Marius

The gravitational spin Hall effect of light
Marius Oancea:
in collaboration with Claudio Paganini;
: Albert Einstein Institut, Potsdam, Germany

; School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
07.08.2018
Marius Oancea (: Albert Einstein

The gravitational spin Hall
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Motivation
How do we treat the propagation of light?
in general relativity - null geodesics
in quantum mechanics - photons following ray trajectories
However, the spin degree of freedom is generally ignored when studying

the propagation of light. Is this always justified?

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Motivation
Analogy with optics and condensed matter physics:
Electromagnetic waves in curved spacetime are formally described by

the same set of equations as electromagnetic waves inside a material
in flat spacetime
Starting from Maxwell’s equations inside an inhomogeneous material

one obtains spin dependent propagation of light
This was experimentally confirmed

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Outline
1 Introduction
Hall effects
Angular momentum of light
Spin-orbit interactions of light

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Outline
1 Introduction
Hall effects
2 Spin Hall effect from Quantum Mechanics

Spacetime as a dielectric medium
Schwarzschild background

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Outline
1 Introduction
Hall effects

3 Spin Hall effect from General Relativity

Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations
Maxwell’s equations and geometrical optics

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Outline
1 Introduction
Hall effects

3 Spin Hall effect from General Relativity

Maxwell’s equations and geometrical optics
4 Conclusion & Open questions

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Introduction Hall effects
Ordinary Hall effect (1879)

Consider an electric current J passing through a metallic conductor:
Lorentz force: F “ qpE ` v ˆ Bq Steady state: Fy “ 0 ñ Ey “ vx Bz

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Turn on a perpendicular magnetic field Bz :

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A Lorentz force will act on the electrons:Turn ppdigtic field Bz

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Charge accumulation will give rise to an electric field:

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In steady state, forces along the y-direction balance out:

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Anomalous Hall effect (1881)

Considering a ferromagnetic conductor:
The external field is replaced by an internal property of the material. Fy ˆ

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Spin Hall effect (1971, 1984, 2004)

Focus on the spin degree of freedom.

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Spin-dependent trajectories due to a spin-orbit coupling in the material.

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We get a transverse spin current and spin accumulation on the edges.

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Introduction Angular momentum of light
Spin angular momentum (SAM)
P
S“σ σ “ ˘~ (1)
P
1
K. Y. Bliokh et al., Nature Photonics 9, 796–808 (2015)
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Intrinsic orbital angular momentum (IOAM)
P
Lint “ l l “ 0, ˘~, ˘2~, ˘3~, ... (2)
P
1
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Spiral Phase Plates
Plate thickness “ tpφq “ a ` bφ (3)
1
H. Larocque et al., Contemporary Physics (2018)
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l “ ˘10~ l “ ˘100~ l “ ˘300~
l “ ˘10 010~
1
R. Fickler et al., Science 338 640-643 (2012)
2
R. Fickler et al., PNAS 113 (48) 13642-13647 (2016)
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Extrinsic orbital angular momentum (EOAM)
Lext “ R ˆ P (4)
1
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Introduction Spin-orbit interactions of light
The total angular momentum of a light beam can be expressed as:
J “ S ` Lint ` Lext (5)
The interplay between the different types of optical angular momentum

gives rise to the spin-orbit interactions of light:
S and Lext ñ spin Hall effects.
S and Lint ñ spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion.
Lint and Lext ñ orbital Hall effects (similar to spin Hall effects).

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Spin Hall effect of light
The spin Hall effect of photons travelling in an inhomogeneous medium is

sourced by the gradient of the refractive index. The equations of motion
with semiclassical corrections (order ~)1 :
P σ P ˆ P9
P9 “ ∇npRq R9 “ ´ (6)
P ω P3
We have the following integral of motion:
P
J“RˆP`σ “ Lext ` S “ const. (7)
P
We have a similar effect for beams with IOAM: σ Ñσ`l

1
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Spin Hall effect of light
1
1
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Spin Hall effect from Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanical Approach

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Spin Hall effect from Quantum Mechanics Spacetime as a dielectric medium
Spacetime as a medium
Treating a curved spacetime described by the metric gαβ as a medium:
a g ij g0j
ij “ ´ ´ det g µj “ ´ (8)
g00 g00
Maxwell’s equations on the curved background gαβ can be written in the
form of flat spacetime Maxwell equations in a medium described by ij and
µj :
Bi D i “ 0 Bi B i “ 0 (9)
i 0ijk i 0ijk
B0 D “ ε Bj Hk B0 B “ ´ε Bj Ek
where
D i “ ij Ej ´ ε0ijk µj Hk B i “ ij Hj ` ε0ijk µj Ek (10)

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Spin Hall effect from Quantum Mechanics Schwarzschild background
Spin Hall effect in Schwarzschild1
Considering a Schwarzschild spacetime, light passing near the black hole

will follow the equations:
p σ p9 ˆ p
p9 “ ´p∇F prq, r9 “ F prq ´ (11)
p ω p3
F prq “ ´ gg00ii in isotropic coordinates

σ “ ˘~
The role of the refraction index nprq is now played by the gravitational
field.
1
P. Gosselin et al., Phys. Rev. D 75 084035 (2007)
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Spin Hall effect in Schwarzschild

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Spin Hall effect in Schwarzschild

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Deflection angle
Angle of deflection due to ordinary light bending:
4GM
∆φ “ (12)
c 2 r0
The spin Hall effect angle of deflection1 :
ˆ ˙
4GM ~ λ ´~ λ 4GM λ
∆φSHE “ ´ “ (13)
c 2 r0 ~ 2πr0 ~ 2πr0 πc 2 r0 r0
λ - the wavelength of the photon

r0 - smallest distance from the light ray to the source of gravitation
1
P. Gosselin et al., Phys. Rev. D 75 084035 (2007)
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Deflection angle
Spin Hall effect around the Sun pr0 » RSUN q

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Other interesting facts
all spin Hall effects can be expressed in terms of Berry phases
position operators become noncommutative1 :
pk
rx i , x j s “ ´iσεijk (14)
p3
a similar effect is predicted for gravitational waves2 , which might be

of interest due to the frequency range of observed gravitaitonal waves
1
A. Berard et al., Phys. Lett. A 352 190-195 (2005)
2
N. Yamamoto, arXiv:1708.03113 (2017)
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Spin Hall effect from General Relativity
MPD Approach

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Spin Hall effect from General Relativity Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations
In general relativity, the MPD equations describe the motion of massive

spinning particles in a gravitational field:
1
P9 µ “ ´ R µραβ S αβ X9 ρ S9 µν “ P µ X9 ν ´ P ν X9 µ (15)
2
where
P “ pP µ q is the linear momentum,

X9 “ dX {dτ “ pX9 µ q is the velocity,
R “ pR µραβ q is the Riemann curvature tensor,
S “ pS µν q “ ´pS νµ q is the spin tensor.
However, these equations describe massive particles, so they need to be

adapted in order to describe photons.

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Souriau-Saturnini equations1
The MPD equations are undeterministic and require supplementary

conditions, such as:
SP “ S µν P ν “ 0 Tr S 2 “ S µν S νµ “ const.
(
ñ (16)
In order to describe photons, the following two conditions must be

imposed:
1
P2 “ 0 Tr S 2 “ σ 2
(
and ´ pσ “ ˘~q (17)
2
1
C. Duval et al., Phys. Rev. D 96, 043517 (2017)
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Souriau-Saturnini equations1
The Souriau-Saturnini equations (MPD equations for photons):
2
X9 “ P ` SRpSqP
RpSqpSq
Pf pRpSqq (18)
P9 “ ´σ P
RpSqpSq
S9 “ P X9̄ ´ X9 P̄
where
RpSqpSq “ Rµναβ S µν S αβ
RpSqµν “ R µναβ S αβ
a
Pf pF q “ ´ 81 ´detpgαβ qεµναβ F µν F αβ
1
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Robertson-Walker metric1
Consider the following metric:
g “ dt 2 ´ a2 ptqpdx 2 ` dy 2 ` dz 2 q (19)
with the scale factor aptq given by the flat Λ-CDM model:
˜ ? ¸1{3
cosh 3Λt ´ 1
aptq “ a0 ? (20)
cosh 3Λt0 ´ 1
where
Λ is the cosmological constant

a0 “ apt0 q is the scale factor today.
1
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Initial conditions1
The following initial conditions are considered:

¨ ˛ ¨ ˛ ¨ ˛
0 kpi k σ
xi “ 0 ‚
˝ pi “ ˝ 0 ‚ si “ ˝siK ‚ (21)
0 0 0
For massless spin 1 particles we have:
xa| s2i |by “ δab sps ` ~q “ δab 2~2 ñ ksi k2 “ 2~2 (22)
σ “ ˘~ ñ siK “ ~ (23)
1
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Photon trajectories1
1
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Interpretation
What can we learn from this spiral trajectory?
the Robertson-Walker and Schwarzscild metrics are very different -

hard to compare with previous results
the photon has no EOAM in the Robertson-Walker metric - the only

possible spin-orbit interaction is between SAM and IOAM
we can interpret the spiral motion as a manifestation of IOAM
the photon trajectory stays within a cylinder with radius of the same
order as the wavelength of the photon
the spiral photon trajectory might be interpreted as the motion of the

center of energy of a wave packet - this does not affect causality
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Connections with the quantum approach
Possible connection between the MPD and the quantum approach:
a possible connection has been suggested by Y. N. Obukhov et al.1,2
this holds only for massive Dirac particles and a proper extension for
photons should be further investigated
MPD equations with Schwarzschild background (work in progress):
would this approach give a similar splitting as in the quantum

approach?
based on the work of Y. N. Obukhov et al., we expect similar results
1
Y. N. Obukhov et al., Phys. Rev. D 88, 084014 (2007)
2
Y. N. Obukhov et al., Phys. Rev. D 96, 105005 (2017)
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Spin Hall effect from General Relativity Maxwell’s equations and geometrical optics
Geometrical Optics Approach

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Geometrical optics
Geometrical optics describes light propagation in terms of rays (or null

geodesics in general relativity).
Assumption: the wavelength λ “ 2πω ´1 is much smaller than any other

characteristic length scale l of the problem.
Eikonal ansatz: We split a monochromatic wave into a rapidly changing

phase and a slowly changing amplitude:
Aµ “ aµ e iωθ (24)

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Geometrical optics
Consider Maxwell’s equations in curved spacetime and assume the vector

potential Aµ satisfies the Lorentz gauge condition:
∇µ Aµ “ 0 (25)
The wave equation is given by:
∇ν ∇ν Aµ ´ Rµ ν Aν “ 0 (26)
where Rµν is the Ricci curvature tensor.
The geometrical optics equations are obtained by plugging the eikonal

ansatz, Aµ “ aµ e iωθ , into the gauge conditon and the wave equation.

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Geometrical optics
Standard geometrical optics equations
Wave equation, order ω 2 : k µ kµ “ 0 ñ k ν ∇ν k µ “ 0 (27)
1
Wave equation, order ω: k ν ∇ν a µ ` a µ ∇ν k ν “ 0 (28)
2
Gauge condition, order ω: aµ kµ “ 0 (29)
where kµ :“ ∇µ θ has the meaning of a wave vector.

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Gravitational Faraday rotation
We divide aµ into a real amplitude and a complex polarization vector:
aµ “ alµ l µ l̄µ “ 1 (30)

Together with the geometrical optics equations, this gives:
∇µ pa2 k µ q “ 0 k ν ∇ν l µ “ 0 (31)
We can introduce the circular polarization base vector field:
?
l µ “ mµ e iφ mµ “ pe1µ ` iσe2µ q{ 2 (32)
Since l µ is paralell-transported along null geodesics:
1
k ν ∇ν pmµ e iφ q “ 0 ñ k ν ∇ν φ “ σuρ kλ εµνρλ ∇ν uµ (33)
2

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Gravitational Faraday rotation
We divide aµ into a real amplitude and a complex polarization vector:
aµ “ alµ l µ l̄µ “ 1 (34)

Together with the geometrical optics equations, this gives:
∇µ pa2 k µ q “ 0 k ν ∇ν l µ “ 0 (35)
We can introduce the circular polarization base vector field:
?
l µ “ mµ e iφ mµ “ pe1µ ` iσe2µ q{ 2 (36)
Since l µ is paralell-transported along null geodesics:
1
k ν ∇ν pmµ e iφ q “ 0 ñ k ν ∇ν φ “ σuρ kλ εµνρλ ∇ν uµ (37)
2

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Polarization dependent corrections
Polarization dependent corrections to the geometrical optics approximation

have been suggested by different authors1,2,3 .
The guiding principle is that the polarization dependent phase term e iφ
should be included in the eikonal ansatz:
θ Ñ θ̃ “ θ ` φ (38)
This results in a polarization dependent backreaction on the null geodesics:
k ν ∇ν k µ “ σf µν k ν (39)
For a Kerr spacetime, we have f µν „ a, thus this effect is not present in a
Schwarzschild spacetime.
1
V. P. Frolov et al., Phys. Rev. D 86, 024010 (2012)
2
C.-M. Yoo, Phys. Rev. D 86, 084005 (2012)
3
S. R. Dolan, arXiv:1801.02273 (2018)
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Effective metric
In the case of the Kerr metric, polarization dependent effective corrections
have been derived1 :
¨ ˛
gtt 0 0 gtφ
˚ 0 grr 0 0 ‹
gµν “˚
˝ 0
‹ (40)
0 gθθ 0 ‚
gφt 0 0 gφφ
where
σ
grt “ gtr “ f1 pa, M, r , θq (41)
ω
σ
gr θ “ gθr “ f2 pa, M, r , θq (42)
ω
1
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Effective metric
In the case of the Kerr metric, polarization dependent effective corrections
have been derived1 :
¨ ˛
gtt gtr gtθ gtφ
˚ grt grr 0 0 ‹
gµν “˚
˝ gθt
‹ (43)
0 gθθ 0 ‚
gφt 0 0 gφφ
where
σ
grt “ gtr “ f1 pa, M, r , θq (44)
ω
σ
gr θ “ gθr “ f2 pa, M, r , θq (45)
ω
1
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Interpretation
How does this relate to the other approaches?
the effect is present in Kerr but not in Schwarzschild
the effect goes away in the limit of high frequencies
we have a new type of spin-orbit interaction - coupling between the

SAM of light and the spin of the Kerr black hole
the same approach can be extended for gravitational waves1
1
C.-M. Yoo, Phys. Rev. D 86, 084005 (2012)
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Is this the right way to do geometrical optics?
It has been suggested that the eikonal ansatz must be modified in order to
include nonlocal phase contributions, such as the Berry phase1 :
Aµ “ aµ e iωpθ`θnonlocal q (46)
Since the gravitational Faraday rotation phase comes from transport

equations, it does not contain any nonlocality.
However, this modification of the eikonal ansatz is a bit artificial, and it is

not entirely clear (at least for me) how to compute θnonlocal in curved
spacetime.
1
K. Y. Bliokh et al., Phys. Rev. E 70, 026605 (2004)
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A new approach - Lagrangian geometrical optics1
take the geometrical optics approximation at the level of the

Lagrangian instead of the field equations
there is a clear way of localizing waves into particles
in the end one gets a ray Lagrangian which describes the propagation
of particles
the contribution from the Berry phase is included
1
D. E. Ruiz et al., Phys. Rev. A 92, 043805 (2015)
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ż
S “ Ldx 4 (47)
i
L “ pΨ: γ µ Bµ Ψ ´ Bµ Ψ: γ µ Ψq ´ Ψ: MΨ (48)
2
We take the following Eikonal ansatz:
Ψ “ A ¨ z ¨ e iωθ (49)
where A is a slowly varying (Bµ A « 0) real amplitude, z is a unit complex

vector (z : z “ 1) describing the spin degree of freedom, and θ is a rapid
real phase (Bµ θ “ pµ ).
1
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LpΨ, Ψ: q ñ L 1 pA2 , pµ , z, z : q (50)

„ 
2 i : µ
1
L “A pz γ Bµ z ´ Bµ z : γ µ zq ´ ωz : γ µ zpµ ´ z : Mz (51)
2
The overall factor A2 can be regarded as the intensity of the field, and we
can obtain the point particle limit in the following way:
A2 pt, xq “ I pt, xq “ δ 3 px ´ Xptqq (52)

ż ż
S1 “ L 1 dtdx 3 “ LpXptq, Pptq, zptq, z : ptqqdt (53)
1
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Conclusion & Open questions
Open Questions
Can we experimentally test any of these predictions?
What is the best theoretical framework for describing the

gravitational spin Hall effect?
How will this affect black hole shadows?
What are the implications for gravitational wave physics?
Is the noncommutativity of position operators a fundamental feature

of curved spacetime? Can we test it experimentally?
Is there a quantum gravitational spin Hall effect?

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The gravitational spin Hall effect of light

in collaboration with Claudio Paganini;

: Albert Einstein Institut, Potsdam, Germany

Marius Oancea (: Albert Einstein

How do we treat the propagation of light?

in general relativity - null geodesics

in quantum mechanics - photons following ray trajectories

However, the spin degree of freedom is generally ignored when studying

Marius Oancea (: Albert Einstein

Analogy with optics and condensed matter physics:

Electromagnetic waves in curved spacetime are formally described by

Starting from Maxwell’s equations inside an inhomogeneous material

This was experimentally confirmed

Marius Oancea (: Albert Einstein

Marius Oancea (: Albert Einstein

2 Spin Hall effect from Quantum Mechanics

Marius Oancea (: Albert Einstein

2 Spin Hall effect from Quantum Mechanics

3 Spin Hall effect from General Relativity

Marius Oancea (: Albert Einstein

2 Spin Hall effect from Quantum Mechanics

3 Spin Hall effect from General Relativity

4 Conclusion & Open questions

Marius Oancea (: Albert Einstein

Ordinary Hall effect (1879)

Lorentz force: F “ qpE ` v ˆ Bq Steady state: Fy “ 0 ñ Ey “ vx Bz

Ordinary Hall effect (1879)

Lorentz force: F “ qpE ` v ˆ Bq Steady state: Fy “ 0 ñ Ey “ vx Bz

Ordinary Hall effect (1879)

Lorentz force: F “ qpE ` v ˆ Bq Steady state: Fy “ 0 ñ Ey “ vx Bz

Ordinary Hall effect (1879)

Lorentz force: F “ qpE ` v ˆ Bq Steady state: Fy “ 0 ñ Ey “ vx Bz

Ordinary Hall effect (1879)

Lorentz force: F “ qpE ` v ˆ Bq Steady state: Fy “ 0 ñ Ey “ vx Bz

Anomalous Hall effect (1881)

The external field is replaced by an internal property of the material. Fy ˆ

Spin Hall effect (1971, 1984, 2004)

Lorentz force: F “ qpE ` v ˆ Bq Steady state: Fy “ 0 ñ Ey “ vx Bz

Spin Hall effect (1971, 1984, 2004)

Lorentz force: F “ qpE ` v ˆ Bq Steady state: Fy “ 0 ñ Ey “ vx Bz

Spin Hall effect (1971, 1984, 2004)

Lorentz force: F “ qpE ` v ˆ Bq Steady state: Fy “ 0 ñ Ey “ vx Bz

Spin angular momentum (SAM)

Intrinsic orbital angular momentum (IOAM)

Intrinsic orbital angular momentum (IOAM)

Spiral Phase Plates

Plate thickness “ tpφq “ a ` bφ (3)

Intrinsic orbital angular momentum (IOAM)

l “ ˘10~ l “ ˘100~ l “ ˘300~

Extrinsic orbital angular momentum (EOAM)

Angular momentum of light

The total angular momentum of a light beam can be expressed as:

J “ S ` Lint ` Lext (5)

The interplay between the different types of optical angular momentum

S and Lext ñ spin Hall effects.

S and Lint ñ spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion.

Marius Oancea (: Albert Einstein

Spin Hall effect of light

The spin Hall effect of photons travelling in an inhomogeneous medium is

We have the following integral of motion:

We have a similar effect for beams with IOAM: σ Ñσ`l

Spin Hall effect of light

The gravitational spin Hall effect of light

D i “ ij Ej ´ ε0ijk µj Hk B i “ ij Hj ` ε0ijk µj Ek (10)