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Maryam Mirzaei¹*, Jasronita Jasni², Hashim Hizam¹, Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab¹, Salah Eldeen Gasim Mohamed¹
¹Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
²CELP, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
*Email: m.mirzaei.eh@gmail.com
Abstract—This paper presented a hybrid method to find determine the optimal size and placing of DG as a high
the optimal size of the distributed generation by considering priority issue to maximize the system efficiency.
different type of renewable sources in the distribution power
system. The proposed method is based on the combination of The optimal and fast placement and assignment DG units
two methods like the sensitivity analysis and continues power have become mandatory to properly assess the state of the
factor method. The simulated method is done on the Matlab system by engineer with the necessary tools and techniques
environment by applying in the 16-bus distribution system. to ensure that the power system operates within the specified
The result illustrated the accurate and reliable size of the design parameters. So, presents an optimal and fast method
different types of the distributed generation in a power system. for placing and sizing of DGs is very important in recent
years. As matter of fact, the number of this researches are
Keywords—continuous power flow; exact loss formula; considerable that it is shows the significant impact of the
optimum size; optimum location; different types of DG discussion on this area. The Fig. 1, illustrations the number
of manuscript that was provided by authors. As you can see
I. INTRODUCTION in this figure, in the last 2 years, number of publication is
rose which it means the important of this subject by wide
Traditionally, electric power is produced at central station
increasing distributed renewable resources.
power plants and delivered to consumers using transmission
and distribution networks. Today, there is a trend toward the 22
Number of citations
power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement, Fig. 1. The number of manuscript citations
reliability and security improvement, power quality
improvement, stability enhancement, environmental
concerns and investment risk reduction [2].
Basically, there are different approaches with existing
Moreover, the DG connection to the network may methods on the basis of voltage profile improvement,
influence the stability of the power system, i.e., angle, reduction in power system losses, maximization of system
frequency, and voltage stability [3, 4]. Also, finding the loadability, find the optimal power factor and maximization
suitable placement to connect the DG to the power system of bus and line stability. Generally, these methods can be
lead to take the many advantages of the DG integrated power classified in three broad categories, which are conventional
systems in comparison to the classical power systems [5]. optimization methods, meta-heuristic based optimization
Besides, the non-optimal DG locating and sizing may lead to methods and hybrid method. There are different
bad results in the system which are include increasing system conventional approaches to find the optimal size and
losses and having a bad effect on the voltage profile and locations of DG units in power distribution systems, which
growing costs, and consequently an opposite effect from are considered here to include the analytical approaches [6-
what is expected. Therefore, it is important to allocate and 12], Continuation Power Flow methods [13, 14], the grid
search method [15], Reactive power optimization [16], the important DG influence is on the power loss, which its
Optimal Power Flow [17], Mixed Integer Nonlinear increasing lead to the serious effects on voltage profile and
Programming [18], Primal-Dual Interior Point Method [19], growing the costs. This effect is shown in Fig. 2. According
and Deterministic optimization techniques [20]. On the other to the figure, the effect of the DG size on system losses is a
hand, the meta-heuristic methods have been widely used by few at first, and then the power loss is very sensitive to the
researchers in recent years as these approaches are intuitive, size of the DG at the lateral buses. As you can see, by
easy to understand, simple to implement and address the growing the DG penetration, the power loss is increased
integer variable very well as compared to the conventional again. Therefore, it can conclude that the correctly estimated
method and analytical programming. However, the results the size of DG has the important rule to decrease the power
produced are not guaranteed to be optimal and the process loss in the system.
speed can be slower.
0.4
Some examples of the meta-heuristic optimization
0.35
classes are genetic algorithms (GAs) [21, 22], The
Evolutionary Programming [23], tabu search [24], simulated 0.3
PLoss (p.u.)
28], ant colony optimization [29], Cuckoo Search [30],
0.2
bacterial foraging optimization [31] which have all been
applied in most optimization problems as well as DG 0.15
310
2014 IEEE International Conference Power & Energy (PECON)
If the partial derivative of Equation (2) becomes zero, then B. Type two of DG is capable of injecting Q only like
the total active power loss will be minimized. synchronous compensators such as gas turbines. The DG
The active power injection of the bus i; where the DG unit is power factor is zero and x=∞, so the optimal DG size is
installed, is given by: given by:
1 N
Pi = PDGi − PDi (3) QDGi = (QDioi + λi .QDCPF
i )+ βii Pi − ∑ (αijQj − βij Pj ) (8)
αii j =1, j ≠i
where, PDi is the load demand at node i and PDGi is the C. Type 3 and 4 are DG capable of injecting both P and Q
injection power from DG placed to the node i. and injecting P but consuming Q respectively.an
example of type 3 is synchronous machine as
cogeneration and type 4 example is wind farms. The DG
On the other hand, in CPF, by applying the loading power factor is based on, it is injecting (+1) or
parameter of (λ), loads and generations are increased from consuming (-1) reactive power. The optimal DG size is
their base case values as follows: given by:
1
PD = PDoi + λ .PDCPF (4) PDGi = ( PDioi + λi .PDCPF
i )− ×
αii *(1 + x)
QD = QDoi + λ.QDCPF (5) N
αii × x(QDi + λi .QD i ) − ∑ (αij ( Pj + xQ j ) − βij ( xPj − Q j )
oi CPF
j =1, j ≠ i
Where P CPF and Q CPF are power increment directions (9)
D D
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2014 IEEE International Conference Power & Energy (PECON)
Start 600
500
Run the power flow and get Pl using (1) and bus
300
100
Find the optimal size of DG based on type of DG using (6,8-9) for each
bus 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Bus No.
Run the load flow with the optimal size at the optimal location
with the DG unit According to the table 2, when the DG unit is installing
in the bus 9, the voltage profile is improved about 3.155%
and the power loss is decreased about the 64.02%, that it is
shown the good improving in the system condition. So, it can
No Is voltage allowable be concluded that by installing a DG unit and consider the
level? kind of DG with accurate placement, the system condition
can be improved and proposed method is effective to reach
Yes to this goal.
End
20
Fig. 4. Flowchart of the proposed method.
18
16
14
Size of DG (MVA)
12
IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
10
8
The proposed algorithm is tested on a 16-bus radial 6
distribution network. It is a radial system with the total load 4
of 28.7 MW and 5.9 MVAR, the load and line data are
2
shown in the appendix. The voltage level in every bus should
0
be in the acceptable voltage level (0.95 < Vbus < 1.05). 0 2 4 6 8
Bus No.
10 12 14 16
It can be seen that installing the DG unit, the level of the 0.98
voltage is grown to the unity and completely lands in the
V(p.u.)
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2014 IEEE International Conference Power & Energy (PECON)
TABLE I. OPTIMUM SIZES OF DG AT VARIOUS POWER FACTORS AND Load and line data in (p.u)
POWER LOSSES AT BUS 9
Bus No. R X P Q
Power Factor of DG 12 0.08 0.11 1 0.9
0.9 1.0 1.1
13 0.04 0.04 2.1 1
Optimal size (MVA) 10.206 12.943 11.005
14 0.04 0.04 _ _
Power loss (KW) 193.02 169.71 184.01
15 0.04 0.04 _ _
16 0.09 0.12 _ _
TABLE II. EFFECT OF OPTIMISATION OF DG LOCATION AND SIZING
Comparative Analysis
Without DG With DG
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