Getting Started With Composites Webinar Slides

Getting Started with Composites
Modeling and Analysis

IN THIS WEBINAR: PRESENTED BY:
• Orthotropic materials and how to define them

Nick Mehlig
• Composite Laminate properties and modeling Aerospace Stress Engineer
• Composite failure theories and postprocessing Structural Design and Analysis
nmehlig@structures.aero
5/22/2012
Page 1
What is a Composite Material?
• Composite Material – a material made from two or more distinct materials with
differing properties that are combined to produce a new material with unique
properties
5/22/2012
STRUCTURES.AERO Page 2
Lamina
• Lamina: A thin layer of composite material, usually containing unidirectional

fibers or woven fibers in a fabric pattern. Also called a ply.
• Unidirectional plies have fibers in the Longitudinal (1) direction
• Fabric plies have fibers in both the Longitudinal (1) and Transverse (2)
Unidirectional Woven Fabric

5/22/2012
Lamina
• Lamina: A thin layer of composite material, usually containing unidirectional

fibers or woven fibers in a fabric pattern. Also called a ply.
5/22/2012
Rule of Mixtures
• The stiffness of the final material will be defined by the Fiber Volume Fraction
of the lamina
• Estimations of the material properties can be made, but experimental data

should be used.
1 𝑉𝑓 𝑉𝑚 1 𝑉𝑓 𝑉𝑚
𝐸1 = 𝐸𝑓 𝑉𝑓 + 𝐸𝑚 𝑉𝑚 = + = + 𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑓 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑣𝑚 𝑉𝑚
𝐸2 𝐸𝑓 𝐸𝑚 𝐺12 𝐺𝑓 𝐺𝑚
5/22/2012
Orthotropic Material
• 3 planes of material symmetry

• 9 Engineering Constants  1 21 31 
 E   0 0 0 
– 3 elastic moduli  1 E2 E3 
 12 1 32 
– 3 shear moduli  1   E1
  0 0 0 
E2 E3   1 
     2 
– 3 poisson ratio  2    13 
23 1
0 0 0  
 3   E1 E2 E3   3 
    
  23   0 0 0
1
0 0   23 
  31   G23   31 
     
 12    
0   12 
1
0 0 0 0
 G31 
 
 0 1 
0 0 0 0
 G12 
5/22/2012
Laminate Stacking Sequence
• Plies are stacked together at different angles to create a Laminate

Z
Source:
http://www.composites.ugent.be/home_made_composites/what_are_composites.html
5/22/2012
Composite Laminate
• A laminate is made of multiple lamina stacked together and held together by a

Matrix
• Terminology:
– Balanced  equal number of + and – plies of the same angle
– Symmetric  the plies in the laminate are a mirror image about the midplane
– Quasi-Isotropic  Laminate has isotropic behavior in-plane
5/22/2012
Classical Lamination Theory (CLT)
• Classical Lamination Theory (CLT)

– CLT is the method used to calculate the ABD (stiffness) Matrix of the composite laminate
– Each Lamina contains a “Reduced Stiffness Matrix” , Q
5/22/2012
• A transformation Matrix is defined to rotate stiffnesses from one coordinate system to the other
𝑇 =
• A new lamina stiffness matrix, denoted 𝑄 , is defined:
• And the stresses and strains can be written in matrix form:
5/22/2012
• The Laminate Stiffness Matrix, known as the ABD Matrix, is constructed by the following
relations:
5/22/2012
FEMAP Demo
5/22/2012
Page 12
Laminate Offsets
Bottom of Laminate
Offset Bottom Surface = 0
Top of Laminate
𝑛 𝑛
5/22/2012
Failure Theories
• Ply-by-ply failure theories predict a “Failure Index (FI)” for each ply
– A failure index greater than or equal to 1.0 signifies a ply failure
• Examples of ply-by-ply failure theories:

– Max Stress/Strain
– Tsai-Hill
– Tsai-Wu
– Hoffman
Source:
http://www.montana.edu/dcairns/documents/composites/The%20Ts
ai-Wu%20Failure%20Criterion.pdf
5/22/2012
Hoffman Failure Theory
• The Hoffman Failure Criterion combines the stresses in a lamina (a single ply of a composite
laminate) to predict failure
• A Failure Index is calculated and can be displayed
• Failure Index does not represent failure mode or percentage of failure
 1 1  1 1  12  22  122  1 2
Failure Index     1     2    2 
 Xt X c   Yt Yc  X t X c Yt Yc S Xt Xc

Hoff man
– Where Xt = tension allowable in “1” direction, Xc = compression Failure Criteria
– Where Yt = tension allowable in “2” direction, Yc = compression

F a il ur e In d e x
– S = Shear Allowable
• 1 = applied stress in “1” direction 
• 2 = applied stress in “2” direction
• 12 = applied shear stress 1 .0 0
5/22/2012
Hoffman Failure Theory
Margins of Safety using the Hoffman Theory are calculated using:
 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 F
F1    ; F2    ; F11  ; F22  ; F66  2 ; F12   11
 Xt Xc   Yt Yc  Xt Xc YtYc S 2
2
MS   1.0
F1 11  F2 22  F1 11  F2 22   4F11  F22  F   2 F12 11 22 
2 2 2 2
11 22 66 12
5/22/2012
Structural Design and Analysis (Structures.Aero)
Structural Analysis Software Sales and Support
• Team of stress engineers that help our clients

design lightweight and load efficient structures.
• We service aerospace companies and other
industries that require high level analysis. • Value added reseller providing software, training,
• Specialty in composites and lightweight and support for products we use on a daily
structures basis.
• Tools used include hand analysis, HyperSizer, • Support Femap, NX Nastran, Simcenter 3D,
Femap, NX Nastran, Fibersim, NX, Solid Edge, Fibersim, Solid Edge, and HyperSizer.
Simcenter 3D, LS Dyna, and LMS.
5/22/2012
CAMX Tradeshow
• December 12-14 at the Orange County Convention Center – Orlando, FL
• Largest event for composites and advanced materials
• SDA will be at Booth U84
• Want a free pass to walk the show? Email Marty Sivic at msivic@structures.aero
5/22/2012
Questions?
For questions on the material covered For questions about pricing, or to see a
today, please contact Nick Mehlig. demo, please contact Marty Sivic.
Nick Mehlig Marty Sivic

Aerospace Stress Engineer Director of Sales
nmehlig@structures.aero msivic@structures.aero
703-935-2881 724-382-5290
5/22/2012

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Getting Started with Composites

Modeling and Analysis

• Orthotropic materials and how to define them

• Lamina: A thin layer of composite material, usually containing unidirectional

Unidirectional Woven Fabric

• Lamina: A thin layer of composite material, usually containing unidirectional

• Estimations of the material properties can be made, but experimental data

• 3 planes of material symmetry

• Plies are stacked together at different angles to create a Laminate

• A laminate is made of multiple lamina stacked together and held together by a

• Classical Lamination Theory (CLT)

• A new lamina stiffness matrix, denoted 𝑄 , is defined:

• And the stresses and strains can be written in matrix form:

• Examples of ply-by-ply failure theories:

– Where Xt = tension allowable in “1” direction, Xc = compression Failure Criteria

– Where Yt = tension allowable in “2” direction, Yc = compression

Margins of Safety using the Hoffman Theory are calculated using:

Structural Analysis Software Sales and Support

• Team of stress engineers that help our clients

• December 12-14 at the Orange County Convention Center – Orlando, FL

• Largest event for composites and advanced materials

• SDA will be at Booth U84

Nick Mehlig Marty Sivic

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