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Louis Leithold
Capítulo III
A derivada e a derivação
Exercícios 3.7
2 1 1
02. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 3 + 𝑥 −3
2 1 1 1 2 4
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐷𝑥 3𝑥 3 − 𝐷𝑥 6𝑥 3 + 𝐷𝑥 𝑥 −3 = 2𝑥 −3 − 2𝑥 −3 − 3 𝑥 −3
03. 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 4𝑥 2
1 1 1
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐷𝑥 √1 + 4𝑥 2 = 𝐷𝑥(1 + 4𝑥 2 )2 = 2 (1 + 4𝑥 2 )−2 𝐷𝑥 (1 + 4𝑥 2 ) = 2 (1 + 4𝑥 2 )−2 (8𝑥)
1
4𝑥
= 4𝑥(1 + 4𝑥 2 )−2 = √1+4𝑥 2
04. 𝑓(𝑠) = √2 − 3𝑠 2
1 1 1
1 1
𝑓′(𝑠) = √2 − 3𝑠 2 = 𝐷𝑠 (2 − 3𝑠 2 )2 = 2 (2 − 3𝑠 2 )−2 𝐷𝑠 (2 − 3𝑠 2 ) = 2 (2 − 3𝑠 2 )−2 (−6𝑠) =
1
−3𝑠
= (2 − 3𝑠 2 )−2 (−3𝑠) = √2−3𝑠2
2
05. 𝑓(𝑥) = (5 − 3𝑥)3
2 1 1 1
2 2 −2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐷𝑥 (5 − 3𝑥)3 = 3 (5 − 3𝑥)−3 𝐷𝑥 (5 − 3𝑥) = 3 (5 − 3𝑥)−3 (−3) = −2(5 − 3𝑥)−3 = 3
√5−3𝑥
3
06. 𝑔(𝑥) = √4𝑥 2 − 1
1 2 2
1 1 8𝑥
𝑔′ (𝑥) = √4𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝐷𝑥 (4𝑥 2 − 1)3 = 3 (4𝑥 2 − 1)−3 𝐷𝑥 (4𝑥 2 − 1) = 3 (4𝑥 2 − 1)−3 (8𝑥) =
3
3
3 √(4𝑥 2 −1)2
1
08. 𝑓(𝑥) = (5 − 2𝑥 2 )−3
1 4 4
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐷𝑥 (5 − 2𝑥 2 )−3 = − 3 (5 − 2𝑥 2 )−3 𝐷𝑥 (5 − 2𝑥 2 ) = − 3 (5 − 2𝑥 2 )−3 (−4𝑥) =
4
4 4𝑥
= 3 𝑥(5 − 2𝑥 2 )−3 = 3
3 √(5−2𝑥 2 )4
1 1
−𝑠𝑒𝑛 √𝑡
= 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝑡 2 ) (−𝑡 −2 ) =
√𝑡
1 1 1
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐√𝑥 𝑡𝑔√𝑥
= 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥 2 ) 𝑡𝑔 (𝑥 2 ) (𝑥 −2 ) =
√𝑥
3
1
−√3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 √3𝑟
= − cosec 2 √3𝑟 ( 𝑟−2 ) =
2 2 √𝑟
1
1 3 cos 𝑥
= 2 (3 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥)−2 (3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) = 2√3 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
(1+2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦)(−2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑔 𝑦) (−2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑔 𝑦)+(−4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑔 𝑦) 8 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑔 𝑦(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦)
= = =
2√(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦) 2√(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦) 2√(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦)
3
22. 𝑔(𝑥) = √(3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1)2
2 1
2
𝑔′ (𝑥) = √(3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1)2 = 𝐷𝑥 (3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1)3 = (3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1)−3 𝐷𝑥 (3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1) =
3
3
1 1
2 2 2(6𝑥+5)
= (3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1)−3 (6𝑥 + 5) = (6𝑥 + 5)(3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1)−3 = 3
3 3 3 √(3𝑥 2 +5𝑥−1)
𝑑
26. 𝑑𝑥 (√𝑥 2 − 5√𝑥 2 + 3)
1 1 1 1
𝑑 3
(√𝑥 2 − 5 √𝑥 2 + 3) = 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 5)2 (𝑥 2 + 3)3 + (𝑥 2 − 5)2 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 3)3 =
𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 2
1 1
= 2 (𝑥 2 − 5)−2 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 5)(𝑥 2 + 3)3 + (𝑥 2 − 5)2 3 (𝑥 2 + 3)−3 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 3) =
1 1 1 2
1 1
= 2 (𝑥 2 − 5)−2 (2𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 3)3 + (𝑥 2 − 5)2 3 (𝑥 2 + 3)−3 (2𝑥) =
1 1 1 2
2
= 𝑥[(𝑥 2 − 5)−2 (𝑥 2 + 3)3 ] + 3 𝑥[(𝑥 2 − 5)2 (𝑥 2 + 3)−3 ]
𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡+1
27. 𝑑𝑡 (√1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)
1 1
𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡+1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡+1 2 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡+1 −2 (1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)𝐷𝑡 (𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡+1)−(𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡+1)𝐷𝑡 (1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)
(√1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡) = 𝐷𝑡 (1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡) = ( ) =
𝑑𝑡 2 1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡 (1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)2
1 1
1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡+1 −2 (1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)(cos 𝑡)−(𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡+1)(− cos 𝑡) 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡+1 −2 (1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)(cos 𝑡)−(1+𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)(− cos 𝑡)
= ( ) = ( ) =
2 1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡 (1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)2 2 1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡 (1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)2
1 1
1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡+1 −2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡[(1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)−(1+𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)] 1 (1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
= ( ) =2 1 = 1 3
2 1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡 (1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)2 (1+𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)2 (1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)2 (1+𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)2 (1−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑡)2
1
36. 𝐷𝑥 (√𝑥 𝑡𝑔 √𝑥)
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
𝐷𝑥 (√𝑥 𝑡𝑔 √𝑥) = 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 2 𝑡𝑔 𝑥 −2 ) = 𝑥 2 𝐷𝑥 𝑡𝑔 𝑥 −2 + 𝑡𝑔 𝑥 −2 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1
= 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 −2 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 −2 ) + 𝑡𝑔 𝑥 −2 ( 𝑥 −2 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 −2 (− 𝑥 −2 ) + 𝑡𝑔 𝑥 −2 ( 𝑥 −2 ) =
2 2 2
1
1 1
1 1 1 1 −𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 √ +𝑥 2 𝑡𝑔 √
𝑥 −1 (−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 −2 − 𝑥 𝑥
=2 + 𝑥 𝑡𝑔 𝑥 ) =
2 2
2𝑥
37. Ache uma equação da reta tangente à curva 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 9 no ponto (4, 5).
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 9
1 1
1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 9)2 = 2 (𝑥 2 + 9)−2 (2𝑥) = √𝑥 2
+9
𝑥 4 4 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = √𝑥 2 = √42 = =5
+9 +9 √25
4 4 16
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) → 𝑦 − 5 = 5 (𝑥 − 4) → 𝑦 − 5 = 5𝑥 − →
5
4 16
𝑦 − 5 − 5𝑥 + =0 → 5𝑦 − 25 − 4𝑥 + 16 = 0 → 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 9 = 0
5
1
40. Ache uma equação da reta tangente à curva 𝑦 = (7𝑥 − 6)−3 que seja perpendicular à reta
12𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 2 = 0.
1
𝑓(𝑥) = (7𝑥 − 6)−3
1 4 4
1 7 −7
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (7𝑥 − 6)−3 = − 3 (7𝑥 − 6)−3 (7) = − 3 (7𝑥 − 6)−3 = 3
3 √(7𝑥−6)4
12 2 12
A reta dada é: 12𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 2 = 0 → 𝑦= 𝑥+7 → 𝑚=
7 7
7
Como a reta é perpendicular, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − 12, então:
7 3
7 −
4
7 −
4 −
12 −
4
1 1 −4
− (7𝑥 − 6) 3 =− → (7𝑥 − 6) 3 = 7 → (7𝑥 − 6) 3 = → 7𝑥 − 6 = (4)
3 12 − 4
3
3 1
+6
3 3 1 − 4 1
1 −4 1 −4 ( ) 4 +6 √
64
4
7𝑥 − 6 = (4) → 7𝑥 = (4) +6 → 𝑥= 7
→ 𝑥= 7
→ 𝑥 ≅ 0,9
Como 𝑥 ≅ 0,9; 𝑦 =
1
𝑓(0,9) = (7(0,9) − 6)−3 ≅ 1,5
Sua equação é
7 7
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) ⇒ 𝑦 − 1,5 = − 12 (𝑥 − 0,9) ⇒ 𝑦 + 12 𝑥 − 0,5 − 1,5 = 0
7𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 2 = 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥√16 + 𝑥 2
1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥(16 + 𝑥 2 )2 = 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥)(16 + 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑥𝐷𝑥 (16 + 𝑥 2 )2 =
1 1 1 1
1 1
= (16 + 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑥[2 (16 + 𝑥 2 )−2 𝐷𝑥 (16 + 𝑥 2 ) = (16 + 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑥[2 (16 + 𝑥 2 )−2 (2𝑥)] =
1 1 1
1 16+2𝑥 2
= (16 + 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑥 [2 (16 + 𝑥 2 )−2 (2𝑥)] = (16 + 𝑥 2 )−2 [16 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 ] = √16+𝑥 2
16+2𝑥 2 16+2(0)2 16
𝑓 ′ (0) = √16+𝑥2 = = =4
√16+(0)2 4
1 1
𝑚1 = − 𝑚 = − 4
1 1
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) ⇒ 𝑦 − 0 = − 4 (𝑥 − 0) ⇒ 𝑦 + 4 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0
43. Um objeto move-se ao longo de uma reta, de acordo com a equação de movimento 𝑠 = √4𝑡 2 + 3
com 𝑡 ≥ 0. Ache o valor de 𝑡 para o qual a medida da velocidade instantânea é:
a) 0
𝑠 = √4𝑡 2 + 3
1 1 1
𝑑𝑠 1 1
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 (4𝑡 2 + 3)2 = 2 (4𝑡 2 + 3)−2 𝐷𝑡 (4𝑡 2 + 3) = 2 (4𝑡 2 + 3)−2 (8𝑡) =
1
4𝑡
= 4𝑡(4𝑡 2 + 3)−2 = √4𝑡 2
+3
4𝑡
√4𝑡 2 +3
=0 → 4𝑡 = 0(√4𝑡 2 + 3) → 4𝑡 = 0 → 𝑡=0
b) 1
4𝑡
√4𝑡 2 +3
=1 → 4𝑡 = 1(√4𝑡 2 + 3) → 4𝑡 = √4𝑡 2 + 3 → 16𝑡 2 = 4𝑡 2 + 3
3
16𝑡 2 = 4𝑡 2 + 3 → 16𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 2 = 3 → 12𝑡 2 = 3 → 𝑡 2 = 12
1 1 1
𝑡2 = 4 → 𝑡 = √4 → 𝑡=2
c) 2
4𝑡 4𝑡
√4𝑡 2 +3
=2 → 4𝑡 = 2(√4𝑡 2 + 3) → = √4𝑡 2 + 3 → (2𝑡)2 = 4𝑡 2 + 3
2
4𝑡 2 = 4𝑡 2 + 3 → 4𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 2 = 3 → 0=3
44. Um objeto move-se ao longo de uma reta, de acordo com a equação de movimento 𝑠 = √5 + 𝑡 2
com 𝑡 ≥ 0. Ache o valor de 𝑡 para o qual a medida da velocidade instantânea é:
a) 0
𝑠 = √5 + 𝑡 2
1 1 1
𝑑𝑠 1 1
𝑣(𝑡) = (5 + 𝑡 2 )2 = (5 + 𝑡 2 )−2 𝐷𝑡 (5 + 𝑡 2 ) = (5 + 𝑡 2 )−2 (2𝑡) =
𝑑𝑡 2 2
1
𝑡
= 𝑡(5 + 𝑡 2 )−2 = √5+𝑡 2
𝑡
√5+𝑡 2
=0 → 𝑡 = 0(√5 + 𝑡 2 ) → 𝑡=0
b) 1
𝑡
√5+𝑡 2
=1 → 𝑡 = 1(√5 + 𝑡 2 ) → 𝑡 = √5 + 𝑡 2 → 𝑡2 = 5 + 𝑡2
𝑡2 − 𝑡2 = 5 → 0=5
𝐶(𝑥) = 40 + 3𝑥 + 9√2𝑥
1 1
9 9 6√2𝑥+9 3√2𝑥+9
𝐶 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐷𝑥 (40) + 𝐷𝑥 (3𝑥) + 𝐷𝑥 9(2𝑥)2 = 0 + 3 + 2 (2𝑥)−2 = 3 + 2√2𝑥 = =
2√2𝑥 √2𝑥