Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Book (s):
Applied Thermodynamics by TD Eastop and A McConkey, 5th Ed.
(Ch. 11)
Assume Initially that the fluid is able to enter and leave the wheel
passages in the Tangential Direction with an Absolute Velocity at
Inlet, Cai, and an Absolute Velocity at Exit, Cae
F = 2ṁCa
If the steam is to enter and leave the blades smoothly without shock, then βi, is
the angle of the blades at inlet, and βe the angle of the blades at exit
For a perfectly smooth and frictionless blade Cri = Cre, as there is no expansion
of steam in moving blade (blades are symmetrical and passage between two
consecutive moving blades is of constant area type from inlet to exit)
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 7
Rotodynamic Machinery
Impulse Steam Turbine
Velocity Triangle at Inlet
Velocity Triangle
at Exit
Velocities of Flow across the blade at inlet and exit = Cfi , Cfe i.e., EB and DC, respectively
2.2
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 10
Rotodynamic Machinery
Impulse Steam Turbine
⇒
Rate at which work is done on the wheel is given by the product of the Driving Force and the Blade Velocity:
Cfe Cfi
BC = Change in Absolute Velocity of jet
ṁ × BC = Resultant Force on the Jet
ṁ × CB = Reactive Force on the Wheel
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 11
Rotodynamic Machinery
Impulse Steam Turbine
ṁ × CB = Reactive Force on the Wheel
⇒ 2.3
The Simple Impulse Turbine is called the De Laval Turbine, since it was invented by Dr Gustaf de Laval and
patented by him in 1888
Cfe
Cfi
The velocity of steam leaving the nozzles of an impulse turbine is 900 m/s and the nozzle angle is 20°. The
blade velocity is 300 m/s and the blade velocity coefficient is 0.7. Calculate for a mass flow of 1 kg/s, and
Symmetrical Blading:
(i) the blade inlet angle
(ii) the driving force on the wheel
(iii) the axial thrust
(iv) the diagram power
(v) the diagram efficiency
In a single stage simple impulse turbine the steam flows at rate of 5 kg/s. It has rotor of 1.2 m
diameter running at 3000 rpm. Nozzle angle is 18°, blade speed ratio is 0.4, velocity coefficient
is 0.9, outlet angle of blade is 3° less than inlet angle. Determine blade angles and power
developed.
Rate of doing work on the blade wheel per unit mass flow rate of steam is:
2.4
For a given steam velocity Cai and a given blade velocity Cb, the rate of doing work is a Maximum when:
2.5
For a fixed value of αi the Optimum Blade Speed Ratio for Maximum Diagram Efficiency can be obtained
by differentiating Eq. (2.5) and putting the result equal to zero:
⇒ 2.6
⇒ 2.7
⇒ Rate of doing work per unit mass corresponding to the Maximum Diagram Efficiency, by substituting
2Cb = Cai Cosαi from Eq. (2.6) in Eq. (2.4):
2.8
variation in ηd with Cb/Cai Single-stage Impulse Steam Turbine is used only as a small power
machine, i.e., where small output at very high speed is required
Steam velocities may be as high as 1070 m/s, and for αi = 20° the
Optimum Blade Speed Ratio would be about 0.47
o giving the Maximum Blade Speed as 500 m/s
This value of velocity used in small machines would give high
speeds of rotation of the order of 30,000 rev/min
o Smaller-diameter rotors mean a more economic construction, but
high rotational speeds mean high stresses
o Blade Velocity must be limited for mechanical reasons of strength
and operating speed
o From these considerations and inspection of the velocity
diagrams it is evident that the steam leaves the blade wheel
with a high velocity
o The Leaving Velocity in the velocity diagram is Cae, and the leaving
variation in ηd with Cb/Cai loss is given by Cae2/2
Cfe Cfi
Development of steam turbines lead to Compounding whereby speed of rotation is reduced and at the
same time full available energy is utilized
Compounding of Turbines: by making use of more than one set of nozzles and rotors, in a series, keyed to
the shaft so that either the Steam Pressure or the Jet Velocity is absorbed by the turbine in stages
The high rotational speed of the turbine can be reduced by the following methods of Compounding:
o Velocity Compounding (The Curtis Turbine)
o Pressure Compounding (The Rateau Turbine)
o Pressure-Velocity Compounding
⇒ 2.9
⇒ Refer to Eq. (2.8): Compared to single stage, the enthalpy drop used in the
Two-row Stage is four times that of the single-row stage
Diagram Efficiency against Blade Speed Diagram Efficiency against Blade Speed Ratio for a
Ratio for a Single Stage Impulse Turbine Two-row velocity-compounded impulse turbine
ADVANTAGES
The arrangement has less number of stages compared to pressure compounding and hence less
initial cost
It requires less space
The fall of pressure in the nozzle is considerable, so the turbine itself need not work in high pressure
surroundings and the turbine housing need not be very strong
DISADVANTAGES
More friction losses due to very high velocity in the nozzles
Power developed in the later rows is only fraction of first row. Still all the stages require same
space, material and cost.
In a simple impulse steam turbine stage steam enters the nozzle at 15 bar, dry saturated with velocity of
150 m/s. Nozzle angle is 20° and steam leaves nozzle at 8 bar and enters into smooth blades. Considering
nozzle efficiency of 0.90 and blades to be equiangular determine the following for Maximum Diagram
Efficiency.
(a) the Blade Angles
(b) the Blading Efficiency
2.13
For the nozzles and wheel of previous problem the steam flow is 5 kg/s and the nozzle height
is 25 mm. The specific volume of the steam leaving the nozzles is 0.375 kg/m3. Neglecting the
wall thickness between the nozzles, and assuming that all blades have a pitch of 25 mm and
exit tip thickness of 0.5 mm, calculate:
(i) the length of the nozzle arc;
(ii) the blade height at exit from each row.
o an equal and opposite force acts on the nozzle walls causing the
tubes to spin round in a direction opposite to the steam flow
The Fixed Blade Channels are of Nozzle Shape and there is a comparatively
small drop in pressure accompanied by an increase in velocity
Fluid then passes over the Moving Blades and, as in the pure impulse turbine,
a force is exerted on the blades by the fluid
There
is a further drop in pressure as the fluid passes through the Nozzle
Shaped Moving Blades increase in the fluid velocity relative to the blades
Degree of Reaction: Ratio of Enthalpy Drop in moving blades row (rotor blades) to
the total enthalpy drop in the stage
⇒
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 44
Rotodynamic Machinery
Axial-flow Reaction Turbines
Turbines having 50% Degree of Reaction are called „Parson‟s Turbine
o It has Symmetrical Blades for moving and stationary blades
i.e. inlet angles of stationary and moving blades are equal and also the exit
angles of stationary (αi) and moving blades (βe) are equal
When the fixed and moving blades are geometrically similar, then the
velocity diagram must be symmetrical
⇒
⇒
2
⇒ Energy Input
2.15
⇒
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 47
Rotodynamic Machinery
Axial-flow Reaction Turbines
2.17
A stage of a steam turbine with Parsons blading delivers dry saturated steam at 2.7 bar from the
fixed blades at 90 m/s. The mean blade height is 40 mm, and the moving blade exit angle is 20°.
The axial velocity of the steam is three quarters of the blade velocity at the mean radius. Steam is
supplied to the stage at the rate of 9000 kg/h. The effect of the blade tip thickness on the annulus
area can be neglected. Calculate:
(i) the rotational speed of the wheel
(ii) the diagram power
(iii) the diagram efficiency
(iv) the enthalpy drop of the steam in this stage
Value of Blade Speed Ratio and Power for Maximum Diagram Efficiency:
⇒ 2.18
⇒ 2.19
It is usual to refer to the two sets of blades as the “Stator Blades” and
the “Rotor Blades”
o For the 50% Reaction Turbine the thrust due to the change in Axial
Velocity is zero
(ii) Leakage Losses: includes losses at admission to the stages and leakage at glands and seals, and the
residual velocity loss
Losses in Nozzles: deviation in operating state of nozzle occur because of Non-isentropic Expansion
o reasons for non-isentropic expansion may be:
• friction losses between the steam and nozzle wall, viscous friction resistance to flow in the steam
particles, boundary layer formation and separation, heat loss during flow etc.
o This shift from Isentropic Expansion to Non-isentropic Expansion is quantified using „Nozzle Efficiency‟
o Impingement Loss: Loss of energy due to Breakage of Flow which occurs due to the impingement of
steam upon the leading edge of moving blade
These losses are less if the flow is Laminar as compared to the Turbulent Flow
o Carry over Loss: Loss of energy also occurs during passage of steam from one stage to other, i.e. rows
This carry over loss is minimum if spacing between consecutive rows is kept small
• In case of Partial Admission Turbines i.e. generally impulse turbines there is churning of
steam in the region having no active steam in steam turbine
• In case of Full Admission Turbine the region inside turbine having inactive steam is negligible
and so the windage loss is nearly negligible
o Disc Friction Loss: Due to the relative motion, surrounding medium (Steam) always exerts a
resistance to motion of moving object (Rotor)
• Loss of energy of rotor may go into the steam enveloping it
• Disc friction loss may cause heating of steam surrounding the rotor i.e. a portion of kinetic
energy is transferred from the rotor disc to steam by heating of steam
• Disc friction loss is substantial in case of impulse stages as compared to reaction stages
where it is very small and can be neglected
Problem
In a 50 % reaction turbine 6 kg/s steam is admitted at 15 bar dry saturated in the first stage.
Turbine has eight pairs on mean diameter of 50 cm and run at 3000 rpm with mean blade speed to
steam velocity ratio of 0.8. There occurs tip leakage of steam at all rows amounting to 10% of total
and isentropic efficiency of working steam is 85 %. Considering blade outlet angles for both fixed
and moving blades to be 20°, determine the following analytically:
(i) the output power from turbine.
(ii) the pressure of steam leaving turbine,
(iii) the mean blade height.
⇒ ⇒
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 65
Rotodynamic Machinery
Overall Efficiency, Stage Efficiency, and Reheat Factor
Stage Efficiency and Reheat Factor –contd --
B/
(i) Steam at 15 bar and 350°C is expanded through a 50% reaction turbine to a pressure of 0.14 bar. The
stage efficiency is 75% for each stage, and the Reheat Factor is 1.04. The expansion is to be carried out
in 20 stages and the diagram power is required to be 12000kW. Calculate the flow of steam required,
assuming that the stages all develop equal work.
(ii) In the turbine above at one stage the pressure is 1 bar and the steam is dry saturated. The exit angle of
the blades is 20°, and the blade speed ratio is 0.7. If the blade height is one-twelfth of the blade mean
diameter, calculate the value of the mean blade diameter and the rotor speed.
Practice Problems: