÒûUãýiÉxqÉæþ
ú¢«î£ñ£…Ÿ¢-êï¢î£3óè†ú¤ ï¤…õ¤«î£†3ñ Ýý§«ó
ÒÉxóè—sy dy–py¥bx—i Bt¡¥k– Z¤¤sô—
qÉkÉÑýmÉë×cÉÉþ-qÉU…¡ûýqÉ AÉqÉÉÿ
ñ¶…4ð¢¢¼ê£†-ñóé¢è…ñ Ýñ£‡
ic¡–öe£Px—-ikO§M–i Bix˜
mÉÑýlÉliÉÑý ÌuÉµÉþ AÉýrÉuÉþÈ
Vowel Sandhi
¹…ùï¢¶… õ¤Ÿ¢õ† Ý…òõ†: |
e¡–dÇ¡– pyqû— B–jp—J
oÉë¼þ oÉëÉ¼ýhÉ AÉýiqÉlÉÉÿ
ð¢3óý¢ñ† ð¢3ó£ý¢ñ…í Ý…î¢ñù£‡ ||
ögÖ— ögxÖ–Y B–Ãdx˜
mÉýUýqÉã uÉ×ý¤É AÉrÉÑþkÉ ÌllÉýkÉÉrÉý
ð…ó…«ñ õ¢¼…þ Ý»†î4ï¢¢-
e–k–¥i p£–± Bj¡—cËy–cxj–
UjÉþÍqÉýuÉÉµÉÉþ uÉÉýÎeÉlÉý AÉuÉþWûliÉÑ
óî†2ñ¤…õ£Ÿ¢õ£† õ£…ü¤ù… Ýõ†ýï¢¶
ka—iy–pxqûx— px–Ryd– Bp—tÇ¡
35
Vowel Sandhi
mÉëýeÉÉÇ qÉÉ qÉãþ UÏËUwÉý AÉrÉÑþÂaÉë
ð¢ó…ü£ñ¢ ñ£ «ñ† ó¦ó¤û… Ý»†¼è¢3ó
öe–RxI ix ¥i— kzkyr– Bj¡—k¡öM
MüÉqÉãþlÉqÉãý MüÉqÉý AÉaÉÉÿiÉç
è£«ñ†ù «ñ… è£ñ… Ýè£‡3î¢
Kx¥i—d¥i– Kxi– BMx˜Z§
AkÉÉþlÉÉã AalÉý AÉuÉþWû UÉýrÉ
Üî£†4«ï£ Üè¢3ù… Ýõ†ý
Acx—¥dx A²– Bp—t
xÉÉãqÉÉãý UÉeÉÉþ qÉ×aÉzÉÏýwÉãïhÉý AÉaÉ³Éçþ
ó£ü£† ñ¢¼è3Ÿ¦…ó¢«ûí… Ýè3ù¢ù¢†–
Vowel Sandhi
kxRx— i£Mqz–ª¥rY– BMË§—
AlÉãþzÉ³ÉýxrÉãwÉþuÉ AÉýpÉÑUþxrÉ ÌlÉwÉý…¡ûÍjÉþÈ
Ü«ï†Ÿï¢-ï…ú¢«òû†õ Ý…¹4ó†ú¢ò
A¥d—qË–¥sõr—p B–h¡k—sõ
2.7 Basic Rule when letter ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B) follows the sound
‘aa’(AÉ, Ý, B)
Rule 1: When Letter ‘a’ AÉ, Ý, B follows the sound ‘aa’ AÉ, Ý, B ,
‘aa’ that follows ‘aa’ sound becomes or is represented through an Avagraha as ÅÅ.
Example:
pÉÑuÉþlÉÉ + AÉÌuÉýuÉãzÉ = pÉÑuÉþlÉÉ ÅÅÌuÉýuÉãzÉ
¹4õ†ù£ + Ýõ¤…«õŸ = ¹4õ†ù£ ÅÅõ¤…«õŸ…
h¡p—dx + Bpy–¥pq = h¡p—dx „„py–¥pq–
37
Vowel Sandhi
lÉÉ has ‘aa’ AÉ, Ý, B vowel sound . This is followed by ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)
resulting in the Sandhi with avagraha.
Effect on Maatra: ‘aa’ has two maatra and ‘aa’ has two maatra value in terms of time.
Due to the Sandhi, the rule results in a Maatra of 3.0. With Avagrah, the ‘aa’ is truncated to
‘ÅÅ’ with only 1 maatra.
Table of Examples
Basic Words/Padams before The Resultant Words/Padam
Sandhi after Sandhi
oÉë¼Éþ AÉaÉýiÉ´ÉÏþ ÂýiÉiuÉrÉÉÿ oÉë¼ÉþÅÅaÉýiÉ´ÉÏþ ÂýiÉiuÉrÉÉÿ
ð¢3óý¢ñ£†-Ýè…3î-ÿ†¼…îî¢õò£‡ ð¢3óý¢ñ£†-ÅÅè…3î-ÿ†¼…î î¢õò£‡
ögÖx— BM–Zöqz— ögÖx—„„M–Zöqz—

k¡–Z Zûjx˜
k¡–Z Zûjx˜
xÉÉ AÉÌSýirÉãlÉþ xÉÉÅÅÌSýirÉãlÉþ
ú£ Ýî¤…3î¢«òù† Ÿ£…ï¢î£ ú£ÅÅî¤…3î¢«òù† Ÿ£…ï¢î£
Vowel Sandhi
sx Bby–¥Zõd— qx–Çx sx„„by–¥Zõd— qx–Çx
ÌuÉýiÉxiÉýrÉÉ AÉeÉÏïþMüÐrÉ ÌuÉýiÉxiÉýrÉÉ ÅÅeÉÏïþMüÐrÉ,
õ¤…îú¢î…ò£ Ýó¢ü¦†è¦«ò õ¤…îú¢î…ò£ ÅÅó¢ü¦†è¦«ò
py–Zsë–jx BªRz—Kz¥j py–Zsë–jx „„ªRz—Kz¥j
SÉýiÉÉ mÉëþSÉýiÉÉ AÉlÉýlSÉå qÉÉåSþÈ SÉýiÉÉ mÉëþSÉýiÉÉ ÅÅlÉýlSÉå qÉÉåSþÈ
î£…3î£ ð¢ó†î£…3î£ Ýï…ù¢«î£3 î£…3î£ ð¢ó†î£…3î£ ÅÅï…ù¢«î£3
«ñ£î†3: «ñ£î†3:
bx–Zx öe—bx–Zx Bd–¥Éx bx–Zx öe—bx–Zx„„d–¥Éx
¥ixb—J öe¥ix–bJ ¥ixb—J öe¥ix–bJ
xÉæwÉÉ AÉlÉlSxrÉ qÉÏqÉÉóèþxÉÉ xÉæwÉÉÅÅlÉlSxrÉ qÉÏqÉÉóèþxÉÉ
¬úû£-Ýùï¢î3ú¢ò ñ¦ñ£ó†è ¬úû£-ÅÅùï¢î3ú¢ò ñ¦ñ£ó†è
39
Vowel Sandhi
¤¤srx BdÉsõ izixóè— ¤¤srx„„dÉsõ izixóè—
xÉ LMü ClSìþxrÉÉ AÉlÉýlSÈ xÉ LMü ClSìþxrÉÉÅÅlÉýlSÈ
úãè Þï¢î¢3ó†ú¢ò£Ýù…ï¢î3È ú ãè Þï¢î¢3ó†ú¢ò£ÅÅù…ï¢î3È
s GK CöÉ—sõx Bd–ÉJ s GK CöÉ—sõx„„d–ÉJ
rÉÑþwqÉliÉýxiÉãlÉýiuÉÉ AÉrÉÑýwÉÉ-AÉrÉÑþwqÉliÉÇ rÉÑþwqÉliÉýxiÉãlÉýiuÉÉ ÅÅrÉÑýwÉÉÅÅrÉÑþwqÉliÉÇ
ú¢«îù…î¢õ£-Ý»…û£ ú¢«îù…î¢õ£-
Ý»†û¢ñï¢îé¢ ÅÅ»…û£ÅÅ»†û¢ñï¢îé¢
¥sëd–Zûx Bj¡–rx- ¥sëd–Zûx „„j¡–rx„„j¡—rôÇI
Bj¡—rôÇI
Vowel Sandhi
3 Basic rules for combination of ‘e’ (C Þ C)
and ‘ee’(D ß C¦):

‘ee’ sound is produced by the combination of the following:
C + C = D Þ + Þ =ß C + C = C¦
C + D = D Þ +ß = ß C + C¦= C¦
D + C = D ß + Þ =ß C¦+ C = C¦
’ D + D = D ß + ß = ß C¦+ C¦= C¦
Examples:
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
qÉÌrÉþ mÉëýeÉÉÇ qÉÌrÉ ClSìþ CÎlSìýrÉÇ SþkÉÉiÉÑý qÉÌrÉþ mÉëýeÉÉÇ qÉrÉÏlSìþ CÎlSìýrÉÇ SþkÉÉiÉÑý
ñò¤† ð¢ó…ü£ñ¢ ñò¤ Þï¢î¢3ó† ñò¤† ð¢ó…ü£ñ¢ ñò¦ï¢î¢3ó†
Þï¢î¢3ó¤…òï¢ Þï¢î¢3ó¤…òï¢
ijy— öe–RxI ijy— CöÉ— CöÉy– ijy— öe–RxI ijzöÉ— CöÉy–jI
41
Vowel Sandhi
jI b—cxZ¡– b—cxZ¡–
lÉ rÉÉýÌiÉ ClSìÉãý ÌuÉµÉþxrÉ lÉ rÉÉýiÉÏlSìÉãý ÌuÉµÉþxrÉ
ï ò£…î¤ Þï¢î¢3«ó£… õ¤Ÿ¢õ†ú¢ò ï ò£…î¦ï¢î¢3«ó£… õ¤Ÿ¢õ†ú¢ò
d jx–Zy C¥öÉx– pyqû—sõ q–k¥bx– d jx–Zz¥öÉx–

pyqû—sõ
xÉÉqÉëÉÿerÉãlÉÉý ÍpÉÌwÉÇþcÉÉýÌqÉ-ClSìþxrÉiuÉÉý xÉÉqÉëÉÿerÉãlÉÉý ÍpÉÌwÉÇþcÉÉý-qÉÏlSìþxrÉiuÉÉý
ú£ñ¢ó£‡ü¢«òù£…ð¤4û¤†ë¢ê£…ñ¤ ú£ñ¢ó£‡ü¢«òù£… ð¤4û¤†ë¢ê£…-
Þï¢î¢3ó†-ú¢òî¢õ£… ñ¦ï¢î¢3ó†-ú¢òî¢õ£…
sxöix˜¥Rõdx– hyryI—Px–iy sxöix˜¥Rõdx– hyryI—Px–-izöÉ—
CöÉ—sõZûx– sõZûx–
DýqÉýWûý CÌiÉþ DqÉWãû DýqÉýWûý CiÉÏþqÉWãû
ßñý… Þî¤† ßñ«ý ßñý… Þî¦†ñ«ý
Vowel Sandhi
C¦–i–t– CZy— C¦i¥t C¦–i–t– CZz—i¥t
CýwÉÑýÍkÉ: CÌiÉþ CwÉÑ - ÍkÉÈ CýwÉÑýÍkÉËUiÉÏþwÉÑ - ÍkÉÈ
Þ…û§…î¤: Þî¤† Þû§ --- î¤4: Þ…û§…î¤ ó¤î¦†û§ --- î¤4:
C–r¡–cy: CZy— Cr¡ - cyJ C–r¡–cykyZz—r¡ - cyJ
M×üýüÍkÉ CÌiÉþ M×üÍkÉ M×üýkÉÏÌiÉþ M×üÍkÉ
è¢¼…î¤4 Þî¤† è¢¼î¤4 è¢¼…î¦4î¤† è¢¼î¤4
K£–cy CZy— K£cy K£–czZy— K£cy
43
Vowel Sandhi
4 Basic rules for combination of ‘u’ E à D
and ‘uu’ F á D¦:
‘uu’ (F á D¦) sound is produced by the combination of the following:
E + E = F à + à =á D + D = D¦
E + F = F à +á = á D + D¦= D¦
F + E = F á + à = á D¦+ D = D¦
F + F = F á + á = á D¦+ D¦= D¦
Examples:
xÉÑ E£Çü xÉÔ£Çü
ú§ àè¢îñ¢ ú¨è¢îñ¢
s¡ D°I s¢°I
Vowel Sandhi
ÌSý¤ÉÑ EmÉSþkÉÉÌiÉ ÌSý¤ÉÔmÉSþkÉÉÌiÉ
î¤…3þ§ àðî†3î£4î¤ î¤…3þ¨ð î†3î£4î¤
by–±¡ Deb—cxZy | by–±¢eb—cxZy |
qÉÉãÌ¨Éþ¸liÉý-qÉlÉÑ EÌ¨Éþ¸liÉÑý qÉÉãÌ¨Éþ¸liÉý-qÉlÉÔÌ¨Éþ¸liÉÑý
«ñ£î¢î¤†û¢ì2ï¢î…-ñÂ «ñ£î¢î¤†û¢ì2ï¢î…-
àî¢î¤†û¢ì2ï¢¶ ñÛî¢î¤†û¢ì2ï¢¶
¥ixÀy—rçÇ–-id¡ DÀy—rçÇ¡– ¥ixÀy—rçÇ–-id¢Ày—rçÇ¡–
ixix–ò– ixix–ò–
45
Vowel Sandhi
5 ‘ae’ L,ã, G is formed with a combination of ‘a’ A, Ü’ A
and aa’ AÉ Ý B with ‘e’ (C, Þ C) or ‘ee’ (D ,ß ,C¦)
A + C= L , Ü + Þ= ã, A+ C= G
A + D = L, Ü + ß= ã, A+ C¦= G
AÉ + C = L, Ý+ Þ= ã, B+ C= G
AÉ+ D = L Ý+ ß= ã B+ C¦= G
PS 10-3 & 4 Now for cases in which an a-vowel stands first

When an i-vowel follows, the product is ‘ae’
Examples:
xÉ ÍzÉuÉýÈ xÉ WûËUýÈ xÉ ClSìýÈ xÉ ÍzÉuÉýÈ xÉ WûËUýÈ xÉãlSìýÈ
ú Ÿ¤õ…ú¢ ú ýó¤…ú¢ ú Ÿ¤õ…ú¢ ú ýó¤…ú¢
ú Þï¢î¢3ó…ú¢ «úï¢î¢3ó…ú¢
Vowel Sandhi
s qyp–J s tky–J s CöÉ–J s qyp–J s tky–J ¥söÉ–J
cÉ CÌiÉþ cÉ (Rudra Kramam) cÉãÌiÉþ cÉ
ê Þî¤† ê «êî¤† ê
P CZy— P ¥PZy— P
mÉUqÉý C¸Ï ÌuÉýUÉeÉÉÿ mÉUqÉãý¸Ï ÌuÉýUÉeÉÉÿ
ðóñ… Þû¢¯2 õ¤…ó£ü£‡ ðó«ñ…û¢¯2 õ¤…ó£ü£‡
eki– Crçz py–kxRx˜ ek¥i–rçz py–kxRx˜
lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉ CwÉþuÉã cÉÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉý lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉãwÉþuÉã cÉÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉý
ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢í Þû†«õ ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢«íû†«õ
ê£»…î¤4«ù† ê… ê£»…î¤4«ù† ê…
di— sëz–±§Y Cr—¥p di— sëz–±§¥Yr—¥p
Pxj¡–cy¥d Pxj¡–cy¥d
47
Vowel Sandhi
AxÉýSè oÉë¼ CÌiÉý uÉãSý cÉãiÉç AxÉýSè oÉë¼ãÌiÉý uÉãSý cÉãiÉç
Üú…î¢3 ð¢3óý¢ñ Þî¤… «õî…3 Üú…î¢3 ð¢3óý¢«ñî¤… «õî…3
«êî¢ «êî¢
As–b§ ögÖ CZy– ¥pb–¥PZ§ As–b§ ög¥ÖZy– ¥pb– ¥PZ§
Vowel Sandhi
6 ‘ai’ (Lã, ä ,¤F) is formed with a combination ‘a’(A,Ü,A)
and ‘aa’ (AÉ Ý B) with ‘ae’ (L ã G)/ ‘ai’ (Lã ä ¤F)
PS 10-6 When ae or ai follows, an ‘a’ vowel sound, the product is ai

Examples:
xÉ LwÉÉ aÉhÉãþzÉ ÌuÉý±É xÉæwÉÉ aÉhÉãþzÉ ÌuÉý±É
ú ãû£ è3«í†Ÿ õ¤…î¢3ò£ ¬úû£ è3«í†Ÿ õ¤…î¢3ò£
s Grx M¥Y—qpy–bõx ¤¤srx M¥Y—qpy–bõx
qÉ×ýirÉÑUý-qÉ×iÉþ³Éý AÉaÉþluÉ LuÉ-xuÉýiÉÉã qÉ×ýirÉÑUý-qÉ×iÉþ³Éý AÉaÉþluÉæuÉ-xuÉýiÉÉã
ñ¢¼î†ù¢ù… Ýè†ù¢õ ãõ- ñ¢¼î†ù¢ù… Ýè†ù¢¬õõ-
ú¢õ…«î£ ú¢õ…«î£
i£–Zõ¡k–-i£Z—Ë– BM—d i£–Zõ¡k–-i£Z—Ë– BM—¤¤dûp-
Gp-sû–¥Zx sû–¥Zx
49
Vowel Sandhi
xÉýirÉÇ kÉqÉïþ¶Éý LiÉÉÌlÉþ qÉÉý qÉÉ WûÉþÍxÉwÉÑÈ xÉýirÉÇ kÉqÉïþ¶ÉæýiÉÉÌlÉþ qÉÉý qÉÉ WûÉþÍxÉwÉÑÈ ||
ú…î¢òï¢¢ î4ó¢ñ†Ÿ¢ê… ãî£ù¤… ú…î¢òï¢¢ î4ó¢ñ†Ÿ¢¬ê… î£ù¤…
s–ZõI cªi—Ò– GZxdy— s–ZõI cªi—¤¤Ò–Zxdy—
oÉë¼ý LuÉ pÉÔýiÉÉlÉÉýÇ erÉã¸ýÇ oÉë¼æýuÉ pÉÔýiÉÉlÉÉýÇ erÉã¸ýÇ
ð¢3óý¢ñ… ãõ Ì…4î£ù£…ñ¢ ð¢3óý¢¬ñ…õ Ì…4î£ù£…ñ¢
ü¢«òû¢ì…ñ¢ ü¢«òû¢ì…ñ¢
ögÖ– Gp h¢–Zxdx–I ¥Rõrç–I ög¤¤Ö–p h¢–Zxdx–I ¥Rõrç–I
iÉxrÉ LwÉ LuÉ zÉÉUÏþU AÉýiqÉÉ iÉxrÉæwÉ LuÉ zÉÉUÏþU AÉýiqÉÉ
îú¢ò ãû ãõ Ÿ£ó¦†óÝ…î¢ñ£ îú¢¬òû ãõ Ÿ£ó¦†óÝ…î¢ñ£
Zsõ Gr Gp qxkz—k Z¤¤sõr Gp qxkz—k
B–Ãx B–Ãx
iÉxrýÉ LwÉÉ pÉuÉþÌiÉ | iÉxrÉæýwÉÉ pÉuÉþÌiÉ |
Vowel Sandhi
îú¢ò… ãû£ ð4õ†î¤ | îú¢¬ò…û£ ð4õ†î¤ |
Zsõ– Grx hp—Zy Z¤¤sõ–rx hp—Zy
iÉãlÉþ LwÉ mÉÔýhÉïÈ iÉãlÉæþwÉ mÉÔýhÉïÈ
«îù† ãû Ì…ó¢í: «î¬ù†û Ì…ó¢í:
¥Zd— Gr e¢–ªYJ ¥Z¤¤d—r e¢–ªYJ
MüiÉýqÉÈ xuÉþrÉýÇpÉÑ oÉë¼ý LiÉSqÉ×þiÉ MüiÉýqÉÈ xuÉþrÉýÇpÉÑ oÉë¼æý iÉSqÉ×þiÉ
èî…ñú¢ ú¢õ†ò…ñ¢¹4 ð¢3óý¢ñ… èî…ñú¢ ú¢õ†ò…ñ¢¹4
ãîî3ñ¢¼†î ð¢3óý¢¬ñ… îî3ñ¢¼†î
KZ–iJ sû—j–Ih¡ ögÖ– KZ–iJ sû—j–Ih¡ ög¤¤Ö–
GZbi£—Z G–r Zbi£—Z G–r
51
Vowel Sandhi
7 ‘O’ (AÉå æ H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’(A, Ü, A)
and ‘aa’(AÉ, Ý,B) with ‘u’(E,à, D) and ‘uu’(F,á, D¦)

PS 10-5 When an u vowel follows, vowel sound ‘a’ the product is O
Examples:
qÉWûÉ lÉÉUÉrÉhÉ EmÉÌlÉwÉiÉç qÉWûÉ lÉÉUÉrÉhÉÉãmÉÌlÉwÉiÉç
ñý£ ï£ó£òí àðï¤ûî¢ ñý£ ï£ó£ò«í£ðï¤ûî¢
itx dxkxjY DedyrZ§ itx dxkxj¥YxedyrZ§
AuÉ E¨ÉýUÉ¨ÉÉÿiÉç AuÉÉã¨ÉýUÉ¨ÉÉÿiÉç
Üõ àî¢î…ó£î¢î£‡î¢ Ü«õ£î¢î…ó£î¢î£‡î¢
Ap DÀ–kxÀx˜Z§ A¥pxÀ–kxÀx˜Z§
AuÉþ cÉ FýkuÉÉï¨ÉÉÿiÉç | AuÉþ cÉÉãýkuÉÉï¨ÉÉÿiÉç |
Üõ† ê… áó¢î¢4õ£î¢î£‡î¢ Üõ† «ê£…ó¢î¢4õ£î¢î£‡î¢
Vowel Sandhi
Ap— P– D¦ªcûxÀx˜Z§ Ap— ¥Px–ªcûxÀx˜Z§
ÌuÉerÉ EÌiÉþwÉÉ ÌuÉerÉÉãÌiÉþwÉÉ
õ¤ü¢ò àî¤†û£ ð¢¼3ý…î£ õ¤ü¢«ò£î¤†û£ ð¢¼3ý…î£
pyRõ DZy—rx g£t–Zx py¥RõxZy—rx g£t–Zx
rÉÉÈ mÉ×þÍjÉýuÉÏÇ mÉrÉþxÉý ElSÎliÉþ rÉÉÈ mÉ×þÍjÉýuÉÏÇ mÉrÉþxÉÉãýlSÎliÉþ
ò£: ð¢¼†î¤…2õ¦ñ¢ ò£: ð¢¼†î¤…2õ¦ñ¢
ðò†ú… àï¢î3ï¢î¤† ðò†«ú£…ï¢î3ï¢î¤†
jxJ e£—ay–pzI ej—s– DÉÇy— jxJ e£—ay–pzI ej—¥sx–ÉÇy—
ÌuÉcÉ¢üqÉÉýhÉ-x§ÉãýkÉ EÂþaÉÉýrÉÈ || ÌuÉcÉ¢üqÉÉýhÉ-x§ÉãýkÉÉãÂþ-aÉÉýrÉÈ ||
Æõ¤êè¢óñ£…íú¢- Æõ¤êè¢óñ£…íú¢-
î¢«ó…î4 à¼†-è£…3ò: î¢«ó…«î£4¼†-è£…3ò:
pyPöKix–Y-¥ösë–c Dk¡—Mx–jJ pyPöKix–Y-¥ösë–¥cxk¡—Mx–jJ
53
Vowel Sandhi
pÉaÉþuÉliÉ-xxrÉÉqÉý EiÉ mÉëÌmÉýiuÉ pÉaÉþuÉliÉ-xxrÉÉqÉÉãýiÉ mÉëÌmÉýiuÉ
ð4è†3õï¢îú¢-ú¢ò£ñ… àî ð4è†3õï¢îú¢-ú¢ò£«ñ£…î
hM—pÇ-sþõxi– DZ öeey–Zû hM—pÇ-sþõx¥ix–Z öeey–Zû
LwÉÉ uÉãþS EmÉýÌlÉwÉiÉç LwÉÉ uÉãþSÉãmÉýÌlÉwÉiÉç
ãû£ «õ†î3 àð…ï¤ûî¢ ãû£ «õ†«î£3ð…ï¤ûî¢
Grx ¥p—b De–dyrZ§ Grx ¥p—¥bxe–dyrZ§
rÉã mÉëÉýhÉÇ oÉë¼ý EmÉÉxÉþiÉã | rÉã mÉëÉýhÉÇ oÉë¼ÉãýmÉÉxÉþiÉã |
«ò ð¢ó£…íñ¢ ð¢3óý¢ñ… «ò ð¢ó£…íñ¢
àð£ú†«î ð¢3óý¢«ñ£…ð£ú†«î
¥j öex–YI ögÖ– Dexs—¥Z | ¥j öex–YI ög¥Öx–exs—¥Z |
Vowel Sandhi
8 ‘au’ (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’(A,Ü,A)
and ‘aa’ (AÉ,Ý, B) with ‘O’ (AÉå,æ, Hx)
or ‘au’ (AÉæ, å÷, H¦)

PS 10 -7 When O or au follows, ‘a’ vowel sound the product is au.
pÉÑuÉýliÉrÉãþ uÉÉËUuÉxM×üýiÉÉrÉ AÉåwÉþkÉÏlÉÉÇý pÉÑuÉýliÉrÉãþ uÉÉËUuÉxM×üýiÉÉ-rÉÉæwÉþkÉÏlÉÉÇý
¹4õ…ï¢î«ò† õ£ó¤õú¢è¢¼…î£ò- ¹4õ…ï¢î«ò† õ£ó¤õú¢è¢¼…î£-
æû†î¦4ù£…ñ¢ ªò÷û†î¦4ù£…ñ¢
pxkypsÜ£–Zxj Hxr—czdxI– pxkypsÜ£–Zx-j¦r—czdxI–
eZ—¥j– d¥ix– eZ—¥j– d¥ix–
GýiÉkÉÉþqÉÉýÅÎalÉ-aÉïþlkÉýuÉïxiÉxrÉ- GýiÉkÉÉþqÉÉýÅÎalÉ-aÉïþlkÉýuÉï-
AÉåwÉþkÉrÉÉã xiÉxrÉÉæwÉþkÉrÉÉã
¼…îî£†4ñ£…Åè¢3ù¤ó¢-è†3ï¢î…4ó¢õ ¼…îî£†4ñ£…Åè¢3ù¤ó¢-è†3ï¢î…4ó¢õú¢
55
Vowel Sandhi
ú¢-îú¢ò æû†î4«ò£ - îú¢ªò÷û†î4«ò£
E–Zcx—ix–„²yª- E–Zcx—ix–„²yª-M—Ê–ªpsë-
M—Ê–ªpsësõ Hxr—c¥jx sõ¦r—c¥jx -
ClSìÉþrÉý iuÉÉ AÉãeÉþxuÉiÉý AÉãeÉþxuÉliÉò ClSìÉþrÉý iuÉÉæeÉþxuÉiÉý AÉãeÉþxuÉliÉò
Þï¢î¢3ó£†ò… î¢õ£ æü†ú¢õî… Þï¢î¢3ó£†ò… î¢ªõ÷ü†ú¢õî…
æü†ú¢õï¢îò ÿí£ñ¤ æü†ú¢õï¢îò ÿí£ñ¤
CöÉx—j– Zûx HxR—sûZ– HxR— CöÉx—j– Zû¦R—sûZ– HxR—
sûÇò öqzYxiy sûÇò öqzYxiy
CýluÉýMüÉprÉýxxuÉÉWûÉ AÉãwÉþkÉÏprÉýxxuÉÉWûÉÿ CýluÉýMüÉprÉý xxuÉÉWûÉæwÉþkÉÏprÉý xxuÉÉWûÉÿ
Þ…ù¢õ…è£ð¢4ò…ú¢-ú¢õ£ý£ Þ…ù¢õ…è£ð¢4ò…ú¢-
æû†î¦4ð¢4ò… ú¢õ£ªý÷û†î¦4ð¢4ò…
C–dû–Kxhõ– sþûxtx Hxr—czhõ– C–dû–Kxhõ– sþûxt¦r—czhõ–
Vowel Sandhi
TS 2.1.5.1
ÌoÉsÉÿqÉç + AmÉ + AÉæýhÉÉãïýiÉç ÌoÉsÉýqÉmÉÉæÿhÉÉãïýiÉç
ப 3ல‡ + அப + ஔ… ேணா… ப 3ல…மெபௗ‡ ேணா…
gym˜I+Ae + H¦–ª¥Yx–Z§ gym–ie¦˜ª¥Yx–Z§
TB 2.6.5.1
WûýuÉÏóèÌwÉþ + mÉë + AÉæý¤ÉÏýÈ WýuÉÏóèÌwÉý mÉëÉæ¤ÉÏýÈ
ஹ…வóèஷி† + ர + ஔ… …: ஹ…வóèஷி… ெரௗ …:
t–pzóèry– öe¦±z–J
t–pzóèry— + öe + H¦–±z–J
57
Vowel Sandhi
9 ‘ar’ (AUç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and
‘aa’(AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘Ru’(G,¼,E, and ‘Ruu’ (H,Ï, u)

PS 10- 8 When ‘Ru’ follows, vowel ‘a, or ‘aa’ the product is ar.
PS 10-9 If a preposition precedes, the product is ‘Ar).
PA Book 5. Chapter 11-Rule 91. The Vriddhi (long letter) is the single substitute
when the ‘a’ or A of a preposition is followed by the short ‘Ru’ of a verb
Examples:
xÉýmiÉ GwÉþrÉÈ-xÉýmiÉkÉÉqÉþ ÌmÉëýrÉÉÍhÉþ xÉýmiÉwÉïþrÉÈ-xÉýmiÉkÉÉqÉþ ÌmÉëýrÉÉÍhÉþ
ú…ð¢î ¼û†ò…ú¢-úð¢îî£4ñ† ú…ð¢îó¢û†ò…ú¢-úð¢îî£4ñ†
s–eë Er—jJ-s–eëcxi— s–eëªr—jJ-s–eëcxi—

öey–jxYy öey–jxYy
ÌuÉïýµÉMüþqÉÉïý qÉlÉÉãþ aÉlkÉýuÉïxiÉxrÉþ GMüç ÌuÉïýµÉMüþqÉÉïý qÉlÉÉãþ aÉlkÉýuÉïxiÉxrÉþZÉïç
xÉÉýqÉÉlrÉþ xÉÉýqÉÉlrÉþ
õ¤…Ÿ¢õè†ó¢ñ£… ñ«ù£† õ¤…Ÿ¢õè†ó¢ñ£… ñ«ù£†
è3ï¢î…4ó¢õú¢-îú¢ò† ¼è¢- è3ï¢î…4ó¢õú¢-îú¢ò†ó¢è¢2-
Vowel Sandhi
ú£…ñ£ù¢ò† ú£…ñ£ù¢ò†
i¥dx— MÊ–ªp-sësõ— EK§§ i¥dx— MÊ–ªp-sësõ—ªL§

sx–ixdõ— sx–ixdõ—
AÉrÉýlÉç iÉmÉýxÉ GwÉþrÉýÈ xÉÑuÉýUluÉþ- AÉrÉýlÉç iÉmÉýxÉwÉïþrÉýÈ xÉÑuÉýUluÉþ-ÌuÉlSýlÉç
ÌuÉlSýlÉç iÉmÉþxÉÉ iÉmÉþxÉÉ
Ýò…ï¢ îð…ú ¼û†òýú¢ Ýò…ï¢ îð…úó¢û†òýú¢
ú§õ…óù¢-õ†õ¤ï¢î…3ù¢ ú§õ…óù¢-õ†õ¤ï¢î…3ù¢
Bj–© Ze–s Er—jýJ Bj–© Ze–sªr—jýJ

s¡p–kdû—pyÉ–© s¡p–kdû—pyÉ–©
TS 1.5.9.6 (example for preposition)
iÉqÉç + EmÉ + GýcNûûýÌiÉý | iÉqÉÑmÉÉÿcNïûýÌiÉ
த + உப + … ச…2தி… த பா‡ ச…2தி
ZI + De + E–Pâ–Zy– | Zi¡ex˜ªPâ–Zy
59
Vowel Sandhi
Example from PA by Author
mÉë+ GýcNûûýÌiÉý | mÉëÉcNïûýÌiÉ
ர+ … ச…2தி… ரா ச…2தி
öe +E–Pâ–Zy– öex˜ªPâ–Zy
Vowel Sandhi
10 ‘al’ (AsÉç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A)
and ‘aa’(AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘lRu’(sÉ× ô¢¼ m£)
and ‘lRuu’ ((sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u)
No examples have been found from standard Vedic suktams or Pada Paatam.
61
Vowel Sandhi
11 ‘e’ (C Þ C) and ‘ee’(D ß C¦) changes to
‘y’ (rÉç, ò¢, c§ ) followed by other Vowels

PS 10-15 ‘e’ vowel and ‘u’ vowel become ‘y’ and ‘v’ respectively
PA Book 5 Ch 1- 77 – the Semi-vowels ‘y’,’v’,’r’.’l’ are substitutes of the
corresponding vowel ‘e’,’u’.R. lRu when followed by a Vowel
Example with Explanation:
aÉhÉmÉÌiÉ AjÉuÉï-zÉÏwÉÉïqÉç = aÉhÉmÉirÉjÉuÉï-zÉÏwÉÉãïqÉç
è3íðî¤ Üî2ó¢õ-Ÿ¦ó¢ûñ¢ = è3íðî¢òî2ó¢õ-Ÿ¦óûñ¢¢
MYeZy Aaªp-qzªri§ = MYeZõaªp-qzªri§
The ‘e’ sound in ‘ ÌiÉ’ î¤ Zy becomes ‘y’ rÉç , ò¢, c§ leaving the base letter ‘ÌiÉ’
î¤ Zy with ‘t’ iÉç, î¢, Z§. Now this rÉç , ò¢, c§ combines with following ‘a’ to
become ya, rÉ, ò, c. The resultant letter is ‘tya’ irÉ, î¢ò, Zõ after vowel
sandhi.
Vowel Sandhi
CýÌiþÉ EmÉýÌlÉwÉþiÉç || CirÉÑþmÉýÌlÉwÉþiÉç ||
Þî¤† àð…ï¤û†î¢ Þî¢»†ð…ï¤û†î¢
CZ—y De–dyr—Z§ CZõ¡—e–dyr—Z§
uÉæýµÉýSãýuÉÏ mÉÑþlÉýiÉÏ SãýuÉÏ AÉaÉÉÿiÉç uÉæýµÉýSãýuÉÏ mÉÑþlÉýiÉÏ SãýurÉÉaÉÉÿiÉç
«î…3õ¦ ¹†ù…î¦ «î…3õ¦ Ýè£‡3î¢ «î…3õ¦ ¹†ù…î¦ «î…3õ¢ò£è£‡3î¢
¤¤p–qû–¥b–pz e¡—d–Zz ¤¤p–qû–¥b–pz e¡—d–Zz
¥b–pz BMx˜Z§ ¥b–põxMx˜Z§
iÉlqÉlÉ CÌiþÉ EmÉÉxÉÏýiÉ | iÉlqÉlÉ CirÉÑþmÉÉxÉÏýiÉ |
îù¢ñù Þî¤† àð£ú¦…î îù¢ñù Þî¢»†ð£ú¦…î
ZÍd CZ—y Dexsz–Z ZÍd CZõ¡—exsz–Z
xÉuÉï ÍqÉÌiþÉ AÉMüÉýzÉã | xÉuÉï ÍqÉþirÉÉMüÉýzÉã |
63
Vowel Sandhi
úó¢õ Þî¤† Ýè£…«Ÿ úó¢õ ñ¤†î¢ò£è£…«Ÿ
sªp-iyZ—y BKx–¥q sªp-iy—ZõxKx–¥q
mÉëþrÉÌliÉý AÍpÉ-xÉÇ ÆÌuÉþzÉýliÉÏÌiÉ mÉëþrÉlirÉýÍpÉ-xÉÇ ÆÌuÉþzÉýliÉÏÌiÉ þ|
þð¢óò†ï¢î¤ý Üð¤4-úñ¢Æõ¤†Ÿ…ï¢î¦î¤† ð¢óò†ï¢î¢ò…ð¤4-úñ¢Æõ¤†Ÿ…ï¢î¦î¤†
öe—jÇy– Ahy-sIÆpy—q–ÇzZy— öe—jÇõ–hy-sIÆpy—q–ÇzZy—
AÉý¢üýlSrÉþiÉý CÌiþÉ - AÉý¢üýlSrÉþiÉã AÉý¢üýlSrÉþiÉý CirÉÉÿ - ¢üýlSrÉþiÉã
Ý…è¢ó…ï¢îò†î… Þî¤† --- Ý…è¢ó…ï¢îò†î… Þî¢ò£‡ ---
Ýè¢ó…ï¢îò†«î è¢ó…ï¢îò†«î
B–öK–Éj—Z– CZ—y - B–öK–Éj—Z– CZõx˜-öK–Éj—¥Z
BöK–Éj—¥Z
LwÉ ÌW LuÉÉlÉþlSrÉÉýÌiÉ | LwÉ ½ãuÉÉlÉþlSrÉÉýÌiÉ |
Vowel Sandhi
ãû ý¤ ãõ£ù†ï¢î3ò£…î¤ ãû ý¢«òõ£ù†ï¢î3ò£…î¤
Gr ty Gpxd—Éjx–Zy | Gr ¥tõpxd—Éjx–Zy |
mÉÉÌW FeÉïþÇ iÉ×ýiÉÏrÉþrÉÉ | mÉÉý½ÔeÉïþÇ iÉ×ýiÉÏrÉþrÉÉ |
ð£…ý¤ áó¢ü†ñ¢ î¢¼…î¦ò†ò£ | ð£…ý¢Îó¢ü†ñ¢ î¢¼…î¦ò†ò£ |
ex–ty D¦ªR—I Z£–Zzj—jx | ex–tõ¢ªR—I Z£–Zzj—jx |
xxÉæwÉÉ §ÉýrÉÏ LuÉþ ÌuÉý±É iÉþmÉÌiÉý rÉ xxÉæwÉÉ §ÉýrrÉãuÉþ ÌuÉý±É iÉþmÉÌiÉý rÉ
Æ¢«ô£…èú¢ ¬úû£ î¢ó…ò¦ ãõ† Æ¢«ô£…èú¢ ¬úû£ î¢ó…ò¢«òõ†
Æ¥mx–-¤¤sþrx öZ–jz Gp— Æ¥mx–-¤¤sþrx öZ–¥Ðp— py–bõx
CÌiÉ GiÉÑ qÉþhQûsÉÉýÌlÉ | CirÉ×iÉÑ qÉþhQûsÉÉýÌlÉ |
Þî¤ ¼¶ ñ†í¢ì3ô£…ù¤ Þî¢ò¢¼¶ ñ†í¢ì3ô£…ù¤
CZ—y EZ¡ i—¾mx–dy CZõ£Z¡ i—¾mx–dy
65
Vowel Sandhi
LåýlSìýuÉÉýrÉýuÉ CÌiÉþ LålSì - uÉÉýrÉýuÉÈ LåýlSìýuÉÉýrÉýuÉ CirÉæÿlSì - uÉÉýrÉýuÉÈ
ä…ï¢î¢ó…3õ£…ò…õ Þî¤þ äï¢î¢ó3-- ä…ï¢î¢ó…3õ£…ò…õ Þî¢¬ò‡ï¢î¢ó3--
õ£…ò…õ: õ£…ò…õ:
¤F–öÉx–² CZ—y ¤FöÉA²J ¤F–öÉx–² C¤¤Zõ˜öÉ- A²J
Vowel Sandhi
12 ‘u’ (E,à,D) and ‘uu’ (F,á, D¦) changes to
‘v’ (uÉç, õ¢, e§§ ) combination of other vowels
PS 10-15 ‘e’ vowel and ‘u’ vowel become ‘y’ and ‘v’ respectively
PA Book 5 Ch 1- 77 – the Semi-vowels ‘y’,’v’,’r’.’l’ are substitutes of the
corresponding vowel ‘e’,’u’.R. lRu when followed by a Vowel
xÉÑ + AÎxiÉ = xuÉÎxiÉ
ú§ + Üú¢î¤ = ú¢õú¢î¤
s¡ + Asëy = sûsëy
The ‘u’ sound in ‘ xÉÑ’ ú§ s¡ becomes ‘V’ uÉç, õ¢ , e§ leaving the base letter
‘ xÉÑ’ ú§ s¡ with ‘s’ xÉç, ú¢, s§§. Now this uÉç, õ¢ , e§§ combines with
following ‘a’ to become va, uÉ, õ , e.
The resultant letter is ‘sva’ xuÉ, ú¢õ, sû after vowel sandhi.
67
Vowel Sandhi
cÉiÉþxÉëý AÉzÉÉýÈ mÉëcÉþUliÉÑ… AalÉrÉþÈ cÉiÉþxÉëý AÉzÉÉýÈ mÉëcÉþUliuÉýalÉrÉþÈ
êî†ú¢ó… ÝŸ£…: ð¢óê†óï¢¶…- êî†ú¢ó… ÝŸ£…: ð¢óê†óï¢î¢õ…-
Üè¢3ùò†: è¢3ùò†:
PZ—ös– Bqx–J öeP—kÇ¡– PZ—ös– Bqx–J öeP—kÇû-–
A²j—J ²j—J
Í´ÉrÉþÇ SkÉÉýiÉÑ -™þhÉÏrÉqÉÉlÉÇ | Í´ÉrÉþÇ SkÉÉýiuÉ-™þhÉÏrÉqÉÉlÉÇ |
Ÿ¢ó¤ò†ï¢ î3î£…4¶ - Ÿ¢ó¤ò†ï¢ î3î£…4î¢õ-
ý¢¼†í¦òñ£ùñ¢ ý¢¼†í¦òñ£ùñ¢
öqyj—I bcx–Z¡- öqyj—I bcx–Zû-
t£—YzjixdI t£—YzjixdI
uÉÂþhÉÈ mÉÑýlÉÉiÉÑ AþbÉqÉwÉïýhÉÈ uÉÂþhÉÈ mÉÑýlÉÉiuÉþbÉqÉwÉïýhÉÈ
Vowel Sandhi
õ¼†í: ¹…ù£¶ õ¼†í: ¹…ù£î¢õ†è4ñó¢û…í:
Ü†è4ñó¢û…í:
e¡–dxZ¡– pk¡—YJ e¡–dxZ¡ e¡–dxZ¡– pk¡—YJ e¡–dxZû—
At—iªr–YJ Niªr–YJ
qÉÉSèkuÉÏÿlÉï-xxÉýliÉÑ AÉåwÉþkÉÏÈ qÉÉSèkuÉÏÿlÉï-xxÉýliuÉÉãwÉþkÉÏÈ
ñ£î¢3î¢4õ¦‡ó¢-ïú¢-ú…ï¢¶ ñ£î¢3î¢4õ¦‡ó¢-ïú¢-
æû†î¦4: ú…ï¢î¢«õ£û†î¦4:
ixÆûz˜ª dsþ–Ç¡ Hxrcz—J | ixÆûz˜ª dsþ–¥Çûxr—czJ |
pÉýSìÉ iÉãþ mÉÔwÉÍ³ÉýWû UÉýÌiÉUç AýxiÉÑ CÌiþÉ pÉýSìÉ iÉãþ mÉÔwÉÍ³ÉýWû UÉýÌiÉUýÎxiuÉÌiÉþ
þð…4î¢3ó£ «î† Ìûù¢ù¤…ý ð…4î¢3ó£ «î† Ìûù¢ù¤…ý
ó£…î¤ó¢ Ü…ú¢¶ Þî¤† ó£…î¤ó…ú¢î¢õ¤î¤†
h–öbx ¥Z— e¢rËy–t kx–Zyk§–
69
Vowel Sandhi
A–së¡ CZ—y h–öbx ¥Z— e¢rËy–t kx–Zyk–
sëûyZy—
AÉpÉÉåaÉÉ: iÉÑ LuÉþ xÉÇrÉýÆÎliÉ | AÉpÉÉåaÉÉxiuÉåuÉþ xÉÇrÉýÆÎliÉ |
Ý«ð£4è£3ú¢¶ ãõ† Ý«ð£4è£3ú¢î¢«õõ†
úñ¢Æòï¢î¤ úñ¢Æòï¢î¤
B¥hxMxsë¡ Gp— sIÆj–Çy B¥hxMx¥sëûp— sIÆj–Çy |
rÉjÉ GiÉÑ LuÉ -uÉÉalÉå-UÍcÉïuÉïhÉïþ rÉjÉ¨uÉåï-uÉÉalÉå-UÍcÉïuÉïhÉïþ
òî2 ¼¶ ãõ-õ£è¢3«ùóó¢- òî2ó¢î¢«õ-õ£è¢3«ùóó¢-
ê¤ó¢õó¢í ê¤ó¢õó¢í
ja EZ¡ Gp -px¥²k- jaª¥Àû-px¥²kªPyª-
ªPyªpªY pªY
Vowel Sandhi
AxiÉÑ CÌiþÉ AxiÉÑ AýÎxiuÉirÉþxiÉÑ
Ü…ú¢¶ Þî¤† Ü…ú¢¶ Ü…ú¢î¢õ¤î¢ò†ú¢¶
A–së¡ CZ—y Asë¡ A–sëûyZõ—së¡
71
Vowel Sandhi
13 ‘ae’ (L, ã F) changes to ‘a’(A) sound with combination
of Other vowels (except for a,A,Ü,A) or as ‘ay’
(ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§),
PA Book 5 Chapter 1 - 78 – For vowels, ‘ae’, ai. O, au are respectively
substituted with ‘ay, Ay, av, Av when vowel follows.
In Veda verses, it takes the option of ‘a’ and not ‘ay’

lÉqÉþxiÉã ÂSì qÉýlrÉuÉþã EýiÉÉãiÉýã CwÉþuÉãý lÉqÉþÈ becomes
lÉqÉþxiÉã ÂSì qÉýlrÉuÉþ EýiÉÉãiÉý CwÉþuÉãý lÉqÉþÈ
ïñ†ú¢«î ¼î¢3ó ñ…ù¢ò«õ† à…«î£«î… Þû†«õ… ïñ: becomes
ïñ†ú¢«î ¼î¢3ó ñ…ù¢òõ† à…«î£î… Þû†«õ… ïñ:†
di—¥së k¡öb i–dõ¥p— D–¥Zx¥Z– Cr—¥p– diJ— becomes
di—¥së k¡öb i–dõp— D–¥ZxZ– Cr—¥p– diJ—
The ‘ae’ sound consists of ‘a’ plus ‘e’ (refer to Section 5).
Vowel Sandhi
The ‘e’ (C, Þ C) sound leaves that letter and it becomes the letter with ‘a’
A,Ü,A sound . In the above example, ‘ae’ sound is followed by vowels ‘e’ C,
Þ C and ‘u’ E,à,D.
This rule is not applicable when followed by ‘a’ (A,Ü,A) since ‘a’ A,Ü,A
becomes an Avagraha. (refer Section 2.4)
Words or Padam before Sandhi Rule Words or Padam after Sandhi
xÉÑýmÉjÉÇþ cÉ qÉã Gý®Ç cÉþ qÉãý, GÎ®þ¶É qÉã xÉÑýmÉjÉÇþ cÉ qÉ Gý®Ç cÉþ qÉý,GÎ®þ¶É qÉã
ú§…ðî†2ë¢ê ñ,¼…î¢3î4ë¢¢ê† ñ…,

ú§…ðî†2ë¢ê «ñ, ¼…î¢3î4ë¢¢ê†
¼î¢3î¤†4Ÿ¢ê «ñ,
«ñ…, ¼î¢3î¤†4Ÿ¢ê «ñ,
s¡–eaI— P i, E–ÆI P— i–,
s¡–eaI— P ¥i, E–ÆI P— ¥i–,
EÆy—Ò ¥i,
EÆy—Ò ¥i,
eÉæ§ÉÇþ cÉ qÉãý, AÉæÎ°þkrÉÇ cÉ qÉã eÉæ§ÉÇþ cÉ qÉý,AÉæÎ°þkrÉÇ cÉ qÉã
¬üî¢ó†ë¢ê «ñ…, ¬üî¢ó†ë¢ê ñ…,
73
Vowel Sandhi
å÷î¢3ð¤†4î¢4òë¢ê «ñ, å÷î¢3ð¤†4î¢4òë¢ê «ñ,
¤¤RöZI—P ¥i–, H¦b§hy—bõI P ¥i ¤¤RöZI— P i–, H¦b§hy—bõI P ¥i
uÉÏýÂkÉþ¶É qÉãý, AÉãwÉþkÉrÉ¶É qÉã, uÉÏýÂkÉþ¶É qÉý, AÉãwÉþkÉrÉ¶É qÉã,
õ¦…¼î†4Ÿ¢ê «ñ…, õ¦…¼î†4Ÿ¢ê ñ…,
æû†î4òŸ¢ê «ñ, æû†î4òŸ¢ê «ñ,
pz–k¡c—Ò¥i– Hxr—cjÒ ¥i, pz–k¡c—Ò i–, Hxr—cjÒ ¥i,
qÉã, ÅliÉrÉÉïýqÉ¶Éþ qÉã, LålSìuÉÉrÉýuÉ¶Éþ qÉã, qÉã, ÅliÉrÉÉïýqÉ¶Éþ qÉ, LålSìuÉÉrÉýuÉ¶Éþ
qÉæ§ÉÉuÉÂýhÉ¶Éþ qÉã,AÉÍµÉýlÉ¶Éþ qÉã

qÉã, qÉæ§ÉÉuÉÂýhÉ¶Éþ qÉ,AÉÍµÉýlÉ¶Éþ qÉã
«ñ Åï¢îó¢ò£…ñŸ¢ê† «ñ, «ñ Åï¢îó¢ò£…ñŸ¢ê† ñ,
äï¢î¢3óõ£ò…õŸ¢ê† «ñ, äï¢î¢3óõ£ò…õŸ¢ê† «ñ,
¬ñî¢ó£-õ¼…íŸ¢ê† «ñ, ¬ñî¢ó£-õ¼…íŸ¢ê† ñ,
ÝŸ¢õ¤…ùŸ¢ê† «ñ, ÝŸ¢õ¤…ùŸ¢ê† «ñ,
¥i, „Çkõx–iÒ— i,
Vowel Sandhi
¥i, „Çkõx–iÒ— ¥i, ¤FöÉpxj–pÒ— ¥i,

¤FöÉpxj–pÒ— ¥i, ¤¤iöZxpk¡–YÒ— i,
¤¤iöZxpk¡–YÒ— ¥i,
Bqûy–dÒ— ¥i,
Bqûy–dÒ— ¥i,
uÉæµÉÉlÉýU¶Éþ qÉã GiÉÑaÉëýWûÉ¶Éþ qÉã, uÉæµÉÉlÉýU¶Éþ qÉ GiÉÑaÉëýWûÉ¶Éþ qÉã,
ÅÌiÉaÉëÉý½Éÿ¶É qÉã, LålSìÉýalÉ¶Éþ qÉã

ÅÌiÉaÉëÉý½Éÿ¶É qÉ, LålSìÉýalÉ¶Éþ qÉã
¬õŸ¢õ£ï…óŸ¢ê† «ñ,
¬õŸ¢õ£ï…óŸ¢ê† ñ,
¼¶è¢3ó…ý£Ÿ¢ê† «ñ,
¼¶è¢3ó…ý£Ÿ¢ê† «ñ,
Åî¤è¢3ó£…ý¢ò£‡Ÿ¢ê «ñ,
Åî¤è¢3ó£…ý¢ò£‡Ÿ¢ê ñ,
äï¢î¢3ó£…è¢3ùŸ¢ê† «ñ,
äï¢î¢3ó£…è¢3ùŸ¢ê† «ñ,
¤¤pqûxd–kÒ— ¥i, ¤¤pqûxd–kÒ— i,
EZ¡öM–txÒ— ¥i, EZ¡öM–txÒ— ¥i,
„ZyöMx–tõx˜Ò ¥i, „ZyöMx–tõx˜Ò i,
¤FöÉx–²Ò— ¥i, ¤FöÉx–²Ò— ¥i,
75
Vowel Sandhi
Note: ‘a’ in athikraahyaascha has become avagraha since it is ‘a’ ,

all other vowels follow the base ‘a’ sound of that letter.
Please note in Vedic rendering, mostly the ‘ae’ before vowel changes to ‘a’ when we
referred some areas of Samhita Pada Paatam and Rudra Kramam.
Change to ‘ay’ ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§) has not been observed.
Vowel Sandhi
14 ‘ai’, (Lã ä ¤F) changes to ‘aa’ (AÉ Ý B
or ‘ay’(ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§ ) with combination of any Vowel
PS 6-14 ‘ai’ becomes ay before other vowels

PA Book 5 – Chapter 1- 78 – For vowels, ‘ae’, ai. O, au are respectively
substituted with ‘ay, Ay, av, Av when vowel follows
In vedic verses, ‘ai’ becomes ‘A’ rather than ‘ay’
AÉmÉÉåý uÉæ AýalÉåUÉýrÉÉiÉþlÉÇ becomes AÉmÉÉåý uÉÉ AýalÉåUÉýrÉÉiÉþlÉÇ
Ý«ð£… ¬õ Ü…è¢3«ù-ó£…ò£î†ùñ¢ becomes
Ý«ð£… õ£ Ü…è¢3«ù-ó£…ò£î†ùñ¢
B¥ex– ¤¤p A–¥²kx–jxZ—dI becomes
B¥ex– px A–¥²kx–jxZ—dI
‘Vai’ in the above example with ‘ai’ sound becomes the ‘aa’ sound and becomes
‘vaa’.
Notes:
Words like ‘asmai, tasmai, etai become asmaa, tasmaa, etaa before a word starting with
Vowel.
Change to ‘Ay’ sound is rarely found. In Vedic text, a sample study of Pada Paadam reveals
‘ai’ sound converts to ‘aa’ sound rather than ‘ay’.
77
Vowel Sandhi
AÉmÉÉåý uÉæ AýqÉÑwrÉý-iÉmÉþiÉ AÉýrÉiÉþlÉÇ AÉmÉÉåýuÉÉ AýqÉÑwrÉý-iÉmÉþiÉ AÉýrÉiÉþlÉÇ
Ý«ð£… ¬õ Ü…ºû¢ò…-îð†î Ý«ð£…õ£ Ü…ºû¢ò…-îð†î
Ý…òî†ùñ¢ Ý…òî†ùñ¢
B¥ex– ¤¤p A–i¡rõ–-Ze—Z B¥ex–px A–i¡rõ–-Ze—Z
B–jZ—dI B–jZ—dI
U¤ÉþxÉãý WûliÉý uÉæ Eþ U¤ÉþxÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ
óþ†«ú… ýï¢î… ¬õ à† óþ†«ú… ýï¢î… õ£ à†
k±—¥s– tÇ– ¤¤p D— k±—¥s– tÇ– px D—
xÉuÉãïþwÉÑý uÉæ LýwÉÑ sÉÉãýMãüwÉÑþ xÉuÉãïþwÉÑý uÉÉ LýwÉÑ sÉÉãýMãüwÉÑþ
úó¢«õ†û§… ¬õ ã…û§ úó¢«õ†û§… õ£ ã…û§
«ô£…«èû§† «ô£…«èû§†
Vowel Sandhi
sª¥p—r¡– ¤¤p G–r¡ sª¥p—r¡– px G–r¡
¥mx–¥Kr¡ ¥mx–¥Kr¡
xÉÇÆýuÉýjxÉýUxrÉý uÉæ LýwÉÉ mÉëþÌiÉýqÉÉ xÉÇÆýuÉýjxÉýUxrÉý uÉÉ LýwÉÉ mÉëþÌiÉýqÉÉ
úñ¢Æõî¢2ú…óú¢ò… ¬õ ã…û£ úñ¢Æõî¢2ú…óú¢ò… õ£ ã…û£
ð¢ó†î¤…ñ£ ð¢ó†î¤…ñ£
sI–Æp–a§s–ksõ– ¤¤p G–rx sI–Æp–a§s–ksõ– px G–rx öe—
öe—Zy–ix Zy–ix
iÉqÉýWûqÉýxqÉæ AÉþqÉÑwrÉÉrÉýhÉÉrÉþ iÉqÉýWûqÉýxqÉÉ AÉþqÉÑwrÉÉrÉýhÉÉrÉþ
îñ…ýñ…ú¢¬ñ îñ…ýñ…ú¢ñ£
Ý†ºû¢ò£ò…í£ò† Ý†ºû¢ò£ò…í£ò†
Zi–ti–¤¤sô B—i¡rõxj–Yxj— Zi–ti–sôx B—i¡rõxj–Yxj—
79
Vowel Sandhi
mÉ×ýÍjÉýurÉæ AÉãwÉþkÉrÉÈ mÉ×ýÍjÉýurÉÉ AÉãwÉþkÉrÉÈ
ð¢¼…î¤…2õ¢¬ò æû†î4òÈ ð¢¼…î¤…2õ¢ò£ æû†î4òÈ
e£–ay–¤¤põ Hxr—cjJ e£–ay–põx Hxr—cjJ
AÉmÉÉãý uÉæ CýSóè xÉuÉïýÇ ÆÌuÉµÉÉþ AÉmÉÉãý uÉÉ CýSóè xÉuÉïýÇ ÆÌuÉµÉÉþ
Ý«ð£… ¬õ Þ…î3óè úó¢õ…ñ¢ Ý«ð£… õ£ Þ…î3óè úó¢õ…ñ¢
Æõ¤Ÿ¢õ£† Æõ¤Ÿ¢õ£†
B¥ex– ¤¤p C–bóè sªp–I B¥ex– px C–bóè sªp–I
Æpyqûx— Æpyqûx—
xÉÑýaÉÇ qÉãýwÉÉrÉþ qÉãýwrÉæþ AuÉÉÿÇoÉ ÂýSìqÉþÌS xÉÑýaÉÇ qÉãýwÉÉrÉþ qÉãýwrÉÉþ AuÉÉÿÇoÉ ÂýSìqÉþÌS
ú§…è3ñ¢ «ñ…û£ò† «ñ…û¢¬ò† ú§…è3ñ¢ «ñ…û£ò† «ñ…û¢ò£†
Üõ£‡ñ¢ð3 ¼…î¢3óñ†î¤3 Üõ£‡ñ¢ð3 ¼…î¢3óñ†î¤3
Vowel Sandhi
s¡–MI ¥i–rxj— ¥i–¤¤rõ— s¡–MI ¥i–rxj— ¥i–rõx—
Apx˜Ig k¡–öbi—by Apx˜Ig k¡–öbi—by
81
Vowel Sandhi
15 ‘O’, (AÉå æ Hx) changes to ‘av’ (AuÉç) or ‘a’ followed by
vowels (Except A,Ü,A)

PA Book 5 -1 78 – For vowels, ‘ae’, ai. O, au are respectively substituted
with ‘ay, Ay, av, Av when vowel follows.
Note: This example is not easily available from Veda Mantras as most of the ‘O’ sound
results out of Visarga. We have given examples from grammar books and articles.
Only one example was available through search in Pada Paatam.
mÉÉã+AlÉ: =mÉuÉlÉ: , «ð£+Üù: =ðõù:, ¥ex+Ad: =epd:
(mÉç + AuÉç) + AlÉ:, ð¢+ Üõ¢+ Üù: , e§+ Ap§+ Ad:
The O (AÉå, æ, Hx) sound in PO becomes ‘av’ (AuÉç,Üõ¢,Ap§ leaving ‘p’ mÉç ð¢
e§. The ‘a’ A, Ü A of this ‘av’ combines with ‘p’ to become ‘pa’, mÉ, ð, e and
v combines with a to become va. uÉ, õ, p.
ÌuÉwhÉýuÉãÌWû
TS 2.4.12.3
ÌuÉwhÉÉãÿ + LÌiÉþ(AÉ) + CýÌWûý (LýÌWûý)

வ ேணா‡+ ஏதி†(ஆ) + இ…ஹி… வ ண…ேவஹி
(ஏஹி)
pyrê–¥ptz–
py¥rêx˜+GZy—+C–ty– (Gty–)
Vowel Sandhi
pÉÉlÉÉã + CSqÉç pÉÉlÉÌuÉSqÉç

ð£4«ù£ + Þîñ¢
ð£4ùõ¤îñ¢
hx¥dx + Cbi§ hxdpybi§
ÌuÉwhÉÉã+LiÉiÉç ÌuÉwhÉuÉãiÉiÉç
õ¤û¢«í£+ãîî¢ õ¤û¢í«õîî¢
py¥rêx+GZZ§ pyrê¥pZZ§
83
Vowel Sandhi
16 ‘au’, (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) changes to ‘aav’
(AÉuÉç,Ýõ¢,Bp§ with combination of any Vowel

PA Book 5 -1 78 – For vowels, ‘ae’, ai. O, au are respectively substituted
with ‘ay, Ay, av, Av when vowel follows.
AÉãÇ xÉýWû lÉæþ AuÉiÉÑ becomes AÉãÇ xÉýWû lÉÉþuÉuÉiÉÑ
æñ¢ ú…ý ªï÷† Üõ¶ becomes æñ¢ ú…ý ï£†õõ¶
HxI s–t d¦— A pZ¡ becomes HxI s–t dx—ppZ¡
The ‘au’ ‘ lÉæ,þ ªï÷, d¦ becomes’ lÉç+AÉuÉç, ï¢ +Ýõ¢, d§§+Be§§.
This results in the base letter becoming lÉÉ, ï£. dx.
Now this uÉç, õ¢ , e§§ combines with following ‘a’ to become va, uÉ, õ , e.
The resultant letter is ‘Na- va’ lÉÉþ-uÉ, ï£†-õ, dx—-p after vowel sandhi.
Note: It becomes ‘aa’ in exceptional circumstances if ‘v’ sound is elided.
Vowel Sandhi
mÉëhÉÏþiÉÉæý CÌiþÉ mÉë - lÉÏýiÉÉæý mÉëhÉÏþiÉÉýÌuÉÌiÉý mÉë - lÉÏýiÉÉæý
ð¢óí¦†ªî÷ Þî¤… ð¢ó---ï¦…ªî÷… ð¢óí¦†î£…õ¤î¤… ð¢ó --- ï¦…ªî÷…
öeYz—Z¦– CZ—y öe - dz–Z¦– öeYz—Zx–pyZy– öe - dz–Z¦– >
rÉ¶ÉÉ xÉÉæþ AÉÌSýirÉã | rÉ¶ÉÉxÉÉþ-uÉÉÌSýirÉã |
òŸ¢ê£ ªú÷†- Ýî¤…3î¢«ò òŸ¢ê£ ú£†- õ£î¤…3î¢«ò
jÒx s¦ Bby¥Zõ jÒx sx pxby¥Zõ
SÒýaÉÉïÍhÉý ÌuÉµÉÉþ lÉÉæý LuÉý ÍxÉlkÉÑþÇ SÒýaÉÉïÍhÉý ÌuÉµÉÉþ lÉÉýuÉãuÉý ÍxÉlkÉÑþÇ
¶…3ó¢è£3í¤… õ¤Ÿ¢õ£† ªï÷… ¶…3ó¢è£3í¤… õ¤Ÿ¢õ£† ï£…«õõ…
ãõ… ú¤ï¢¶†4ï¢¢ ú¤ï¢¶†4ï¢¢
pyqûx— d¦– Gp– syÊ¡—I pyqûx— dx–¥pp– syÊ¡—I

b¡ky–ZxZõ–²yJ b¡ky–ZxZõ–²yJ
85
Vowel Sandhi
qÉãýkÉÉÇ qÉãþ AýÍµÉlÉÉæþ EýpÉÉ-uÉÉkÉþ¨ÉÉÇý qÉãýkÉÉÇ qÉãþ AýÍµÉlÉÉþ uÉÑýpÉÉ-uÉÉkÉþ¨ÉÉÇý
«ñ…î£4ñ¢ «ñ† Ü…Ÿ¢õ¤ªï÷† «ñ…î£4ñ¢ «ñ†
à…ð£4-õ£î†4î¢î£…ñ¢ Ü…Ÿ¢õ¤ù£†¾…ð£4-õ£î†4î¢î£…ñ¢
¥i–cxI ¥i— A–qûyd¦— ¥i–cxI ¥i— A–qûydx—p¡–hx-
D–hxpxc—ÀxI– pxc—ÀxI–
¶ÉÉËUþ¹-lÉãÍqÉ¶É xÉãlÉÉÌlÉ aÉëÉqÉýhrÉÉþæ ¶ÉÉËUþ¹-lÉãÍqÉ¶É xÉãlÉÉÌlÉ aÉëÉqÉýhrÉÉþ
EýuÉïzÉÏþ cÉ uÉÑýuÉïzÉÏþ cÉ
«úù£ù¤ è¢ó£3ñ…í¢ªò÷† «úù£ù¤
à…ó¢õŸ¦† ê è¢ó£3ñ…í¢ò£†¾…ó¢õŸ¦† ê
¥diyÒ ¥sdxdy ¥diyÒ ¥sdxdy öMxi–Yõx—
öMxi–Yj¦— D–ªpqz— P p¡–ªpqz— P
Vowel Sandhi
17 ‘Ruu’ (H Ï u) is formed with a combination of
‘Ru’(G¼ E) and ‘Ruu’ (H Ï u)
This combination is similar to formation of ‘aa’ with a and aa.

The rule is
G+ G = H ¼+¼= Ï, E+ E= u
G+ H = H ¼+ Ï= Ï E+ u = u
H + G= H Ï +¼ = Ï u+E=u
H + H= H Ï + Ï = Ï u+u=u
Note: No examples found from well-known Sukthams or mantras.
87
Vowel Sandhi
18 ‘lRuu’ (sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u) is formed with a combination of
‘lRu’(sÉ× ô¢¼ m£) and ‘lRuu’ ((sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u)
sÉ× + sÉ× = sÉÚ ô¢¼+ ô¢¼= ô¢Ï m£ + m£ = m§u
sÉ×+ sÉÚ = sÉÚ ô¢¼+ ô¢Ï= ô¢Ï m£ + m§u = m§u
sÉÚ + sÉ× = sÉÚ ô¢Ï + ô¢¼ =ô¢Ï m§u + m£ = m§u
sÉÚ+ sÉÚ = sÉÚ ô¢Ï + ô¢Ï = ô¢Ï m§u+ m§u = m§u
This combination of letters or words has not been found in normal Veda mantras.
Vowel Sandhi
19 Single Vowel letters do not combine
Rule: When a single vowel letter stands for a specific meaning and sound,
they donot combine with other words/letters.
rÉÉò¶Éþ ÌuÉý©rÉÉóè Eþ cÉý lÉ mÉëþÌuÉý© rÉÉò¶Éþ ÌuÉý©rÉÉóè Eþ cÉý lÉ mÉëþÌuÉý©
õ¤…î¢3ñò£óè à† ê… ï ð¢ó†õ¤…î¢3ñ õ¤…î¢3ñò£óè à† ê… ï ð¢ó†õ¤…î¢3ñ
py–b§ijxóè D— P– d öe—py–b§i py–b§ijxóè D— P– d öe—py–b§i
uÉãþSý rÉiÉþ AÉ oÉýpÉÔuÉþ uÉãþSý rÉiÉþ AÉ oÉýpÉÔuÉþ
«õ†î…3 òî† Ý ð…3Ì4õ† «õ†î…3 òî† Ý ð…3Ì4õ†
¥p—b– jZ— B g–h¢p ¥p—b– jZ— B g–h¢p
ÌMüòÎxuÉý²lÉÇý Mü Eý xÉ uÉ×ý¤É ÌMüòÎxuÉý²lÉÇý Mü Eý xÉ uÉ×ý¤É
è¤ò ú¢õ¤…î¢3õù…é¢è à… ú è¤ò ú¢õ¤…î¢3õù…é¢è à… ú
õ¢¼…þ õ¢¼…þ
89
Vowel Sandhi
Kyòsûy–bûdI– K D– s p£–± Kyòsûy–bûdI– K D– s p£–±
Vowel Sandhi
20 Interjections donot combine
Rule: Interjections and exclamations like हे , अहो do not combine.
U¤ÉþxÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ U¤ÉþxÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ
óþ†«ú… ýï¢î… õ£ à† óþ†«ú… ýï¢î… õ£ à†
k±—¥s– tÇ– px D— k±—¥s– tÇ– px D—
AýMæïüUuÉþ®ïrÉý-³ÉWûþrÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ AýMæïüUuÉþ®ïrÉý-³ÉWûþrÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ
ï ý†«ò… ýï¢î… õ£ à† ï ý†«ò… ýï¢î… õ£ à†
Ët—¥j– tÇ– px D— Ët—¥j– tÇ– px D—
91
Vowel Sandhi
21 Dual Noun or Verb forms ending with

ee,Uu,ae donot combine
Rule : Dual Noun or Verb froms ending with letters ee, (D ß C¦)
uu, (F,á, D¦) and ae ( L, ã F) do not combine.
In Classical Grammar, these words are termed as Pragrihya. These words are specifically
mentioned with an iti in Pada Paatam. In classical grammar a number of words ending ‘O’
are also defined as Pragrihya, that may or may not indicate dual noun or verb.
No sandhi will be formed. It retains original form.
Example Dual nouns forms like etou, emou, Emou comes after letters sounding ee, uu or ae,
they donot combine.
SqmÉþiÉÏ LýuÉ pÉþuÉiÉÈ, î3ñ¢ð†î¦ ã…õ ð†4õîÈ, bIe—Zz G–p h—pZJ
The ‘Ae’ L ã G that comes after ‘ee’ sounding letter teeiÉÏ, î¦, Zz does not get
combined. Here Dampati is dual form indicating husband and wife.
Some other commone examples given in the grammar books/sites are:

WûUÏ + LiÉÉæ = WûUÏ LiÉÉæ Sound ‘ee’ is WûUÏ (dual) followed by
ýó¦ + ãªî÷ = ýó¦ ãªî÷
Vowel Sandhi
tkz + GZ¦ = tkz GZ¦ vowel ‘ae’. LiÉÉæ is dual form
MüýsmÉrÉþliÉÏ FýkuÉïÇ
TS 1.2.13.2
MüýsmÉrÉþliÉÏ FýkuÉïÇ
க…&பய†(த ஊ… 4வ க…&பய†(த ஊ… 4வ
K–mðj—Çz D¦–ªcûI
K–mðj—Çz D¦–ªcûI
TS 4.7.15.6
¤Éã§ÉþxrÉ mÉ¦ÉÏý AÍkÉþ ¤Éã§ÉþxrÉ mÉ¦ÉÏý AÍkÉþ

ே ர†+ய ப ன… அதி†4
ே ர†+ய ப ன… அதி†4
¥±öZ—sõ eÙz– Acy—
¥±öZ—sõ eÙz– Acy—
ÌuÉwhÉÔ +LqÉÉæ = ÌuÉwhÉÔ LqÉÉæ

Sound ‘uu’ is followed by vowel ‘ae’
ÌuÉwhÉÔ is dual LqÉÉæ is also dual

õ¤û¢È +ãªñ÷ = õ¤û¢È
ãªñ÷
pyrê¢ +Gi¦ = pyrê¢ Gi¦
TS 4.4.11.1 U sound followed by ‘i’
uÉÉUç.ÌwÉþMüÉuÉ×ýiÉÔ CýwÉ
uÉÉUç.ÌwÉþMüÉuÉ×ýiÉÔ CýwÉ
93
Vowel Sandhi
வா .ஷி†கா. …/ இ…ஷ வா .ஷி†கா. …/ இ…ஷ
pxªry—Kxp£–Z¢ C–r pxªry—Kxp£–Z¢ C–r
TS 1.5.2.3 ‘ae’ sound followed by ‘A’
mÉýzÉuÉþ LýiÉã AÉWÒûþiÉÏý mÉýzÉuÉþ LýiÉã AÉWÒûþiÉÏý

ப…ஶவ† ஏ…ேத ஆஹு†த
ப…ஶவ† ஏ…ேத ஆஹு†த
e–qp— G–¥Z Bt¡—Zz–
e–qp— G–¥Z Bt¡—Zz–
AýxqÉã AÉýUÉÎŠýSè²ãwÉþÈ
TS 1.7.13.5
AýxqÉã AÉýUÉÎŠýSè²ãwÉþÈ
அ…+ேம ஆ…ரா சி… 3 3ேவஷ†: அ…+ேம ஆ…ரா சி… 3 3ேவஷ†:
A–¥sô B–kx¶y–b§-¥bûr—J A–¥sô B–kx¶y–b§-¥bûr—J
Vowel Sandhi
22 Control Sheet for understanding of Rule:
First Following Letters

Letter
a ‘aa E,ee U,uu Ae ai O Au Ru, Lru,
RU LRU
‘a’ aa aa Ae O ai ai au au ar al
aa/Å aa/ÅÅ
aa Ae O ai ai au au aar aal
e.ee y y ee* y* y* y y y r l
U,uu v v v* uu* v* v v v v l
Å
ae a a* a* a* a a a a a
ai ay or aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
aa
Å
O av av av av av av av av av
au aav / aav / aav / aav / aav / aav / aav / aav / aav / aav /
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Ru RU r r r r r r r r RU r
Lru, l l l l l l l l l lRU
LRU
The sign * denotes that nouns and verbs of dual forms of ee,uu and ae donot combine.
Please remember exceptions and special rules. Please note that there are also other
conditions for exempted vowel sounds based on advanced grammar rules.

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Discussion Draft

Basics of Veda Swaras

Version 0.1 November 10, 2017

1 Veda Basics – Vowel Sandhi Rules ............................................. 9

2.3 When Letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows the

sound ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B) .................................................................... 16

2.3.1 Exceptions observed when ‘a’ does not become an

2.4 When letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘ae’ ( L, ã F) ....... 23

2.6 When letter ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B) follows

Sound ‘a’ (A, Ü, A)....................................................................... 29

2.7 Basic Rule when letter ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)

follows the sound ‘aa’(AÉ, Ý, B) ................................................. 36

3 Basic rules for combination of ‘e’ (C Þ C) and

‘ee’(D ß C¦): ...................................................................................... 40

4 Basic rules for combination of ‘u’ E à D and

‘uu’ F á D¦: .................................................................................... 43

5 ‘ae’ L,ã, G is formed with a combination of ‘a’ A, Ü’ A and

aa’ AÉ Ý B with ‘e’ (C, Þ C) or ‘ee’ (D ,ß ,C¦)............................. 45

6 ‘ai’ (Lã, ä ,¤F) is formed with a combination ‘a’(A,Ü,A) and

‘aa’ (AÉ Ý B) with ‘ae’ (L ã G)/ ‘ai’ (Lã ä ¤F) .............................. 48

7 ‘O’ (AÉå æ H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’(A, Ü, A) and

‘aa’(AÉ, Ý,B) with ‘u’(E,à, D) and ‘uu’(F,á, D¦) ........................... 51

8 ‘au’ (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’(A,Ü,A) and

9 ‘ar’ (AUç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and

‘aa’(AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘Ru’(G,¼,E, and ‘Ruu’ (H,Ï, u) ......................... 57

10 ‘al’ (AsÉç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and

11 ‘e’ (C Þ C) and ‘ee’(D ß C¦) changes to ‘y’ (rÉç, ò¢, c§ )

followed by other Vowels ................................................................. 61

combination of other vowels ........................................................... 66

13 ‘ae’ (L, ã F) changes to ‘a’(A) sound with combination of

Other vowels (except for a,A,Ü,A) or as ‘ay’ (ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§), ......... 71

14 ‘ai’, (Lã ä ¤F) changes to ‘aa’ (AÉ Ý B or ‘ay’(ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§ )

with combination of any Vowel ........................................................ 76

15 ‘O’, (AÉå æ Hx) changes to ‘av’ (AuÉç) or

‘a’ followed by vowels (Except A,Ü,A)........................................... 81

16 ‘au’, (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) changes to ‘aav’ (AÉuÉç,Ýõ¢,Bp§ or ‘aa’

(AÉ,Ý,B) with combination of any Vowel ...................................... 83

17 ‘Ruu’ (H Ï u) is formed with a combination of

‘Ru’(G¼ E) and ‘Ruu’ (H Ï u) .......................................................... 86

18 ‘lRuu’ (sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u) is formed with a combination of

‘lRu’(sÉ× ô¢¼ m£) and ‘lRuu’ ((sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u)............................................ 87

19 Single Vowel letters do not combine ......................................... 88

Version Notes – Version 0.1 dated November 10, 2017

5. Abbreviations for reference will be used as below:

1 Veda Basics – Vowel Sandhi Rules

2 Sandhi Rules with ‘a’ and aa

PA 6.1.101 – When a simple vowel is followed by a homogeneous vowel, the

2.1 Basic rules for combination of ‘a’ and ‘aa’:

‘a’ + ‘aa’ = ‘aa’ A+ AÉ= AÉ Ü + Ý = Ý A+ B= B

‘aa’ +’a’ = ‘aa’ AÉ + A= AÉ Ý+ Ü= Ý B+ A= B

‘aa’ + ‘aa’ = ‘aa AÉ+ AÉ = AÉ Ý+ Ý = Ý B+ B= B

If the rules relating to A, Ü, A and (AÉ, Ý, B) is followed everywhere, as it is

as ‘a’ or ‘aa’ only.

2.2 When letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘a’ (A, Ü, A)

the Dheerga letter ‘aa’.; (AÉ, Ý, B) in the Sandhi.

Basic Words/Padams before Sandhi The Resultant Words/Padam after

pÉýSìÇ mÉþzrÉãqÉý A¤ÉÍpÉ rÉïeÉþ§ÉÉÈ pÉýSìÇ mÉþzrÉãqÉÉý¤ÉÍpÉ rÉïeÉþ§ÉÉÈ

ð…4î¢3óñ¢ ð†Ÿ¢«òñ… Üþð¤…4ó¢ ð…4î¢3óñ¢ ð†Ÿ¢«òñ£…þð¤…4ó¢

h–öbI e—¥qõi– A±hy–ª h–öbI e—¥qõix–±hy–ª jR—öZxJ

AuÉ AkÉýUÉ¨ÉÉÿiÉç AuÉÉkÉýUÉ¨ÉÉÿiÉç

Ap Ac–kxÀx˜Z§ Apx c–kxÀx˜Z§

U£üþaÉýlkÉ-AlÉÑþÍsÉmiÉý A…¡Çûý U£üþaÉýlkÉÉ-lÉÑþÍsÉmiÉÉý…¡Çûý

óè¢î† è…3ï¢î4-ÜÂ†ô¤ð¢î… óè¢î† è…3ï¢î£4-Â†ô¤ð¢î£…é¢3è3…ñ¢